第05讲 首字母解题技巧及专练20篇
【学习目标】
1、掌握上海中考首字母常考题型
2、了解首字母解题技巧
3、完成精选的20篇专项训练
【基础知识】
1、本节内容
首字母解题技巧
首字母填空解题技巧：
1. 跳过空格，通读短文，了解大意。
2. 复读短文，确定语义，判断句子成分。
3.判断空格单词在句子成分里的词性，缩小范围。
4.联系上下文，找关键信息推测出答案。
5.通读短文，检查答案。注意时态，语法，以及词性等问题。
中考考察要点分析：
上海市五年中考试卷首字母填空考查要点统计发现
考查重点是名词、动词、形容词、副词和代词这几大词类。
解题技巧详解
（一） 从词性考查角度分析：
1. 名词：单复数形式, 所有格的用法
September 10th is Teachers’ Day.
In autumn after a strong wind, the ground is often covered with fallen leaves.
2. 动词：时态，语态的变化
We could not run faster than cheetahs,so we invented cars and now we can move the fastest.
When you laugh ,you will open your mouth and your teeth.
3. 形容词、副词：比较等级的用法
Last Sunday，we played happily in the park, though we were very tired.
Summer is the hottest season of the year.
4. 代词：单复数 人称代词 反身代词 指示代词 关系代词 不定代词 等的用法
Help yourself to some fish，Jim.
Mrs Green said to the twins .”Help yourselves to some fish please. ”
This book belongs to Mary. It is hers.
5. 连词：并列与从属连词的用法
For years, we played other people’s songs, but now we play mostly our own songs.
She didn’t go to school yesterday ,because she was ill.
（二） 从句子成分角度分析
句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即
主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，
状语，表语、同位语等。
(1)对主语的判断：做主语词性主要为：名词，代词，动名词。
此外，形容词前加the也可作主语。
eg: The rich are not always happy. 句中the rich 指“有钱人”，因此可以作主语。
(2) 对谓语的判断：做谓语词性主要为：动词。要注意时态和语态的问题。
时态:
1. 一般现在时：要考虑动词的三单形式
2. 一般过去时：要考虑动词的过去式
3. 现在进行时,考虑动词的现在分词形式
4. 现在完成时：要考虑动词的过去分词的形式
(3) 对宾语的判断:做宾语词性主要为：主要为名词或代词。
(4) 对表语的判断:做表语词性主要为：形容词，名词, 介词短语。如果是动词的适当形式作
表语，动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。
(5) 对定语的判断:做定语词性主要为：形容词，序数词，介词短语。如果是动词的适当形式
作定语，动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。
(6) 对状语的判断:做状语词性主要为：副词，介词。如果是动词的适当形式作状语，动词必
须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。
(7) 对连词的判断:
分析：在英语中, 并列连词and, but, or, so , not only…but also, either …or, neither…nor, as well
as, both… and等连接并列的词,词组和句子; 而从属连词则连接主句与从句。
（三） 其他做题思路：
（1） 依据习惯用法与固定搭配进行填词：
如:W his help, the old man was safe. The boy thanked him very much.
从句意我们就知道是“在他的帮助下”， with his help.
（2） 依据语法知识进行填词：
如:It was a l earlier.
从句中的earlier可以看出它是比较级,修饰形容词比较级有前面有a,那肯定就是little.
（3） 依据常识的积累进行填词：
如:But it was too late. His friend was very angry. Mr. White said nothing but only one word “S .” Mr. White迟到了，他的朋友很生气，他什么都没说，只说了一个字“S .”
我们根据常识肯定是向他的朋友道歉，所以肯定填sorry.
（4）依据逻辑推理与句意理解进行填词：
如： One Sunday afternoon, Mr. White drove his new car to his friend’s house happily. He wanted to p his friend up at five and then went to see a new movie together.
根据句意，Mr. White高兴地开着车去他的朋友家，然后一起去看电影，我们可以进行逻辑推理，他肯定是去接他的朋友，所以填pick.
【真题演练】
一、短文首字母填空
Tourism has become a huge industry. Tourists make millions of foreign trips a year, twice as m1． as 20 years ago. It’s now the largest employer on Earth. Clearly, it can do great good, but it can also do great damage.
It’s true that tourism has brought benefits to many areas of the world that were very poor. However, mass tourism also has some bad e2．. Local culture and customs change as more tourists arrive. Too much tourism damages the environment. And more and more tourists are behaving badly.
Complaints from local people are growing. In cities such as Barcelona or Venice residents say that too many tourists arrive on cruise ships（游抡）. As a result, town centres are overcrowded. They tell stories about n3． parties that keep people awake all night. In famous beauty spots, where tourist money was welcomed, people are now worried about the damage tourists do to the environment.
Of course, many tourists enjoy the benefits of tourism in a responsible way. They choose holidays that support the local economy and they respect the local culture and the environment. Environmentally friendly tourism, or eco-tourism, is becoming more p4．.
Responsible tourist behaviour is necessary, but it isn't enough to solve the problem. Many people now believe that governments should control how many visitors enter their country. They believe they should l5． the number of cruise ships that use their ports and should not allow too many hotel developments.
U6．, governments are in a difficult situation. Tourism brings in a lot of money and this helps them i7． life for the local people. However, some governments are beginning to understand that too much tourism can be bad for the local population and the environment. They’ve taken some measures to promote environmentally friendly tourism. There may still be hope.
【答案】
1．(m)any/(m)uch
2．(e)ffects
3．(n)oisy
4．(p)opular
5．(l)imit
6．(U)nfortunately/(U)nluckily
7．(i)mprove
【分析】
文章介绍了旅游的好处和负面影响，以及怎样消除和避免这些消极影响。
1．
句意：游客每年有数百万次的国外旅行，是20年前的两倍。as...as中间接形容词副词的原级，此处指的是“和……一样多”，结合首字母提示可知，many/much符合，故填(m)any/(m)uch。
2．
句意：然而，大众旅游也有一些不良影响。根据“tourism has brought benefits to many areas of the world that were very poor”以及However提示可知，此处表达的是不好的影响，此处用可数名词effect的复数，表示“影响”这个整体概念。故填(e)ffects。
3．
句意：他们讲吵闹的聚会让人彻夜未眠的故事。根据“tell stories”以及“that keep people awake all night”及首字母提示可知，此处指的是“吵闹的”聚会，形容词作定语，修饰其后的名词，故填(n)oisy。
4．
句意：环境友好型旅游或生态旅游正变得越来越流行。根据上文“They choose holidays that support the local economy and they respect the local culture and the environment.”可知，他们选择支持地方经济的节日旅行，他们尊重地方文化和环境。环境友好型旅游，或者叫生态旅游正越来越受欢迎。popular“受欢迎的”，故填(p)opular。
5．
句意：他们认为，应该限制使用他们港口的游轮数量，不应该允许过多的酒店开发。根据上文“Many people now believe that governments should control how many visitors enter their country.”可知，很多人现在认为，政府应该控制进入自己国家的游客人数。他们相信，他们应该限制使用其港口的游轮的数量，应该不准许发展太多宾馆。limit“限制”，故填(l)imit.
