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新教材新高考
2022届高考二轮复习课件通
专题七 代词
★ 1. 基本用法
类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词
主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性
功能 主语 宾语、表语 定语 主语、表语、宾语 宾语、表语、同位语
第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 单数 you your yours yourself
复数 yourselves
第三人称 单数 he him his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its itself
复数 they them their theirs themselves
一、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词及疑问代词
2. 反身代词的搭配
say to oneself 心里想
dress oneself 自己穿衣
seat oneself 坐下
enjoy oneself 玩得开心
teach oneself 自学
help oneself to 随便吃；随便用
一、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词及疑问代词
2. 反身代词的搭配
behave oneself 有礼貌；守规矩
of oneself 自动地
in oneself 本质上，本身
by oneself 独自，单独
for oneself 替自己，为自己
to oneself 独自拥有的
一、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词及疑问代词
2. 反身代词的搭配
beside oneself （因情绪）失去自制力，失常
adapt oneself to 适应
apply oneself to 专心致志于
devote oneself to 致力于，献身于，专心于
make oneself at home 舒适自在，无拘束
treat oneself to 招待，款待，买（可享受的东西）
一、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词及疑问代词
3. 指示代词this, that, these, those的用法
一、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词及疑问代词
指示代词 用法
this/ that 指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物，this也可指下文将要谈到的人或物，起启下的作用
that/ those 指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物；that也可指上文提到过的人或物，起承上的作用
4. 疑问代词what的用法
（1）what常用于询问他人的职业、外貌、性格特征等。
You have met our new teacher. What does he look like
你已经见过我们的新老师了。他长什么样子？
（2）what常用句式
What is the height/ weight/ depth/ width/ length/ size
高度/ 重量/ 深度/ 宽度/ 长度/ 尺寸是多少？
一、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词及疑问代词
4. 疑问代词what的用法
（2）what常用句式
What is the population 人口是多少？
What is the distance 距离是多远？
What is the price 价格是多少？
What is your address 你住哪里？
What is your attitude 你的态度是怎样的？
一、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词及疑问代词
练习
1. They would say to __________ that playing card games would help my brain.
解析：句意：他们会和我说玩纸牌会帮助我的大脑。在介词to后用人称代词的宾格形式。
2. I had done __________ homework, but I was shy.
解析：句意：我已经做完了（我的）家庭作业，但是我害羞。do one's homework 表示“做（某人的）家庭作业”。
me
my
练习
3. As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations and imagine _________________ living at a different time in history.
解析：根据语境可知，主语visitors发出的动作imagine作用于自身，此处应用反身代词形式，故答案为themselves。
themselves
练习
4. In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from __________ in the UK.
解析：句意：在很多方面，美国的教育体制和英国的教育体制没有太大的差异。此处指代同类事物 the education system，故填that。
5. __________ is the population of London
解析：句意：伦敦有多少人口？提问人口用疑问代词what。
that
What
1. it的指代用法
（1）指代上文提到的某样东西
例：Where is my dictionary I left it right on the desk.
我的字典在哪里？我就把它放在书桌上了。
（2）用以代替指示代词this, that
例：- What's this ——这是什么？
- It's a flag. ——它是一面旗。
二、it的用法
1. it的指代用法
（3）指代不知性别的婴儿（baby）或身份不明确的人（由于某种原因而不知道对方是谁）
例：The baby cried because it was hungry.
这个婴儿因饥饿而啼哭。
- Who is knocking at the door ——谁在敲门？
- It might be the postman。——可能是邮递员。
二、it的用法
1. it的指代用法
（4）指代时间、距离、天气、气候、环境或温度。
例：It is nine o'clock sharp now.
现在是九点整。
It is raining hard outside.
外面雨下的正大。
It is a long way to the factory.
到工厂有很长一段路。
It's very noisy in the room.
屋里噪音很大。
二、it的用法
1. it的指代用法
★（5）it常用来代替不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作形式主语或形式宾语，而将真正的主语或宾语后置。
例：It's not easy to learn a foreign language.
学习一门外语不容易。（代替不定式短语形式主语）
I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here.
我已经讲得很清楚了，任何人都不准在这儿吸烟。
（代替名词性从句作形式宾语）
二、it的用法
★ 2. It 作形式主语、形式宾语的常用句型
（1）it作形式主语
It is a pity/ shame that... 真可惜……
It is no wonder that... ……不足为奇，并不奇怪
It seems/ appears that... 似乎/ 看来……
It looks/ seems as if/ as that... 看起来/ 似乎/ 好像……
It happens that... 碰巧……
二、it的用法
★ 2. It 作形式主语、形式宾语的常用句型
（1）it作形式主语
It occurs to/ comes to/ strikes/ hits sb. that... 某人突然想起……
It is said/ reported that… 据说/ 据报道……
It is certain that… 肯定……
It is well-known that... 众所周知……
It is no use/ no good doing sth. 做某事没用/ 没好处
It takes sb. some time to do sth. 做某事花某人多长时间
二、it的用法
★ 2. It 作形式主语、形式宾语的常用句型
（2）it 作形式宾语
① 主语+ think/ believe/ suppose/ consider/ feel/ make/ keep...+it +adj./ n. +for/ of+ sb. to do sth./ that 从句
② 主语+ think/ believe/ suppose/ consider/ feel/ make/ keep...+it + adj./ no use/ no good doing …doing sth.
二、it的用法
3. 与it相关的常用短语和句型
（1）I take it that you don't agree with me.
我想你不同意我的意见。
（2）I hate it when I have to speak in French on the phone.
当我非得用法语打电话时，我感到厌烦。
（3）I like it when she sings a song to me.
我喜欢她为我唱歌。
二、it的用法
3. 与it相关的常用短语和句型
（4）I can't help it if he is always late.
如果他总是迟到，我也没办法。
（5）1 would appreciate it if you could help me.
如果你能帮助我，我将不胜感激。
（6）Please see to it that (make sure that) you bring enough money when you go out.
出门时，请确保带足了钱。
二、it的用法
3. 与it相关的常用短语和句型
（7）You can depend upon it that he is very smart.
你就相信吧，他非常聪明。
（8）As someone puts it, practice makes perfect.
正如某人所说，熟能生巧。
（9）When it comes to drive, she's got more than any of us.
讲干劲，她比谁都足。
二、it的用法
3. 与it相关的常用短语和句型
（10）It is (high) time that we had/ should have lunch.
该吃午饭了。
（11）It is the first/ second...time I have visited the place.
这是我第一/ 二……次参观这个地方。
（12）It is/ has been 3 years since he joined the army.
他参军3年了。
二、it的用法
3. 与it相关的常用短语和句型
（13）It was 3 years before he came back home.
3年了他才回家。
（14）It is I who/ that am right.
我是对的。
二、it的用法
4. 用于强调句型“It is/ was+被强调部分+that/ who…”
例：John's success has nothing to do with good luck. It is years of hard work that has made him what he is today.
