【自主预习课】2022年八年级英语寒假衔接学案(牛津上海版)-第04讲 数词、冠词、介词的用法(学生版+教师版)

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名称 【自主预习课】2022年八年级英语寒假衔接学案(牛津上海版)-第04讲 数词、冠词、介词的用法(学生版+教师版)
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更新时间 2022-01-10 21:30:27

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第04讲 数词、冠词、介词的用法
【学习目标】
1、掌握数词、冠词、介词的基本用法
2、对于常考点、易错点有清楚的认识
【基础知识】
数词
英语的数词可分为基数词和序数词两大类。基数词表示的是人或事物的个数,而序数词表示的是这些数目的顺序。
一、基数词
1. 表示数目的词称为基数词,下面是最常用的基数词
1 one 11 eleven 2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety10 ten 100 one(a) hundred 百1 000 one(a) thousand 千10 000 ten thousand 万100 000 one(a) hundred thousand 十万1 000 000 one(a) million 百万
2. 在21-99之间的非整十位数的基数词要在十位和个位之间加连字符“-”
23:twenty-three
3. 三位数的基数词要在百位和十位(若无十位则和各位)之间加and。
364:three hundred and sixty-four 906: nine hundred and six
4. 1,000以上的数字,从后向前,每三位加一个逗号“,”依次为thousand, million, billion,然后每一小段按百位、十位、各位的顺序依次表示。
478,650,542:four hundred and seventy-eight million, six hundred and fifty thousand ,five hundred and forty-two.
5. hundred ,thousand ,million 等词前有具体数词修饰时,要用单数。后面与of 短语连用时,则要用复数。且前面不再加具体数目,但可用several 等词修饰。
five thousand students 五千名学生 two million people两百万人
undreds of people 成百上千的人 several thousands of visitors 上千的旅客
6. 表达“几个半”用 “基数词+and+a half+名词”或“基数词+名词+and +a half”。
Two and a half months/two months and a half两个半月
7. 表示 “几十年代”或“几十岁”。
in the 1870s(1870's)在19世纪70年代 in her twenties 在她二十多岁时
8. “基数词+名词”作定语时,两者间要加连字符号,名词用单数形式。
a three-week holiday3周的假期
9. 门牌号、电话号码及邮政编码等用基数词。
My phone number is 3980665.我的电话号码是3980665。
(读作three nine eight zero six six/double six five.)
10. 年、月、日和时间的表达法
(1)年份用基数词表达,分两位一读,介词要使用in。例如:
1999 nineteen ninety-nine
2000 two thousand
2001 two thousand and one
(2)月份的第一个字母要大写,有些月份名称有缩写形式, 介词要使用in。例如:
一月January(Jan.), 二月February(Feb.), 三月March(Mar.),
四月(Apr.),五月May, 六月June, 七月July,
八月August(Aug.),九月September(Sep.), 十月October(Oct.),
十一月November(Nov.), 十二月December(Dec.)。
(3)日期的表达要用序数词,读时前面要加定冠词the,介词要使用on。
例如:在6月1日:on June 1st 读作:on June the first.
年、月、日同时表达时,一般应先写月、日、后写年。如:
在2001年5月4日:on May 4 th, 2001。
(4)时间表达法:时间可用顺读法或倒读法两种方式表达, 介词要使用at。例如:
5:00 five (o’clock)
6:18 six eighteen或 eighteen past six
12:15 twelve fifteen 或fifteen (a quarter) past twelve
4:30 four thirty或 half past four
6:45 six forty-five a quarter to seven
【注意】
1. 表示整点时间,直接用基数词表达,后边可接o’clock (也可不加)。表达“几点几分”时,绝不能用o’clock。
2. 表达“15分”或“45分”时,常用quarter(刻)。
3. 在倒读法中,如果钟点不过半,须用“分钟数+past+钟点数”的形式;如果钟点过半,则用half,则用“差多少分钟数+to+全钟点(下个钟点数)”的形式。
【真题演练】
一、单项选择
1.He is ________ student to come to school in the morning.
A.the first B.first C.two D.an
2.The shoe store is on the ________ floor and I buy ________ pairs of shoes in it.
A.two; two B.two; second C.second; second D.second; two
3.My grandmother has children. My mother is her child.
A.five; fifth B.five; five C.fifth; five D.fifth; fifth
4.I have been to Chengdu twice. This is my time there.
A.third B.second C.three D.first
5.— How old is your daughter, Mr. Brown
—________. We had a wonderful party for her ________ birthday last Friday.
A.Twelve; twelfth B.Twelfth; twelve C.Twelve; twelve D.Twelfth; twelfth
6.—What do you think of the environment here
—Wonderful! __________ of the land __________ covered with trees.
A.Two fifths; is B.Two fifth; is C.Two fifths; are D.Two fifth; are
7.The environment here becomes better and better. ________ birds are coming back.
A.Hundred B.Hundreds C.Hundred of D.Hundreds of
8.Tom is ________ years old. Today is his ________ birthday.
A.nine; nine B.ninth; ninth C.nine; ninth D.ninth; nine
9.—Have you been to the Great Wall before
—Yes, this is the ________ time to be here. I first visited it in 2018.
A.first B.second C.third D.fourth
10.My grandparents live in an old apartment with ________ floors and they are on the ________ floor.
A.fifth; three B.five; third C.five ; three D.fifth ; third
【过关检测】
11.We are proud of our country. The year 2019 is her ________ birthday.
A.seventieth B.the seventy C.the seventieth D.seventy
12.— How tall is the tree — It’s about ________.
A.5 meter B.5 meters tall C.10 foot tall D.10-feet tall
13.Every year, people give away _________ books to the poor children in the countryside.
A.thousand B.thousands of C.thousand of D.four thousands
14.There are about five ________ students in our school.
A.thousand B.thousand of C.thousands D.thousands of
15.The ________ question in the exam is the most difficult one.
A.nine B.ninety C.ninth D.nineteen
16.It’s reported that over eight _______ people lost their lives in the Nepal earthquake.
A.thousand B.thousands C.thousand of D.thousands of
17.The Olympic Games are held(举行) _______.
A.every four year B.each four year C.each four years D.every four years
18.Recently people in a small Australian town have seen________ small fish fall from rain clouds.
A.hundreds B.hundreds of C.ten hundreds D.ten hundreds of
19.Cars started to be popular ________.
A.in the 1960s B.on the 1960s C.in the 1960 D.in 1960s
20.My brother spends ________ of his money buying books every year.
