2013届山东省高考英语阅读理解命题点4 （猜测词义专题解析03）

2013届山东省高考英语:阅读理解命题点4 （猜测词义专题解析03）
新高考命题探究
Passage 1
With fifteen years Britain and other nations should be well on with the building of huge industrial complexes of the recy cling of waste. The word "rubbish"could lose its meaning be- cause everything which goes into the dumps would be made into something useful. Even the most dangerous and unpleasant wastes would provide energy if nothing else.
The latest project is to take a city of around half a million citizens and discover exactly what raw materials go into it and what go Out. The aim is to find out how much of these raw ma terials could be provided if a plant for recycling waste were built just outside the city. This plant would recycle not only metal such as steel, lead and copper, but also paper and rubber as well.
Another new-project is being set up to discover the best way of sorting and separating the rubbish. When this project is complete, the rubbish will be processed like this: First, it will Pass through sharp metal bars which will tear open the plastic bags in which rubbish is usually packed; then it will pass through a powerful fan to separate the lightest elements from the heavy solids; after that founders and rollers will break up everything that can be broken. Finally. the rubbish will pass under magnets (磁铁), which will remove the bits of iron and steel; the rubber and plastic will then be sorted out in the final stage.
The first full-size giant recycling plants are perhaps fifteen years away. Indeed, with the growing cost of transporting rubbish to more distant dumps, some big cities will be forced to build their own recycling plants before long.
1. The underlined part "should be well on with"(Para. 1 ) most probably means__________.
A. complete B. get ready to start
C. achieve a great deal in D. put an end to
答案：C 指导：由下文介绍的关于回收利用废品的情况可以推断出来：be well on with sth.的意思是：achieve a greatdeal in sth．在某方面有很大成就。
2. What is not mentioned as a part of the recycling process described in Paragraph 3?
A. Breaking up whatever is breakable.
B. Sharpening metal bars.
C. Separating light elements from the heavy ones.
D. Sorting out small pieces of metal.
答案：B 指导：原文中的信息是：First，讧willpassthroughsharp metal bars which will tear open the plastic bags．．．而B项提供的信息却是“将铁条弄尖”。
3. What's the main reason for big cities to build their own recy cling plants?
A. To deal with wastes in a better way.
B. To protect the environment from pollution.
C. To get raw materials locally.
D. To make much money from those plants.
答案：C指导：从最后一段"WiththegrowingCOStoftransporting rubbish tomore distant dumps(随着把垃圾运到遥远的垃圾场的费用增加)”可以推断出，在大城市当地处理垃圾可以节省运费。
4. The passage is mainly about _______
A. a cheap way to get energy
B. the place of recycling plants
C. new ways of recycling wastes
D. the probability of city environment
答案：B 指导：结合全文和第二段可以作出判断。
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Passage 2
When several different people look at the same person, it is not unusual for each of them to see different things; when you alone observe one behavior or one person at two different times, you may see different things. The following are about some of the factors that lead to these different senses.
(1)Each person's senses of others are formed by his or her own cultural condition, education, and personal experiences.
(2)Sometimes senses differ because of what we choose to observe and how we deal with what we've observed. It is not necessarily true that person sense is based on observations of a particular person. Your observations may be totally controlled by what others have told you about this person: or you may center mainly on the situation or role relationship. Most people do not use the same standard to measure their parents, their friends, and strangers.
(3)Sometimes we see only what we want to see or don't see what may be obvious to others because of our own needs, desires, or temporary emotional states. This is a process known as selective sense. Selective sense is obviously more dif- ficult when contradictory (矛盾的) information is particularly obvious, but it can be done. We can ignore (忽略) the stimulus "He's basically a good boy so what I saw was not shoplifting.
"We can reduce the importance of the contradictory information "All kids get into naughty hehavior. Taking a book from bookstore isn't such a big deal. "We can change the meaning of the contradictory information It wasn't shoplifting because he was going to pay for it later."
l. The first factor given by the author that affects our sense is_________.
