2013届高考英语：阅读理解命题点3--推理判断（解析02）

2013届高考英语：阅读理解命题点3--推理判断（解析02）
Passages ****(朝阳综合)
People are making more and more demands on the world's natural resources. If babies bom in 1991 live for eighty years, the human population of the world may be anything from twice to three times the present total by 2070. In other words, they will have to share what is left of the earth's resources with 15 billion other people. But hopefully there will be an important decrease in the growth of population. What if this does not happen? The answer is that by the time before the babies born in 1991 reach the age of 40 they could be sharing resources with as many as 10 billion other people.
Limiting the pollution of water and the atmosphere, controlling the output of the chemicals that may be causing the global warming and climate change, and eating less meat may go some to help, but can anyone seriously imagine that these are going to solve the problems of the "baby class" of 1991 ?
There is no getting away from the fact that people are responsible(5(对......负责) for the present state of the world, and only people can solve the problems. The decisions have to be taken by people as members of national and local governments;as leaders and decision-makers in industry; as scientists and technologists; as professional engineers and designers; as reli- gious (宗教的) leaders and individual citizens.
1. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?
A. Making More Demands on the Natural Resources
B. Limiting the Pollution of Air and Water
C. Reducing the World Population
D. Saving the Babies of 1991
答案: C 指导：本文主要讲述随着人口的增长，出现了一系列的问题，所以C为最佳答案。
2. What does the author mean by "the problems of the baby class of 1991" ?
A. A large number of babies will be bom after 1991.
B. Babies bom in 1991 won't live a long life.
C. The children of 1991 are not given good education.
D. The problems caused by babies bom in 1991.
答案: D 指导：文章着重以1991年出生的孩子为例说明人口增长将会带来一系列问题，所以D为最佳答案。
3. This short passage is probably taken from _______.
A. a news report
B. a guide to the world
C. an article by a medical worker
D. a government report
答案: A 指导：据写作方式和最后一段所列举的“人”可知文章是以“呼吁”的语气写的，故A为最佳答案。
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the last paragraph as people responsible for the present state of the
world?
A. Officials. B. Industrialists.
C. Businessmen. D. Scientists.
答案: C 指导：由最后一段最后一句可知。
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Passage ****
Governors, lawyers and business leaders have to deal with scientists, and every educated person finds his views affected by science. Yet our science teaching of non-scientists, in school and college,has built up mistaken ideas, dislikes, and the common boast, "I never did understand science.' Even those students who arrive at college with plans to become scientists usually bring a mistaken picture of science: some have a collection of unorganized facts about science, and some regard the study of science as a game which includes getting the right answer.
The first of these attitudes seems to come from a kind of course which provides various kinds of information; the second, from a training course on how to pass examinations that do not ask about the student's understanding but simply require him to put the numbers in the right formulas(公式). Neither type of courses (in school or college) seems to give students and understanding of science as we find it among scientists. Neither shows students how real scientists work and think how the facts are gathered, how discoveries are made, and what they mean. Young people need good teaching of science, not so much a great wealth of knowledge as a healthy understanding of the nature of science. They need an un-derstanding of knowl edge leading to sympathy with science and an eagerness of the way scientists work. Given these, it is easy to encourage later reading and learning.
1. One of the reasons that cause mistaken ideas of science is .
A. a mistaken picture in students' mind
B. the unscientific way of teaching of science
C. the fact that students fail to see the influence (影响)of science
D. the fact that students have a collection of unrelated facts about science
答案: B 指导：由文中第一段第二句"Yetourscience teaching of non-scientists，inschool and in college．．．”可知教育方式是错的，所以B为正确答案。
2. According to the passage, we can safely say that the subject of the passage is _______.
A. need for good science teaching
B. every person, including governors, lawyers and business leaders should study science
C. young people should form a correct attitude to science
D. students must know what science is and how scientists work and think
答案: A 指导：根据文章先说明教育的失误，再分析为何不正确，最后在结尾解决问题"young people need good teaching of science．．．”。所以A为正确答案。
3. A good course of science is_______.
A. to teach students to do things according to formulas
B. to provide students with all kinds of information
C. to help students have a good understanding and form a correct attitude to science
D. to encourage students to have a good command of knowledge
答案：C 指导：根据文中第二段中第五行"Neithertype of courses seems to give students an understanding“science…Neither shows students how real scientists work and think．．．”可知C为最佳选项。
4. People such as governors, lawyers and business leaders deal with scientists mainly because _______.
A. scientists are great persons
B.scientists make discoveries and apply them to help people live a more comfortable, stable and safe life
C. they owe much to scientists' contributions
D. they can be affected by scientists when they are together
答案：B 指导：由文中第一段第一句"and every educated person fidshis viewaffected by science'’可知与上一句构成并列关系，所以B为最佳选项。
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Passage ***典型例题
Do you want to live another 100 years or more? Some experts say that scientific advances will one day enable humans to last tens of years beyond what is now seen as the natural limit of the human life span.
