2013届高考英语:阅读理解命题点2 --主旨大意(解析02)

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名称 2013届高考英语:阅读理解命题点2 --主旨大意(解析02)
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2013届高考英语::阅读理解命题点2 --主旨大意(解析02)
高考最新热门题
(典型例题季卷)
A characteristic of American culture that has become almost a tradition is to respect the self-made man--the man who has risen to the top through his own efforts, usually beginning by working with his hands. While the leader in business or in- dustry or the college professor occupies a higher social position and commands greater respect in the community than the com- mon laborer or even the skilled factory worker, he may take pains to point out that his father started life in America as a farmer or laborer of some sort.
This attitude toward manual (体力的) labor is now still seen in many aspects of American lif~ One is invited to dinner at a home that is not only comfortably but even luxuriously (豪华地) furnished and in which there is every evidence of the fact that the family has been able to afford foreign travel, expensive hobbies, and college education for the children; yet the hostess probably will cook the dinner herself, will serve it herself and will wash dishes afterward, furthermore the dinner will not consist merely of something quickly and easily assembled from contents of various cans and a cake or a pie bought at the near- by bakery. On the contrary, the hostess usually takes pride in careful preparation of special dishes. A professional man may talk about washing the car, digging in his flowerbeds, painting the house. His wife may even help with these things, just as he often helps her with the dishwashing. The son who is away at college may wait on table and wash dishes for his living, or during the summer he may work with a construction gang on a highway in order to pay for his education.
1. From Paragraph 1 , we can know that in America
A. people tend to have a high opinion of the self--made man
B. people can always rise to the top through their own efforts
C. college professors win great respect from common workers
D. people feel painful to mention their fathers as laborers
2. According to the passage, the hostess cooks dinner herself mainly because
A. servants in America are hard to get
B. she takes pride in what she can do herself
C. she can hardly afford servants
D. it is easy to prepare a meal with canned food
3. The expression "wait on table" in the second paragraph means
A. work in a furniture shop
B. keep accounts for a bar
C. wait to lay the table
D. serve customers in a restaurant
4. Which of the following may serve as the best title of the passage?
A. A Respectable Self--made Family
B. American Attitude toward Manual Labor
C. Characteristics of American Culture
D. The Development of Manual Labo
命题目的与解题技巧:本文的命题目的是考查考生概括主题的能力。做这类题的决窍就是找主题句。本文共两段,主题句为每段的第一句话。找出主题句,就不难抓住本文的主题思想。
【解 析】 本文介绍了美国人民在生活中尊重通过自己的勤奋劳动而获得成功的人这样一种文化。
【答 案】 1.A这是一道段落主旨题。从第一段内容可知整段都围绕第一句话展开,因而第一句话是这一段的主题句,说明在美国手工工人很受尊敬。
2.B 本题为细节题。第二段倒数第四句说女主人自已做饭的原因是她们为自己能动手做饭而感到骄傲。
3.D 猜测词义题。根据sswashdishesfOrhis 1iving"可推测出wait。ntable的意思“在饭店当招待员”。
4.B 本题是主旨题。这篇短文主要讲述美国人对手工劳动的态度。
2.(典型例题
If there is no difference in general intelligence (智力) between boys and girls, what can explain girls' poor performance in science and mathematics?
It seems to be that their treatment at school is a directcause. Mathematics and science are seen as subjects mainly for boys, and therefore, as girls become teenagers, they are less likely to take them. Interestingly, both boys and girls often re- gard the subjects for boys as more difficult. Yet it has been suggested that girls do not take mathematics courses, not be- cause they are difficult, but for social reasons. Girls do not want to be in open competition with boys because they are afraid to appear less feminine (女性的) and attractive.
However, if we examine the performance of boys and girls who have taken mathematics courses, there are still more high- achieving boys than there are girls. This difference appears to be world-wide. Biological explanations have been offered for this, but there are other explanations too.
Perhaps the difference which comes out during the teenage years has its roots in much earlier experiences. From their first days in kindergarten, boys are encouraged to work on their own and to complete tasks. Facts show that outstanding (杰出的) mathematicians and scientists have not had teachers who supplied answers.
Besides, there can be little doubt that teachers of mathematics and science expect their boy students to do better at these subjects than their girl students. They even appear to encourage the difference between boys and girls. They spend more time with the boy students, giving them more time to answer questions and working harder to get correct answers from them. They are more likely to call on boys for answers and toallow them to take the lead in classroom discussion. They also praise boys more frequently. All of this seems to encourage boys to work harder in science and mathematics and to give them confidence(信心) that they are able to succeed.
Such a way of teaching is not likely to encourage girls to take many mathematics and science courses, nor is it likely to support girls who do. When it comes to these subjects it seems certain that school widens the difference between boys and girls.
