2013届高考英语：阅读理解命题点3--推理判断（解析01）

2013届高考英语：阅读理解命题点3--推理判断（解析01）
本类考题解答锦囊
每篇文章都有一定的写作目的，作者往往期待读者读了文章后知道应当怎样去做某些事情或按某种方式思考问题。这层意思通常并不是在文章申明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。这就要求读者在阅读过程中去沟通外现的和内含的，已述的和未述的含义。这就需要仔细的阅读和认真的思考，在通盘理解文章的基础上去领会作者的言外之意，去掌握语言的微妙之处，真正欣赏和理解阅读的东西；阅读中的推论是很常见的，我们所读的一切几乎都可以做出程度不同的推论。
凡推断出的内容在文章中都没有明确叙述，但却暗含在文字之中。因此在进行推断时，必须以有关的文字部分作为推理的前提和依据。所谓推断，指根据推测而加以判断；而推测总是根据已知的信息推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。据以推理的有关文字部分可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句，甚至全文，要想做出精确的推断，必须注意以下四点。
1．细心地了解文章中所提供的全部信息和信息的各个方面。
2．分析已知的信息，用正确的观点，借助于一些常识，最大限度地捕捉到信息的本质。
3．注意词、句子的本义和与之有关的其他意义。
4．根据己知信息，即短文或有关的文字部分，做出的推断必须与作者的原意相符，切忌以自己的观点取代作者的原意。
推理判断往往包括数据事实推断，常识推断，逻辑结论以及推断作者的写作目的、态度、倾；向等几种类型。
1．数据事实推断：这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节。是比较简单的推断。首先在原文中找到据以推理的有关文字部分，对与数字有关的推断，只需简单推算，即可得出结果。对与事实有关的，要加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。
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Passage***典型例题
Giving Back Fair Way
The Westborough High School golf team had taken the of- ficial photos with the state prize. The other teams, disappoint- ed, were on the bus heading home. And then Westborough in- structor Greg Rota noticed something wrong on one of the score cards. A 9 had been recorded as a 7. They were not the state prize winner; Woburn High had won. "No one would have known, "said Woburn's instructor, Bob Doraru For Rota, it wasn't a difficult decision." The prize wasn't ours to take. '
"Coin Stars"
"College students are lazy, but they also want to help" says University of Pennsylvania graduate Dana Hork. So she made it easy, placing cups in rooms where students could leave their spare coins, and handing out cups to first-year students to keep in their rooms. Her" Change for Change" effort has collected $ 40,000 for charities (慈善机构) , which were decided upon by students. Never Forgotten A school in Massachusetts received a $ 9. 5 million check from Jacques LeBermuth But it took officials several days of digging to discover his connection to the school Records showed the LeBermuth came from Belgium and studied in the school in the 1920s. When his family fell on hard times, he was offered free room and board. LeBermuth became a trader, owned shares of AT&T and lived off the earnings until he died, at age 89.
1. What did Greg Rota probably do in the end?
A. Took photos of Doran.
B. Had a meeting with Doran.
C. Returned the prize to the organizer.
D. Apologized to Woburn High Schook
答案: C 指导：考查根据文章内容进行推理判断的能力。获奖队 的教练自己发现了错误，而且决定这个奖不能拿，那么接下来推断肯定是要把奖送回去。
2. Greg Rota's decision shows that he was _______.
A. honest B. polite
C. careful D. friendly
答案: A 指导：考查根据文章内容进行推理判断的能力。从Greg Rota自己发现错误到决定把奖送回，表明他性格中的诚实。因此答案为honest．
3. The underlined word "Change" in the second paragraph means_______.
A. Idea B. Decision
C. Cups D. Coins
答案: D 指导：考查猜测词义的能力。Change for Change中的第一个change指的是“零钱”，第二个change是表示“变化”。两个change在一起肯定意思不同，关键在于首先应该明白change的不同含义，再根据文章内容进行判断。因为募集的零钱都捐给了慈善机构，改变了其他一些人的生活。所以介词for后面的change应该是目的表“变化”，那么第一个就是“零钱”。
4. What did the school officials do after receiving the check from Mr. LeBermuth?
A They tried to find out why he gave them the money.