约翰的成功和好运气没关系。是多年的努力工作才使他有了今天。
二、it的用法
练习
1. Is _____ true that the meeting will be held next week
解析：句意：会议将于下周举行，这是真的吗？此处it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。
2. Many people argue that since organic food is planted without adding chemicals, _______ tastes much better.
解析：句意：许多人认为由于有机食品是在不添加化学物质的情况下种植的，所以它尝起来要好得多。it在此处指organic food。
it
it
练习
3. If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give __________ a try.
解析：句意：如果你没有时间，你只需要花一半的时间跑步就能获得和其他运动一样的好处，所以也许我们都应该试一试。此处指代前文的“run for only half the time”这件事，为单数概念，故填it。
it
练习
4. The HZMB will make __________ much more convenient to travel between the three areas it connects.
解析：句意：港珠澳大桥将使其连接的三个区域之间的通行更加方便。设空处用it作形式宾语，“to travel between the three areas it connects”为真正的宾语。
it
练习
5. When you're invited to someone's home for a meal, __________ is polite to bring a small gift.
解析：句意：当你被邀请到别人家吃饭时，带一份小礼物是礼貌的。it在句中作形式主语，“to bring a small gift”为真正的主语。
it
1. both, all, either, any, neither, none的区别
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
指代 词义 都 任何一个 都不
两个人或物 both either neither
三个或三个以上的人或物 all any none
1. both, all, either, any, neither, none的区别
例：I've bought two books, you can have either.
我买了两本书，你要哪本都行。
Any child who breaks the rules will be punished.
凡违反规定的孩子都要受罚。
None of these pens works/ work.
这些钢笔没有一支能用。
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
练习
1. Mr. and Mrs. Zhang __________ work in our school.
解析：句意：张先生和张太太都在我们学校工作。表示“两者都”用both。
2. She'd lived in London and Manchester, but she liked __________ and moved to Cambridge.
解析：句意：她在伦敦和曼彻斯特居住过，但是她不喜欢这两座城市，然后搬到了剑桥。由表示转折的连词but可知该空应该表示否定意思且指代London and Manchester，故答案为neither。
both
neither
练习
3. Niki is always full of ideas, but __________ is useful to my knowledge.
解析：句意：尼基总是充满了想法，但据我所知没有一个是有用的。根据句意和表转折的连词but可知，代词none表示特指，相当于“no+上文提到的名词”，可以和of 连用，该空后省略了of his ideas。
none
2. another, the other, others, the others的区别
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
代词 用法 例句
another 指三者或三者以上 I don't like this room. I'm going to ask for another.
我不喜欢这个房间。我打算另要一间。
the other 特指两者中的另一个，常用在“one…, the other…”结构中 If you match that glove against this one, you will find that one is slightly lighter than the other.
假如你把那只手套和这只手套进行比较，你会发现一只比另一只的颜色略微淡一点。
others 泛指别的人或物，常用在“some…, others…”结构中 Some students are cleaning the classroom; others are playing on the playground.
一些学生在打扫教室，另外一些学生在操场上玩。
the others 特指其余的所有的人或物 She's not less capable than the others in the class.
她的能力并不比班里其他人弱。
2. another, the other, others, the others的区别
注意：
（1）the other通常还可作定语修饰可数名词，修饰可数名词复数时，表示“其余所有的”。
例：All the other students are here; only he is absent today.
其他学生都在这里，今天只有他缺席了。
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
2. another, the other, others, the others的区别
注意：
（2）another后还可跟“基数词/ few+可数名词复数”表示“另外几个……”
another+基数词+可数名词复数=基数词+more+可数名词复数。
例：I have been here for two weeks and I will stay here for another three weeks (= three more weeks).
我在这里已经待了两周了，我还要在这儿再待三周。
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
2. another, the other, others, the others的区别
注意：
（3）other作定语，常与可数名词复数连用；前面若有the, some, any, each, every, no以及形容词性物主代词时，也可与可数名词单数或不可数名词连用。
例：I don't like this colour. Have you got any other colour
我不喜欢这种颜色，你还有其他颜色吗？
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
练习
1. In some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in __________, knives and forks.
解析：句意：在一些国家，人们用筷子吃饭，而在另一些国家，人们用刀叉吃饭。根据句意可知，设空处泛指“其他的国家”。故用others，相当于other countries。
others
练习
2. Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reusing is __________.
解析：句意：循环利用是保护环境的一种方法，再次使用是另一种。another表示“另一，又一”。
3. Mr. Smith has two children. One is a teacher and ______________ is a doctor.
解析：句意：史密斯先生有两个孩子。一个是老师，另一个是医生。the other表示“两者中的另一个”。
another
the other
3. nobody/ no one, nothing, none的区别
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
代词 指代 用来回答 相当于 是否加of短语
nobody/ no one 人 who not anybody not anyone 否
nothing 物 what not anything 否
none 人或物 how many how much not a/ an/ any+名词或no+名词 是
3. nobody/ no one, nothing, none的区别
例：As we were asleep, none of us heard the sound.
由于我们都睡着了，所以我们当中没人听到那个声音。
I wish I could offer you some cake but there's none left.
我真想能请你吃些蛋糕，但一点儿也没剩下。
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
练习
1. I want some tea, but there is __________ in the pot.
解析：句意：我想喝点茶，但是壶里一点都没有了。none表示“三者或三者以上的人或物中没有一个”，指的是数量概念。
2. - What's in the bag
- _____________. It's empty.
解析：句意：——口袋里有什么？——什么都没有，是空的。nothing表示“没有任何东西，什么也没有”，强调内容。
none
nothing
练习
3. - Who is in the classroom
_______________________.
解析：句意：——谁在教室？ ——没有人。no one = nobody “没有人”，只指人，不能指物，谓语动词只能用单数。
No one/ Nobody
4. many, much, few, little, a few, a little的区别
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
多 少
复数名词概念 many few
不可数名词概念 much little
肯定 否定
复数名词概念 a few few
不可数名词概念 a little little
4. many, much, few, little, a few, a little的区别
注意：
1. only a few = few; only a little = little; quite a few = many; quite a little = much
2. many, much, (a) few, (a) little作代词后加of短语时，of后的名词或代词必须是特定的。
例：今天这些人中有很多缺席了。
Many of people are absent today.（×）
Many of the people are absent today.（√）
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
4. many, much, few, little, a few, a little的区别
3. a little与a bit 都可指代或修饰不可数名词，也可作状语。a little 直接修饰不可数名词，而a bit后需加of；作状语时，都表示程度，意义相同，但是not a little意为“很”，而not a bit意为“一点也不”。
例：There's only a bit of/ a little room left for the piano.
屋子里仅有一点地方放这架钢琴。
He is a little/ a bit angry. 他有点生气。
He is not a bit angry. 他一点也不生气。
He is not a little angry. 他非常生气。
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
练习
1. I have got __________ friends in the city so I am lonely.
解析：句意：我在这个城市几乎没有朋友，因此觉得很孤独。few表示“几乎没有”，表否定，修饰可数名词复数。
few
练习
2. I have __________ money. I really can't afford to go out.
解析：句意：我几乎没钱了，所以也不能出去玩了。little表示“几乎没有”，表否定，修饰不可数名词。
3. Mother always has __________ housework to do.
解析：句意：妈妈总是有很多家务要做。much表示“很多”，修饰不可数名词。
little
much
5. one, ones, the one, the ones, those, that的区别（1）one vs ones
① one可用a/ an+单数名词替代
例：We have various summer camps for your holiday. You can choose one (=a summer camp) based on your own interest.