A. the abilities of one's hearing and seeing sensors
B. cultural background and personal experiences
C. experiences one learns from others
D. critical measures taken by other people
答案：B指导：由第一因素就是"cultural conditionand personal experiences"可知B为最佳选项。
2. While observing a particular person,
A. One ix likely to talk all aspects into consideration
B. Otie pays more attention to }lis , her advantages
C. children often differ from grown ups in sense
D. one tends to choose certain cues(提示)to look for
答案：D 指导：据文中第一段最后一句“有几个因素导致不同的感觉”，另外，由第二个因素中第三句"controlledbywhatothers have told you about this person"可知D为最佳选项。
3. Observation of the same person by two people at the same rime may differ because_______.
A.their measuring standards arc not the same
B. either of them may be slow to catch information
C. the time for observation is not long enough
D. each of them uses different language to express his her impressions
答案：A 指导：据作者给出的三个因素：①据自己的文化背景和切身经历；②我们所看到的和我们处理所看到东西的方法；③我们自己切身需要。所以A为正确选项，不同人的不同标准。
4. The underlined word "stimulus" in Paragraph 4 refers to_________.
A. something attractive
B. selective sense
C. contradictory information
D. shoplifting
答案：C 指导：据文中倒数第五句“When contradictory infor mation is particularly obvious，but it can be done"和后面所举的例子，“如果一个好孩子在书店中偷书……”可知C项为最佳选项，忽视矛盾性的重要性。
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Passage ****(典型例题)
Grown-ups know that people and objects are solid. At the movies, we know that if we reach out to touch Tom Cruise, all we will feel is air. But does a baby have this understanding?
To see whether babies know objects are solid, T. Bowerdesigned a method for projecting an optical illusion (视觉影像) of a hanging ball. His plan was to first give babies a real ball, one they could reach out and touch, and then to show them the illusion. If they knew that objects are solid and they reached out for the illusion and found empty air, they could be expected to show surprise in their faces and movements. All the 16-to-24-week-old babies tested were surprised when they reached for the illusion and found that the ball was not there.
Grown-ups also have a sense of object permanence. We know that if we put a box in a room and lock the door, the box will still be there when we come back. But does a baby realize that a ball that rolls under a chair does not disappear and go to never-never land?
Experiments done by Bower suggest that babies develop a sense of object permanence when they are about 18 weeks old. In his experiments, Bower used a toy train that went behind a screen. When 16-week-old and 22-week-old babies watched the toy train disappear behind the left side of the screen, they looked to the right, expecting it to reappear. If the experiment- er took the train off the table and iifted the screen, all the babies seemed surprised not to see the train. This seems to show that all the babies had a sense of object permanence. But the second part of the experiment showed that this was not really the case. The researcher substituted (替换) a ball for the train when it went behind the screen. The 22-week-old babies seemed surprised and looked back to the left side for the train. But the 16-week-old babies did not seem to notice the switch(更换). Thus, the 16-week-old babies seemed to have a sense of "something permanence", while the 22-week-old babies had a sense of object permanence related to a particular object.
1. The passage is mainly about________.
A. babies' sense of sight
B. effects of experiments on babies
C. babies' understanding of objects
D. different tests on babies' feelings
答案: C 指导：本文属于说明文，说明文的中心大多在第一段就给予介绍，本文也不例外，所以要想找出本文中心，重点看文章第一段，尤其是文章第一段的最后一句。
2. In Paragraph 3, "object permanence'means that when out of
sight, an object________.
A. still exists B. keeps its shape
C. still stays solid D. is beyond reach
答案: A 指导：根据本句后的两个句子判断。
3. What did Bower use in his experiments?
A. A chair. B. A screen. C. A film. O. A box.
答案: B 指导：根据最后一段第二句可判断。
4. Which of the following statements is, true?
A. The babies didn't have a sense of direction.
B. The older babies preferred toy trains to balls.
C. The younger babies liked looking for missing objects.
D. The babies couldn't tell a ball from its optical illusion.
答案: D 指导：A项：这些婴儿没有方向感；B项：年长一点的婴儿更喜欢玩具火车，而不喜欢球；C项：年幼一点的婴儿喜欢寻找丢失的东西；D项：这些婴儿不能辨别球和视觉影像。A、乙两项文章未提；文章中所提及的实验目的是看婴儿是否有asense of object permanence(物体存在概念)，并不是他们的 爱好，因此B也要排除；文章第二段最后一句说明了用球做实验时，他们弄不清球和(球)所造成的视觉错觉影像。
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Passage *****(湖北 C)
8: 30PM
Outlook
Outlook is back with a new series of reports to keep you up date with all that's new in the world of entertainment. Stories go all the way from the technical to the romantic, from stage to screen. There will be reports of the stars of the moment, the stars of the future and the stars of the past. The director with his new film, the designer with the latest fashion, and the musician with the popular song are part of the new Outlook. The program is introduced by Fran Levine.