6．
句意：不幸的是，各国政府处境艰难。根据“governments are in a difficult situation.”可知，此处表达的是“遗憾的是/不幸的是”，政府处在一个困难的境地。unfortunately/unluckily符合语境，故填(U)nfortunately/(U)nluckily。
7．
句意：旅游业带来了很多钱，这有助于他们改善当地人的生活。根据“life for the local people”可知，此处指的是“改善”当地人的生活，improve“改善”，help sb do sth“帮助某人做某事”，故填(i)mprove。
二、
Read the comments about changes in the future. How much do you agree with them
The days, some people work at home one or two days a week instead of going to an office every day. I think in the future a lot more people will work from home all the time. And the number of offices will decrease. It’s sad, because people will lose most of their s8． skills like the ability to connect to others.
There won’t be any paper books in the future. They might disappear c9．. If you want to read books, you will have to download them to a portable e-reader. It will hold hundreds of your favourtie books. Some e-readers might also be waterproof. So you can use them when you are having a bath or a s10．!
I think the number of people on the planet will continue to i11．. There’ll be less space, so we’ll need to change the way we live. Maybe we’ll live underground, or maybe lots of people will live together in a single house. It’s horrible! Life will definitely get w12． than it is now!
Our house might be s13． in the future. If there’s an emergency, it will automatically send a message to the police or call for an ambulance. Our house might also control the heating and the air-conditioning, so we’ll never feel too hot or too cold.
Driverless cars are a new thing at the moment, but I think in the future it will be common to have one. I think it’ll be a good and safe thing, because we won’t have so many road a14．. Maybe we will stop using petrol, too. That would be good.
【答案】
8．(s)ocial
9．(c)ompletely
10．(s)hower
11．(i)ncrease
12．(w)orse
13．(s)mart
14．(a)ccidents
【分析】
本文主要关于未来生活的变化。
8．
句意：这很可悲，因为人们会失去大部分社交技能，比如与他人联系的能力。根据“their...skills like the ability to connect to others”以及首字母提示可知，此处表示社交技能，social社会的，形容词。故填social。
9．
句意：它们可能会完全消失。空处缺少一个副词，修饰动词disappear，根据“There won’t be any paper books in the future.”以及首字母提示可知，此处表示纸质书完全消失，completely完全地，副词。故填completely。
10．
句意：所以你可以在洗澡或淋浴时使用它们！根据“when you are having a bath or a...”以及首字母提示可知，此处表示淋浴，have a shower。故填shower。
11．
句意：我认为地球上的人口数量会继续增加。根据“There’ll be less space, so we’ll need to change the way we live.”以及首字母提示可知，此处表示地球上的人口数量会继续增加，increase增加，空前有continue to do继续做某事，填动词原形。故填increase。
12．
句意：生活肯定会比现在更糟！根据“Maybe we’ll live underground, or maybe lots of people will live together in a single house. It’s horrible”以及首字母提示可知，此处表示未来的生活会比现在更糟，worse更糟，形容词比较级。故填worse。
13．
句意：我们的房子将来可能会很聪明。根据“If there’s an emergency, it will automatically send a message to the police or call for an ambulance...”以及首字母提示可知，此处表示未来的房子将会很聪明，smart聪明的，形容词。故填smart。
14．
句意：我认为这将是一件既好又安全的事情，因为我们不会发生那么多交通事故。根据“Driverless cars are a new thing at the moment”以及“I think it’ll be a good and safe thing, because we won’t have so many road...”可知，无人驾驶汽车的出现会减少交通事故的发生，accident事故，空前有so many，此处用名词复数形式。故填accidents。
三、
No matter how old we are, camping in our backyard is really fun. Families like it when they are on holidays because it is easy and inexpensive. It is great to keep us r15． and frees us from busy study and work. It offers chances for us to invite friends and relatives who might not fit inside the house. All of us can get close to nature and check the night sky. Follow these i16． and you will have a night you never forget!
Put up your tent
Depending on the number of family members and g17．, you may need more than one tent. Tell your friends to bring their tents if needed. Check out the articles or search online for some videos on how put up a tent.
Prepare your bedding
If you want to enjoy yourselves and stay comfortably inside the tent, put something soft to l18． on. A blow-up air mattress(充气床垫)may work well. Fill the tent with cloth toys and blankets. Have lightweight sleeping bags or cotton blankets. They are a19． necessary if you live where the night temperatures drop greatly.
Prepare a seating area
If you have a picnic table, that will work best. If not, set up a few chairs and a small table for food and drinks. A simple choice is to spread a blanket in the sun so that your friends can eat and talk. Be sure the grass isn’t w20．.
Plan activities and make m21．
Plan some activities. You can raise your voice with traditional camping songs that most kids learn in school. Just be careful not to wake up the neighbors. Telling stories is full of fun as well. Have a camera nearby to take silly photos of you, your family members and friends. Take one large group shot with everyone smiling and laughing. Be sure to make copies for everyone!
【答案】
15．(r)elaxed
16．(i)nstructions
17．(g)uests
18．(l)ie
19．(a)lways
20．(w)et
21．(m)emories
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述在后院露营是很有趣的，并且也给出了家庭露营的一些建议。
15．
句意：它可以让我们放松，让我们从繁忙的学习和工作中解脱出来。本句的意思是说在家露营能让我们“放松”。并且根据keep可知，此处要填形容词。根据首字母r可知是relaxed。故填relaxed。
16．
句意：按照这些建议去做，你将拥有一个永生难忘的夜晚！根据“these”可知，此处指的是下面的一些建议，且单词以i开头，且these后要填名词复数，为instructions“建议”。故填instructions。
17．
句意：根据家庭成员和客人的数量，您可能需要多个帐篷。根据“the number of family members”可知，此处是表达“家庭成员的数量”，单词以g开头，因此是guest“客人”符合语境。又因numbers是复数，题空由and连接，故填guests。
18．
句意：如果你想在帐篷里舒舒服服地呆着，就找些柔软的东西躺在上面。根据“put something soft”可知是要放些柔软的东西躺着。lie on躺着；位于。故填lie。
19．
句意：如果你住在夜间气温骤降的地方，它们总是必要的。根据“They are…necessary”可知，句子成分完整此处需要填副词，且以a开头，因此always“总是”符合题意。故填always。
20．
句意：一定不要让草湿了。根据“A simple choice is to spread a blanket in the sun so that your friends can eat and talk.”可知是说可以在阳光下铺一条毯子。因此此处表达“不能让草湿了”，且单词以w开头，故wet“湿的”符合语境。故填wet。
21．
句意：计划活动，制造回忆。根据“Have a camera nearby to take silly photos of you…copies for everyone!”可知是说可以用相机拍一些照片，留下一些美好回忆。且根据标题“Plan activities”可知题空处也是名词复数，且以m开头，因此memories“回忆”符合语境。故填memories。
【过关检测】
四、
One day Sam and Jerry were going home from school. When on turning a corner, Sam cried out, “A fight! Let us go and see!”
“No,” said Jerry, “let us go quietly home! We have nothing to do with it and may get into t22．. ”
“You are a coward (胆小鬼) and afraid to go,” said Sam, and off he ran.
Jerry went s23． home, and in the afternoon went to school as usual. But Sam had told all the boys that Jerry was a coward, and they laughed at him a lot. Jerry had learned that sometimes it’s unnecessary to a24． with others and that he ought to be afraid of nothing but doing wrong.
A few days later, Sam was swimming with some schoolmates and suddenly he felt a sharp pain in the leg. He struggled and screamed for help, but there was no r25．. The boys who had called Jerry a coward got out of the water as fast as they could, but they did not even try to help him.
