定语从句精讲——中考英语
【考点】理解定语从句的结构。
定语从句是指在句中作定语,用来修饰名词、名词性词组或代词的句子。被定语从句修饰的名词、名词性词组或代词叫做先行词,在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。定语从句常用的关系代词有who,whose,that,which,关系副词有when,where,why等。
【精讲01】定语从句的功用
关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句,在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用,使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分,关系代词可作主语、宾语或定语,关系副词可作状语。
作主语:关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词一致。如:
I don’t like people who talk much but do little. 我不喜欢说得多而做得少的人。
The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well. 湖北生产的汽车销售得很好。
作宾语:如:
She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday. 她是我昨天在校门口遇见的那个人。
The book that my grandmother gave me is called The Great Escape. 奶奶给我的那本书叫《大逃亡》。
作定语:关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。如:
What’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor 他的妹妹是医生的那个年轻男子叫什么名字?
The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard. 她的父亲是一位老师的那个女孩学习很努力。
作状语:
I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing. 我将从不会忘记我第一次来北京的那天。
This is the house where I was born. 这是我出生的那个房子。
【精讲02】各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法
who 指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。如:
The person who broke the window must pay for it. 打碎玻璃的人必须赔偿。
The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever. 穿黑色夹克的男孩非常聪明。
whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语。如:
Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate?你认识我们在门口遇到的那位男士吗?
Mr. Lee (whom) you want to see has come. 你要见的李先生已经来了。
whose 指人,在定语从句中作定语。如:
The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today. 她妈妈病的那个女孩今天呆在家里。
I know the boy whose father is a professor. 我认识他父亲是教授的那个男孩。
which指物,在定语从中作主语或宾语。如:
A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words. 字典是一本解释单词意思的书。
Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday. 这是老师昨天提到的那本书。
that多指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。如:
I’ve read the newspaper that / which carries the important news. 我已经读了那份承载重要新闻的报纸。
Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there 正在那儿读报纸的人是谁?
when 指时间,在定语从句中作状语。如:
I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm. 我从不会忘记我们工作在农场的时间。
He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left. 就在我离开那天他到得北京。
where 指地点,在定语从句中作状语。如:
This is the house where we lived last year. 这是我们去年居住的那个房子。
The factory where his father works is in the east of the city. 父亲工作的那个工厂在城市的东边。
【定语从句总结】
分类 引导词 例子
关系代词 who whom which that whose The man who is working there is my brother. This is the book(that/which) I bought yesterday. The room whose window is open is mine.
关系副词 when where why I still remember the day when you left for Beijing. This is the school where my mother works.
【注意】
只能用that,不用which 的情况:
(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。如:
All that he said is true. 所有他说的都是真的。
(2) 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, few, much, no, some, only, very等词修饰,关系代词常用that,不用which。如:
This is the only book that the old woman is interested in. 这是仅有的一本老妇人感兴趣的书。
(3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。如:
It was the second house that I bought.这是我买的第二个房子。
(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。如:
如:This is the best book (that) I have read this year. 这是我今年读过的最好的书。
(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。如:
He talked about the people and the things that he remembered. 他谈论他记起得的人和事。
只使用which,不能用that的情况:
(1) 在非限制性定语从句中。如:
I will take this one, which was exactly what we wanted. 我想买这个,它确实是我想要的。
(2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导,先行词是物时。如:
The thing about which he is talking is of great importance. 他在谈论的那个事是很重要的。
(3) which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思是与and this相似。如:
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. 他在比赛中成功了,这使他父母很高兴。
【真题范例】
1.(2021·青海)—I have read books ________ were written by Charles Dickens.
—So do I. David Copperfield is my favorite.
A.how B.who C.what D.that
【答案】D
【详解】句意:——我读过查尔斯·狄更斯写的书。——我也是。大卫·科波菲尔是我的最爱。考查定语从句的引导词。how关系副词,引导定语从句,在从句中作状语;who关系代词,引导定语从句,在从句中作主语,先行词为人;what不能引导定语从句;that关系代词,引导定语从句,在从句中作主语或宾语,先行词为人或物。本句中先行词为物,且引导词在从句中作主语,应用that引导定语从句。故选D。
2.(2021·黑龙江中考真题)Is this the museum you visited last year
A.where B.that C.in which
【答案】B
【详解】句意:这是你去年参观的博物馆吗?
考查定语从句。此句是定语从句,先行词the museum是指物,在从句中作宾语,用关系词that,故选B。
3.(2021·吉林中考真题)I will never forget the people _________ helped me a lot during my hard time.
A.which B.who C.whose D.whom
【答案】B
【详解】句意:我永远不会忘记那些在我困难时期帮助过我的人。考查定语从句。which关系代词,指物,在从句中作主语或宾语;who关系代词,指人,在从句中作主语;whose关系代词,指人或物,在从句中作定语;whom关系代词,指人,在从句中作宾语;句子先行词是people,指人,在从句中作主语,应用who引导,故选B。
4.(2021·贵州中考真题)On December 31, 2020, the New Year speech ________ President Xi Jinping made encouraged us Chinese to work harder for our motherland.