A.two fifths B.two fifth C.second fifths D.one fifths
参考答案
1.A
【详解】
句意:他是早晨第一个来学校的学生。
考查词义及词性辨析。the first第一;first首先,第一;two二;an一个;根据句意可知,此处指的是“第一个”来学校的,应用序数词,序数词修饰名词时,序数词前加the;故选A。
2.D
【详解】
句意:鞋店在第二层,我在那里买了两双鞋。
考查数词辨析。two二,基数词;second第二,序数词。第一空表示“第二层”,用序数词表顺序。第二空表数量,应填基数词,故选D。
3.A
【详解】
句意:我外祖母有五个孩子。我妈妈是她第五个孩子。
考查数词。第一空表示数量,应该填基数词;第二空表示顺序,应该用序数词。five为基数词,fifth为序数词,故选A。
4.A
【详解】
句意:我去过成都两次。这是我第三次去那里。
考查基数词和序数词。third“第三”,序数词;second“第二”,序数词;three“三”,基数词;first“第一”,序数词。根据“I have been to Chengdu twice.”可知,这是第三次来成都,应该用序数词third。故选A。
5.A
【详解】
句意:——你的女儿多大,布朗先生?——12岁。上周五我们为她十二岁生日办了精彩的派对。
考查数词用法。twelve十二,基数词;twelfth第十二,序数词。根据“How old is your daughter, Mr. Brown ”可知第一个空指岁数,用基数词,根据“...birthday last Friday.”可知第二个空表示“第十二”,用序数词表顺序。故选A。
6.A
【详解】
句意:——你认为这里的环境怎么样?——棒极了!五分之二的陆地被树木和草所覆盖。
考查分数表达法和主谓一致。英语中,分数表达用基数词作分子,用序数词作分母,分子大于1,分母用复数形式,作主语时谓语动词的数由名词来定;结合选项,two fifths表达正确,意思是“五分之二”,可排除BD两项;后空land意为“陆地,土地”,为不可数名词,根据主谓一致的原则,需用is,故选A。
7.D
【详解】
句意:这里的环境变得越来越好。成百上千的鸟回来了。
考查数词用法。Hundred百;Hundreds of成百上千。当表示不确定数目时,其结构是“hundreds of+名词复数”;但表示确定数目时,其结构是“基数词+hundred+名词复数”。结合题干这里没有指明有多少只鸟回来,四个选项中只有D选项表达正确,Hundreds of birds表示“成百上千的鸟”,故选D。
8.C
【详解】
句意:汤姆九岁了。今天是他的第九岁生日。
考查数词辨析。nine九,基数词,表示数量;ninth第九,序数词,表示顺序。根据句意可知,空一表示数量,应用基数词nine;空二表示顺序,应用序数词ninth。故选C。
9.B
【详解】
句意:——你以前去过长城吗?——是的,这是第二次到这。我第一次去那里是在2018年。
考查序数词辨析。first第一;second第二;third第三;fourth第四。根据“I first visited it in 2018”可知,第一次来长城是在2018年,这是第二次,故选B。
10.B
【详解】
句意:我的祖父母住在一个五层的旧公寓里,他们在三层。
考查数词辨析。fifth第五,序数词;three三,基数词;five五,基数词;third第三,序数词。第一空表示数量,用基数词,排除A和D选项。第二空表示第几层,用序数词,故选B。
11.A
【详解】
句意:我们为我们的国家感到骄傲。2019年是她的70岁生日。
考查序数词。seventieth第七十,序数词;seventy七十,基数词。根据“The year 2019 is her…birthday”可知,此处指第七十个生日,用序数词表顺序,序数词前有形容词性物主代词her,省略the,故选A。
12.B
【详解】
句意:——这树多高?——大约5米高。
考查数词。meter米;tall高的,foot英尺,复数是feet,超过“一”时,要用复数形式,排除A和C,当有连字符时,名词不能用复数,排除D,故选B。
13.B
【详解】
句意:每年,人们向农村的贫困儿童赠送数千本书。
考查大数的表达。thousand千,在英语中表示大数具体的数目时,不需要加s和of,例如two thousand两千;当表示概数时,需要加s和of,例如thousands of成千上万,题干中空前没有具体的数字,是概数的表达,故选B。
14.A
【详解】
句意:在我们学校里大约有五千个学生。
考查数词的用法。thousand千;thousands of成千上万;thousand与具体数字连用时,通常不加复数词尾-s。表达“五千”用“five thousand”。thousands of成千上万,是泛指的数,不与具体的数词连用。故选A。
15.C
【详解】
句意:考试中的第九个题是最难的题。
考查基数词和序数词的区别。nine“九”,基数词;ninety“九十”,基数词;ninth“第九”,序数词;nineteen“十九”。基数词表示事物的数量,序数词表示顺序,前面要加the,由句意和空格前“the”可知表示试题的顺序,故选C。
16.A
【详解】
句意:据报道,超过八千人在尼泊尔地震中丧生。
考查数词用法。根据前文具体数字“eight”可知,此处表达的是确切的数目,则用“thousand”原形即可,故选A。
17.D
【详解】
句意:奥运会每四年举行一次。
考查频度表达。根据常识,奥运会是每四年举行一次,表示“每几年”的结构为“every+基数词+复数名词”,故选项D“every four years”符合题意。故选D。
18.B
【详解】
句意:最近在澳大利亚小镇的人们已经看到成百上千条小鱼从雨云中落下。
考查概数词的用法。hundred“百”,与具体数字连用时,后不加“s”,即“数词+hundred”;若与of连用时,必须加“s”,即“hundreds of”;且数词不与of同时出现。故选B。
19.A
【详解】
句意:汽车在20世纪60年代开始流行。
考查in the+年代用法。英语中表示“在……世纪……年代”,常用定冠词the,在年份后要加-s或-’s。故选A。
20.A
【详解】
句意:我哥哥每年花五分之二的钱买书。
考查分数的表达。分数的表达,分子用基数词,分母用序数词,当分子超过一时,分母用复数形式,two fifths“五分之二”,故选A。
冠词
一、冠词概述
1.冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。
2.冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词两种:不定冠词用于单数可数名词之前,通常带有“一”、“某一”、“一种”的含义;定冠词则表示名词为特定者,表示“这”、“那”、“这些”、“那些”的意思,在可数的单复数名词或不可数名词前面都可以用。
二、 a和an的区别
1.不定冠词有a和an两种形式,a用于辅音音素(不是辅音字母)开头的词前,an用于元音音素(不是元音字母)开头的词前。
例如:a boy, a university, a European(欧洲的)country;
an hour, an island, an elephant, an umbrella
三、不定冠词的用法
1. 不定冠词用来表示“一”这个数量,意思和one差不多:
例如:a. Rome was not built in a day.罗马不是一天建成的。
b. He will be back in a day or two.他将在一至两天内返回。
说明:这种用法在表示重量、长度、时间等的词组中特别普遍。
例如:a pair of socks, a hundred, two yuan, a meter, eight hours a day, twice a week, a cup of tea.
2. 泛指某一类人、事或物,这是不定冠词的基本用法。
例如:A grammar book is necessary to a language learner. 对语言学习者来说,语法书是很必要的。
A house is a useful animal.
3. 泛指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。例如,A man is looking for you.
4. 表示“每一”,相当于every 例如,I go to school five days a week.我一周上五天课。
5. 用在序数词前,表示“又一”,“再一”。例如,I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.我已经有三本书,我想买第四本。
6. 用在某些固定词组中:
a lot(of)许多,大量; after a while过一会儿; have a rest(休息); have a look(瞧瞧);have a good time(过得开心); take a shower(淋浴); take a break(休息); take a bath(洗澡); get a cold(患感冒); get a fever(发烧); make a living(谋生);in a moment(过一会儿);
四、定冠词的用法
1. 特指某(些)人或某(些)物,这是定冠词的基本用法。
例如, The blue shirt is mine.蓝衬衫是我的。
Where are the other students 其他学生在哪儿?
2. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。例如:Open the window, please.请打开窗户。
3. 指上文已经提到的人或事物。例如:I have a car. The car is red.我有一辆小汽车,它是红色的。
4. 指世界上独一无二的事物。 例如:Which is bigger, the sun or the earth 哪一个大,太阳还是地球?
5. 用在序数词,形容词最高级前。例如:The first lesson is the easiest one in this book.第一课是这本书最简单的一课。
6. 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。例如,the United States 美国
7. 用在某些形容词前,表示某一类人。例如:the poor穷人,the blind盲人
8. 用在姓氏复数形式前,表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩”。例如:the Greens 格林一家或格林夫妻俩
9. 用在方位词前。例如:on the left在左边,in the middle of在中间
10. 用在乐器名称前。例如:She plays the piano every day.她每天弹钢琴。
11. 用在表示海洋,河流,山脉,群岛及国家和党派等名词前。
例如:the Black Sea黑海,the Yangzi River长江
12. 用在某些固定词组中:all the same仍然;all the time一直;at the moment此刻;at the same time同时;by the way顺便说;do the shopping/washing买东西/洗衣服;in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上;in the open air 在户外,在野外
五、零冠词的用法
1. 在专有名词和不可数名词前。例如,Tian’an Men Square天安门广场,
2. 可数名词前已有作定语的物主代词(my,your,his,her等)、指示代词(this/these,that/those)、不定代词(some,any等)及所有格限制时。
例如my book(正);my the book(误)
3. 复数名词表示一类人或事物时。
例如:a. They are teachers. 他们是老师。
b. Tigers like meat. 老虎喜欢吃肉
4. 在星期,月份,季节,节日前:
例如:on Sunday在周日,in March在三月,in spring在春天,on Women’s Day在妇女节
(特例:如果月份,季节等被一个限定性定语修饰时,则要加定冠词:He joined the Army in the spring of 1982.他在1982年春季参军。)
5. 在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如:Tom汤姆,Mum妈妈
6. 在学科名称,三餐饭和球类运动名称前。例如:I have lunch at school every day.
特例:当football,basketball指具体的某个球时,其前可以用冠词:I can see a football.我可以看到一只足球。Where’s the football?那只足球在哪儿?(指足球,并非“球类运动”)
7. 在表特定的公园,街道,车站,桥,学校等之前。例如:No.25 Middle School
8. 某些固定词组中不用冠词。
(1)与by连用的交通工具名称前:by bus乘公共汽车;by car乘汽车;by bike骑/坐自行车;by train乘火车;by air/plane乘飞机;by sea/ship乘船,但take a bus,in a boat,on the bike前需用冠词
(2)名词词组:day and night日日夜夜;brother and sister兄弟姐妹;hour after hour时时刻刻;here and there到处
(3)介词词组:at home在家;in surprise惊奇地;at noon在中午;on foot步行;at night在晚上;on duty值日;at work在工作;on time准时;for example例如;in class在上课;on show展览;in bed在床上
(4)go短语:go home回家;go to bed上床睡觉;go to school去上学;go to work去上班;
go shopping/swimming/boating/fishing去买东西/游泳/划船/钓鱼
六、用与不用冠词的差异
1. in hospital住院/in the hospital在医院里
2. in front of在……(外部的)前面/in the front of在……(内部的)前面
3. take place发生/take the place(of)代替
4. go to school上学/go to the school到学校去
5. next year明年/the next year 第二年
6. a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一人)/a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两人)
【真题演练】
一、单项选择
1.She is ________ university student and she likes playing ________ guitar.
A.a; / B.a; an C.a; the D.an; /
2.—Why not take ________ subway to the museum
—I’d love to go there by ________ car.