Sam was fast sinking when Jerry threw off his clothes and sprang into the water. He r26． Sam just as he was sinking the last time. With great e27． and with much danger to himself, he brought Sam to the shore and thus saved his life.
Sam and his schoolmates were s28． to call Jerry a coward. They finally realized that he was braver than any of them. Never be afraid to do good, but always fear to do evil.
【答案】
22．(t)rouble
23．(s)traight
24．(a)rgue
25．(r)esponse/(r)eply
26．(e)ached
27．(e)ffort
28．(s)orry
【分析】
本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了萨姆和杰里在上学路上发生的一件事。
22．
句意：我们与此事毫无关系，可能会惹上麻烦的。get into trouble陷入困境、惹上麻烦，固定短语。故填(t)rouble。
23．
句意：杰里直接回家了，下午像往常一样去了学校。分析句子成分结构可知，此处应填副词修饰动词went。结合首字母提示可知，此处应填 straight，表示“直接地”符合语境；go straight home直接回家 。故填(s)traight。
24．
句意：杰里已经明白了有时候和别人争论是没有必要的，他只应该害怕做错事。根据上文“But Sam had told all the boys that Jerry was a coward, and they laughed at him a lot.” 及结合首字母提示可知，但是萨姆告诉所有的男孩杰里是个胆小鬼，他们经常嘲笑他。此处使用argue，表示“争论”符合语境；argue with sb. 和某人争论，固定短语。故填(a)rgue。
25．
句意：他挣扎着呼救，但没有回应。根据下文“he boys who had called Jerry a coward got out of the water as fast as they could, but they did not even try to help him.”可知，那些称杰里为胆小鬼的孩子们尽快地从水里出来了，但他们甚至没有试着去帮助他。此处填response表示“回应/回复”，符合语境。故填 (r)esponse/(r)eply。
26．
句意：当他最后一次下沉时，他到达了萨姆身边。到达：reach，这是讲述过去发生的事情，时态为一般过去时，谓语动词使用过去式，reach的过去式是reached。故填(r)eached。
27．
句意：他费了很大的劲，冒着很大的危险把萨姆拉到岸边，救了他的命。 with great effort全力以赴，用尽全力；故填(e)ffort。
28．
句意：萨姆和他的同学都为曾经把杰里称为胆小鬼而感到抱歉。根据下文“They finally realized that he was braver than any of them.”及结合上文Sam的所作所为可知，他们终于意识到，他比他们任何一个人都勇敢。由此可推断萨姆和他的同学都为把杰里称为胆小鬼而感到抱歉抱歉：sorry，形容词；be sorry to对……感到抱歉，固定短语。故填(s)orry。
五、
What is laughter
Laughter is natural for people. We start to laugh at about four months of age. We start to laugh even before we start to speak!
Laughter is social. It connects us with other people. We laugh more when we are with other people. Studies find that we are 30 times more likely to laugh with others than when we are a29．. When one person laughs, other people begin to laugh, too.
It is difficult to pretend. Laughter is h30．. Try to laugh right now. It’s difficult, isn’t it When people pretend to laugh, most people know it’s not real. Studies show that people don’t like the sound of fake(虚假的) laughter.
When do people laugh
Only 10 to 20 percent of laughter is about something funny. Most laughter is about being friendly with other people. Most laughter says “I don’t want to compete with you. I like to be with you.” This kind of laughter brings people t31．.
We often laugh when we feel n32．. At the beginning of the meeting, someone often tells a joke. It’s usually a small joke, but we laugh a lot. Our laughter helps us relax.
What is funny
Some things are funny because we don’t e33． them. When a joke begins, we already have an idea about the end. We think we know the end, but then the joke ends in a different way. The end of the joke surprises us. It makes us laugh.
Silly things are sometimes funny. We laugh at jokes about people and their m34． because we know something they don’t know. We think we are better than they are.
Not everyone has the same sense of humor(幽默感). Some people think a joke is funny, but other people don’t think so. People have different idea about what is funny. For young children, the world is new. Many things surprise them, so they laugh a lot. Teenagers often worry about what others think of them. They laugh to p35． themselves. Teenagers laugh when they feel embarrassed. Adults laugh at things that give them stress. Our reasons for laughter change over time.
【答案】
29．(a)lone
30．(h)onest
31．(t)ogether
32．(n)ervous
33．(e)xpect
34．(m)istakes
35．(p)rotect
【分析】
本文主要谈论笑在人们生活中的作用，并解答人们何时会笑，为什么会笑。
29．
句意：研究发现，我们和别人一起笑的可能性是我们独处时的30倍。根据“Studies find that we are 30 times more likely to laugh with others than when we are”及后字母，可知，此处讲人们独处和跟其他人待在一起进行比较，alone表示“独自的”，故填(a)lone。
30．
句意：笑声是诚实的。根据“It is difficult to pretend”可知，很难假装，所以这是很诚实的，honest表示“诚实的”符合，故填(h)onest。
31．
句意：这种笑声让人们走到一起。根据“I like to be with you”可知，这种笑声表达出来就是要跟对方走到一起，together“一起”符合，故填(t)ogether。
32．
句意：当我们感到紧张时，我们经常笑。根据“Our laughter helps us relax”可知，当感到紧张时，通过笑来让人们放松，nervous“紧张的”符合，故填(n)ervous。
33．
句意：有些事情之所以有趣，是因为我们并不期待它们。根据“The end of the joke surprises us. It makes us laugh”可知，当结果并不是我们预期那样的时候，这件事情才变得有趣，except表示“期待”符合，don’t后接动词原形，故填(e)xpect。
34．
句意：我们嘲笑别人和他们的错误，因为我们知道一些他们不知道的事情。根据“Silly things are sometimes funny”可知，在他们的错误这样愚蠢的事情上让人们嘲笑，mistake表示“错误”，their修饰名词的复数形式，故填(m)istakes。
35．
句意：他们笑是为了保护自己。根据“Teenagers often worry about what others think of them”可知，担心别人对自己的想法，所以用笑来保护自己，protect“保护”符合，动词不定式符号to后接动词原形，故填(p)rotect。
六、
Anna Du was walking along the beach when she noticed plastics there. She reached down to pick them up, and quickly realized there were many more tiny pieces than she could deal with. It seemed i36． to clean them all up.
Du, 12 years old at the time, tired to solve the problem like any good scientist-first, by doing a littler r37．. She conducted surveys and searched for information. That’s how she learned that 8 million tons of plastics end up in the oceans every year.
Then she got to work building something that could help solve the problem: a remote-operated vehicle (遥控潜水器)—ROV, Her ROV can move through water and find plastics on the ocean floor.
The actually cool part of Du’s ROV is the detection (探测) system. She uses a c38． along with three different kinds of light to find the plastics through pictures. She also uses visible (可见的) light to find unnatural colors that might make the plastics stand out.
“She has a very good engineering sense to break down a problem like this and then go after it,” says engineer Casey Machado, “It sounds s39．, but it’s a level of thinking that’s really difficult.”
Do started attending public events and workshops at a university when she was five years old, and so she picked up the engineering skills necessary to build her ROV. She says actually getting her ROV to move through water well was not easy. She f40． many times, but she never gave up trying and testing.
When asked about future plans, she said that she wanted to address the effects of climate (气候) change. “I think there are a lot of problems that could be solved with new i41．.” says Du.
Du thanks her parents, who for years have taken her to student outreach activities, for supporting her interest in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). She says she has been able to meet students and scientists there.