"I think we are knocking at the door of immortality (永生) ,' said Michael Zey, a Montclair State University business professor and author of two books on the future. "I think by 2075 we will see it and that's a conservative estimate(保守的估计)."
At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(纳米技术)make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past. "There is a great push so that people can live from 120 to 180 years, "he said. "Some have suggested that there is no limit and that people could live to 200 or 300 or 500 years. '
However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last about 120 years. Even with healthier lifestyles and less disease, they say failure of the brain and organs will finally lead all humans to death.
Scientists also differ on what kind of life the super aged might live. "It remains to be seen if you pass 120, you know; could you be healthy enough to have good quality of life?" said Leonard Peon, director of the University of Georgia Gerontology Centre "At present people who could get to that point are not in good health at alL'
1. By saying" we are knocking at the door of immortality", Michael Zey means_______.
A. they believe that there is no limit of living
B. they are sure to find the truth about long living
C. they have got some ideas about living forever
D. they are able to make people live past the present life span
答案: C 指导：immortality的意思为“永生”，所以MichaelZey觉得人可以长生不死。
2. Donald Louria's attitude toward long living is that
A. people can live from 120 to 180
B. it is still doubtful how long humans can live
C. the human body is designed to last about 120 years
D. it is possible for humans to live longer in the future
答案: D 指导：从第三段Donald的谈话可知，他认为人可以活120～180岁甚至更久，200～300岁。A项表述不完整。
3. The underlined"it' ( Paragraph 4) refers to _______.
A. a great push
B. the idea of living beyond the present life span
C. the idea of living from 200 to 300 years
D. the conservative estimate
答案: B指导：全文谈的都是人的寿命能否超越现在的期限，故选B.
4. What would be the best tide for this text?
A. Living Longer or Not
B. Science, Technology and Long Living
C. No Limit for Human Life
D. Healthy Lifestyle and Long Living
答案: A 指导：参考上题指导。
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典型例题：
House prices in England increased sharply between 1971 and 1972. The following records how much a house in Chelsea London, had risen in price since 1955:
Take No. 29 Smith Terrace for example. In 1955,Jane Grey sold for ￡2,000. Mrs Bowena Black bought it for ￡4,900 and sold it nine years later to Bill and Dreen White for ￡22,950. Now four years later. 1)The price of the house was as high in 1972 as in the yearJane Grey sold it.
A. about ten times B. twice C. 150 percent D. fifteen times
2)Mrs Bowena Black made a prof it (利润)of______.
A. ￡2,900 B. ￡8,典型例题 ￡7,典型例题 D. ￡18,
3）Of all the tenants,who earned most?
A. The Whites. B. Jane Grey. C. Mrs Black. D. Mr White.
4)When did Mrs Black buy the house?
A. 1971. B. 1972 C. 1968. D. 1959
5)Jane Grey lived at No. 29 Smith Terrace
A. for four years B. for nine years
C. between 1971 and 1972 D. before 1955
6)If MrS B1aCk had waited four years to setl the house She would have earned as much as_______.
A．￡28，000 B．￡18，000 C．￡30，000 D．￡25，100
以上各题的推理前提均可在原文中找到。第1题的正确答案须从“In 1955，JaneGrey s典型例题￡2，000，”“…inl972，the house is valued at￡30，000；”这两句话推知，D项对。第2题的正确答案应从“Mrs Bowena Black bought it for￡4，900and sold it nine years later to Billand Dreen White for￡22，9500'得知D项对。第3题的正确答案应从“…Jane Grey sold for￡2，000． Mrs Bowena Black bought it for￡4，900 and so1d it nine years later to Bill andDreenWhitefOr￡22，950．”推知，MrsBlack获利最多。第4题须从“Mrs Bosena Black…and sold it nine years…NOW four years later，inl972…．”得知Mrs Black是在1959年买的房子，故D项为正确答案。第5题可从“Inl955，Jane Grey so1d it for￡2，000．”推知D项正确。第6题须从“Mrs Bowena Black．．．￡4，900”“．．．the house is valued at￡30，000”两句话推知D项为正确答案。
2．常识推断：有些时候，文章里并没有提供任何可据以推断的材料，或虽有提供，但却不足以推出正确的未知事实。这时便须根据平常积累的有关知识来进行推断。
例: Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.