A./; the B.a; a C.the; the D.the; /
3.This is ________ map and that is ________ English book.
A.a; an B.a; a C.an; an D.an; a
4.I have ________ elder sister and she can play ________ piano very well.
A.a; a B.an; an C.the; a D.an; the
5._______ number of students in our school is 26000._______ number of them go to school by bus.
A.A; A B.The; The C.A; The D.The; A
6.__________ terrible news he told me just now! I still can’t believe __________ news.
A.What; / B.What a; the C.What; the D.What a; /
7.—Do you know ________ girl with long curly hair
—Yes, she is Mary. She plays ________ violin very well.
A.a;/ B.the;/ C.the; the D.a; the
8.—James, can you play ________ table tennis
—No, I can’t. But I can play ________ piano.
A.the; the B./; the C.the;/ D./;/
9.—Do you often play ________ soccer with your friends
—No, I don’ t like sports. I often play ________ piano on the weekend.
A.a; the B.the; / C./; the D.an; the
10.Taylor Swift is ________ American superstar who can play ________ guitar very well.
A.an; the B.an; a C.the; a
【过关检测】
11.Do you know ________ an “o” and ________ “u” in the word “computer”
A.there is; an B.is there; an C.there is; a D.is there ; a
12.It’s ________ unusual day in my life. On that day I met my dear teacher for the first time.
A.a B.an C.the D./
13.— Can you wear a T-shirt on school days
— No, I can’t. I have to wear ________ uniform at school.
A.the B.an C./ D.a
14.That is ________ radio. ________ radio is on Peter’s desk.
A.the; A B.a; The C.an; The D.a; A
15.________ Spring Festival is more important than ________ other festivals in China.
A.The; / B./; the C.The; the D./; /
16.—You drop ________ “s” in the word “cross”.
—Oh. ________ letter “s” should be doubled like “cross”.
A.a; A B.an; A C.the; The D.an; The
17.Is England ________ island country
A.the B.an C.a D./
18.My little brother has never been to _______ amusement park.
A.a B.an C./ D.such
19.This morning I saw _________ accident on my way to school. Two men were badly hurt in _________ accident.
A.an; an B.an; the C.the; an D.the; the
20.—Did you work as ________ volunteer during the earthquake
—Yes. It was ________ unforgettable experience in my life.
A.an,an B.an; / C.a; an D.a; /
参考答案
1.C
【详解】
句意:她是一名大学生,她喜欢弹吉他。
考查冠词辨析。此处表示“一名大学生”,表泛指,且university是以辅音音素开头的单词,故第一空应填a。演奏西洋乐器,乐器前要加the,故选C。
2.D
【详解】
句意:——为什么不乘地铁去博物馆呢?——我想要坐车去那。
考查冠词。the定冠词,表特指;a不定冠词,表泛指,固定搭配take the subway“乘地铁”以及by car“坐小汽车”,故选D。
3.A
【详解】
句意:这是一张地图,那是一本英语书。
考查冠词用法。“一张地图”和“一本英语书”均表泛指,其中map以辅音音素开头,其前应加不定冠词a;English以元音音素开头,其前应加不定冠词an。故选A。
4.D
【详解】
句意:我有一个姐姐,她钢琴弹得很好。
考查冠词。a和an是不定冠词,修饰可数名词单数,表示泛指一个……;an用在元音音素前;the是定冠词,修饰名词表示特指。根据句意可知,第一个空表示“一个姐姐”,elder是元音/e/开头,应用an;在乐器的前面必须用定冠词,第二个空应用the。故选D。
5.D
【详解】
句意:我们学校的学生人数是26000人。他们中的许多人乘公共汽车上学。
考查冠词辨析。a number of许多;the number of……的数量。根据“number of students in our school is 26000”可知,第一空指学生的数量,应填the。根据“number of them go to school by bus”可知,第二空指他们中的许多人,应填a,故选D。
6.C
【详解】
句意:他刚才告诉我的消息多可怕啊!我还是不能相信这个消息。
考查冠词辨析。/表零冠词;a是不定冠词,修饰单数名词表泛指;the是定冠词,表特指。分析句子结构,前句是what引导的感叹句,news表示“消息”是不可数名词,需用零冠词;后句news是第二次提到,是特指,需用定冠词the修饰。结合选项,故选C。
7.C
【详解】
句意:——你知道那个长卷发的女孩子么?——是的,她是玛丽。她拉小提琴拉得很好。
考查冠词。a不定冠词,表示泛指;the定冠词,表示特指,或表示演奏乐器时,在西洋乐器的前面要加定冠词the。根据“girl with long curly hair”可知特指那位长卷发的女孩,用定冠词the。根据“violin”可知表达的是演奏的西洋乐器,在乐器前用定冠词the。故选C。
8.B
【详解】
句意:——詹姆斯,你会打乒乓球吗?——不,我不会。但是我会弹钢琴。
考查冠词的用法。play直接加球类,中间不加任何冠词;play table tennis“打乒乓球”;第一空排除AC;play+the+乐器,play the piano“弹钢琴”,第二空排除D,故选B。
9.C
【详解】
句意:——你经常和你的朋友们踢足球吗?——不,我不喜欢运动。我周末经常弹钢琴。
考查冠词。play与球类名词连用时,球类名词前不加冠词;play与乐器类名词连用时,乐器类名词前要加定冠词the。故选C。
10.A
【详解】
句意:泰勒·斯威夫特是一位吉他弹得很好的美国巨星。
考查冠词用法。an不定冠词,表泛指,用于元音音素开头的单词或字母前;the定冠词,表特指;a不定冠词,表泛指,用于辅音音素开头的单词或字母前。根据“Taylor Swift is...American superstar”可知,第一空表示泛指,且“American”是元音音素开头的单词,所以第一空用不定冠词an;“play the guitar”表示“弹吉他”,所以第二空用定冠词the。故选A。
11.C
【详解】
句意:你知道在“computer”一词中有一个字母o和一个字母u吗?
考查宾语从句的语序和冠词的用法。分析句子可知,动词know后面是宾语从句,而宾语从句通常用陈述语序,排除B、D;“u”是辅音音素开头,所以用冠词a。故选C。
12.B
【详解】
句意:这是我生命中不寻常的一天。在那一天,我第一次见到了我亲爱的老师。
考查冠词的用法。a不定冠词,表泛指,用于辅音音素开头的单词或字母前;an不定冠词,表泛指,用于元音音素开头的单词或字母前;the定冠词,表特指。这里表泛指且“day”作为“一天”时是可数名词,又因为“unusual”以元音音素开头,应用an。故选B。
13.D
【详解】
句意:——上学的时候你能穿T恤吗?——不,我不能。我在学校必须穿制服。
考查冠词。the“这(些),那(些)”,表示特指,an/a“一(个/件……)”,表示泛指,a用于辅音音素开头的可数名词单数前,an用于元音音素开头的可数名词单数前。分析句意可知此处是泛指,应用不定冠词,uniform的发音是以辅音音素开头,前面用不定冠词a。故选D。
14.B
【详解】
句意:那是一台收音机。那台收音机在彼得的桌子上。
考查冠词。第一空表示泛指,指“那是一台收音机”,radio以辅音音素开头,所以用不定冠词a;第二空指前面提到的收音机是特指,所以用定冠词the。故选B。
15.C
【详解】
句意:在中国,春节比其他节日更重要。
考查冠词。“Spring Festival”意为“春节”,是专有名词,其前加定冠词The;此处是春节和中国所有其他节目的对比,用the other festivals表示“其他的节日(余下的全部)”。故选C。
16.D
【详解】
句意:——在单词“cross”中你落掉了一个s。——哦。“cross”这个单词应该两个字母“s”。
考查冠词。a不定冠词,用在以辅音音素开头的单词前;an不定冠词,用在以元音音素开头的单词前;the定冠词,表特指,根据第一个空后的“s”且“s”是以元音音素开头的字母,所以第一个空用不定冠词an表泛指,排除A和C,由第二个空后的“ letter “s”可知,应该是特指这个字母“s”,所以用定冠词the,排除B,故选D。
17.B
【详解】
句意:英国是一个岛国吗?