“I know I want to be an engineer because I like building things to help solve world problems,” says Du. “But I’m not sure what kind of engineer I want to be yet.”
L42．, she has plenty of time to figure that out at her age.
【答案】
36．(i)mpossible
37．(r)esearch
38．(c)amera
39．(s)imple
40．(f)ailed
41．(i)deas/ (i)nventions
42．(L)uckily
【分析】
本文主要讲Anna Du十二岁时就制作了自己的遥控潜水器，她从小就对STEM感兴趣，长大后想成为一名工程师，帮助解决世界问题。
36．
句意：要把它们全部清理干净似乎是不可能的。根据“and quickly realized there were many more tiny pieces than she could deal with”她很快意识到有太多的小碎片让她无法处理，可知，此处指把它们清理干净是不可能的。impossible“不可能的”，形容词作表语。故填(i)mpossible。
37．
句意：当时年仅12岁的杜，想要像任何一位优秀的科学家一样，首先，做一个小调查。根据“She conducted surveys and searched for information.”可知，她做了一个小调查，结合首字母联想到research‘科研，调查’。由a可知，空处用单数。故填(r)esearch。
38．
句意：她使用一架相机和三种不同的光通过图片找到塑料。根据“The actually cool part of Du’s ROV is the detection (探测) system. ”和首字母可知，此处指利用摄像头和三种不同的光源。camera“摄像机”，由a可知用单数。故填(c)amera。
39．
句意：这听起来很简，但这是一种真正困难的思考水平。but前后句意表示转折，根据difficult可知，空处用其反义词，结合首字母可知，此处用simple“简单的”，作表语。故填(s)imple。
40．
句意：她失败了很多次，但她从来没有放弃尝试和测试。根据“but she never gave up trying and testing.”及首字母可知，此处指失败了很多次。fail表示“失败”，描述的是过去的事情，谓语动词用过去式。故填(f)ailed。
41．
句意：我认为有很多问题可以用新的想法/发明来解决。根据“could be solved with new ...”及首字母可知，解决问题可以用新的想法或新的发明。idea“注意”；invention“发明”，此处应用名词复数表示泛指。故填(i)deas/ (i)nventions。
42．
句意：幸运的是，以她的年龄，她有足够的时间去思考。根据“she has plenty of time to figure that out at her age.”及首字母可知，此处应填luckily“幸运的是”，副词作状语。故填(L)uckily。
七、
Which is more important to our lives, the Internet or the washing machine Many of us might answer, “The Internet !” The Internet helps us gather information. It allows us to see our friends in real time.
However, Ha-joo-chang, a professor at Cambridge University, doesn’t a43．. He believes the washing machine has changed the world more than the Internet. That sounds strange, but Chang is not a44．. Many experts have called the washing machine the greatest invention of the 20th century. Why
Let’s be h45．: How many of us love to do the laundry (洗衣机) It seems the cycle of washing, drying and ironing never ends. It’s so tiring and boring.
However, before the washing machine was invented, women often had to spend lots of time washing clothes. Many of them suffered from back p46．.
The washing machine freed from the laundry. Many women found they had enough time to enter the labor market. As a result, the social status of women began to change. Today, most women can make an i47． living. They don’t have to rely on men any longer.
To better understand the influence of washing machines, we can look at societies w48． them. In many African countries, doing the laundry takes women six hours a day, Women there h49． have time to work or start a business. It is difficult for them to find a way out of poverty. Perhaps things will be a lot different if they have washing machines.
We often take the washing machine for granted. But these machines do play an important role in our lives. They have greatly changed the world.
【答案】
43．(a)gree
44．(a)lone
45．(h)onest
46．(p)roblem/(p)ain
47．(i)ndependent
48．(w)ithout
49．(h)ardly
【分析】
文章就互联网和洗衣机对我们的生活哪个更重要，给出了一些不同的看法和论述。
43．
1.句意：然而，剑桥大学的chang教授并不同意。根据句子成分，此处缺动词，且是动词原形。其次根据文章第一段问在我们生活中，网络和洗衣机哪个更重要，有些人觉得网络更重要，而第二段开头有个however然而，来了一个转折，意思剑桥大学的这个教授不同意这个观点，故填(a)gree。
44．
句意：这听起来很奇怪，但不止chang教授一个人。根据句子成分，此处缺形容词，根据“Many experts have called the washing machine the greatest invention of the 20th century.”可知，很多专家称洗衣机是二十世纪最伟大的发明。所以说chang教授是不孤立的，故填(a)lone。
45．
句意：实话说，我们当中有多少人喜欢用洗衣机呢？根据句子成分，此处缺形容词，结合句意，此处指的是说实话，故填(h)onest。
46．
句意：他们中的许多人遭受背部问题/疼痛。根据句子成分，此处缺名词，再根据“women often had to spend lots of time washing clothes. Many of them suffered from back...”及常识推测，洗衣服遭受背部问题或疼痛，此处名词用单数形式，故填(p)roblem/(p)ain。
47．
句意：今天，大多数妇女可以独立生活。根据句子成分，此处缺形容词，再根据“They don’t have to rely on men any longer.”可知，妇女过上了独立的生活，故填(i)ndependent。
48．
句意：为了更好地理解洗衣机的影响，我们可以看看没有洗衣机的社会。根据句子成分，此处缺介词，再根据“In many African countries, doing the laundry takes women six hours a day,”可知，在非洲很多国家，洗衣服每天要花去女性六个小时。由此可推测出是“没有洗衣机”，用介词without，故填(w)ithout。
49．
句意：那里的妇女几乎没有时间工作或创业。根据句子成分，此处缺副词，再根据“In many African countries, doing the laundry takes women six hours a day,”可知，在非洲很多国家，洗衣服每天要花去女性六个小时。她们几乎没有时间去工作或者做生意，此处应填副词hardly“几乎不”。故填(h)ardly。
八、
The “Double Eleven” Shopping Festival is one of the largest shopping festivals in China. Last year, the festival went on for eleven days. Alibaba alone saw 498.2 billion yuan in trade.
Many people believe such large shopping festivals can help them s50． lots of money. After all, many stores do discount (打折) their goods. But if you take a second look at the sale prices, you’ll find that many of them end in “9” or “.99”. In our everyday life, we r51． say “Just give me 5.99 minutes”, it’s not common to say “Just give me 59 minutes”, either. We are more likely to say “Just give me six minutes” and “Just give me 60 minutes”. Why do stores prefer the other way round
According to Lee E. Hibbett, a professor of marketing, this pricing strategy(策略) has been around for about a century. No one knows who invented it. However, stores all like it. Prices that end in “.99” and “9” simply get more customers.
The strategy (策略) is based on the f52． that we read from left to right. On a price tag (标签), the number on the far left impresses us the most. So, even though 5.99 dollars is pretty c53． to 6 dollars, it’s the “5” that impresses us most. A product that sells for 5.99 dollars just seems like a better deal than a similar one that sells for 6 dollars.
In a 2016 study, Hibbett, a professor of marketing asked a clothing company to r54． the price of one of its dresses. He and his workmates all thought fewer people would buy the dress. The result, however, s55． them. Demand (需求) increased by a third. Increasing the price from $34 to $44 made no difference at all.
So be c56． with prices that end in “9” or “.99”. They may make you spend more money!