我们为您的假期提供了各种各样的夏令营，您可以根据自己的兴趣选择一种。
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
5. one, ones, the one, the ones, those, that的区别（1）one vs ones
② ones可用零冠词+复数名词替代
例：Mr. Zhang gave me many valuable presents, ones (= presents) that I had never seen.
张先生给了我很多贵重的礼物，这些（礼物）是我从来没见过的。
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
5. one, ones, the one, the ones, those, that的区别（2）the one vs the ones
① the one可用the+单数名词替代
例：The book on the desk is better than the one (=the book) under the desk.
桌子上的那本书比桌下的那本书好。
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
5. one, ones, the one, the ones, those, that的区别（2）the one vs the ones
② the ones可用the+复数名词替代
例：The apples on the table are bigger than the ones (the apples) in the bag.
桌子上的苹果比袋子里的那些苹果大。
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
5. one, ones, the one, the ones, those, that的区别（3）that vs those
① that可用the+单数名词/ 不可数名词（尤其是有后置定语时）
例：Little joy can equal that (= the joy) of a surprising ending when you read stories.
几乎没有什么乐趣能比得上在阅读故事时读到一个出乎意料的结局时的乐趣。
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
5. one, ones, the one, the ones, those, that的区别（3）that vs those
② those可用the+复数名词（尤其是有后置定语时）
例：His ideas are different from those (= the ideas) of his friends.
他的想法和他朋友们的想法不一样。
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
练习
1. Tom told me that he needed a chair and soon I found __________ for him.
解析：句意：汤姆告诉我，他需要一把椅子，而我很快就为他找到了一把（椅子）。one用来指代泛指的可数名词单数，表示同类不同物中的另外一个。本题用one来指代前面出现的、表泛指的a chair。
one
练习
2. I prefer a flat in Inverness to __________ in Perth, as I want to live near my mum's.
解析：句意：我更喜欢在因弗内斯的一个公寓而不是珀斯的公寓，因为我们想生活得离我妈妈家近点的地方。本句用 one指代单数可数名词a flat，表示泛指。
one
练习
3. Cars made in China are much cheaper than __________ imported from foreign countries.
解析：句意：中国国内生产的汽车要比从国外进口的便宜的多。根据题意，空格处应是cars,为避免重复，要用代词复数those指代前面的cars。
those
6. 含复合不定代词的习惯用语
He is nothing but a clerk.
他只是一名职员。
He is anything but a clerk.
他根本不是一名职员。
She is something of a doctor. She has saved many lives.
她算得上是一位医生。她救了很多人的命。
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
6. 含复合不定代词的习惯用语
He is a scientist or something.
他是科学家之类的人物。
Your house is something like ours.
你们的房子有点像我们的。
They get something like 97% renewals every year.
他们每年差不多有97%的用户续订。
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
练习
1. - Is your neighbor John a man with good manners
- Actually, he is _____________ but polite. And nobody likes to talk to him.
解析：句意： ——你的邻居约翰是一个有礼貌的人吗？——事实上，他根本不礼貌，没人喜欢同他说话。anything but表示“根本不，一点也不”。
anything
练习
2. The house looks ______________ like a castle.
解析：句意：那房子看上去有点像一座城堡。something like表示“有点像”。
3. Under the soil there is ______________ but sand.
解析：句意：在这层土壤下边只有沙子。nothing but表示“只有，仅仅”。
something
nothing
7. 全部肯定，部分肯定或全部否定
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
全部肯定 部分否定 全部否定
both not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句子中 neither
all (+名词) none; not any (+名词); no+名词
everybody/everyone; everything; every+名词 nobody/ no one; nothing
例：Not all of them smoke = All of them don't smoke.
他们当中不是所有的人都抽烟。
练习
1. - Which of the two drivers is to blame for the accident
- __________. It's the cyclist's fault.
解析：句意：——两个司机中谁对这次事故负责？——都不是。这是骑自行车人的错。
neither表示“两者都不”。
Neither
练习
2. __________ of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.
解析：句意：他们没有人知道这个计划因为它还是一个秘密。none表示“三者或三者以上的人或物中没有一个”，指的是数量概念。
None
练习
3. Oxford is not far from Stratford, so you can easily visit __________ in a day.
解析：句意：牛津离斯坦福不远，所以你可以很容易在一天之内参观这两个（学校）。both表示“两者都”。
both
THANKS专题七 代词 讲义
一、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词及疑问代词
★ 1. 基本用法
类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词
主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性
功能 主语 宾语、表语 定语 主语、表语、宾语 宾语、表语、同位语
第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 单数 you your yours yourself
复数 yourselves
第三人称 单数 he him his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its itself
复数 they them their theirs themselves
2. 反身代词的搭配
say to oneself 心里想
dress oneself 自己穿衣
seat oneself 坐下
enjoy oneself 玩得开心
teach oneself 自学
help oneself to 随便吃；随便用
behave oneself 有礼貌；守规矩
of oneself 自动地
in oneself 本质上，本身
by oneself 独自，单独
for oneself 替自己，为自己
to oneself 独自拥有的
beside oneself （因情绪）失去自制力，失常
adapt oneself to 适应
apply oneself to 专心致志于
devote oneself to 致力于，献身于，专心于
make oneself at home 舒适自在，无拘束
treat oneself to 招待，款待，买（可享受的东西）
3. 指示代词this, that, these, those的用法
指示代词 用法
this/ that 指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物，this也可指下文将要谈到的人或物，起启下的作用
that/ those 指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物；that也可指上文提到过的人或物，起承上的作用
4. 疑问代词what的用法
（1）what常用于询问他人的职业、外貌、性格特征等。
You have met our new teacher. What does he look like
你已经见过我们的新老师了。他长什么样子？
（2）what常用句式
What is the height/ weight/ depth/ width/ length/ size
高度/ 重量/ 深度/ 宽度/ 长度/ 尺寸是多少？
What is the population
人口是多少？
What is the distance
距离是多远？
What is the price
价格是多少？
What is your address
你住哪里？
What is your attitude
你的态度是怎样的？
练习：
1. They would say to __________ that playing card games would help my brain.
2. I had done __________ homework, but I was shy.
3. As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations and imagine __________ living at a different time in history.
4. In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from __________ in the UK.
5. __________ is the population of London
答案：
1. 答案：me
解析：句意：他们会和我说玩纸牌会帮助我的大脑。在介词to后用人称代词的宾格形式。
2. 答案：my
解析：句意：我已经做完了（我的）家庭作业，但是我害羞。do one's homework 表示“做（某人的）家庭作业”。
3. 答案：themselves
解析：根据语境可知，主语visitors发出的动作imagine作用于自身，此处应用反身代词形式，故答案为themselves。
4. 答案：that
解析：句意：在很多方面，美国的教育体制和英国的教育体制没有太大的差异。此处指代同类事物 the education system，故填that。
5. 答案：What
解析：句意：伦敦有多少人口？提问人口用疑问代词what。
二、it的用法
1. it的指代用法
（1）指代上文提到的某样东西
例：Where is my dictionary I left it right on the desk.
我的字典在哪里？我就把它放在书桌上了。
（2）用以代替指示代词this, that
例：- What's this ——这是什么？
- It's a flag. ——它是一面旗。
（3）指代不知性别的婴儿（baby）或身份不明确的人（由于某种原因而不知道对方是谁）
例：The baby cried because it was hungry.