考查冠词。the这个,定冠词,表示特指;an一个,不定冠词,表示泛指,用于元音音素前;a一个,不定冠词,表示泛指,用于辅音音素前;/不填。此处是泛指一个岛国,用不定冠词,island是一个以元音音素开头的单词,故选B。
18.B
【详解】
句意:我弟弟从来没去过一个游乐园。
考查冠词。a一个,泛指,用于辅音音素开头的单词前;an一个,泛指,用于元音音素开头的单词前;零冠词,泛指;such这样的。“amusement park”属于可数名词单数,由语境可知,此处表示“一个游乐园”,用a或an;“amusement”以元音音素开头,用an。故选B。
19.B
【详解】
句意:今天早上我去上学的路上看见了一起交通事故。两个男人在这起交通事故中伤得非常重。
考查冠词的用法。根据“accident”可知,其以元音音素开头,且首句提到不是特指,故第一空用冠词an。而第二句中的“accident”特指今天早上看到的那场交通事故,故第二空应该用定冠词the。故选B。
20.C
【详解】
句意:——你在地震期间做过志愿者工作吗?——是的。这是我一生中难忘的经历。
考查冠词的用法。volunteer“志愿者”和experience“经历”都是可数名词单数形式,空一和空二都表示泛指,所以应用不定冠词修饰;volunteer是以辅音音素开头的单词,故前面用a;unforgettable是以元音音素开头的单词,故前面用an。故选C。
Ⅰ. 介词分类
一、表时间的介词
about大约..., after在…以后, at在… (时刻), before在…以前,
by到…为止, during在…期间, for有…(之久), from从…(时)起,
in在(上/下午); 在(多久)以后, on在(某日), past过了…(时),
since自从…(至今), through 贯穿…(期间), till直到…时,
until直到…时, to 到(下一时刻), ever since从那时起至今, since then 从那时起,
so far 迄今为止 at the beginning of 在...开始时, at the end of在...末,
in the middle of 在...当中, at the time of在...时
二、表地点的介词
over(正上方) 、 above(上方的一片) 、 on(接触的平面)
under(正下方) 、 below(下方的一片)
at + 小地方 (场所如学校、医院、剧场等)
in + 大地方 (州、区域、国家、城镇、)
on +门牌,某层楼
across在…对面(go across从平面穿过 / go through从立体的)
through、across、over的用法区别:
through指“穿过…(门洞/人群/树林)”;
across 指“从表面穿过”
across和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互换,但是表示“翻过…”时只能用over.
Just then a rat ran across the road.
There is a bridge across/over the river.
They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.
The visitors went through a big gate into another park.
among在…中间 (三者以上之间)
between在...之间(两者之间,两两相互之间)、
in front of在...前(外部)
in the front of在...前(内部)
A car was parking in front of the hall
In the front of the hall stood a big desk.
close to靠近...
三、表方位的介词
across横越..., against对抗..., along沿着..., around绕着...,
at朝着..., behind向…后面, between… and…从…到...,
by路过/通过.. down向…下, for向..., from从/离...,
in进入..., into进入..., inside到...里面, near接近...,
off脱离/除..., on在...上, out of向...外, outside向....外,
over跨过..., past经过/超过..., through穿过..., to向/朝...,
towards朝着...,on to到...上面, onto到...上面, away from远离...
【重点】be against 反对 be in favor of 支持
四、表方式、手段的介词
as作为/当作...
by用/由/乘坐/被...
in用…(语言),
like与…一样,
on骑(车)/徒(步),通过(收音机/电视机),
through通过...,
with用(材料/工具)、用(手/脚/耳/眼);
without没有…
Ⅱ. 常用介词用法归纳
一、介词: except、besides、except for
except除掉… ,不包括….,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含(同类排除)
besides除了…还有 ,表示包含,即“不仅……又……”(相加)
except for 美中不足(异类排除)
Everyone passed the exam except Tom. (Tom没有通过考试)
Besides Tom we also passed the exam. (Tom也通过了考试)
The article is good except for some spelling mistakes. (mistakes 和article不是同一类)
谐音记忆法:“包含”和“besides”首字母都有b,有b的(besides)是包含,没b的(except,except for)是不包含。
2、介词for
1.为了 I do it for you .
2. 一段时间 I haven’t seen you for a long time.
3. 对于 It’s difficult for him to finish the task.
4. 因为 I am sorry for his misfortune.
3、介词to
1. 给 I give the present to you .
2. 对…而言 The present is important to me
4、介词with
1. 由于… with pleasure
2. 带有 the girl with long hair
3. 用 I can write with a pen
4. 和….一起 We will go with you
5. without 无,没有
5、介词in
1. 在…(方面) do well in
2. 在….时候 in the evening
3. 在….地方 in Beijing
6、介词on
1. 关于/有关.. a book on history
2. 在….时候 on Friday
3. 在….上 on the desk
7、介词as
1. 与…一样 You have the same interest as me.
2. as作为/当作... He works as a writer.
8、介词from
1. 来自 come from
2. 从….到(to)… tell/ distinguish A from B from door to door
stop/prevent/ protect sb. from doing sth.
九、介词有时会与它的宾语分离,而且宾语前置
1. 当宾语是疑问词时。Who are you talking about
2. 宾语在从句中当连接词时。
He has a younger brother who he must take good care of.
Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there
3. 动词不定式作定语且该动词为不及物动词,后面有介词。
I finally found a chair to sit on.
十、记住一些固定词组:
形容词+介词:
be afraid of 害怕某事/做某事be angry with sb. 生某人的气be bad for对…… 有害be busy with sth. 忙于做某事be careful with 小心be difficult from 与……不同be familiar with 与……熟悉 be famous for 因……而著名be famous as 作为……而出名be fond of 爱好be full of 充满be good to 对……友善be good at 擅长be late for 迟到 be next to 紧挨着,接近be poor at 对……比较差be proud of 为……感到自豪be ready for 为……做好了准备be surprised at 对……感到惊奇be thankful to sb. for sth. 因……感谢某人
常用介词短语:
at first起先,开始时at home在家at last最后,终于at least至少at present目前at once马上at school在学校at the moment此刻,目前at the same time同时on business因公出差on board在船上on duty值班on foot步行on holiday在度假one's way(to)在去……的路上on show上演on the air在播送on time准时 by air mail寄航空信件by and by不久以后by bus/air乘公共汽车/飞机by day在日间by night在晚间by oneself亲自by phone打电话by ship/train乘船/火车by the way顺便说(问)一下for a while暂时,片刻for example例如for good永远for the first time第一次for the time being暂时,眼下from day to day 一天一天地from door to door挨家挨户from then on从那时起from time to time不时地 in a hurry匆忙地in a minute一会儿in a word简言之in addition另外,还有in charge of主管,负责in common共同,共有in danger处于危险中in hospital住院in fact事实上in front of在……的前面in no time立刻,马上in other words换言之in public当众,公开in return作为回报in surprise吃,凉in the end最后,终于in this way用这种方法in trouble处于困境中
动词词组:
break into闯入care for照看come across遇见,发现compare with与……相比depend on依靠die of死于某种疾病dress up穿着盛装,化妆get along with与……相处get rid of摆脱go on a picnic去野餐 go over复习hold on不挂断(打电话用语)hurry off匆匆离开join in参加keep in mind牢记laugh at嘲笑learn from向……学习learn sth.by heart用心记忆look after照料,照看look forward to盼望 make up one's mind下决心see sb.off为某人送行shake hands with与……握手show sb. around带领某人参观take part in参加take in吸入,吸收thank sb. for sth.因某事感谢某人turn down关小,调低wake sb. up叫醒某人worry about担心,担忧
Ⅲ. 常用介词用法区别
1、by、in与with表示方式的用法区别
都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以……方式”,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者;in表示“使用”某种语言/文字,with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。
如:We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.
Please write that article(文章) in English.
Let’s go to the zoo by taxi.
It was written by Lao She.
【注意】by之后不可有冠词,只能是名词的单数形式
wash face by hand = wash face with my hands
2、as与like的区别
两个词都表示“像……”,但是as译为“作为……”,表示的是职业、职务、作用等事实,而like译为“像……一样”,表示外表,不是事实。
Let me speak to you as a father. (说话者是听者的父亲)
Let me speak to you like a father. (说话者不是听者的父亲)
3、at the end of、by the end of、to the end、in the end的用法区别:
at the end of…既可以表示时间也可以表示地点,译为“在…末;在…尽头”,常与过去时连用;
by the end of…只能表示时间,译为“在…前;到…为止”,和by the time...一样,常用于过去完成时;
in the end与at last基本等义,表示“终于、最后”,通常用于过去时;
to the end译为“到…的终点为止”,前面往往有表示运动或连续性的动词。
By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III.
At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows.
They left for Beijing at the end of last week.
In the end he succeeded in the final exams.
We should go on with the work to the end.
Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.
4、but的问题:
用介词but引出另一个动词时,要注意:如果前面有do,后面就用原形动词,前面没有do时,后面的动词要加to。
I could do nothing but wait.
They had no choice(选择) but to fight.
【拓展】
have nothing to do but do sth. 无事可做只能...
have nothing to do with sth. 和...没关系
can’t wait to do sth. 迫不及待做某事
can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事
can’t stop doing sth. 做某事停不下来
She couldn’t help singing when she was doing housework.
Ⅳ. 介词短语的句法作用
一、介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语和表语。
The man came down the stairs. (状)
The woman with a flower on her head is from the countryside. (定)
The teacher is now with the pupils. (表) (老师现在和学生在一起)
二、在句子中的位置。
介词短语做状语时,如果表示时间/地点,可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴随/涉及/原因/目的/比较,一般放在句尾; 介词短语作表语时放在连系动词之后;介词短语作定语时,只能放在被修饰的名词之后。
如:He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year.(状语)
They searched the room for the thief.
The letters are for you.(表语)
Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs (定语)
【真题演练】
一、单项选择
1.—How does Jerry go to Shanghai
—______ train.