【答案】
50．(s)ave
51．(r)arely
52．(f)act
53．(c)lose
54．(r)aise
55．(s)urprised
56．(c)areful
【分析】
心理学研究表明，由于我们从左到右阅读，在价格标签上，最左边的数字会给我们留下最深刻的印象。因此，当我们购物时，要小心那些以“9”或“.99”结尾的价格，它们可能会让我们花更多钱。
50．
句意：很多人认为这样的大型购物节可以帮他们节省很多钱。根据“After all, many stores do discount their goods.”可知许多商场打折，应该是帮人们省钱。save节省。help sb. do sth.帮助某人做某事。故填(s)ave。
51．
句意：在我们的日常生活中，我们很少说“就给我5.99分钟”，说“就给我59分钟”也不常见。结合常识可知很少说“Just give me 5.99 minutes”这句话，再由“either”可知用表示否定含义的副词。rarely很少地。故填(r)arely。
52．
句意：这个策略是基于我们从左到右阅读的事实。根据“we read from left to right”结合常识可知从左到右阅读是个事实，fact事实，特指从左到右读这一事实，用单数。故填(f)act。
53．
句意：所以，尽管5.99美元和6美元很接近，但给我们印象最深的还是“5”。根据“5.99 dollars is pretty c... to 6 dollars”及常识可知5.99美元很接近于6美元，be close to接近。故填(c)lose。
54．
句意：在2016年的一项研究中，市场营销教授希贝特要求一家服装公司提高其一件连衣裙的价格。根据“Increasing the price from $34 to $44 made no difference at all.”可知价格从34美元提高到了44美元。raise提高。ask ... to do sth.要求……做某事。故填(r)aise。
55．
句意：然而，结果却让他们大吃一惊。价格上升后需求反而增长了，这是令人吃惊的，句中缺少谓语，surprise使惊讶，根据上下文可知用一般过去时，surprise的过去式是surprised。故填(s)urprised。
56．
句意：所以要小心以“9”或“.99”结尾的价格。根据“They may make you spend more money!”可知这些价格可能会使人花更多钱，应该小心，careful小心的，在句中作表语。故填(c)areful。
九、
Darius and Johntel have a lot in common. They both like basketball and are both captains of their school teams. Last month, they played a basketball game. Just hours b57． the match, Johntel’s mother lost her battle with cancer(癌症)suddenly. Johntel’s coach wanted to call off the game. But Johntel suggested the game should be played, so with h58． hearts his teammates prepared to play.
What they weren’t prepared for was Johntel’s appearance in the gym. The moment they saw him, the players and f59． came to offer him love and support. Johntel wanted to play. Of course his teammates were happy to have him. But Johntel wasn’t on the pre-game list. If they put him in the game, they would r60． a technical foul(技术犯规) and the other team would get two free throws. Johntel’s coach accepted that and encouraged Johntel to play. He could see that this was the boy’s w61． of dealing with his pain -- the point was not important.
The other team told the referees(裁判) to let Johntel play and forget the rule. But the referees said that a rule is a rule. Then Darius volunteered to take the free throws. He just shot the ball carelessly t62． . It meant he gave up two points. All the people were moved by his behavior.“I did it for the guy who lost his mon” Darius said after the game. “It was the right thing to do.”
Johntel’s team got a 15-point v63． at last. But the players of the two teams won the same cheering. “This is an unforgettable experience for these kids.” Darius’s coach said.
【答案】
57．before
58．heavy
59．fans
60．receive
61．way
62．twice
63．victory
【分析】
篮球队长约翰特尔因母亲去世而缺席比赛，当他重返赛场时需要给予对方罚球的机会。出乎意料的是对方队长Darius放弃了这个机会，两队队员相互体谅并且一起完成了比赛。
57．
句意：就在比赛前几个小时，约翰特尔的母亲突然在与癌症的斗争中败下阵来。根据下文的句子“I did it for the guy who lost his mom”可知，比赛前约翰特尔的母亲就去世了，根据首字母提示可知，空格处填before。故填before。
58．
句意：所以他的队友们怀着沉重的心情准备比赛。根据前文“Johntel’s mother lost her battle with cancer(癌症)suddenly.”可知，因为约翰特尔的妈妈的突然死亡，队友们准备比赛的心情是沉重的。heavy“沉重的”，故填heavy。
59．
句意：他们一看到他，球员和球迷就给予他安慰和支持。根据and前的players以及首字母可知，球场上的球员和球迷们对约翰特尔安慰和支持。fan“球迷”，故填fans。
60．
句意：如果他们让他上场，他们将受到一次技术犯规，对方将得到两次罚球。根据语境可知，这里应该是接受犯规。receive“接受”，故填receive。
61．
句意：他看得出来这是男孩处理痛苦的方式。本题考查the way of dealing with sth“处理某事的方式”，故填way。
62．
句意：他只是不用心地投了两次球。根据文中的句子“ It meant he gave up two points”可知，空格处应该填twice，故填twice。
63．
句意：约翰特尔的球队最终取得了15分的胜利。根据句意可知，这里表示的是“赢得15分的胜利”，victory“胜利”，故填victory。
十、
在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其通顺。
I’m not normally a lucky person, but I entered a competition last month to win tickets for a rugby match at Twickenham. Two weeks ago, I was finishing my homework when my phone rang. I was one of the competition w64．. No way! I couldn’t believe it! A few days later, I was sitting on a train with my dad. We were on our way to London.
When we arrived, I was amazed. I knew Twickenham was the largest rugby stadium in the world, but it’s h65．-there’s enough room for 8,200 supporters. At the entrance we met Martin-our guide for the day. He showed us around the stadium and the museum. We learnt that the stadium is over 100 years old.
Before there was a stadium there, people g66． cabbages on the land, so it’s also known as “the Cabbage Patch”.
Next, Martin took us to our seats and the view was amazing. While we were waiting for the match to start, a band started playing and a group of dancers appeared. At 2:30, the match started. There are several different ways of getting points in rugby, so it’s a67． exciting to watch. After 40 minutes, it was half-time. The Australians were playing really well and they were winning 13-6. The England coach didn’t look p68．. His team was losing by 7 points.
England began the second half well. Then Dad grabbed my arm and pointed at one of the England players. He was running with the ball and the Australians were trying to s69． him. He scored and the crowd went crazy! At full-time, England beat Australia 20-13. I was really happy!
From that moment, I knew I wanted to play rugby, but there’s only a boys’ team at my school. With my dad’s help, I found a girls’ team nearby and next week I will begin rugby training. My friends Ali and Matt think I’m mad, but I think they are old-fashioned. More and more w70． are beginning to take up sports like rugby, football and golf. Who knows Maybe one day I’ll play for England at Twickenham.
