2013届高考英语：阅读理解命题点4 （猜测词义专题解析01）

2013届高考英语：阅读理解命题点4 （猜测词义专题解析01）
本类考题解答锦囊
英语的一个显著特点是它庞大的词汇数量。即使一个拥有上万单词量的人在阅读英语读物中也难免会遇到生词。如果每遇到生词，就查阅词典，不但会降低阅读速度，而且往往使阅读变得索然无味。据调查，影响人们阅读理解的，首先是词汇。因此学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，对排除阅读时某些生词的干扰，降低生词率是十分必要的。
任何一个买词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。NMET阅读理解中猜测词义的考查内容既可以是文中的生词，也可以是熟词新义、短语或句子。但都要求考生根据上下文线索(即具体语境)作出推断。此类题的提问形式一般有：
1. Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to"... "?
2. The underlined word, means_______.
3. The underlined phrase, means_______.
4. Theun derlined sentence,means_______.
利用上下文的提示猜测词义的方法有如下几种：
1.根据定义或解释猜测词义
【例题】
(1)A calendar is a list of the days,weeks,months of a particular year.
根据定义, calendar 的意思是日历.。
(2)A biography is the story of a person's life written by someone else 根据定义， biography 的意思是凡别人写的生平叫做传记。
(3)Some writers are no longer writing about the modern values of the USA--money, Success or expensive things to buy.
2.破折号后而的内容是对 value 一词的具体解释。
【例题】
(1)He replied quickly. But after he considered the problem more carefully, he regretted having made such a hasty decision.根据耻下文学语境意义，可悟出 quickly 与 hasty 同义。
(2)Although people in many countries consider raw meat a delicacy(美味), we Chinese people seldom eat any meat that is uncooked.根据上下文语境意义得知 raw meat 即是 meat that is uncooked. Raw 与 uncooked 表示相同意思生的，未煮过的。
(3)--1 think we are being watched.
--Really? What makes you think we are under surveillance?根据语境，可判断出 being watched -15 under surveillance 是同义关系。
(4)During the concert, the children were quiet but afterwards, they became boiaterous.
but 表示转折意思，因此 bomterous 是 quiet 的反义词，意思为吵吵嚷嚷的。
(5)Unlike her gregarious sister,Jane is a shy person,who does not like to go to parties,or to make new friends.
unlike 是关键词，它表示Jane与她的姐姐完全不同。根据后面对Jane的描述“…ashyper son,．．．not like to go parties or to make new froends'，可得知gregarious的意思是好交际的。
3．根据举例
【例题】
(1)Scientists are studying how birds such ternsmigrate．
根据举例法(such as)，得知terns是一种鸟。
(2)Today young couples whoare just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances?for example，washing--machines，fridges and color TVs．
根据举例法(for example)，得知appUances是指washing-machines，fridges and co1or TVs这类家用电器。
(3)Several other gases，such as argon，comprise the remaining one per cent of the vo1ume of dry air．
SUChas提示argon为某种气体。
4．根据因果关系。
【例题】
(1)She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading．
because之前的分句表示结果，之后的分句表示原因，可推理，她没有听见的原因是她完全被阅读吸引住了或她正全神贯注地看书。因此engrossed的意思是被吸引的，全神贯注的。
(2)The noise was so faint that it was impossible to besure what it was or even where it came fronL
So．．．that．．．，结构引导的句子也表示因果关系。因此可判断出faint在此句中的意思是微弱的。声音太弱，以致不能确认是什么声音或是从哪里发出的。
(3)ThiS kind of flower thrives in this area because the weather is warm，the Soil is excellent，and there iS a lot of rain。
because一词决定了flower与warm weather，excellent sOil，a10t Of rain之间是因果关系。
因此thdves的意思是茂盛成长。
5．根据句意或上下文语境
例1 If he think she can invitemeout，he is all wet．I don't like to be with the them.
A. drunk B．sweating C．happy D．mistaken
【解 析】 根据第二句我不喜欢跟他在一起，可推断出，如果他认为他能约我出去，那他就错了。这两句话实际上暗含因果关系。
【答 案】 D
例2 At the age of 77，John was still playing a skill ful game of tennis，ran four miles everydday and seldom missed his daily swim．For a man of his age he was extremelyrobust．
According to the short passage，the word“robust”，probably means________.
A。strange B．weak C．strong ninteresting
【答 案】 C 根据语境的意思，一个77岁的人还能如此运动，可以说是身体不错，因此可以推断robust是strong强壮的意思。
由此可见猜测词义离不开上下文、离不开具体语境。
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1.(典型例题 B)
Some time ago I discovered that one of my chairs had a broken leg. I didn't think there would be any difficulty in getting it mended, as there are a whole lot of antique (古董) shops near my home. So I left home one morning carrying the chair with me. I went into the first shop expecting a friendly reception (接待). I was quite wrong. The man wouldn't even look at my chair.