1. Girls are likely to think that___________.
A. science courses are for both boys and girls
B. science courses make them more popular
C. science courses make them successful
D. science courses are difficult for them
2. The text mainly discusses ______ reasons for the difference between boys and girls in scientific achievements.
A. biological B. historical
C. social D. personal
3. What are boys usually encouraged to do at school?
A. To get help with their homework.
B. To play the leading role in class.
C. To work with girl students in class.
D. To learn to take care of others.
4. What does the passage say about great mathematicians?
A. Their teachers did not supply answers to them.
B. They started learning mathematics at an earlier age.
C. They showed mathematical abilities in their teenage years.
D. Their success resulted from their strong interest in math ematics.
5. The author would probably agree that ______.
A. boys and girls learn in the same way
B. boys and girls are equal in general intelligence
C. girls are more confident in themselves than before
D. girls should take fewer science courses than boys
【解 析】 本文是议论文,主要分析了男孩跟女孩在数学学习方面差异形成的原因。
【答案】 F 1.D 要求考生根据细节进行推断。文章第二段中第三句话说明女孩们不愿选修这些理科课程,似乎认为这些很难。
2.C 考查概括主旨大意的能力。文章第三段虽提到了 biological reason,但这并不是作者要强调的。“Biological explanations have been offered for this,but there are other explanations too.”再看全文。作者主要探讨的学校教育,甚至学前教育所造成的影响,属于social reasons.
3.B 这是一道细节理解题。文章第五段在讨论学校教育时说“They are more likely to call on boys for answers and to alloW them to take the lead in classroom discussion”,意思就是说在班里起带头作用。
4.A 考查对文章细节的理解能力。第四段提到男女生的差异可能源于他们在幼儿园受到的教育。对大数学家的调查提到“Facts show that outstanding mathematicians and scientists have not had teachers who supplied answers"。
5.B 考查对作者观点的理解。文章第一句话说“Ⅱthere is no diference in general intelligence between boys and grls...”,表明作者承认男女之间智力并无大的差异,导致他们后天在理科方面的差距的直接原因不是智力,而是学校教育。之后作者不再提智力方面的差异,说明作者承认这个前提。
由上面两个例题我们可以看出,文章的中心思想或主旨大意一定带有综合概括性。
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Passage *** (典型例题)
The year is 2094. It has been announced that a comet (彗星) is heading towards the Earth. Most of it will miss our planet, but two pieces will probably hit the southern half of the Earth.
On 17 July, a piece four kilometres wide enters the Earth's atmosphere (大气层) with a massive explosion. About half of the piece is destroyed, but the remaining part hits the South Atlantic at 200 times the speed of sound. The sea boils and a huge hole is made in the sea bed. Huge waves are created and spread outwards from the hole. The wall of water, a kilometre high, rushes towards southern Africa at 800 kilometres an
hour. Cities on the African coast are totally destroyed and mil lions of people are drowned.
Before the waves reach South America, the second piece of the comet lands in Argentina. Earthquakes and volcanoes are set off in the Andes Mountains. The shock waves move north into California and all around the Pacific Ocean. The cities of lob Angeles, San Francisco and Tokyo are completely destroyed by earthquakes. Millions of people in the southern half of the earth are already dead, but the north won't escape for long. Because of the explosions, the sun is hidden by, clouds of dust, temperatures around the world fall to almost zero. Crops are ruined. The sun won't be seen again for many years. Wars break out as countries fight for food. A year later, no more than 10 million people remain alive.
Could it really happen? In fact, it has already happened more than once in the history of the Earth. The dinosaurs (恐龙) were on the Earth for over 160 million years. Then 65 mil- lion years ago they suddenly disappeared. Many scientists believe that the Earth was hit by a piece of object in space. The dinosaurs couldn't live through the cold climate that followed and they died out. Will we meet the same end?
1. What is mainly described in the passage?
A. A historic discovery
B. An event of imagination
C. A research on space.
D. A scientific adventure
答案: B指导:通读全文可知此答案。
2. When the first piece hits the South Atlantic, it causes_________.
A. an earthquake
B. damages to cities
C. an Earth explosion
D. huge waves
答案: D 指导:从第二段中间"The sea boils and a huge hole is made in the seabed.Huge wave sarecreated...”可知。B从第三段中间"Because of the explosions,the sun is hidden by clouds“dust,temperatures around the world fall to almost zero"可知。D从最后三句话可得知此答案。
3. Why can't the northern half of the' earth escape for long?
A. Because the land is covered with water.
B. Because the light and heat from the sun cannot reach the earth.
C. Because people there cannot live at the temperature of zero.
D. Because wars break out among countries.
答案: B 指导:从第三段中间"Because of the explosions,the sun is midden by cloeds of dust,temperatures around the world fall to almost zero"可知。