If metal is heated and then cooled very quicky, for example by dipping it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle(脆)--that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other mate rials, such as glass. Why do people put hot metal in water? A. To make it hard. B. To make it soft. C. To make it cool. B. To make it brittl
从文中“by dipping it in water，it will be very hard but also very brittle.”这一信息还不足以推出正确答案。然后根据物理常识，在制造各种工具时，往往采取淬火这一工艺，其目的是使金属变硬以便制成锋利的工具。即可推出选项A为正确答案。
3．逻辑结论：这类推断比前两种困难得多。在阅读过程中，读者必须对文章的全部事实或细节作通盘考虑，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。结论是根据事实作出的惟一决定。要想从一个句子，一个段落或一篇文章中得出正确的结论，读者必须学会善于思考，不断提高自己的逻辑思维能力。
例 Have you ever heard of a sport called tubing? Hundreds of people float down a rushing river at once in old truck-tire tubes. Sometimes many hold hands. At first the ride is bumpy and frightful, for the narrow river rushes swiftly. Then the river widens and grows calm. Never try tubing alone or in rapids, however.
The story suggests that tubing________.
A. should not be done in moving water
B. is done mainly by truck drivers
C. costs a lot of money
D. can be dangerous
根据文中内容数百人乘坐着旧卡车，轮胎在湍急的河水中向下游漂去，颠簸而可怕，可推知这项运动是十分危险的。D项为正确答案。
4．推断作者的写作目的、态度，文章的语气等：这类推断要求对论述对象持何种态度、思想倾向作出判断。如作者对所陈述的观点是赞成，还是反对，对记叙或描写的人或事等是喜欢，或是厌恶；是同情或是冷漠。作者的这种态度和感彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间，或者流露于修饰的词语之中。因此要做好这类推断须综观全文，掌握主题思想，并以此为推理的前提，还要注意文章的措辞，把握文章论述的基调。
例: Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK, they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.
Mr Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them? it is always'the fault of the buses or the airplanes.
Mr Neff knows almost everything. He doesn't ask questions? he answers questions. He never says, "I don't know."
I don't know Mm Neff. It seems that not many people know her. I sometimes wonder about her. Is she always right? Or maybe she is always wrong? Dces she often break dishes or miss buses?
Does she have problems? I wonder.
1)Which of the following do you think gives the most important trait (特性) of Mr Neffs character?
A. He is a very wise man.
B. He plans everything well.
C. He is moral and upright.
D. He is very satisfied with himself.
2)Which of the following do you guess is true of Mrs Neff?
A. She probably obeys her husband in everything.
B. She probably feels very proud to be a help of her husband.
C. She probably quarrels with her husband all the time.
D. She probably feels very happy to have such a successful husband.
3)Which of the following best describes the writer's attitude towards Mr Neff?
A. He finds Mr Neff hard to understand.
B. He thinks Mr Neff wonderful.
C. He feels pity for Mr Neff.
D. He does not like Mr Neff.
以上各题的答案均没有直接表述在短文里，必须从字里行间悟出作者的言外之意。本文记叙的是一位一贯正确的人Mr Neff。根据这一主题，可推知他对自己的一切都很满意。第 1题选项D为正确答案。从Mr Neff事事正确，而Mr Neff又鲜为人知出发，可得出结论 Neff夫人在任何事情上都服从于她丈夫这一事实，故第2题A为正确项。尽管短文中没有直接陈述作者对MrNeff这一人物的态度，但从主题思想和某些措辞中仍可悟出作者对Mr Neff很讨厌这一事实。如作者在文章中一再使用“Never”，一词，并还写到．．．Even if he does miss them，it is alway Sthe fault of the buses of the airplanes．”等来暗示他对Mr Neff的厌恶之情，故第3题D为正确答案。
在阅读理解题中，有关针对段落或短文的特定细节、主题思想、常识，以及作者的写作态度、目的等的推断题，常见题型有：
1. We can infer from the passage (paragraph, fact, example... ) that_______.
2. The writer suggests that_______.
3. From the passage (paragraph, story... ), we can tell_______.
4. The passage implies, but does not directly state that_______.
5. We may conclude from the passage that_______.
6. The writer's (author's) attitude toward is_______.
7. The tone of the passage is_______.
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