这个婴儿因饥饿而啼哭。
- Who is knocking at the door ——谁在敲门？
- It might be the postman。 ——可能是邮递员。
（4）指代时间、距离、天气、气候、环境或温度。
例：It is nine o'clock sharp now.
现在是九点整。
It is raining hard outside.
外面雨下的正大。
It is a long way to the factory.
到工厂有很长一段路。
It's very noisy in the room.
屋里噪音很大。
★（5）it常用来代替不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作形式主语或形式宾语，而将真正的主语或宾语后置。
例：It's not easy to learn a foreign language.
学习一门外语不容易。（代替不定式短语形式主语）
I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here.
我已经讲得很清楚了，任何人都不准在这儿吸烟。（代替名词性从句作形式宾语）
★ 2. It 作形式主语、形式宾语的常用句型
（1）it作形式主语
It is a pity/ shame that... 真可惜……
It is no wonder that... ……不足为奇，并不奇怪
It seems/ appears that... 似乎/ 看来……
It looks/ seems as if/ as that... 看起来/ 似乎/ 好像……
It happens that... 碰巧……
It occurs to/ comes to/ strikes/ hits sb. that... 某人突然想起……
It is said/ reported that… 据说/ 据报道……
It is certain that… 肯定……
It is well-known that... 众所周知……
It is no use/ no good doing sth. 做某事没用/ 没好处
It takes sb. some time to do sth. 做某事花某人多长时间
（2）it 作形式宾语
① 主语+ think/ believe/ suppose/ consider/ feel/ make/ keep...+it +adj./ n. +for/ of+ sb. to do sth./ that 从句
② 主语+ think/ believe/ suppose/ consider/ feel/ make/ keep...+it + adj./ no use/ no good doing …doing sth.
3. 与it相关的常用短语和句型
（1）I take it that you don't agree with me.
我想你不同意我的意见。
（2）I hate it when I have to speak in French on the phone.
当我非得用法语打电话时，我感到厌烦。
（3）I like it when she sings a song to me.
我喜欢她为我唱歌。
（4）I can't help it if he is always late.
如果他总是迟到，我也没办法。
（5）1 would appreciate it if you could help me.
如果你能帮助我，我将不胜感激。
（6）Please see to it that (make sure that) you bring enough money when you go out.
出门时，请确保带足了钱。
（7）You can depend upon it that he is very smart.
你就相信吧，他非常聪明。
（8）As someone puts it, practice makes perfect.
正如某人所说，熟能生巧。
（9）When it comes to drive, she's got more than any of us.
讲干劲，她比谁都足。
（10）It is (high) time that we had/ should have lunch.
该吃午饭了。
（11）It is the first/ second...time I have visited the place.
这是我第一/ 二……次参观这个地方。
（12）It is/ has been 3 years since he joined the army.
他参军3年了。
（13）It was 3 years before he came back home.
3年了他才回家。
（14）It is I who/ that am right.
我是对的。
4. 用于强调句型“It is/ was+被强调部分+that/ who…”
例：John's success has nothing to do with good luck. It is years of hard work that has made him what he is today.
约翰的成功和好运气没关系。是多年的努力工作才使他有了今天。
练习：
1. Is __________ true that the meeting will be held next week
2. Many people argue that since organic food is planted without adding chemicals, __________ tastes much better.
3. If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give __________ a try.
4. The HZMB will make __________ much more convenient to travel between the three areas it connects.
5. When you're invited to someone's home for a meal, __________ is polite to bring a small gift.
答案：
1. 答案：it
解析：句意：会议将于下周举行，这是真的吗？此处it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。
2. 答案：it
解析：句意：许多人认为由于有机食品是在不添加化学物质的情况下种植的，所以它尝起来要好得多。it在此处指organic food。
3. 答案：it
解析：句意：如果你没有时间，你只需要花一半的时间跑步就能获得和其他运动一样的好处，所以也许我们都应该试一试。此处指代前文的“run for only half the time”这件事，为单数概念，故填it。
4. 答案：it
解析：句意：港珠澳大桥将使其连接的三个区域之间的通行更加方便。设空处用it作形式宾语，“to travel between the three areas it connects”为真正的宾语。
5. 答案：it
解析：句意：当你被邀请到别人家吃饭时，带一份小礼物是礼貌的。it在句中作形式主语，“to bring a small gift”为真正的主语。
▲ 三、不定代词的区分
1. both, all, either, any, neither, none的区别
指代 词义 都 任何一个 都不
两个人或物 both either neither
三个或三个以上的人或物 all any none
例：I've bought two books, you can have either.
我买了两本书，你要哪本都行。
Any child who breaks the rules will be punished.
凡违反规定的孩子都要受罚。
None of these pens works/ work.
这些钢笔没有一支能用。
练习：
1. Mr. and Mrs. Zhang __________ work in our school.
2. She'd lived in London and Manchester, but she liked __________ and moved to Cambridge.
3. Niki is always full of ideas, but __________ is useful to my knowledge.
答案：
1. 答案：both
解析：句意：张先生和张太太都在我们学校工作。表示“两者都”用both。
2. 答案：neither
解析：句意：她在伦敦和曼彻斯特居住过，但是她不喜欢这两座城市，然后搬到了剑桥。由表示转折的连词but可知该空应该表示否定意思且指代London and Manchester，故答案为neither。
3. 答案：none
解析：句意：尼基总是充满了想法，但据我所知没有一个是有用的。根据句意和表转折的连词but可知，代词none表示特指，相当于“no+上文提到的名词”，可以和of 连用，该空后省略了of his ideas。
2. another, the other, others, the others的区别
代词 用法 例句
another 指三者或三者以上 I don't like this room. I'm going to ask for another. 我不喜欢这个房间。我打算另要一间。
the other 特指两者中的另一个，常用在“one…, the other…”结构中 If you match that glove against this one, you will find that one is slightly lighter than the other. 假如你把那只手套和这只手套进行比较，你会发现一只比另一只的颜色略微淡一点。
others 泛指别的人或物，常用在“some…, others…”结构中 Some students are cleaning the classroom; others are playing on the playground. 一些学生在打扫教室，另外一些学生在操场上玩。
the others 特指其余的所有的人或物 She's not less capable than the others in the class. 她的能力并不比班里其他人弱。
注意：
（1）the other通常还可作定语修饰可数名词，修饰可数名词复数时，表示“其余所有的”。
例：All the other students are here; only he is absent today.
其他学生都在这里，今天只有他缺席了。
（2）another后还可跟“基数词/ few+可数名词复数”表示“另外几个……”
another+基数词+可数名词复数=基数词+more+可数名词复数。
例：I have been here for two weeks and I will stay here for another three weeks (= three more weeks).
我在这里已经待了两周了，我还要在这儿再待三周。
（3）other作定语，常与可数名词复数连用；前面若有the, some, any, each, every, no以及形容词性物主代词时，也可与可数名词单数或不可数名词连用。
例：I don't like this colour. Have you got any other colour
我不喜欢这种颜色，你还有其他颜色吗？
练习：
1. In some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in __________, knives and forks.
2. Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reusing is __________.