A.On B.In C.By D.To
2.In the countryside of China, some people like going out ________ a bike.
A.by B.on C.in D.with
3.He is busy ________ his work ________ Sunday afternoon.
A.with, on B.of, on C.with, in D.for, on
4.The people in our neighbourhood, ________ Jackson’s father, ________ walking after supper.
A.like; likes B.likes; like C.likes; likes D.like; like
5.Thanks a lot ________ me.
A.for help B.helping C.for helping D.to helping
6.Jim is short and thin _______ long black hair.
A.have B.has C.with D.there is
7.Is there a supermarket _______ the neighborhood.
A.at B.on C.in D.from
8.— I live on the top floor. Which floor do you live on
— I live four floors ________ you.
A.below B.above C.over D.under
9.—Look, a plane is ________ the river. It’s so big.
—Yes, it is.
A.on B.over C.in D.at
10.What do you think Sally will be ________ five years
A.in B.on C.after D.during
【过关检测】
11.He was born ________ the night of October 17, 1985.
A.at B.in C.on D.for
12.Peter must do his homework ______ school nights.
A.in B.on C.at D.for
13.Let’s meet ________ 9:00 in the office tomorrow.
A.at B.on C.in D.about
14.Lions are lazy and sleep ________ 20 hours a day.
A.for B.with C.on D.in
15.John ________ English ________ 7:00 ________ the evening.
A.studies; at; in B.study; in; in C.studies; in; at D.study; at; in
16.Lily looks _______ her mother and she _______ playing the guitar.
A.like; like B.likes; likes C.likes; like D.like; likes
17.What will your life _______ in the future.
A.like B.be like C.likes D.looks like
18.—Shall we go to Beidaihe this summer holiday
—That sounds ________.
A.like good B.like a good plan C.likes good D.likes a good plan
19.She said__________ tears in eyes on stage, "I have been lucky, but I've had my share of heartbreak __________the way".
A.with; in B.with; along C.in; along D.in; by
20.—Peter, would you like to go swimming with me
—What a pity! I’m free every day ________ today.
A.besides B.for C.except D.among
21.—We all went to the cinema last night ________ you. Why didn’t you come
—Because I had watched the movie twice.
A.besides B.against C.except D.beside
22.—Let's make a cake ________ our mother ________ Mother's Day.
—Good idea.
A.with; for B.for; on C.to; on D.for; in
23.Bob bought a car ________ his money he made in his free time.
A.use B.in C.by D.with
24.After the earthquake, he climbed ________ the dark, screaming ________ fear.
A.across; with B.through; in C.under; in D.under; with
25.When the boy saw his mother, he ran quickly ______her.
A.out B.from C.with D.towards
参考答案
1.C
【详解】
句意:——杰瑞怎样去上海?——乘火车。
考查介词辨析题。on在(运输工具)上;in在……里面;by通过,表示方式;to到。in和to都不用于表示交通工具,可排除BD两项;on用于交通工具有短语on foot表示“步行”,和具体的交通工具连用需用冠词;“by +交通工具”表示乘坐某种交通工具,是固定结构。结合题干,可知用by train表示“坐火车”,故选C。
2.B
【详解】
句意:在中国的农村,有些人喜欢骑自行车外出。
考查介词辨析。by通过;on在……上面;in在……里面;with和。in和with不用于表示交通方式;by和交通工具连用表示某种交通方式,by bike表示“骑自行车”;on表交通方式需在交通工具名词前面加不定冠词,on a bike也表示“骑自行车”。根据题干,故选B。
3.A
【详解】
句意:星期天下午他忙于工作。
考查介词辨析。with和……一起;on用于具体的某一天前或者具体某一天的上、下午、晚上前;of……的;in用于泛指的年、月、季节等前;for为了;be busy with sth“忙于做某事”,是固定短语,第一空用with;“Sunday afternoon”是具体某一天的下午,应用介词on,故选A。
4.D
【详解】
句意:我们附近的人,比如杰克森的父亲,喜欢晚饭后散步。
考查like的用法。like作动词讲,意思为“喜欢”,三单形式是likes;作介词讲,意思为“像,比如”。根据“The people in our neighbourhood...Jackson’s father”可知,第一个空格处是列举事例,应用介词like;第二个空格处作谓语,应用动词like,主语“The people”是复数,谓语动词使用原形。故选D。
5.C
【详解】
句意:非常感谢帮助我。
考查固定搭配。根据句子结构可知,这里考查固定搭配“thanks for (doing) sth.为……而感谢”。再根据宾语“me”可知,help在此作动词,应用动名词形式。故选C。
6.C
【详解】
句意:吉姆又矮又瘦,有着黑色的长发。
考查介词。have动词,有;has有,是“have”的第三人称单数形式;with有着,介词;there is后面接名词,表示“有着某人或某物”。根据“is short and thin”及“long black hair”可知表达伴随状态,用介词“with”。故选C。
7.C
【详解】
句意:在附近有超市吗?
考查介词辨析。at在;on在……上;in在……里;from来自。固定搭配in the neighborhood“在附近”,故选C。
8.A
【详解】
句意:——我住在顶层。你住在哪层?——我住在你下面的四层。
考查介词辨析。below在……下;above在……之上;over在……之上;under在……下,根据“I live on the top floor”可知,应该是我住在你下面四层,排除B和C,under指“在某物的正下方”,below指“不一定在正下方,所指范围较宽”,由语境可知,不一定在正下方,用below,排除D,故选A。
9.B
【详解】
句意:——看,一架飞机在河的上方。它是如此之大。——是的,它是。
考查介词辨析。on在……上,表面有接触;over在……之上,表面无接触;in在……里;at在。根据“a plane is … the river”可知,飞机在河的上方,与河表面无接触,故选B。
10.A
【详解】
句意:你认为五年后莎莉将会干什么呢?
考查介词辨析。in在(某段时间)以后;on在……上;after在……之后;during在……期间。根据“will be”可知,此处时态是一般将来时,“in+时间段”表示“多久以后”,常和一般将来时连用,符合语法。故选A。
11.C
【详解】
句意:他出生于1985年10月17日晚上。
考查介词。at表示在具体的时间点,常用于表示钟点、夜里、中午、拂晓等的词组中;in用于表示世纪、年、月、季节,在上午/下午/晚上/白天等;on用于表示确定的时间,具体某天或具体某一天的上午下午晚上或一般节日等;“for+一段时间”意为“已经多长时间了”。根据“the night of October 17, 1985”,表示具体某一天的晚上,故选C。
12.B
【详解】
句意:彼得必须在上学的晚上做作业。
考查介词辨析。in后跟年、月、早中晚;on后跟具体的日子;at后跟点时间;for后跟一段时间。on school nights指的是限定的时间,用on。故选B。
13.A
【详解】
句意:我们明天9点在办公室见。
考查介词辨析。at在……,后加具体时间点;on在……,后加星期几,节日,具体的日期;in在……,后加一天的上午,下午或晚上,加年,月或季节;about大约。9:00是具体时间点,用介词at,故选A。
14.A
【详解】
句意:狮子很懒,每天要睡20个小时。
考查介词辨析。for后接一段时间;with带有;on后接具体一天;in后接某年某月某季节。“20 hours”是一段时间,要与时间介词for一起连用,故选A。
15.A
【详解】
句意:John在晚上七点学英语。
考查介词的用法。主语John是第三人称单数,谓语动词用第三人称单数,排除B、D两项;at接具体时间点;in接较长一段时间。故选A。
16.D
【详解】
句意:莉莉看起来像她的母亲。她喜欢弹吉他。
考查介词和动词。第一空句子用短语“look like”表达“看起来像”,其中“like”作介词。第二空句子是一般现在时,句子缺谓语动词,主语是第三人称单数,表达“喜欢”用动词的第三人称单数形式“likes”。故选D。
17.B
【详解】
句意:将来,你的生活将是怎么样的?