4. By giving the example of dinosaurs the author tries to prove_________.
A. animals could not live in the cold climate
B. what happened 65 million years ago was an invented story
C. the human beings will die out in 2094
D. the Earth could be hit by other objects in space Passage
答案: D 指导:从最后三句话可得知此答案。
******************************************************************结束
Passage ***
A few months ago, millions of people in London heard alarms all over the town. The Emergency Services, the Fire Departments, the Police, hospitals, and ambulances stood by, ready to go into action. In railway underground stations, people read notices and maps that told them where to go and what to do in the emergency. This was Exercise Flood Call, to prepare people for a flood emergency. London wasn't flooded. In 1928, people living in Westminster, the heart of London, drowned in floods. And in 1953, one hundred people, living on the eastem edge of the London suburbs were killed, again, in the floods. At last, Greater London Council took actions to prevent this disaster from happening again. Though a flood wall was built in the 1960s, Londoners still must be prepared for the possible disaster. If it happens, 50 underground stations will be under water. Electricity, gas and phone services will be out of action. Roads will be drowned. It will be impossible to cross any of the bridges between north and south London. Imagine: London will look like the famous Italian city, Venice. But this Exercise Flood Call didn't cause panic among Londoners. Most people knew it was just a warning. One lady said, "It's a flood warning, isn't it. ? The water doesn't look high to me."
1. What topic is treated in this passage?
A. Possible Damages Caused by Floods
B. Emergency Exercise in London
C. Flood Emergency in London
D. London Floods in History
答案: B 指导:由文章开头四句可知B为最佳选项。
2. What measure was taken against floods in London in the 1960s?
A. 50 underground stations were made waterproof.
B. Rescue teams were formed.
C. An alarm system was set up.
D. A flood wall was built.
答案: D 指导:由文中“Thou加a flood wall was built in the 1960s"可知选D.
3. The purpose of the Exercise Flood Call is to ______.
A. train the civil service for the flood
B. prevent the flood from happening
C. fill people in London with alarm
D. prepare people against floods
答案: D 指导:由文中"Thiswas Exe?cise FloodCall,to prepare people for a flood emergency"可知选D.
4. The author quotes (引述) 3the woman to ______.
A. describe how frightened most of the Londoners were
B. argue that it's impossible to prevent floods in London
C. show that most Londoners took Exercise Flood Call calmly
D. prove that the Exercise Flood Call did cause a lot of trouble to Londoners
答案: C 指导:由文中"But this Exercise Flood Call didn't cause panic among Londoners”可知这名妇女的话进一步印证了此论点。panic意思为“恐慌”。答案显然为C
***********************************************************结束
Passage ***
Doodles are signs which you draw unconsciously when you are holding a pen in your hand and just happen to start writing aimlessly. However, there is more to these" diagrams (图形) of the unconscious" than what you see. Free from the restriction of the conscious mind, they can be useful in finding your character and personality, and many of your secret hopes, ambitions, fears, and dreams.
Faces are a sign of sociability or lack of it. If you doodle happy, smiling faces, you have a friendly, out-going disposition which people respond to, and you enjoy an active social life If your faces are bad, this may mean hating others. Faces looking to the right are a sign of out-going personality and confident expectation about the future, to the left, a sign of shyness and self-control.
Bare or narrow trees show a lack of warmth. You've probably been disappointed in life or could even be suffering from a minor illness that needs attention.
If you build a house in layers (层), each layer separate, you could be too proud, too eager to make your loved ones folow your order and jump to attention. A little untidiness in a house makes the people feel comfortable, safe and happy.
If your doodle looks like a web, you are making a cry for help in solving a problem. You feel trapped, and are seeking a way out  perhaps you even want to travel, try out new ideas and realize your ambitions. But you lack confidence to step out into the world on your own because of the web you've created around you.
1. One can probably have the wish to be ______if he doodles a building with unconnected storeys.
A. a leader
B. a self-controlled person
C. a shy person
D. an attentive person
答案: A 指导:由第四段第一句“follow your or der and jump to attention"可知A最佳。
2. If you doodle a face, you may do any of the following EX-CEPT.
A. lead an active life
B. lead an inactive life
C. want to get on well with others
D. be in charge of others
答案: D 指导:由第二段可知A、B、C三项都涉及而D未涉及。
3. What does the underlined word "doodle" mean in Paragraph2?
A. to draw without realizing what one is drawing
B. to draw carefully and attentively what one likes drawing
C. to write different things without certain limits
D. to write at home, mainly on the wall
答案: A 指导:由文中第一句话可知选A.
4. What is the possible best title of the passage?
A. Don't doodle, or you'll not be able to keep secret.
B. Recognize yourself with the help of doodles.
C. Doodling, an unpopular habit.
D. Doodling may cause untidiness.
答案: B 指导:由文章第一段最后一句知:从随意乱画的图案可以发现个人的性格、个性,以及许多不为人知的希望、抱负、恐惧及梦想等。故此,B最能概括文意。
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