B. They went to Belgium to pay their respects to him.
C. They dug out the records that were buried underground.
D. They decided to offer their students free room and board.
答案: A 指导：考查对文章事实细节的理解，依据是第三段文字的第二句话。
5. Jacques LBermuth gave the money to the school because_______.
A. the school asked for it
B. he had no need for that much money
C. the school had helped him in the past
D. he wanted to be remembered by the students
答案: C 指导：考查根据文章内容进行推理判断的能力。学校在Jacques LeB-ermuth困难的时候帮助过他，所以他寄来950万美元的支票回报学校。
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典型例题
Garmes will rock to the sound of a cancan dance this year when Moulin Rouge by the Australian director Baz Luhnnann opens the French film festival (电影节) in May. The musical stars Nicole Kidman as a singer, and John Leguizamo as the artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. It will be competing for the Paime d'Or, the festival's top prize. The festival runs to May 21.
The American actor Tommy Lee Jones, 54, has married his longtime girlfriend. Dawn Maria Laurel, 36, in a private wedding in San Antonio. "It wasn't a big todo,' said Fred Biery, a U. S. District Judge who performed the service. He refused to discuss things further. "These are very private people," he said.
Loretta Lynn is being treated for a very bad cold in Tennessee and will miss several appearances. The country singer, 65, was admitted to a hospital near her home in Hurricane Mills. "She is in good condition, but the doctors are watching her closely," a spokeswoman said.
The French-Algerian singer Enrico Macias was named a United Nations peace messenger. Enrico joins eight other people who act as goodwill envoys(使者) for the United Nations, among them are the writer Elie Wiesel and the basketball player Magic Johnson.
1. We can learn from the text that Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec is_______.
A. a figure in a film
B. a dancer in a show
C. a country singer
D. a prize winner
2. We know from the text that_______.
A. Moulin Rouge won the top prize in a film festival
B. Loretta Lynn is under the doctors' care
D. eight people serve as the UN goodwill envoys
D. Fred Biery was Tommy Lee Jones's assistant
3. This text most probably appears in_______.
A. a book on film stars
B. a film review in a magazine
C. a newspaper
D. a notice
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Passage *****
What do literary greats Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Robert Bums have in common? They both lived and wrote in Edinburgh, along with many other big names in the field of literature. This fact helped UNESCO (联合国教科文组织) award the city the tide of world's first City of Liter ature on October 14.
Edinburgh left a lasting impression on Arthur Conan Doyle (1859 1930). Although he was bom there, he went to school in England but retumed home for medical school. After graduating, he moved to London and began writing his Sherlock Holmes stories. His inspiration for the character came from one of his professors at university. Holmes' methods were so clever that they actually furthered the advance of the study of criminology (犯罪学) ?
Robert Bums (1759--1796) is still regarded as Scotland's national poet, more than 200 years after his death. He is cele- brated all over the world through translations of his works and the annual Bums Night supper on his birthday. One of his songs, "My Love Is Like A Red Red Rose" ranks among the finest love songs ever written and "Auld Lang Syne" (友宜地久天长) is sung all around the world.
As one of the first literary societies in Europe, the Scottish Parliament passed the world's first compulsory (有义务) education law in 1496. By the 1790s, almost all Scots could read. Visitors to Scotland often observed that even the lowest members of society had copies of Bums' poems and other books.