【答案】
64．(w)inners
65．(h)uge
66．(g)rew
67．(a)lways
68．(p)leased
69．(s)top
70．(w)omen
【分析】
本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者因为参加一场球赛而奠定了自己也想打橄榄球的决心。
64．
句意：我是比赛的获胜者之一。根据“but I entered a competition last month to win tickets for a rugby match at Twickenham”可知，作者赢了一场在特威克纳姆举行的橄榄球比赛的门票，所以是获胜者，winner“获胜者”，用于“one of+名词复数”结构中，故填(w)inners。
65．
句意：我知道Twickenham是世界上最大的橄榄球体育场，但它太大了——有足够的空间容纳8200名球迷。根据“there’s enough room for 8,200 supporters”可知，体育场很大，huge“巨大的”符合语境，在句中作表语，故填(h)uge。
66．
句意：在那里没有体育场之前，人们在土地上种植卷心菜，所以它也被称为“卷心菜地”。根据“people g...cabbages on the land”可知，是在土地上种植卷心菜，grow“种植”符合语境，时态是一般过去时，动词用过去式，故填(g)rew。
67．
句意：在橄榄球比赛中有几种不同的得分方式，所以观看比赛总是令人兴奋的。根据“There are several different ways of getting points in rugby, so it’s a...exciting to watch.”可知，观看比赛总是令人兴奋的，用副词“always”作状语，故填(a)lways。
68．
句意：英格兰队教练看上去不太高兴。根据“The England coach didn’t look p...His team was losing by 7 points.”可知，他的队伍输了，所以教练不高兴，pleased“高兴的”符合语境，在句中作表语，故填(p)leased。
69．
句意：他带球跑，澳大利亚队员试图阻止他。根据“Then Dad grabbed my arm and pointed at one of the England players. He was running with the ball and the Australians were trying to s...him.”可知，澳大利亚队员试图阻止英国的队员进球，stop“阻止”符合语境，用于“try to do sth”短语中，故填(s)top。
70．
句意：越来越多的妇女开始从事像橄榄球、足球和高尔夫这样的运动。根据“With my dad’s help, I found a girls’ team nearby and next week I will begin rugby training.”可知，作者去参加了女子队，所以越来越多的女性开始从事像橄榄球、足球和高尔夫这样的运动，woman“女性”符合语境，根据“are”可知，此处应用复数形式，故填(w)omen。
十一、
Impatient people are often seen as proud and self-important. Being impatient can affect your relationships at work and at home negatively (有害地). People will sense anger from you and not like d71． with you if you are impatient. They might even come to avoid you completely. Impatient people are often seen as making quick decisions as they don’ t let people communicate fully or find out all the facts first. When you notice you are impatient, you can find some ways to overcome them. Here are two ways that may help you.
Because impatient people are often b72． and hate to waste time, they sometimes don’ t leave extra time for small mistakes. This means that, if they need to be somewhere, they are always doing other tasks t73． the last minute. They don’ t leave extra time in case a bus is late, they can’ t find their car keys or some other p74． appear. When you need to get somewhere, especially if it is somewhere important, give yourself some extra time. If you arrive early, you can relax or do something then.
Be prepared. If being hungry gets you impatient, keep a health bar with you at all times. If you hate sitting around waiting, see to some business on your phone or keep a book to read handy at all times. If you know that you might be s75． in traffic or wait at the airport, think about what you might need to pass the time. A game might be helpful or even something as s76． as a pen and paper to write a letter.
Sometimes patience is about changing our attitude to our place in the world. Don’ t believe that your time is more important than a77． else’ s. You can learn to control the emotions you feel when you are impatient and so become a person who is both easier to get on with and enjoys life more.
【答案】
71．discussing#dealing
72．busy
73．till
74．problems
75．stuck#stopped
76．simple
77．anyone#anybody
【分析】
本文主要阐述了没有耐心的人会有什么表现，以及这样的人应该如何克服这个问题。
71．
句意：如果你不耐烦，人们会感觉到你身上的怒气，就不喜欢和你交流/打交道。根据like doing sth.，可知此处填动名词形式；discuss with sb.意为“和某人讨论、交流”，deal with sb.意为“和某人打交道”，都符合语境，故填discussing/dealing。
72．
句意：因为没有耐心的人经常很忙、讨厌浪费时间，所以他们不会留出额外时间容错。此处需要形容词作表语，根据后文“they sometimes don’ t leave extra time for small mistakes”，可知他们时间宝贵，非常繁忙，busy意为“忙的”，符合语境，故填busy。
73．
句意：这意味着，如果他们需要去某处，他们总是在忙其他的工作直到最后一分钟。此处需要一个介词表时间，till意为“直到”，符合语境，故填till。
74．
句意：他们不会留出额外的时间以防公交车晚点、找不到车钥匙或其他问题可能出现。根据后文用动词原形，可知此处填名词复数。根据前文“in case a bus is late, they can’ t find their car keys”是在列举可能出现的问题，可知此处填problem“问题”符合语境，故填problems。
75．
句意：如果你知道自己可能会被困在车流中或要在机场等待，考虑一下你需要做什么来打发时间。be stuck in/be stopped in都可以表示“被困于某事”，符合语境，故填stuck/stopped。
76．
句意：玩游戏可能有帮助，或者甚至是简单的东西，例如可以写封信的一支笔和纸也行。as...as结构意为“和……一样……”，中间填形容词或副词原级，此处修饰名词pen和paper，可知填形容词。simple意为“简单的”，符合语境，故填simple。
77．
句意：不要觉得你的时间就比别人的更重要。anyone/anybody意为“任何人”，是复合不定代词，符合语境，故填anyone/anybody。
十二、
On my father’s birthday, my parents and I went out for dinner. The restaurant was brightly lit and very noisy, with lots of diners. Waiters move b78． between the tables.
We had just ordered our meals when suddenly all the lights in the restaurant went out. The place went completely dark. All the conversations in the restaurant s79． for a moment, and then everybody started talking together. “What’s happened to the lights ” “Ooh, it’s a blackout! ” Some people laughed, and other seemed a little w80．.
Then the restaurant manager came in, holding a candle. He spoke to all the diners, “Ladies and gentlemen, I am very sorry for this. Our power has gone out. The power has gone out across the whole neighborhood, and we don’t know when it will be restored. Please be p81．. Our waiters will bring candles so that you can continue with your evening.”
The waiters came in with lit candles and placed them on the tables.
One of the diners asked, “What about our meals ”
“Don’t worry, sir,” replied the manager. “Fortunately, we use gas in our kitchen, not e82．, so the chef can continue cooking all your meals. Once again, ladies and gentlemen, I a 83．.”
My father said to me, “let’s go out the street and take a look.”
He and I went out of the front door and looked up and down the street. Sure enough, it was in total darkness.
We went back in and sat at the table with my mother. Our faces were lit up by the candlelight. The waiter brought our meals and we started eating.
“You know, I don’t mind this at all.” said Dad. He looked around at the restaurant. “It’s quite pretty! And I feel s84．——I’m having a birthday dinner by candlelight!”
“You always look on the right side! ” said Mum. We all laughed.
【答案】
78．(b)usily
79．(s)topped
80．(w)orried
81．(p)atient
82．(e)lectricity
83．(a)pologize
84．(s)pecial
【分析】
本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了在父亲生日那天，他和父母出去吃晚饭。刚点了餐，餐厅里的灯因停电突然熄灭了。结果父亲一点也不介意，因为这是真正在烛光下吃的一顿生日晚餐。
78．
句意：服务员在桌子间忙来忙去。根据句子结构可知，空处的词是修饰动词，应是副词；根据首字母提示和句意，空处应是busily，忙碌地。故填(b)usily。
79．
句意：餐厅里所有的谈话都停了一会儿。根据句子结构可知，空处是句子的谓语动词；结合前句“The place went completely dark.”语境可知，空处应是stop，停止；句子是一般过去时，动词应用过去式stopped。故填(s)topped。
80．
句意：其他人似乎有点担心。根据前句“Some people laughed,”和首字母提示可知，空处应是worried，担心的。故填worried，担心的。故填(w)orried。
81．
句意：请耐心点。根据前句“The power has gone out across the whole neighborhood, and we don’t know when it will be restored.”语境和首字母提示可知，应是请求大家耐心点，故空处应是patient，耐心的，形容词。故填patient。故填(p)atient。
82．
句意：幸运的是，我们厨房里用的是煤气，而不是电，这样厨师就可以继续为你做饭了。根据前文因停电而灯突然熄灭的语境和首字母提示可知，空处应是electricity，电。故填(e)lectricity。
83．
句意：女士们先生们，我再次向你们道歉。根据前文停电语境和首字母提示可知，空处应是apologize，道歉；句子是一般现在时，主语“I”是第一人称，故动词应用原形。故填(a)pologize。
84．
句意：我觉得很特别——我要在烛光下吃生日晚餐！根据后句“I’m having a birthday dinner by candlelight!”和首字母提示，feel是系动词，后跟形容词，空处应是special，特别的。故填(s)pecial。
十三、
Stomach flu is a common disease. It spreads easily, which makes it hard to avoid. That’s e85． true if someone in your family has it. Stomach flu is caused by a virus, but not the same one that causes regular flu. Because it’s caused by a virus, there’s no medicine to make it go away. But there are some things you can do to avoid catching it.