考查时态辨析。like喜欢;be like像;likes喜欢,一般现在时;looks like看起来像。根据情境和“will”可知,后接动词原形,且表示“像”,应该使用“be like”。故选B。
18.B
【详解】
句意:——这个暑假我们去北戴河玩怎么样?——那听起来是个不错的计划。
考查“sound”与“sound like”辨析。sound为感官系动词,其后跟的是形容词,短语“sound like”中的“like”为介词,不可将其变成第三人称单数形式,故排除C、D项。“sound like”后需跟名词短语,“a good plan”为名词短语,故选B。
19.B
【详解】
句意:她在舞台上含泪说道:“我很幸运,但是一路走来我也有过心碎的经历。”
考查介词用法。由“She said…tears in eyes”可知,此处应用“with tears in eyes”的复合结构表伴随;由“I've had my share of heartbreak…the way”可知,此处应用介词短语along the way“一路上”作状语。故选B。
20.C
【详解】
句意:——彼得,你愿意和我一起去游泳吗?——太遗憾了!除了今天之外,我每天都有空。
考查介词。besides表示“除了……之外,还有”;for“为了”;except“除了……之外,没有”;among“在……之中”。根据“What a pity!”可知,此处表示遗憾,因此是今天没空,所以表示除了今天,每天都有空,故选C。
21.C
【详解】
句意:——除了你以外,我们昨晚都去看电影了。你为什么没来?——因为这部电影我看了两遍。
考查介词辨析。besides除了(包括在内);against反对;except除了(不包括在内);beside在旁边。根据“We all went to the cinema last night … you”及“Why didn’t you come”可知,除了“你”之外其他的人都去了,不包括对方在内,故选C。
22.B
【详解】
句意:——让我们在母亲节为妈妈做个蛋糕吧。——好主意。
考查介词辨析。with和;for为了;to给;on接具体某一天,如生日、节日或星期几等;in接年、月、季节等。由“Let's make a cake…our mother”可知,make sth. for sb.“为某人制作某物”,故用介词for。“Mother's Day”前应用介词on。故选B。
23.D
【详解】
句意:鲍勃用他业余时间赚的钱买了一辆车。
考查介词辨析。use用;in在……中;by通过;with用。根据“Bob bought a car...his money”可知,是用赚的钱买车,本句已有谓语动词,故选D。
24.B
【详解】
句意:地震后,他穿过黑暗,恐惧地尖叫。
考查介词辨析。across穿过(平面上);through穿过(一个空间);under在……下面;with带有;in在……里面。根据“the dark”可知,“黑暗”是一个空间,应该使用“through”;固定短语“in fear”意为“惊恐地”。故选B。
25.D
【详解】
句意:当男孩看到他的母亲时,他朝她跑过去。A. out外面的;B. from(表示时间)从…;C. with随着,和;D. towards朝着。run towards sb. 朝某人跑去。语境是:当男孩看到他的母亲时,他朝她跑过去。故选D。第04讲 数词、冠词、介词的用法
【学习目标】
1、掌握数词、冠词、介词的基本用法
2、对于常考点、易错点有清楚的认识
【基础知识】
数词
英语的数词可分为基数词和序数词两大类。基数词表示的是人或事物的个数,而序数词表示的是这些数目的顺序。
一、基数词
1. 表示数目的词称为基数词,下面是最常用的基数词
1 one 11 eleven 2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety10 ten 100 one(a) hundred 百1 000 one(a) thousand 千10 000 ten thousand 万100 000 one(a) hundred thousand 十万1 000 000 one(a) million 百万
2. 在21-99之间的非整十位数的基数词要在十位和个位之间加连字符“-”
23:twenty-three
3. 三位数的基数词要在百位和十位(若无十位则和各位)之间加and。
364:three hundred and sixty-four 906: nine hundred and six
4. 1,000以上的数字,从后向前,每三位加一个逗号“,”依次为thousand, million, billion,然后每一小段按百位、十位、各位的顺序依次表示。
478,650,542:four hundred and seventy-eight million, six hundred and fifty thousand ,five hundred and forty-two.
5. hundred ,thousand ,million 等词前有具体数词修饰时,要用单数。后面与of 短语连用时,则要用复数。且前面不再加具体数目,但可用several 等词修饰。
five thousand students 五千名学生 two million people两百万人
undreds of people 成百上千的人 several thousands of visitors 上千的旅客
6. 表达“几个半”用 “基数词+and+a half+名词”或“基数词+名词+and +a half”。
Two and a half months/two months and a half两个半月
7. 表示 “几十年代”或“几十岁”。
in the 1870s(1870's)在19世纪70年代 in her twenties 在她二十多岁时
8. “基数词+名词”作定语时,两者间要加连字符号,名词用单数形式。
a three-week holiday3周的假期
9. 门牌号、电话号码及邮政编码等用基数词。
My phone number is 3980665.我的电话号码是3980665。
(读作three nine eight zero six six/double six five.)
10. 年、月、日和时间的表达法
(1)年份用基数词表达,分两位一读,介词要使用in。例如:
1999 nineteen ninety-nine
2000 two thousand
2001 two thousand and one
(2)月份的第一个字母要大写,有些月份名称有缩写形式, 介词要使用in。例如:
一月January(Jan.), 二月February(Feb.), 三月March(Mar.),
四月(Apr.),五月May, 六月June, 七月July,
八月August(Aug.),九月September(Sep.), 十月October(Oct.),
十一月November(Nov.), 十二月December(Dec.)。
(3)日期的表达要用序数词,读时前面要加定冠词the,介词要使用on。
例如:在6月1日:on June 1st 读作:on June the first.
年、月、日同时表达时,一般应先写月、日、后写年。如:
在2001年5月4日:on May 4 th, 2001。
(4)时间表达法:时间可用顺读法或倒读法两种方式表达, 介词要使用at。例如:
5:00 five (o’clock)
6:18 six eighteen或 eighteen past six
12:15 twelve fifteen 或fifteen (a quarter) past twelve
4:30 four thirty或 half past four
6:45 six forty-five a quarter to seven
【注意】
1. 表示整点时间,直接用基数词表达,后边可接o’clock (也可不加)。表达“几点几分”时,绝不能用o’clock。
2. 表达“15分”或“45分”时,常用quarter(刻)。
3. 在倒读法中,如果钟点不过半,须用“分钟数+past+钟点数”的形式;如果钟点过半,则用half,则用“差多少分钟数+to+全钟点(下个钟点数)”的形式。
【真题演练】
一、单项选择
1.He is ________ student to come to school in the morning.
A.the first B.first C.two D.an
2.The shoe store is on the ________ floor and I buy ________ pairs of shoes in it.
A.two; two B.two; second C.second; second D.second; two
3.My grandmother has children. My mother is her child.
A.five; fifth B.five; five C.fifth; five D.fifth; fifth
4.I have been to Chengdu twice. This is my time there.
A.third B.second C.three D.first
5.— How old is your daughter, Mr. Brown
—________. We had a wonderful party for her ________ birthday last Friday.
A.Twelve; twelfth B.Twelfth; twelve C.Twelve; twelve D.Twelfth; twelfth
6.—What do you think of the environment here
—Wonderful! __________ of the land __________ covered with trees.
A.Two fifths; is B.Two fifth; is C.Two fifths; are D.Two fifth; are
7.The environment here becomes better and better. ________ birds are coming back.
A.Hundred B.Hundreds C.Hundred of D.Hundreds of
8.Tom is ________ years old. Today is his ________ birthday.
A.nine; nine B.ninth; ninth C.nine; ninth D.ninth; nine
9.—Have you been to the Great Wall before
—Yes, this is the ________ time to be here. I first visited it in 2018.
A.first B.second C.third D.fourth
10.My grandparents live in an old apartment with ________ floors and they are on the ________ floor.
A.fifth; three B.five; third C.five ; three D.fifth ; third
【过关检测】
11.We are proud of our country. The year 2019 is her ________ birthday.
A.seventieth B.the seventy C.the seventieth D.seventy
12.— How tall is the tree — It’s about ________.
A.5 meter B.5 meters tall C.10 foot tall D.10-feet tall
13.Every year, people give away _________ books to the poor children in the countryside.
A.thousand B.thousands of C.thousand of D.four thousands
14.There are about five ________ students in our school.
A.thousand B.thousand of C.thousands D.thousands of
15.The ________ question in the exam is the most difficult one.
A.nine B.ninety C.ninth D.nineteen
16.It’s reported that over eight _______ people lost their lives in the Nepal earthquake.
A.thousand B.thousands C.thousand of D.thousands of
17.The Olympic Games are held(举行) _______.
A.every four year B.each four year C.each four years D.every four years
18.Recently people in a small Australian town have seen________ small fish fall from rain clouds.
A.hundreds B.hundreds of C.ten hundreds D.ten hundreds of
19.Cars started to be popular ________.
A.in the 1960s B.on the 1960s C.in the 1960 D.in 1960s
20.My brother spends ________ of his money buying books every year.
A.two fifths B.two fifth C.second fifths D.one fifths
冠词
一、冠词概述
1.冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。
2.冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词两种:不定冠词用于单数可数名词之前,通常带有“一”、“某一”、“一种”的含义;定冠词则表示名词为特定者,表示“这”、“那”、“这些”、“那些”的意思,在可数的单复数名词或不可数名词前面都可以用。
二、 a和an的区别
1.不定冠词有a和an两种形式,a用于辅音音素(不是辅音字母)开头的词前,an用于元音音素(不是元音字母)开头的词前。
例如:a boy, a university, a European(欧洲的)country;
an hour, an island, an elephant, an umbrella
三、不定冠词的用法
1. 不定冠词用来表示“一”这个数量,意思和one差不多:
例如:a. Rome was not built in a day.罗马不是一天建成的。
b. He will be back in a day or two.他将在一至两天内返回。
说明:这种用法在表示重量、长度、时间等的词组中特别普遍。
例如:a pair of socks, a hundred, two yuan, a meter, eight hours a day, twice a week, a cup of tea.