3. Mr. Smith has two children. One is a teacher and __________ is a doctor.
答案：
1. 答案：others
解析：句意：在一些国家，人们用筷子吃饭，而在另一些国家，人们用刀叉吃饭。根据句意可知，设空处泛指“其他的国家”。故用others，相当于other countries。
2. 答案：another
解析：句意：循环利用是保护环境的一种方法，再次使用是另一种。another表示“另一，又一”。
3. 答案：the other
解析：句意：史密斯先生有两个孩子。一个是老师，另一个是医生。the other表示“两者中的另一个”。
3. nobody/ no one, nothing, none的区别
代词 指代 用来回答 相当于 是否加of短语
nobody/ no one 人 who not anybody not anyone 否
nothing 物 what not anything 否
none 人或物 how many how much not a/ an/ any+名词或no+名词 是
例：As we were asleep, none of us heard the sound.
由于我们都睡着了，所以我们当中没人听到那个声音。
I wish I could offer you some cake but there's none left.
我真想能请你吃些蛋糕，但一点儿也没剩下。
练习：
1. I want some tea, but there is __________ in the pot.
2. - What's in the bag
- ______. It's empty.
3. - Who is in the classroom
- __________.
答案：
1. 答案：none
解析：句意：我想喝点茶，但是壶里一点都没有了。none表示“三者或三者以上的人或物中没有一个”，指的是数量概念。
2. 答案：nothing
解析：句意：——口袋里有什么？——什么都没有，是空的。nothing表示“没有任何东西，什么也没有”，强调内容。
3. 答案：No one/ Nobody
解析：句意：——谁在教室？ ——没有人。no one = nobody “没有人”，只指人，不能指物，谓语动词只能用单数。
4. many, much, few, little, a few, a little的区别
多 少
复数名词概念 many few
不可数名词概念 much little
肯定 否定
复数名词概念 a few few
不可数名词概念 a little little
注意：
1. only a few = few; only a little = little; quite a few = many; quite a little = much
2. many, much, (a) few, (a) little作代词后加of短语时，of后的名词或代词必须是特定的。
例：今天这些人中有很多缺席了。
Many of people are absent today.（×）
Many of the people are absent today.（√）
3. a little与a bit 都可指代或修饰不可数名词，也可作状语。a little 直接修饰不可数名词，而a bit后需加of；作状语时，都表示程度，意义相同，但是not a little意为“很”，而not a bit意为“一点也不”。
例：There's only a bit of/ a little room left for the piano.
屋子里仅有一点地方放这架钢琴。
He is a little/ a bit angry.
他有点生气。
He is not a bit angry.
他一点也不生气。
He is not a little angry.
他非常生气。
练习：
1. I have got __________ friends in the city so I am lonely.
2. I have __________ money. I really can't afford to go out.
3. Mother always has __________ housework to do.
答案：
1. 答案：few
解析：句意：我在这个城市几乎没有朋友，因此觉得很孤独。few表示“几乎没有”，表否定，修饰可数名词复数。
2. 答案：little
解析：句意：我几乎没钱了，所以也不能出去玩了。little表示“几乎没有”，表否定，修饰不可数名词。
3. 答案：much
解析：句意：妈妈总是有很多家务要做。much表示“很多”，修饰不可数名词。
5. one, ones, the one, the ones, those, that的区别
（1）one vs ones
① one可用a/ an+单数名词替代
例：We have various summer camps for your holiday. You can choose one (=a summer camp) based on your own interest.
我们为您的假期提供了各种各样的夏令营，您可以根据自己的兴趣选择一种。
② ones可用零冠词+复数名词替代
例：Mr. Zhang gave me many valuable presents, ones (= presents) that I had never seen.
张先生给了我很多贵重的礼物，这些（礼物）是我从来没见过的。
（2）the one vs the ones
① the one可用the+单数名词替代
例：The book on the desk is better than the one (=the book) under the desk.
桌子上的那本书比桌下的那本书好。
② the ones可用the+复数名词替代
例：The apples on the table are bigger than the ones (the apples) in the bag.
桌子上的苹果比袋子里的那些苹果大。
（3）that vs those
① that可用the+单数名词/ 不可数名词（尤其是有后置定语时）
例：Little joy can equal that (= the joy) of a surprising ending when you read stories.
几乎没有什么乐趣能比得上在阅读故事时读到一个出乎意料的结局时的乐趣。
② those可用the+复数名词（尤其是有后置定语时）
例：His ideas are different from those (= the ideas) of his friends.
他的想法和他朋友们的想法不一样。
练习：
1. Tom told me that he needed a chair and soon I found __________ for him.
2. I prefer a flat in Inverness to __________ in Perth, as I want to live near my mum's.
3. Cars made in China are much cheaper than __________ imported from foreign countries.
答案：
1. 答案：one
解析：句意：汤姆告诉我，他需要一把椅子，而我很快就为他找到了一把（椅子）。one用来指代泛指的可数名词单数，表示同类不同物中的另外一个。本题用one来指代前面出现的、表泛指的a chair。
2. 答案：one
解析：句意：我更喜欢在因弗内斯的一个公寓而不是珀斯的公寓，因为我们想生活得离我妈妈家近点的地方。本句用 one指代单数可数名词a flat，表示泛指。
3. 答案：those
解析：句意：中国国内生产的汽车要比从国外进口的便宜的多。根据题意，空格处应是cars,为避免重复，要用代词复数those指代前面的cars。
6. 含复合不定代词的习惯用语
He is nothing but a clerk.
他只是一名职员。
He is anything but a clerk.
他根本不是一名职员。
She is something of a doctor. She has saved many lives.
她算得上是一位医生。她救了很多人的命。
He is a scientist or something.
他是科学家之类的人物。
Your house is something like ours.
你们的房子有点像我们的。
They get something like 97% renewals every year.
他们每年差不多有97%的用户续订。
练习：
1. - Is your neighbor John a man with good manners
- Actually, he is __________ but polite. And nobody likes to talk to him.
2. The house looks __________ like a castle.
3. Under the soil there is __________ but sand.
答案：
1. 答案：anything
解析：句意： ——你的邻居约翰是一个有礼貌的人吗？——事实上，他根本不礼貌，没人喜欢同他说话。anything but表示“根本不，一点也不”。
2. 答案：something
解析：句意：那房子看上去有点像一座城堡。something like表示“有点像”。
3. 答案：nothing
解析：句意：在这层土壤下边只有沙子。nothing but表示“只有，仅仅”。
7. 全部肯定，部分肯定或全部否定
全部肯定 部分否定 全部否定
both not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句子中 neither
all (+名词) none; not any (+名词); no+名词
everybody/ everyone; everything; every+名词 nobody/ no one; nothing
例：Not all of them smoke = All of them don't smoke.
他们当中不是所有的人都抽烟。
练习：
1. - Which of the two drivers is to blame for the accident
- __________. It's the cyclist's fault.
2. __________ of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.