A.who B.whose C.which D.what
【答案】C
【详解】
句意:2020年12月31日,习近平主席的新年讲话鼓舞了中国人民更加努力地为祖国奋斗。
考查定语从句。who关系代词,指人,作主语;whose关系代词,指人或物,作定语;which关系代词,指物,作主语或宾语;what不能引导定语从句;句子先行词是speech,指物,在从句中作宾语,应用which引导,故选C。
5.(2020·广西中考真题)I like teachers________ classes are interesting and creative.
A.which B.who C.whom D.whose
【答案】D
【详解】句意:我喜欢上课有趣和有创意的老师。
本题考查定语从句。which的先行词是物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语;who的先行词是人,在定语从句中做主语或宾语;whom的先行词是人,在定语从句中做宾语;whose的先行词是人或物,在定语从句中做定语。本句的先行词是teachers,指人,和后面的classes构成所属关系,在定语从句中做定语,所以应用关系代词whose。故选D。
6.(2020·黑龙江·中考真题)The house in ________ Lu Xun used to live is now a museum.
A.which B.where C.that
【答案】A
【详解】句意:鲁迅故居如今是一座博物馆。考查定语从句。which在定语从句中的先行词为物;where在定语从句中的先行词为地点;that在定语从句中的先行词为人或物。根据句子结构可知,本句中的先行词The house 在后面的定语从句中作状语,本应用关系副词where引导从句。但在本题中,由于从句中live为不及物动词,不能直接加宾语,所以在关系代词之前加介词in构成了介宾结构,而介词in后只能用关系代词which,不能使用that。故选A。
7.(2018·甘肃中考真题)I like the city _____the people are really kind and friendly.
A.that B.which C.where D.who
【答案】C
【详解】句意:我喜欢这个城市,那里的人们非常善良和友好。A. that先行词是人或物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语;B. which先行词指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语;C. where先行词是地点名词,在定语从句中作状语;D. who的先行词是人,在定语从句中作主语。此句的先行词是the city,为地点名词,定语从句中缺少地点状语,引导词用where,答案为C。
8.(2021·湖北中考真题)—Yuan Longping is a hero ________ is known for developing hybrid rice(杂交水稻).
—Yes. He is a great man.
A.which B.whom C.what D.that
【答案】D
【详解】句意:——袁隆平是以发展杂交水稻而闻名的英雄。——是的。他是个伟人。
考查定语从句的引导词。which关系代词,引导定语从句,先行词为物;whom关系代词,引导定语从句,先行词为人,在从句中作宾语;what不能引导定语从句;that关系代词,引导定语从句,先行词为物或人,在从句中作主语或宾语。根据句子结构可知,空处的词是引导定语从句,先行词为人,且引导词在从句中作主语,应用that。故选D。
9.(2021·贵州中考真题)Abing’s Erquan Yingyue is a piece of music _________ has become one of China’s national treasures.
A.who B.which C.whose
【答案】B
【详解】句意:阿炳的《二泉映月》是一首已成为中国国宝之一的音乐作品。
考查定语从句。who关系代词,指人,作主语;which关系代词,指物,作主语或宾语;whose关系代词,指人或物,作定语;先行词“music”,指物,在从句中作主语,应用which引导,故选B。
10.(2021·湖北中考真题)— What can we do for the left-home children in the village ________ need help
— We could help them with their study online on weekends.
A.which B.whom C.whose D.who
【答案】D
【详解】句意:——我们能为那些需要帮助的农村留守儿童做些什么呢?——我们可以在周末帮助他们在线学习。考查定语从句。which先行词指物;whom先行词指人,在从句中作宾语;whose先行词指人或物,在从句中作定语;who先行词指人,在从句中作主语。本句先行词是the left-children,指人,且空格处在从句中作主语,故用who引导定语从句。故选D
定语从句精练——中考英语
1.Do you know the girl ________ is giving the speech
A.who B.which C.what D.whom
2.In children’s mind, the father is the superhero ________ can always do everything to protect the family.
A.who B.whom C.which
3.WeChat is a nice invention ________ can help people to talk to friends, share photos, ideas and feelings.
A.who B.which C.whose D.where
4.I’ve got a bottle of beer, but I haven’t got anything ________ I could open it with.
A.that B.what C.where D.which
5.The book ________ I have read twice is The Adventure of Tom Sawyer.
A.who B.whom C.which
6.I don't like the computer ________ I bought.
A.that B.whose C.what D.who
7.The program they're working on ________ many teenage problems ________ they care about.
A.covering, what. B.covers, what C.includes,that. D.including,that
8.Harry potter is the best movie _________ I have ever seen.