You can p86． stomach flu by washing your hands often. Use hot water and soap, and spend time scrubbing. Using hand sanitizer is better than nothing, but it is not very effective against stomach flu. That’s because hand sanitizer mostly kills bacteria, not viruses.
The virus that causes stomach flu is hard to kill. Normal cleaners won’t always work. But cleaning your house can stop you from catching it. So put bleach (消毒水) and water together, and use that to clean surfaces. If someone in your family is sick, r87． to clean things that person has touched.
Dishwashers are better at killing viruses than washing dishes by hand. That’s because they keep dishes hotter for longer. Many viruses can stay a88． in your washing machine. So do laundry with hot water and use bleach, if possible. You may even want to run the washing machine with no clothes just hot water and bleach. This will kill any germs in it.
If you do get the stomach flu, drink as much water as possible. Other clear l89． are good, too. You probably won’t want to eat much. But when you do feel ready to eat, try bananas, rice, apple sauce or toast.
Once you’re feeling better, don’t return to work or school right away. You can s90． spread the disease for a few days after you feel better. If you have a fever, wait at least 24 hours after it ends before going out. This will help protect other people from getting sick.
Stomach flu is awful, but by f91． these tips, you can help stop it from spreading.
【答案】
85．(e)specially
86．(p)revent
87．(r)emember
88．(a)live
89．(l)iquids
90．(s)till
91．(f)ollowing
【分析】
本文是说明文，作者就如何避免感染肠胃流感给出了几点建议，指出遵循这些建议，可以帮助阻止它的传播。
85．
句意：如果你家里有人得了这种病，那就更是如此了。分析句子可知，本句需用副词修饰true；根据下文“if someone in your family has it”可知家里其他人也极有可能被传染；结合首字母提示，especially“尤其”符合语境，故填(e)specially。
86．
句意：你可以通过勤洗手来预防肠胃流感。本句缺谓语动词，根据下文介绍的方式，可知勤洗手能够预防肠胃流感；结合首字母提示，protect“保护”符合语境，故填(p)revent。
87．
句意：如果你的家人生病了，记得清洁他们接触过的东西。根据上文“If someone in your family is sick…to clean things that person has touched”可知这里是提醒对方清洁他们接触过的东西；结合首字母提示，remember“记得”用于提醒，这里是祈使句结构，故填(r)emember。
88．
句意：这是因为它们能延长洗碗时间很多病毒可以在洗衣机里存活。分析句子结构，stay在本句中作为持续系动词，后面加表语形容词；结合句意很多病毒可以在洗衣机里存活，所以用stay alive；结合首字母提示，alive符合语境，故选alive。
89．
句意：其他的透明液体也很好。clear清澈的/透明的，形容词修饰名词；根据上文“If you do get the stomach flu, drink as much water as possible”和首字母提示可知这里是说其他透明液体，liquid“液体”符合句意；由系动词are可知用复数名词，故填(l)iquids。
90．
句意：在你感觉好些后的几天里，你仍然可以传播这种疾病。分析句子成分可知本句缺副词，修饰动词spread。结合前一句“Once you’re feeling better, don’t return to work or school right away”可知肠胃炎病毒在患者感觉身体状况好转后仍有传播的可能；结合首字母提示，still“仍然”符合语境，故填(s)till。
91．
句意：肠胃流感是可怕的，但通过遵循这些建议，你可以帮助阻止它的传播。by通过，表方式；根据下文“you can help stop it from spreading”和首字母提示，可知follow“跟随”符合语境；介词by后接动名词，故填 (f)ollowing。
十四、
Can living a zero-waste lifestyle be true One New Yorker is proving it’s not only possible, but it looks fun as well.
The New Yorker, Ms. Singer didn’t grow up in a really “green” home. “My family isn’t like this at all,” she said. “They were the least f92． to environment ever.” The idea to have a no-waste life didn’t come to her mind until she learned environmental studies at university.
In 2013, Ms. Singer decided to c93． as little rubbish as possible. She liked going to the farmers’ market, where she began shopping by giving up packaging. She learned how to store food in her apartment to keep it f94． longer. All food she couldn’t finish went into a large bowl in her fridge, which she emptied once a week at her plants. She would r95． glass bottles to buy milk, beer and only buy other items that usually come in paper boxes. She also began to buy clothes at secondhand shops instead of buying new ones. Ms. Singer even began finding out how to make her own cleaning p96．, from toothpaste to house cleaner, from toilet paper to washing powder. She’s proudly living a no-waste life.
Bit by bit, Ms. Singer was h97． making any non-recyclable rubbish. In fact, every piece of rubbish she’s got over the last three years stays in a single jar. “It’s baby steps, one thing after another,” she said. After she had a quick reduction in her rubbish pile, she started a company. She and her staff travel around the world sharing her s98． and introducing her zero-waste lifestyle. Maybe, there will be more Singers all around the world.
【答案】
92．(f)riendly
93．(c)reate
94．(f)resh
95．(r)euse
96．(p)roducts
97．(h)ardly
98．(s)tory/(s)tories
【分析】
本文主要讲述了纽约人Singer女士零垃圾的生活方式的形成以及最后成立了公司并想把零垃圾的生活方式分享给其他人。
92．
句意：它们是有史以来对环境最不友好的。根据“Ms. Singer didn’t grow up in a really “green” home”及首字母，可知，这种对环境并不友好，friendly“友好的”符合，故填(f)riendly。
93．
句意：2013年，Singer女士决定尽可能少制造垃圾。根据“shopping by giving up packaging”可知，通过这些方式来尽可能少创造垃圾，create“创造”符合，decide to do sth“决定做某事”，故填(c)reate。
94．
句意：她学会了如何在自己的公寓里储存食物以使其更长久地保持新鲜。根据“how to store food”可知，如何将食物更长久地保鲜，fresh“新鲜的”符合，故填(f)resh。
95．
句意：她会重复使用玻璃瓶去买牛奶、啤酒，只买那些通常装在纸盒里的东西。根据“She would …glass bottles to buy milk”可知，重复利用玻璃瓶去买饮品，reuse“重复利用”，would后接动词原形，故填(r)euse。
96．
句意：Singer女士甚至开始研究如何制作自己的清洁产品。根据“from toothpaste to house cleaner, from toilet paper to washing powder”可知，开始研究制作自己的清洁产品，product表示“产品”，此处不止一个产品，所以用其复数形式，故填(p)roducts。
97．
句意：一点一点地，Singer女士几乎没有制造任何不可回收的垃圾。根据“In fact, every piece of rubbish she’s got over the last three years stays in a single jar”可知，几乎是没有制造任何不可回收的垃圾，hardly“几乎不”符合，故填(h)ardly。
98．
句意：她和她的员工在世界各地分享她的故事，介绍她的零浪费生活方式。根据“She and her staff travel around the world sharing her”及首字母，可知，到处分享她环保的故事，story“故事”符合，此处用单数名词或复数名词，故填(s)tory/(s)tories
十五、What is Earth Hour
Earth Hour is organized by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and it’s a big event usually at the end of March every year. On this evening, people ‘go dark’-that is, switch off lights in their homes, schools and businesses all at the same time for one hour.