3. Oxford is not far from Stratford, so you can easily visit __________ in a day.
答案：
1. 答案：Neither
解析：句意：——两个司机中谁对这次事故负责？——都不是。这是骑自行车人的错。
neither表示“两者都不”。
2. 答案：None
解析：句意：他们没有人知道这个计划因为它还是一个秘密。none表示“三者或三者以上的人或物中没有一个”，指的是数量概念。
3. 答案：both
解析：句意：牛津离斯坦福不远，所以你可以很容易在一天之内参观这两个（学校）。both表示“两者都”。专题七 代词 习题1
一、填空
1. He makes _____ a rule never to borrow money.
2. What a bargain! The price of the coat is not half as much as _______ of the evening dress.
3. You can rely on that Baker is sure to come on time and help you with your maths.
4. __________ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
5. Niki is always full of ideas, but _________ is useful or practical.
6. To stay awake to finish his papers on time, he drank a cup of tea and made _________.
7. In other words, the book teaches us how to bring out the better part of _________ as well as how and what to read.
8. The new method is indeed advanced and effective, quite different from __________ already in use.
9. Meeting my dear teachers and fellow students after so many years was indeed a warm occasion, __________ I'd strike into my heart forever.
10. It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which __________ of the parents spoke the language.
11. Every country has its unique cultural traditions and popular sports. What we can do is just experience them and show ________ (we) respect.
12. Mary is expecting another baby now and hopes __________ will be a boy.
13. Over the past 20 years, the Internet helped change our world in __________ way or another for the better.
14. Miss Bessie noticed things that had __________ to do with schoolwork but were vital to a youngster's development.
15. You should make __________ clear how much the person means to you and how hard he or she has worked for you.
二、阅读
16. More than 35 years ago, Saroo Brierley lived in rural(农村的) India. One day, he played with his brother along the rail line and fell asleep. When he woke up and found himself alone, the 5-year-old decided his brother might be on the train he saw in front of him—so he got on.
That train took him a thousand miles across the country to a totally strange city. He lived on the streets, and then in an orphanage(孤儿院). There, he was adopted by an Australian family and flown to Tasmania.
As he writes in his book, A Long Way Home, Brierley couldn't help but wonder about his hometown back in India. He remembered landmarks, but since he didn't know his town's name, finding a small neighborhood in a vast country proved to be impossible.
Then he found a digital mapping program. He spent years searching for his hometown in the program's satellite pictures. In 2011, he came across something familiar. He studied it and realized he was looking at a town's central business district from a bird's-eye view. He thought, "On the right-hand side you should see the three-platform train station"—and there it was. "And on the left-hand side you should see a big fountain"—and there it was. Everything just started to match.
When he stood in front of the house where he grew up as a child, he saw a lady standing in the entrance. "There's something about me," he thought—and it took him a few seconds but he finally remembered what she used to look like.
In an interview Brierley says, "My mother looked so much shorter than I remembered. But she came forth and walked forward, and I walked forward, and my feelings and tears and the chemical in my brain, you know, it was like a nuclear fusion(核聚变). I just didn't know what to say, because I never thought seeing my mother would ever come true. And here I am, standing in front of her."
1. Why was Brierley separated from his family about 35 years ago
A. He got on a train by mistake. B. He got lost while playing in the street.
C. He was taken away by a foreigner. D. He was adopted by an Australian family.
2. How did Brierley find his hometown
A. By analyzing old pictures. B. By travelling all around India.
C. By studying digital maps D. By spreading his story via his book.
3. What does Brierley mainly talk about in the interview
A. His love for his mother. B. His reunion with his mother.
C. His long way back home. D. His memory of his hometown.
17. For several months, Cara has been working up the courage to approach her mom about what she saw on Instagram. Not long ago, the 11-year-old girl discovered that her mom had been posting her photos for much of her life. "I've wanted to bring it up. It's strange to see myself up there, and sometimes there are pictures I don't like of myself," she said.
Like most other modem kids, Cara grew up under the influence of social media. Facebook, Twitter and YouTube were all founded before she was born. Instagram has been around since she was a toddler. While many kids may not yet have accounts themselves, their parents, schools, sports teams have been organizing an online presence for them since birth. It is a shock to know that details about their lives have been shared online without their permission or knowledge. And this has become a common experience for many teenagers.
Recently a parenting blogger said that despite her 14-year-old daughter's horror at discovering that her mother had shared years of highly personal stories and information about her online, she simply could not stop doing it.
But it's not just crazy mommy bloggers who share their children's information on social media Plenty of average parents do the same. There's even a special word for it: sharenting(晒娃).Almost a quarter of children begin their digital lives when parents upload their prenatal sonogram scans(产前超声波扫描) to the Internet to a study conducted by the Internet-security firm AVG. The study also found that 92 percent of kids under the -age of 2 already have their own unique digital identity.
1. How does Cara feel about her mom's behavior
A. It's supportive. B. It's appropriate. C. It's annoying. D. It's favorable.
2. What does the underlined word "toddler" in the second paragraph probably mean
A. Teenage girl. B. School student. C. Daughter. D. Very young child.
3. What can we learn from Paragraph 4
A. Fathers don't like to share their kids' information on social media.
B. 25% of children begin their digital lives before they are born.
C. The word "sharenting" can be found 10 years ago.
D. AVG is the name of an Internet company.
4. What can be a suitable title for the article
A. Growing up on the Internet B. A New Term Born
C. Parents Addicted to Blogging D. The Children's Horror
答案以及解析
一、填空
1.答案：it
解析：考查形式宾语。此处用it作形式宾语,指代不定式短语 never to borrow money,故填it。
2.答案：that
解析：考查代词。句意：真便宜!这件上衣的价格还不到晚礼服的一半。that代指上文出现的不可数名词。此处that代指上文的不可数名词price。故填that。
3.答案：it
解析：考查形式宾语。句意：你可以相信贝克一定会准时来帮你学数学。分析句子可知，此处it充当形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面that引导的句子。故填it。
4.答案：It
解析：考查it作形式主语。句意:英语正日益成为国际性的语言是一个事实。that引导的主语从句后置。此句可改 为:That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact.。
5.答案：none
解析：句意:Niki总是充满想法,但没有一个是有用的或实用的。none意为"没有一个"。
6.答案：another
解析：考查代词的用法。句意为：为了能保持清醒按时完成论文，他喝了一杯茶，又泡了一杯（茶）。 another意为"另一个，又一个"，符合句意。故填another。
7.答案：ourselves
解析：考查代词的用法。句意为:换句话说,书籍教会我们如何发掘自己的优点,以及如何阅读和阅读什么。根据句意可知,此处表示的是"发掘我们自己的优点",应用反身代词。故填ourselves。
8.答案：that
解析：考查代词。句意为：这种新方法的确先进有效，和现在已经在使用的那种方法完全不同。空格处指代现在已经在使用的方法，相当于"the method"，和The new method属于同名异物。为避免重复，应用that代替。故填that。
9.答案：one
解析：考查代词。句意为：多年以后和我亲爱的老师以及同学们相聚确实是一个温暖的时刻，一个我将永远铭记在心的时刻。此处用one指代上文中的"an occasion"，作"occasion"的同位语，表示泛指。故填one。
10.答案：neither
解析：考查代词。句意为：在一个父母都不会说英语的家庭里，学习英语对他来说很难。neither意为"两者都不"，符合句意。故填neither。
11.答案：our
解析：考查代词的用法。句意为:每个国家都有其独特的文化传统和流行运动。我们能做的只是体验它们,并表达我们的尊重。根据主语"we"可知,此处应用形容词性物主代词our作定语,修饰名词"respect"。故填our。
12.答案：it
解析：考查it的用法。句意为: Mary现在又怀孕了,她希望会是个男孩。it可指代性别不明确的人。故填it。
13.答案：one