A.which B.who C.what D./
9.My younger sister is looking for a job ________ is close to her home.
A.who B.whom C.which D.what
10.—Betty, what are you looking for
—I'm looking for the dictionary ________ my brother bought for me last month.
A.that B.what C.who D.whom
11.—Did Mark graduate form this university
—Yes. He was a student here from 2008 to 2012, ________ he studied very hard and was made ________ chairman of the Students' Union.
A.during which; / B.in which; / C.in which; a D.during which; the
12.We may forget ________ we started to become good friends, but we will never forget the days ________ we spent together.
A.when; which B.when; when C.that; which
【参考答案】A2.A3.B4.A5.C6.A7.C8.D9.C10.A11.A12.A
1.【详解】句意:你认识这个正在做演讲的女孩吗?考查定语从句。who用于先行词是人时,作从句的主语或宾语;which用于先行词是物时;what不是关系词,不可引导定语从句;whom用于先行词是人时,在从句中作宾语。本句先行词the girl为下文定语从句中的逻辑主语,指人,可知关系词用who,故选A。
2.【详解】句意:在孩子们的心目中,父亲是超级英雄,可以做任何事来保护家庭。考查定语从句。此句是一个定语从句,先行词superhero指人,在从句中作主语,可以用关系词who或that,故选A。
3.【详解】句意:微信是一个很好的发明,它可以帮助人们与朋友聊天,分享照片,想法和感受。考查定语从句。who用于先行词是人时;which用于先行词是物时;whose在定语从句中作定语;where用于先行词表地点时。本句先行词invention“发明”属于物,关系词需用which或that,故选B。
4.【详解】句意:我有一瓶啤酒,但我没有任何能打开它的东西。
考查定语从句关系词。先行词anything是不定代词,定语从句关系词只能用that。故选A。
5.【详解】句意:我已经读过两遍的书是《汤姆索亚历险记》。考查定语从句关系代词。who指人,在从句中做主语或宾语;whom指人,在从句中做宾语;which指物,在从句中可做主语或宾语。根据句子结构可知,is前面部分为主语,主语中包含一个定语从句,且为限制性定语从句,先行词为the book,指物,且在从句中做宾语。故选C。
6.【详解】句意:我不喜欢我买的那台电脑。考查定语从句。that引导定语从句,无实际意义;whose谁的;what不可引导定语从句;who谁。分析句子结构可知,这是一个定语从句,先行词“computer”指物,在从句中作宾语,用关系词that,故选A。
7.【详解】句意:他们正在进行的项目包括许多他们关心的青少年问题。考查动词和定语从句。cover覆盖;include包括;what什么;that那个。they’re working on是定语从句,修饰名词the program,因此第一空是谓语动词,排除AD两项。先行词problems后面接定语从句,定语从句中的谓语care about后缺少宾语,因此用代词that引导定语从句,选C。
8.【详解】句意:《哈利波》特是我看过的最好的电影。考查定语从句。在定语从句中,先行词是物时关系代词用that或which,此句先行词“movie”是物,可知排除B和C;先行词“movie”被最高级修饰,可知关系代词只能用that,当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时,that可省略。故选D。
9.【详解】句意:我妹妹正在找一份离家近的工作。考查定语从句的引导词。who关系代词,指人,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语;whom关系代词,指人,在定语从句中作宾语;which关系代词,指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语;what不能引导定语从句。本句中先行词是“a job”是物,且引导词在从句中作主语。故选C。
10.【详解】句意:——贝蒂,你在找什么?——我在找我哥哥上个月给我买的那本词典。考查定语从句的引导词。that关系代词,既可指人也可指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语;what不能引导定语从句;who关系代词,指人,在定语从句中作主语;whom关系代词,指人,在定语从句中作宾语。由句意可知,空处的词是引导定语从句且先行词“the dictionary”是物,故应为that。故选A。
11.【详解】句意:——Mark是从这个大学毕业的么?——是的,2008年到2012年他是这里的一个学生,在那期间,他学习努力,并成功做了学生会的主席。考查时间介词和冠词的用法。during在……期间,后跟一段时间;in在,后跟年份或月份,或指早中晚。________ he studied very hard 是定语从句,先行词是2008 to 2012,指在2008到2012年期间,指在这段时间里,故关系代词which前用during,排除BC;/不填;a不定冠词,表示泛指;the定冠词,表示特指。根据chairman of the Students' Union“学生会主席”可知,职位和头衔前不用冠词。故选A。
12.【详解】句意:我们可能会忘记我们什么时候开始成为好朋友的,但我们永远不会忘记我们在一起度过的日子。考查宾语从句和定语从句的连接词。首空在谓语动词forget之后,是宾语从句,从句缺少时间状语,即:我们什么时候开始成为好朋友的,用when。第二空“we spent together”修饰先行词the days,作定语,从句中spent后缺少宾语,可填that/which/不填。故选A