The second shop, though slightly more polite, was just the same, and the third and the fourth--so I decided that my approach must be wrong.
I entered the fifth shop with a plan in my mind. I placed the chair on the floor and said to the shopkeeper, "Would you like to buy a chair?"He looked it over carefully and said, "Yes, not a had chair. How much do you want for it, sir?""Twenty pounds,"I said, "OK,'he said. "I'll give you twenty pounds. ' "It's got a slightly broken leg,'I said. "Yes, I saw that, it's nothing."
Everything was going according to plan and I was getting excited. "What will you do with it?" I asked. "Oh, it will be easy to sell once the repair is done.' "I'11 buy it," I said. "What do you mean?" "You've just sold it to me,"he said. "Yes, I know but I've changed my mind. I am sorry. I'U give you twenty-seven pounds for it. ""You must be crazy,"he
said. Then, suddenly the penny dropped. "I know what you want. You want me to repair your chair.' "You're right,"I
said. "And what would you have done if I had walked in and said, "Would you mend this chair for me?" "I wouldn't have agreed to do it," he said. "We don't do repairs, not enough mon-
ey in it and too much trouble. But I'll mend this for you, shall we say for a fiver?" He was a very nice man and was greatly amused(感到有趣) by the whole thing.
1. We can learn from the text that in the first shop the writer________.
A. was rather impolite
B. was warmly recelved
C. asked the shopkeeper to buy his chair
D. asked the shopkeeper to repair his chair
2. The underlined word "approach"in the second paragraph
means________.
A. plan for dealing with things B. decision to sell things
C. idea of repairing things D. way of doing things
3. The expression "the penny dropped" in the last paragraph
means the shopkeeper.________.
A. changed his mind
B. accepted the offer
C. saw the writer's purpose
D. decided to help the writer
4. How much did the writer pay?.
A.￡5. B.￡7. C. ￡ 20. D. ￡ 27.
5. From the text,we can learn that the writer was________.
A. honest B. careful C. smart D. funny
命题目的与解题技巧：本文2、3题的命题目的是考察学生同义猜测能力。这类题的解题技巧：仔细读划线词的上下文，根据句意或上下文语境作出判断。
【解 析】 本文讲述了作者发现椅子坏了，于是请人修理椅子时所发生的一些事情。
【答 案】 1．D 细节推断题。可用排除法，根据文意B、C很容易被排除，而A“作者很无礼”，文中并没有这样的提示，故选D。
2．D 词义猜测题。根据上下文猜测词义，作者前四次的境遇基本相同，当他走进第五个店时，由“Ientered．．．with a-- an．．．would you like to buy a chair?”我们知道他这次改变了方法，不再说修理，而是问店主是否愿意买椅子，所以答案应选 D,表示“做事的力法”。
3．C 词义猜测题。根据“the penny dropped”前面店主所说的“You must be crazy"，店主认为作者给他27镑买自己的椅子是不可理喻的，但是很快他又说“I know what you want． You want me to repair your chair”，表明他明白了作者的目的是希望他能帮他修理椅子。
4．A 细节题。nver意思是“五英镑钞票”，文章倒数第二句说明作者需付五英镑的劳务费。
5．C 概括总结题。纵观全文，作者在四次碰壁后，马上调整行为方式，最终达到了自己的目的，说明他很聪明。
Passage 1
Haikou: A shark was killed after being dragged to shore at Ya-long Berth beach in Sanya, South China's Hainan Province, on Sunday afternoon.
It was the first time a shark had been caught in the beach area, a popular tourist site in Hainan.
Local fishermen said they caught the 3-meter-long, 1-tonshark by chance when they were fishing in sea water 1,000 me- tres deep near the beach.
Police temporarily (暂时的) protected the shark while oceanographers decided whether it was a species belonging to State protection.
Fishermen later killed and sold the shark after oceanographers confirmed that it was a whale shark and therefore not under State protection.
The shark was believed to have drifted into the area from the deep sea due to strong waves caused last week by Typhoon Imbudo. It had no open injuries but experts said they believed it suffered from internal (内部的) bleeding.
Local police officer Fu Chenggeng said beachgoers should not feel threatened by sharks because the fish never attack human beings on their own initiative. Fu said he had never heard of any shark attacks at the Sanya beach since he first started work there eight years ago.
However, police said they will improve the security system to safeguard tourists' safety on the beach. 1. The underlined word "confirmed "probably means ________.
A. said B. believed C. thought D. made sure
答案: D 指导：关键词oceanographer指“海洋学者”，所以that从句后的内容是专家确定的内容。
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