解析：考查代词。句意为:在过去的20年里,互联网以各种方式帮助改变我们的世界,使世界变得更好。in one way or another意为"以各种方式"。故填one。
14.答案：nothing
解析：考查代词。句意为:Bessie女士注意到一些与学业无关、但对孩子的成长至关重要的事情。have nothing to do with...是固定短语,意为"与……无关"。故填nothing。
15.答案：it
解析：考查it的用法。句意为:你应该弄清楚这个人对你有多重要,他或她为你付出了多大努力。此处应用it作形式宾语,后面的从句是真正的宾语。故填it。
二、阅读
16.答案：1-3.ACB
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句"When he woke up and found himself alone, the 5-year-old decided his brother might be on the train he saw in front of him-so he got on."以及第二段中的"That train took him a thousand miles across the country to a totally strange city."可知,布尔利在35年前和家人分开是因为他误上了一列火车。故选A项。
2.细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的"Then he found a digital mapping program. He spent years searching for his hometown in the program's satellite pictures."以及"Everything just started to match."可知,布尔利是通过研究数字地图找到家乡的。故选C项。
3.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段"In an interview Brierley says, 'My mother looked so much shorter than I remembered. But she came forth and walked forward, and I walked forward, and my feelings and tears and the chemical in my brain, you know, it was like a nuclear fusion. I just didn't know what to say, because I never thought seeing my mother would ever come true. And here I am, standing in front of her.'"可知,作者在采访中讲述了他和母亲的团聚。故选B项。
17.答案：1.C; 2.D; 3.B; 4.A
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段中Cara所说的话I've wanted to bring it up. It's strange to see myself up there, and sometimes there are pictures I don't like of myself.(我想把它提出来。看到我自己在上面会觉得很奇怪,有时候有些我不喜欢的照片)可知,Cara看到自己在网上的照片,感觉很奇怪。她想提出这个问题。因此可以推断,Cara对她妈妈在网上发布她照片的行为觉得很生气。故选C项。
2.词句猜测题。根据划线词前一句Facebook, Twitter and YouTube were all founded before she was born.可知,Cara是在有了Facebook. Twitter和YouTube这些社交软件之后才出生的。因此可以推测"toddler"意思为"幼童"。故选D项。
3.细节理解题。根据第四段中Almost a quarter of children begin their digital lives when parents upload their prenatal sonogram scans(产前超声波扫描 to the Internet, according to a study conducted by the Internet-security firm AVG.(根据一项由网络安全公司AVG进行的调查,当父母将他们的产前超音波扫描上传到互联网时,近四分之一的孩子就开始他们的数字生活)可知,25%的孩子在出生前就已经开始了他们的数字生活。故选B项。
4.主旨大意题。通读全文可知,许多父母在他们的孩子出生以后就将他们的个人信息、照片、日常生活故事在社交媒体上发布。根据第二段第一句Like most other modern kids, Cara grew up under the influence of social media.(和大多数现代孩子一样,卡拉是在社交媒体的影响下长大的)可知,Growing up on the Internet(在互联网上长大)适合做本文最佳标题。故选A项。专题七 代词 习题2
一、填空
1. He made ________ a rule to get up before seven in the morning.
2. Daddy explained that he had tried __________ to get home for Christmas, but without success.
3. In life, the choice is __________ (your): play it safe and keep staying, or face the unknown and continue to grow.
4. ________ who is interested in the job please get in touch with us as soon as possible by telephone or e-mail.
5. We all had big plans for our futures and believed there was a dream job waiting for ________ (we)—one that would pay well and give great job satisfaction.
6. Could you please say ________ for me when you introduce me to Mr. Johnson
7. I think ________ necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.
8. The shop assistant told me that she couldn't make ________ (she) understood about how to boil the traditional Chinese medicine correctly.
9. I'd appreciate ________ if you paid in cash, sir.
10. ________ of the two designs is not my cup of tea.
11. She encourages others to make their own choices, and to respect _____ (she), too.
12. _____ is impossible for Jerry to recover in a short time after this operation.
13. When we have a question about something deeply personal, many of ___________ don't turn to a parent or a friend, but to our computers: We ask Google our questions.
14. It is said that when Greek hero Odysseus eventually returned home after 20 years away at war, only his dog Argos recognized him, who was overjoyed to see _________(it) owner again after so many years.
15. Some people think putting off retirement will limit employment opportunities for the younger generation, but _________ believe jobs suitable for the young are not the positions held by senior employees.
二、阅读
16. Your teenage best friend could be good for your long-term mental health, according to a new study published in the journal Child Development. According to the findings, teenagers aged 15 to 16 who had a close friendship rather than a larger group of friends they were less close to had a greater sense of self-worth by the time they were 25 years old. Those people with a very close best friend were also less likely to experience social anxiety, the study found.
A past research has suggested that teen friendships are important. Friendships during the teenage years predict academic success and improved mental health. But the new research further explores the type of friendships teenagers have.
Many study participants did not continue to have a close relationship with their high-school best friend, leading the researchers to wonder what exactly was responsible for the mental health benefits. They thought that the skills and ability to build such a friendship may be more important than the friendship itself.
And as the researchers point out, those skills are not necessarily brought to bear in the world of social media. "As technology makes it increasingly easy to build a social network of shallow friends, focusing time and attention on developing close connections with a few individuals should be a priority," one of the researchers, Joseph Allen, said in a statement.
1. What is the benefit of having a close teenage friendship
A. Good performance in high school.
B. Mental health by early adulthood.
C. A large social network in the future.
D. A greater sense of self-worth all the time.
2. What can we learn about the past research
A. It attached importance to teen friendships.
B. It explored the types of teenage friendships.
C. It helped improve teenagers' mental health.
D. It was totally different from the new research.
3. What did the researchers think might lead to the mental health benefits
A. Having many best friends in high school.
B. Knowing how to build a close friendship.
C. Understanding the world of social media.
D. Studying hard and getting good grades at school.
4. What did the researcher Joseph Allen suggest
A. Widening your social circle.
B. Learning to use social media.
C. Concentrating on high-quality friendship.
D. Improving the basic skills of making friends.
17. Aspirin was discovered in 1897, and an explanation of how it works followed in 1995. That, in turn, has encouraged some research leads on making better pain relievers through something other than trial and error. This kind of discovery—answers first, explanations later—is called "intellectual debt ". We gain understanding of what works without knowing why it works. We can put that understanding to use immediately, and then tell ourselves we'll figure out the details later. Sometimes we pay off the debt quickly; sometimes, as with aspirin, it takes a century; and sometimes we never pay it off at all.
In the Age of Intelligence, while machine learning presents lots of problems and gets things wrong, at least we know enough to be wary of the predictions produced by the system and to argue that they shouldn't be blindly followed: but if a system performs perfectly (and we don't know why), then we come to rely on it and forget about it and suffer consequences when it goes wrong.
It's the difference between knowing your car has faulty brakes and not knowing: both are bad, but if you know there is a problem with your brakes, you can increase your following distance, drive slowly and get to a mechanic as soon as possible. If you don't know, you're likely to find out the hard way, at 80mph on the highway when the car in front of you came to a sudden stop and your brakes give out.