1. Edinburgh was awarded the title of world's first City of Lit erature because_______.
A. the first award ceremony of literature was held there
B. many literary greats like Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Robert Bums were born there
C. it left a deep impression on many literary greats like Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
D. many literary greats like Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Robert Bums often wrote about it
答案: B 指导：根据短文第一段所表述的：文坛巨匠亚瑟·科南· 道尔和罗伯特·伯恩斯以及文学界的其他一些名人，他们都出生在爱丁堡，笔耕于爱丁堡。在这座城市里产生了许许多多的作家，正由于这浓厚的书香氛围，联合国教科文组织于10月14日把“世界首座文学城市”的荣誉授予爱丁堡。
2. Arthur Corian ]Doyle was remembered mainly for his _______.
A. detective stories
B. love poems and songs
C. contribution to the study of criminology
D. clever writing skill
答案：A 指导：根据短文第二段中的内容：科南·道尔创作了福尔摩斯系列故事，其探案方法被描绘得非常奇妙，这让犯罪学研究也获益匪浅，并使其得到了进一步的发展。由此推断他是以“侦探小说”而出名。
3. In the last paragraph, the writer mainly discussed _______.
A. the impression of visitors to Scotland
B. how Bums' poems are popular in Scotland
C. the possible history reasons for many literary greats in Scotland
D. how the world's first tcompulsouy education law was made
答案：C 指导：段意推测题。最后一段所表述的意义为：苏格兰之所以产生这么多的文学巨匠有其历史渊源。短文中列举了 三个事实，苏格兰议会于1496年通过了世界上第一个义务教育法。到18世纪90年代的时候，几乎所有的苏格兰人都 能识字了。许多去苏格兰游览的人发现，就连苏格兰的市井小民也在读伯恩斯的诗以及其他一些书。
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Passage *****
Is it possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War is an ancient practice which has existed for at least six thousand years. It was always bad and usually foolish, but in the past, the human race managed to live with it. Modern cleverness has changed this. Either Man will end the existence of war, or war will end the existence of Man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons (核武器) that cause the most serious danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeeded in ending the existence of nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in ending war. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look up on international problems in a new way not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful inkilling people, but by settling in accordance with agreed rules of law. It is not easy to change very old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.
There are those who say that the acceptance of this or that ideology (意识形态) would prevent war. I believe this to be a big mistake. All ideologies are based upon dogmatic statements (强词夺理) which are, at best, doubtful, and at worst, totally false. Their supporters believe in them so deeply that they are willing to go to war in support of them.
The movement of world opinion during the past few years has been very largely such as we can welcome. It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course very difficult problems remain in the world, but the spirit in which they are coming nearer to is a better one than it was some years ago. It has begun to be thought, even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die, that negotiations should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the important struggle nowadays is not between different countries but between Man and the atom bomb.
1. This passage implies that war is now_______.
A. worse than in the past
B. as bad as in the past
C. not as dangerous as in the past
D. as necessary as in the past
答案: A 指导：由文中第一段第六行"Forthepresent, it isnuclear weapons thatcausethemost seriousdanger，but bacteriological or chemical weapons may，before long，offer and even greater"可知A为正确答案。
2. In the sentence "To do this, we need to persuade mankind.. "( Paragraph 1 ) ,"this" refers to_______.
A. to end the existence of war
B. to improve weapons
C. to solve international problems
D. to live a peaceful life
答案: A 指导：由this的指代作用，要么是上面提到的东西，要么是下文马上要提到的东西，所以在此处应该是上文提到的endingway，因此A为最佳选项。
3. From Paragraph 2 we learn that the writer of the Passage_______.
A. is a supporter of some modern ideologies
B. does not think that the acceptance of any ideologies could prevent war
C. believes that the acception of some ideologies could prevent war
D. does not doubt the truth of any ideologies
答案: B 指导；由文章第二段第二行“Ibe lievet his to Leabigmis take"可知作者持怀疑态度，故B为最佳选项。
4. According to the writer,_______.
A. war is the only way to solve intemational arguments
B. war will be less dangerous because of the improvement of weapons
C. it is impossible for people to live without war
D. war must be ended if man wants to survive (生存)
答案：D 指导：由文中第一段第五行"EitherManwillendtheexis tence of war，orwarwill end the existence of Man"可知D为正确答案。
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