人教版（新课程标准）选修八：Unit4 Pygmalion Grammar导学案（无答案）

高二英语选修8 unit 4 Pygmalion导学案
Period4 Grammar
一．学习目标：掌握过去分词作状语的用法，并灵活运用
二．学习重点：过去分词作状语的几种情况
三．学习难点：过去分词与现在分词及不定式作状语的区别
过去分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，与主语关系是动宾关系，即被动关系。
过去分词作状语时的具体用法：
1．过去分词作时间状语相当于一个时间状语从句。例如：
Asked (When he was asked) what had happened, he lowered his head.
当他被问问题的时候,他低下了头。
2．过去分词作原因状语相当于一个原因状语从句。例如：
Frightened (=Because / As she was frightened) by the tiger, the girl didn't dare to sleep alone. 因为害怕老虎, 这个女孩不敢单独睡觉。
3．过去分词作条件状语相当于一个条件状语从句。例如：
Grown (If these seeds are grown) in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里， 这些种子能长得很快。
Given (If we were given) more time, we could do it better.
如果给我们更多时间的话，我们可以做得更好。
4．过去分词作让步状语相当于一个让步状语从句。例如：
Left (Although he was left) at home, John didn't feel afraid at all.
虽然John被单独留在房间里, 他一点都不害怕。
5． 过去分词作状语表示伴随动作或状态。例如：
The teacher entered the classroom, (and he was) followed by a group of students.
老师进入教室，后面跟着一帮学生。
1. 现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
a.现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。
b.过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。
2. 动词不定式和分词作状语的区别
a.分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
b.分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。
Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)
Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)
Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)
His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果)
We are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)
五．当堂检测：高考练习：
1.___moreattention, the tree could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given.
( )2. The computer center, ________ last year, is very popular among the students in this school
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
( )3. The first textbooks ________ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
( )4. ________ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose ( )5. _______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
( )6. The researcher is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun D. beginning D. begun
( )7. ________ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A. Being founded B. It was founded C. Founded D. Founding
( )8. When ________, the museum will be open to the public next year.
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
( )9. Prices of daily goods ________ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying
( )10. Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases ________ only to people with specific knowledge.
A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known
( )11. Unless ________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
( )12. Friendship is like money: easier made than ______.
A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. having kept
( )13. Mr. Smith, _______ of the ________ speech, started to read a novel.
A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring
( )14. ________ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D.Given