We don't have much by way of solutions. Most important, we shouldn't trick ourselves into thinking that machine learning alone is all that matters. Indeed, without life value, machine learning may not be meaningful answers at all.
1. What is the purpose of mentioning aspirin in the first paragraph
A. To present the research process of aspirin.
B. To introduce a similar situation machine learning faces.
C. To show the difficulty in explaining how aspirin works.
D. To prove we can use something even when we don't understand.
2. What does the underlined word "wary" probably mean in the second paragraph
A. Negative. B. Doubtful. C. Anxious. D. Watchful.
3. How does the writer prove that it's potentially worse if a system performs perfectly
A. By giving a definition. B. By making comparison.
C. By doing an experiment. D. By telling a story.
4. Which of the following statements is the writer likely to agree with
A. It's impossible to pay off Intellectual debt.
B. It's wise not to rely on machine learning.
C. It makes sense to prepare for danger in times of safety.
D. It's OK as long as a system works well.
答案以及解析
一、填空
1.答案：it
解析：考查it的用法。当make的宾语为动词不定式时，通常用it作形式宾语代替真正的宾语，并把动词不定式放在后面，构成"make + it +adj./n.+ to do sth."结构。
2.答案：everything
解析：考查代词。句意为:爸爸解释说他已经想尽了一切办法回家过圣诞节,但没有成功。everything意为"一切",符合句意。故填everything。
3.答案：yours
解析：考查代词的用法。句意为:在生活中,选择权在你:小心行事,坚持下去,或者面对未知,继续成长。根据句意可知,此处应用名词性物主代词yours作表语,相当于your choice。故填yours。
4.答案：Anyone
解析：考查代词。句意为：任何对这份工作感兴趣的人请尽快通过电话或电子邮件与我们取得联系。anyone意为"任何人"，符合句意。故填Anyone。注意首字母大写。
5.答案：us
解析：考查代词的用法。句意为:我们所有人对我们的未来都有大计划,并相信有一份理想的工作正在等待我们——一份待遇好并能给予我们极大的工作满足感的工作。此处表示一份理想的工作在等待"我们",应用"we"的宾格形式us作宾语。故填us。
6.答案：something
解析：考查代词。句意为:当你向Johnson先生介绍我的时候,能为我说一些(好)话吗 something意为"某事",通常用于肯定句;用于疑问句时,表示希望得到对方肯定的回答。故填something。
7.答案：it
解析：考查it的用法。句意为：我认为我们每天喝很多热水是必要的。此处应用it作形式宾语， that引导的从句是真正的宾语。故填it。
8.答案：herself
解析：考查代词的用法。句意为:店员告诉我,关于怎样正确熬中药，她无法将自己的意思表达清楚。make oneself understood是固定短语，意为"把自己的意思表达清楚"；根据"she"可知，此处应用she的反身代词。故填herself。
9.答案：it
解析：句意：先生，如果你付现金我会很感激的。 appreciate后不直接跟if或when引导的状语从句，需借助it形式宾语，故填it。
10.答案：Either
解析：考查代词的用法。句意为:这两种设计我都不喜欢。根据句中的"the two designs"和谓语动词"is"可知,此处表示两者中的任何一个。故填Either。注意首字母大写。
11.答案：hers
解析：句意为:她鼓励其他人作出自己的选择,并且也尊重她的选择。由句意可知,该空应表示"她的(选择)",在句中作宾语,应用名词性物主代词,故填hers。
12.答案：It
解析：考查固定句式。分析句子结构可知, 本题考查"It+is/was+adj./for sb.+to do sth."句型, 意为"某人做某事是......的"。常用于此句型的形容词有easy, difficult, important等。
13.答案：us
解析：句意为:当我们对一些非常私人的事情有疑问时,我们当中许多人不会求助于父母和朋友,而是会求助于电脑:我们会向谷歌提出问题。此处应用代词we的宾格作介词of的宾语。故填us。
14.答案：its
解析：句意为：据说当希腊英雄奥德修斯20年后最终从战场上回家时，只有他的狗阿戈斯认出了他，阿戈斯在那么多年后再次看到它的主人非常开心。根据句意可知，此处指"它的"，应用形容词性物主代词。故填its。
15.答案：others
解析：句意为:有些人认为延迟退休会限制年轻一代的就业机会,但其他人认为适合年轻人的工作并不是老年雇员所担任的职位。some... others...为常见句式,故应用others作主语,指代other people。故填others。
二、阅读
16.答案：1.B; 2.A; 3.B; 4.C
解析：1.题干问:拥有一段亲密的青少年友谊有什么好处 结合文中 Those people with a very close best friend were also less likely to experience depression and social anxiety, the study found.研究发现,那些有非常亲密的好朋友的人也不太可能经历抑郁和社交焦虑。可知对心理健康有好处。故选择B。
2.题干问:我们可以从过去的研究中学到什么 结合文中A past research has suggested that adolescent friendships are important. Friendships during the teenage years predict academic success and improved mental health.过去的一项研究表明,青少年间的友谊很重要。青少年时期的友谊预示着学业上的成功和心理健康的改善。可知非常重视青少年间的友谊。 A. 它非常重视青少年间的友谊。B. 这和新的研究完全不同。C. 它有助于改善青少年的心理健康。D. 它比较了更广泛的友谊群体和受欢迎程度。故选择A。
3.题干问:研究人员认为什么可能对心理健康有益 结合文中Many study participants did not continue to have a close relationship with their high-school best friend, leading the researchers to wonder what exactly was responsible for the mental health benefits. They suspected that the skills and ability to build such a friendship may be more important than the friendship itself. 许多研究参与者并没有继续和他们高中时最好的朋友保持亲密的关系,这使得研究人员想知道到底是什么对心理健康有益。他们怀疑建立这种友谊的技巧和能力可能比友谊本身更重要。可知是知道如何建立亲密友谊。故选择B。
4.题干问:研究人员Joseph提出了什么建议 结合文中 "As technology makes it increasingly easy to build a social network of shallow friends, focusing time and attention on developing close connections with a few individuals should be a priority," study co-author Joseph Allen said in a statement.研究报告的撰写者之一约Joseph Allen在一份声明中说:"随着科技的发展,建立浅层次朋友的社交网络变得越来越容易,因此,把时间和精力集中在与少数人建立密切联系上应该是优先考虑的事情。"可知是专注于高质量的关系。故选择C。
17.答案：1-4 BDBC
解析：1.主旨大意题。阿司匹林的发现,说明了可以先利用一个结论,之后再探寻解释。这就涉及到一个问题:一些运行良好的东西会让我们完全依赖它而忽略了其中有可能出现问题的因素而导致我们遭受后果。这正是人工智能时代机器学习面临的问题。 因此阿司匹林的提及是为了引入话题。
2.猜测词义。本句意为:当出现问题时,我们起码有足够的了解对系统提出的预测保持警惕,并指导不应该盲目遵从它。
3.结构理解题。由第三段首句可知,作者把机器学习中面临的问题类比为是否知晓刹车系统有隐患。
4.理解判断题。根据全文的大意"不管机器学习看似多么完美,我们应该居安思危,不盲目跟从和完全依赖它"。可知C正确。