2. 泛指某一类人、事或物,这是不定冠词的基本用法。
例如:A grammar book is necessary to a language learner. 对语言学习者来说,语法书是很必要的。
A house is a useful animal.
3. 泛指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。例如,A man is looking for you.
4. 表示“每一”,相当于every 例如,I go to school five days a week.我一周上五天课。
5. 用在序数词前,表示“又一”,“再一”。例如,I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.我已经有三本书,我想买第四本。
6. 用在某些固定词组中:
a lot(of)许多,大量; after a while过一会儿; have a rest(休息); have a look(瞧瞧);have a good time(过得开心); take a shower(淋浴); take a break(休息); take a bath(洗澡); get a cold(患感冒); get a fever(发烧); make a living(谋生);in a moment(过一会儿);
四、定冠词的用法
1. 特指某(些)人或某(些)物,这是定冠词的基本用法。
例如, The blue shirt is mine.蓝衬衫是我的。
Where are the other students 其他学生在哪儿?
2. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。例如:Open the window, please.请打开窗户。
3. 指上文已经提到的人或事物。例如:I have a car. The car is red.我有一辆小汽车,它是红色的。
4. 指世界上独一无二的事物。 例如:Which is bigger, the sun or the earth 哪一个大,太阳还是地球?
5. 用在序数词,形容词最高级前。例如:The first lesson is the easiest one in this book.第一课是这本书最简单的一课。
6. 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。例如,the United States 美国
7. 用在某些形容词前,表示某一类人。例如:the poor穷人,the blind盲人
8. 用在姓氏复数形式前,表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩”。例如:the Greens 格林一家或格林夫妻俩
9. 用在方位词前。例如:on the left在左边,in the middle of在中间
10. 用在乐器名称前。例如:She plays the piano every day.她每天弹钢琴。
11. 用在表示海洋,河流,山脉,群岛及国家和党派等名词前。
例如:the Black Sea黑海,the Yangzi River长江
12. 用在某些固定词组中:all the same仍然;all the time一直;at the moment此刻;at the same time同时;by the way顺便说;do the shopping/washing买东西/洗衣服;in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上;in the open air 在户外,在野外
五、零冠词的用法
1. 在专有名词和不可数名词前。例如,Tian’an Men Square天安门广场,
2. 可数名词前已有作定语的物主代词(my,your,his,her等)、指示代词(this/these,that/those)、不定代词(some,any等)及所有格限制时。
例如my book(正);my the book(误)
3. 复数名词表示一类人或事物时。
例如:a. They are teachers. 他们是老师。
b. Tigers like meat. 老虎喜欢吃肉
4. 在星期,月份,季节,节日前:
例如:on Sunday在周日,in March在三月,in spring在春天,on Women’s Day在妇女节
(特例:如果月份,季节等被一个限定性定语修饰时,则要加定冠词:He joined the Army in the spring of 1982.他在1982年春季参军。)
5. 在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如:Tom汤姆,Mum妈妈
6. 在学科名称,三餐饭和球类运动名称前。例如:I have lunch at school every day.
特例:当football,basketball指具体的某个球时,其前可以用冠词:I can see a football.我可以看到一只足球。Where’s the football?那只足球在哪儿?(指足球,并非“球类运动”)
7. 在表特定的公园,街道,车站,桥,学校等之前。例如:No.25 Middle School
8. 某些固定词组中不用冠词。
(1)与by连用的交通工具名称前:by bus乘公共汽车;by car乘汽车;by bike骑/坐自行车;by train乘火车;by air/plane乘飞机;by sea/ship乘船,但take a bus,in a boat,on the bike前需用冠词
(2)名词词组:day and night日日夜夜;brother and sister兄弟姐妹;hour after hour时时刻刻;here and there到处
(3)介词词组:at home在家;in surprise惊奇地;at noon在中午;on foot步行;at night在晚上;on duty值日;at work在工作;on time准时;for example例如;in class在上课;on show展览;in bed在床上
(4)go短语:go home回家;go to bed上床睡觉;go to school去上学;go to work去上班;
go shopping/swimming/boating/fishing去买东西/游泳/划船/钓鱼
六、用与不用冠词的差异
1. in hospital住院/in the hospital在医院里
2. in front of在……(外部的)前面/in the front of在……(内部的)前面
3. take place发生/take the place(of)代替
4. go to school上学/go to the school到学校去
5. next year明年/the next year 第二年
6. a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一人)/a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两人)
【真题演练】
一、单项选择
1.She is ________ university student and she likes playing ________ guitar.
A.a; / B.a; an C.a; the D.an; /
2.—Why not take ________ subway to the museum
—I’d love to go there by ________ car.
A./; the B.a; a C.the; the D.the; /
3.This is ________ map and that is ________ English book.
A.a; an B.a; a C.an; an D.an; a
4.I have ________ elder sister and she can play ________ piano very well.
A.a; a B.an; an C.the; a D.an; the
5._______ number of students in our school is 26000._______ number of them go to school by bus.
A.A; A B.The; The C.A; The D.The; A
6.__________ terrible news he told me just now! I still can’t believe __________ news.
A.What; / B.What a; the C.What; the D.What a; /
7.—Do you know ________ girl with long curly hair
—Yes, she is Mary. She plays ________ violin very well.
A.a;/ B.the;/ C.the; the D.a; the
8.—James, can you play ________ table tennis
—No, I can’t. But I can play ________ piano.
A.the; the B./; the C.the;/ D./;/
9.—Do you often play ________ soccer with your friends
—No, I don’ t like sports. I often play ________ piano on the weekend.
A.a; the B.the; / C./; the D.an; the
10.Taylor Swift is ________ American superstar who can play ________ guitar very well.
A.an; the B.an; a C.the; a
【过关检测】
11.Do you know ________ an “o” and ________ “u” in the word “computer”
A.there is; an B.is there; an C.there is; a D.is there ; a
12.It’s ________ unusual day in my life. On that day I met my dear teacher for the first time.
A.a B.an C.the D./
13.— Can you wear a T-shirt on school days
— No, I can’t. I have to wear ________ uniform at school.
A.the B.an C./ D.a
14.That is ________ radio. ________ radio is on Peter’s desk.
A.the; A B.a; The C.an; The D.a; A
15.________ Spring Festival is more important than ________ other festivals in China.
A.The; / B./; the C.The; the D./; /
16.—You drop ________ “s” in the word “cross”.
—Oh. ________ letter “s” should be doubled like “cross”.
A.a; A B.an; A C.the; The D.an; The
17.Is England ________ island country
A.the B.an C.a D./
18.My little brother has never been to _______ amusement park.
A.a B.an C./ D.such
19.This morning I saw _________ accident on my way to school. Two men were badly hurt in _________ accident.
A.an; an B.an; the C.the; an D.the; the
20.—Did you work as ________ volunteer during the earthquake
—Yes. It was ________ unforgettable experience in my life.
A.an,an B.an; / C.a; an D.a; /
Ⅰ. 介词分类
一、表时间的介词
about大约..., after在…以后, at在… (时刻), before在…以前,
by到…为止, during在…期间, for有…(之久), from从…(时)起,
in在(上/下午); 在(多久)以后, on在(某日), past过了…(时),
since自从…(至今), through 贯穿…(期间), till直到…时,
until直到…时, to 到(下一时刻), ever since从那时起至今, since then 从那时起,
so far 迄今为止 at the beginning of 在...开始时, at the end of在...末,
in the middle of 在...当中, at the time of在...时
二、表地点的介词
over(正上方) 、 above(上方的一片) 、 on(接触的平面)
under(正下方) 、 below(下方的一片)
at + 小地方 (场所如学校、医院、剧场等)
in + 大地方 (州、区域、国家、城镇、)
on +门牌,某层楼
across在…对面(go across从平面穿过 / go through从立体的)
through、across、over的用法区别:
through指“穿过…(门洞/人群/树林)”;
across 指“从表面穿过”
across和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互换,但是表示“翻过…”时只能用over.
Just then a rat ran across the road.
There is a bridge across/over the river.
They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.
The visitors went through a big gate into another park.
among在…中间 (三者以上之间)
between在...之间(两者之间,两两相互之间)、
in front of在...前(外部)
in the front of在...前(内部)
A car was parking in front of the hall
In the front of the hall stood a big desk.
close to靠近...
三、表方位的介词
across横越..., against对抗..., along沿着..., around绕着...,
at朝着..., behind向…后面, between… and…从…到...,
by路过/通过.. down向…下, for向..., from从/离...,
in进入..., into进入..., inside到...里面, near接近...,
off脱离/除..., on在...上, out of向...外, outside向....外,
over跨过..., past经过/超过..., through穿过..., to向/朝...,
towards朝着...,on to到...上面, onto到...上面, away from远离...