9: 00PM
Discovery
When a 10-year-old boy gets a first class degree in mathematics or an 8-year-old plays chess like a future grand master, they are considered as geniuses. Where does the quality of genius come from? Is it all in the genes (基因)or can any child be turned in- to a genius? And if parents do have a child who might become a genius in the future, what should they do? In this 30-minute film, Barry John-son, the professor at School of Medicine, New York University will help you discover the answer.
10: OOPM
Seieaee/Heath
Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs? The answer is "yes". According to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. After a study of 800 persons with high blood pressure, they found that after 6 months those devoted to weight loss-exercise and eating a low-salt, low-fat food---lost about 13 pounds and became fitter. Plus, 35% of them dropped into the "normal"category (范畴). This week, Dr. Alan Duckworth will tell you how these people reduce their blood pressure to a level similar to what's achieved with Hypertension drugs.
1. The main purpose of writing these three texts is________.
A. to invite people to see films
B. to invite people to topic discussions
C. to attract more students to attend lectures
D. to attract more people to watch TV programs
答案: D 指导：根据所给的时间和节目的名字可知，这是电视上所播的三个节目。
2. From Outlook, you can get a great deal of information about________.
A. story tellers B. famous stars
C. film companies D. music fans
答案: B 指导：从第一句话中可知。
3. Who will be most probably interested in Discovery?
A. Parents who want to send their children to a school of medicine.
B. Children who are good at mathematics.
C. Parents who want their child to become another Albert Einstein.
D. Children who are interested in playing chess.
答案: C 指导：从句中“1f parents do have achild who might become genius in the future，what should they do?”可知此答案。
4. In Science/Health, "Johns Hopkins"is________.
A. a famous university B. a medical center
C. a well-known doctor D. a drug company
答案: B 指导：从句中“．．．according to the resarchers at Johns Hopk insandthree other medicalcenters"可知此答案。
5. According to the third text, which of the following has almost the same effect as Hypertension drugs?
A. Exercise plus a healthy diet.
B. Loss of thirteen pounds in weight.
C. Six months of exercise without drugs.
D. Low-salt and low-fat food.
答案: A 指导：从句中"Afterastudy of 800 persons。．．，those devoted toweight loss-exercise and eating a low-salt．．．”可知答案。
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Passage ***************
When we think about people who arc leaders, we often get a mental picture of someone who is older, smarter, and wiser than ourselves. Studies of leadership, though, have usually found that there is almost no relationship between skill as a leader and traditional measures of intelligence.
Some recent research by psychologist Red Fiedle and his colleagues showed that both intelligence and experience may be important but just now how important depends upon how stressful the work situation is and what kind of task is to be ac- complished. The researchers obtained measures of intelligence, experience, performance, and stress.
Overall, these variables did not relate to one another. Men with high and low intelligence were equally likely to give good performance, as were men with more and less experience, or more and less stress with their bosses. Howevcr, when you look separately at those men who have high stress with their bosses, thc picture changes.
In high stress situations, there was no association between intelligence and performance, but there was between experience and performance. In other words, in difficuh situations, it was helpful to "know the ropes". In low stress situations, the find ings were just the opposite. Experience was not related to good performance, but intelligence was. That is. when things are going well, intelligence is very useful in leadership.
A study of fire fighters' performance under high and low stress conditions also found the experienced officers performed best under situations of stress. None of this is really very surprising. If you have ever had a supervisory job you probably found that at least as much energy went into handling (管理) people as went into handling the job itself. Tests of intelligence at least the ones we have now do not predict success in handling people.
1. What kind of people can do the best job in stress situation?
A. intelligent people B. experienced people
C. calm people D. skilled people
2. In the third sentence of the last paragraph. "a supervisory job "refers to_______.
A. a management job B. an advisory job
C. a teaching job D. an organizing job
3. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage.'?
A. In stress situations, there are no association between experience and performance.
B. Some recent research suggests that most leaders arc lack of intelligence.
C. In low stress situations, intelligence plays an important role in leadership.
D. Generally speaking, leaders are likely to be cleverer than ordinary people.
4. In the second sentence of the fourth paragraph, to "know the ropes"most probably means________.
A. to understand the situation
B. to control the situation
C. to get rid of the situation
D. to make sure what to do about thc situation
答案：D 指导：根据上下文可以推断本句意思是：换句话说，在困难的情况下经验有利于控制局势。
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