【重点】be against 反对 be in favor of 支持
四、表方式、手段的介词
as作为/当作...
by用/由/乘坐/被...
in用…(语言),
like与…一样,
on骑(车)/徒(步),通过(收音机/电视机),
through通过...,
with用(材料/工具)、用(手/脚/耳/眼);
without没有…
Ⅱ. 常用介词用法归纳
一、介词: except、besides、except for
except除掉… ,不包括….,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含(同类排除)
besides除了…还有 ,表示包含,即“不仅……又……”(相加)
except for 美中不足(异类排除)
Everyone passed the exam except Tom. (Tom没有通过考试)
Besides Tom we also passed the exam. (Tom也通过了考试)
The article is good except for some spelling mistakes. (mistakes 和article不是同一类)
谐音记忆法:“包含”和“besides”首字母都有b,有b的(besides)是包含,没b的(except,except for)是不包含。
2、介词for
1.为了 I do it for you .
2. 一段时间 I haven’t seen you for a long time.
3. 对于 It’s difficult for him to finish the task.
4. 因为 I am sorry for his misfortune.
3、介词to
1. 给 I give the present to you .
2. 对…而言 The present is important to me
4、介词with
1. 由于… with pleasure
2. 带有 the girl with long hair
3. 用 I can write with a pen
4. 和….一起 We will go with you
5. without 无,没有
5、介词in
1. 在…(方面) do well in
2. 在….时候 in the evening
3. 在….地方 in Beijing
6、介词on
1. 关于/有关.. a book on history
2. 在….时候 on Friday
3. 在….上 on the desk
7、介词as
1. 与…一样 You have the same interest as me.
2. as作为/当作... He works as a writer.
8、介词from
1. 来自 come from
2. 从….到(to)… tell/ distinguish A from B from door to door
stop/prevent/ protect sb. from doing sth.
九、介词有时会与它的宾语分离,而且宾语前置
1. 当宾语是疑问词时。Who are you talking about
2. 宾语在从句中当连接词时。
He has a younger brother who he must take good care of.
Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there
3. 动词不定式作定语且该动词为不及物动词,后面有介词。
I finally found a chair to sit on.
十、记住一些固定词组:
形容词+介词:
be afraid of 害怕某事/做某事be angry with sb. 生某人的气be bad for对…… 有害be busy with sth. 忙于做某事be careful with 小心be difficult from 与……不同be familiar with 与……熟悉 be famous for 因……而著名be famous as 作为……而出名be fond of 爱好be full of 充满be good to 对……友善be good at 擅长be late for 迟到 be next to 紧挨着,接近be poor at 对……比较差be proud of 为……感到自豪be ready for 为……做好了准备be surprised at 对……感到惊奇be thankful to sb. for sth. 因……感谢某人
常用介词短语:
at first起先,开始时at home在家at last最后,终于at least至少at present目前at once马上at school在学校at the moment此刻,目前at the same time同时on business因公出差on board在船上on duty值班on foot步行on holiday在度假one's way(to)在去……的路上on show上演on the air在播送on time准时 by air mail寄航空信件by and by不久以后by bus/air乘公共汽车/飞机by day在日间by night在晚间by oneself亲自by phone打电话by ship/train乘船/火车by the way顺便说(问)一下for a while暂时,片刻for example例如for good永远for the first time第一次for the time being暂时,眼下from day to day 一天一天地from door to door挨家挨户from then on从那时起from time to time不时地 in a hurry匆忙地in a minute一会儿in a word简言之in addition另外,还有in charge of主管,负责in common共同,共有in danger处于危险中in hospital住院in fact事实上in front of在……的前面in no time立刻,马上in other words换言之in public当众,公开in return作为回报in surprise吃,凉in the end最后,终于in this way用这种方法in trouble处于困境中
动词词组:
break into闯入care for照看come across遇见,发现compare with与……相比depend on依靠die of死于某种疾病dress up穿着盛装,化妆get along with与……相处get rid of摆脱go on a picnic去野餐 go over复习hold on不挂断(打电话用语)hurry off匆匆离开join in参加keep in mind牢记laugh at嘲笑learn from向……学习learn sth.by heart用心记忆look after照料,照看look forward to盼望 make up one's mind下决心see sb.off为某人送行shake hands with与……握手show sb. around带领某人参观take part in参加take in吸入,吸收thank sb. for sth.因某事感谢某人turn down关小,调低wake sb. up叫醒某人worry about担心,担忧
Ⅲ. 常用介词用法区别
1、by、in与with表示方式的用法区别
都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以……方式”,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者;in表示“使用”某种语言/文字,with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。
如:We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.
Please write that article(文章) in English.
Let’s go to the zoo by taxi.
It was written by Lao She.
【注意】by之后不可有冠词,只能是名词的单数形式
wash face by hand = wash face with my hands
2、as与like的区别
两个词都表示“像……”,但是as译为“作为……”,表示的是职业、职务、作用等事实,而like译为“像……一样”,表示外表,不是事实。
Let me speak to you as a father. (说话者是听者的父亲)
Let me speak to you like a father. (说话者不是听者的父亲)
3、at the end of、by the end of、to the end、in the end的用法区别:
at the end of…既可以表示时间也可以表示地点,译为“在…末;在…尽头”,常与过去时连用;
by the end of…只能表示时间,译为“在…前;到…为止”,和by the time...一样,常用于过去完成时;
in the end与at last基本等义,表示“终于、最后”,通常用于过去时;
to the end译为“到…的终点为止”,前面往往有表示运动或连续性的动词。
By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III.
At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows.
They left for Beijing at the end of last week.
In the end he succeeded in the final exams.
We should go on with the work to the end.
Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.
4、but的问题:
用介词but引出另一个动词时,要注意:如果前面有do,后面就用原形动词,前面没有do时,后面的动词要加to。
I could do nothing but wait.
They had no choice(选择) but to fight.
【拓展】
have nothing to do but do sth. 无事可做只能...
have nothing to do with sth. 和...没关系
can’t wait to do sth. 迫不及待做某事
can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事
can’t stop doing sth. 做某事停不下来
She couldn’t help singing when she was doing housework.
Ⅳ. 介词短语的句法作用
一、介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语和表语。
The man came down the stairs. (状)
The woman with a flower on her head is from the countryside. (定)
The teacher is now with the pupils. (表) (老师现在和学生在一起)
二、在句子中的位置。
介词短语做状语时,如果表示时间/地点,可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴随/涉及/原因/目的/比较,一般放在句尾; 介词短语作表语时放在连系动词之后;介词短语作定语时,只能放在被修饰的名词之后。
如:He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year.(状语)
They searched the room for the thief.
The letters are for you.(表语)
Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs (定语)
【真题演练】
一、单项选择
1.—How does Jerry go to Shanghai
—______ train.
A.On B.In C.By D.To
2.In the countryside of China, some people like going out ________ a bike.
A.by B.on C.in D.with
3.He is busy ________ his work ________ Sunday afternoon.
A.with, on B.of, on C.with, in D.for, on
4.The people in our neighbourhood, ________ Jackson’s father, ________ walking after supper.
A.like; likes B.likes; like C.likes; likes D.like; like
5.Thanks a lot ________ me.
A.for help B.helping C.for helping D.to helping
6.Jim is short and thin _______ long black hair.
A.have B.has C.with D.there is
7.Is there a supermarket _______ the neighborhood.
A.at B.on C.in D.from
8.— I live on the top floor. Which floor do you live on
— I live four floors ________ you.
A.below B.above C.over D.under
9.—Look, a plane is ________ the river. It’s so big.
—Yes, it is.
A.on B.over C.in D.at
10.What do you think Sally will be ________ five years
A.in B.on C.after D.during
【过关检测】
11.He was born ________ the night of October 17, 1985.
A.at B.in C.on D.for
12.Peter must do his homework ______ school nights.
A.in B.on C.at D.for
13.Let’s meet ________ 9:00 in the office tomorrow.
A.at B.on C.in D.about
14.Lions are lazy and sleep ________ 20 hours a day.
A.for B.with C.on D.in
15.John ________ English ________ 7:00 ________ the evening.
A.studies; at; in B.study; in; in C.studies; in; at D.study; at; in
16.Lily looks _______ her mother and she _______ playing the guitar.
A.like; like B.likes; likes C.likes; like D.like; likes
17.What will your life _______ in the future.
A.like B.be like C.likes D.looks like
18.—Shall we go to Beidaihe this summer holiday
—That sounds ________.
A.like good B.like a good plan C.likes good D.likes a good plan
19.She said__________ tears in eyes on stage, "I have been lucky, but I've had my share of heartbreak __________the way".
A.with; in B.with; along C.in; along D.in; by
20.—Peter, would you like to go swimming with me
—What a pity! I’m free every day ________ today.
A.besides B.for C.except D.among
21.—We all went to the cinema last night ________ you. Why didn’t you come
—Because I had watched the movie twice.
A.besides B.against C.except D.beside
22.—Let's make a cake ________ our mother ________ Mother's Day.
—Good idea.
A.with; for B.for; on C.to; on D.for; in
23.Bob bought a car ________ his money he made in his free time.
A.use B.in C.by D.with
24.After the earthquake, he climbed ________ the dark, screaming ________ fear.
A.across; with B.through; in C.under; in D.under; with
25.When the boy saw his mother, he ran quickly ______her.
A.out B.from C.with D.towards
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