Earth Hour started in Australia in 2007, when 2.2 million people in Sydney turned off all unnecessary lights for an hour. Since then it has grown into an i99． event, and many countries around the world have taken part. Famous buildings that have gone dark for Earth Hour i100． Buckingham Palace in London, the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the Forbidden City in Beijing and New York’s Empire State Building. Even astronauts on the Space Station have taken part by reducing their power use on the station, and Google has shown its s101． by making a dark homepage for the event.
What’s the idea b102． Earth Hour
The idea is to raise awareness of environmental issues and call for action to protect nature. It’s true that switching off the lights for just one hour saves only a small amount of power. But this is only the b103．.
On one level, joining in Earth Hour makes people think about the problem of environmental issues and what we can do in everyday life to protect nature. For example, eating less meat, using low-energy electrical items instead of high-energy o104． and using green forms of transport all help the planet.
But on another level, a large number of people all acting t105． sends a powerful message to governments and companies. It pushes them to take action on a large scale by considering green issues when making big decisions.
【答案】
99．international
100．include
101．support
102．behind
103．beginning
104．ones
105．together
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了由世界自然基金会组织的“地球一小时”活动，督促人们重视环境保护。
99．
句意：从那时起，它已发展成为一项国际活动，世界上许多国家都参加了。根据后句“and many countries around the world have taken part.”和首字母提示可知，空处应是international，国际的，形容词。故填international。
100．
句意：为“地球一小时”而陷入黑暗的著名建筑包括伦敦的白金汉宫、巴黎的埃菲尔铁塔、北京的紫禁城和纽约的帝国大厦。根据主语“Famous buildings”和宾语“Buckingham Palace in London, the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the Forbidden City in Beijing and New York’s Empire State Building”的关系和首字母提示可知，空处应是include，包括。动词；句子是一般现在时，主语是复数形式，故动词用原形即可。故填include。
101．
句意：而谷歌也为这一活动制作了一个黑暗的主页，以此表示支持。根据空后“by making a dark homepage for the event.”和首字母提示可知，空处应是support，支持，名词。故填support。
102．
句意：“地球一小时”背后的理念是什么？通读下文可知，此段写的是地球一小时这项活动的目的，结合语境和首字母提示，空处应是behind，在……后面，介词。故填behind。
103．
句意：但这仅仅是个开始。根据下文“On one level, joining in Earth Hour makes people think about the problem of environmental issues and what we can do in everyday life to protect nature.”语境和首字母提示可知，应是说节省少量的电力这只是一个开始，故空处应是beginning，开始，名词。故填beginning。
104．
句意：例如，少吃肉，用低能电器代替高能电器，使用绿色交通工具，这些都可以帮助这个星球。根据句意，空处的词应是代替复数名词electrical items，结合首字母提示，空处应是ones，代词。故填ones。
105．
句意：但在另一个层面上，大量的人一起行动，向政府和公司发出了强有力的信息。根据空后“sends a powerful message to governments and companies.”和首字母提示可推知，应是大量的人一起行动，故空处应是together，一起，副词。故填together。
十六、
Ask three people to look at a busy street corner t106． the same window and tell you what they see. Chances are that（可能）you will receive different answers. Each person sees the same scene, but each perceives（察觉）something d107． about it.
Perceiving goes on in our minds. Of the three people who look out of the window, one may say that he sees a policeman giving a driver a ticket. Another may say that he sees a boy selling newspapers to some passers﹣by. The t108． may tell you that he sees a woman trying to cross the street with four children. For perception（知觉）is the mind’s consideration of what the sense in this case our eyes tell us.
Many scientists today are working to determine just how a person experiences the world around him. Using a scientific approach, these scientists make many experiments in which they can c109． all of the factors（因素）. By m110． the results of the experiments, they are trying to find out what makes different people perceive t111． different things about the same v112． .
【答案】
106．(t)hrough
107．(d)ifferent
108．(t)hird
109．(c)ontrol
110．(m)easuring
111．(t)otally
112．(v)iew
【分析】
文章主要讲的是每个人看到相同的景象，却每个人察觉到不一样的东西，今天，许多科学家正在努力确定一个人是如何体验他周围的世界的。
106．
句意：让三个人透过同一扇窗户看一个繁忙的街角，然后告诉你他们看到了什么。根据句意，让三个人通过窗户看外面繁忙的街道，透过窗户往外看用through，结合空缺处，以t开头，可知需要填入through。故填(t)hrough。
107．
句意：每个人都看到同样的场景，但每个人对它的感知不同。根据句意，每个人看到的景色一致但是感受不同，由前面的“same”和后面的“but”转折可以看出是不同的。结合空缺处，以d开头，可知需要填入different。故填(d)ifferent。
108．
句意：第三个可能会告诉你，他看到一个女人试图带着四个孩子过马路。上文“Of the three people who look out of the window, one may say that he sees a policeman giving a driver a ticket. Another may say that he sees a boy selling newspapers to some passers﹣by.”说三个人向窗外看，第一个……，另一个……，因此这里应该是“第三个”；结合空缺处，以t开头，可知需要填入序数词third。故填(t)hird。
109．
句意：利用科学的方法，这些科学家做了许多实验，在这些实验中他们可以控制所有的因素。根据句意，科学家在他们能控制所有因素的前提下做了许多实验。结合空缺处，以c开头，可知需要填入一个动词，表示“控制”，用control。can后动词原形，用control。故填(c)ontrol。
110．
句意：通过测量实验结果，他们试图找出是什么让不同的人对相同的景色有完全不同的看法。 根据句意“通过测量实验结果”；再结合空缺处，以m开头，可知需要用固定结构by + doing。填入一个动词ing形式，表示“测量”，用measuring。故填(m)easuring。
111．
句意：通过测量实验结果，他们试图找出是什么让不同的人对相同的景色有完全不同的看法。 根据句意，他们试图去弄清楚什么使得人们对同样的景色感知完全不同；结合空缺处，以t开头，可知需要填入一个副词，表示“完全地”，用totally。故填(t)otally。
112．
句意：通过测量实验结果，他们试图找出是什么让不同的人对相同的景色有完全不同的看法。 根据“Each person sees the same scene”结合句意可知，此处应填scene的同义词，且是以v开头，可以用view表示“景色”；故填(v)iew。
十七、
在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺。每空格限填一词，首字母已给。
It’s 5:00 a.m.! A morming call wakes up Marco. He doesn’t get up so e113． at home in Los Angeles. Well, maybe to eat breakfast once in a while but never to herd (放牧) cows and sheep! But Marco isn’t at home. He is in Africa, on the grasslands of Kenya (肯尼亚). He is living with the herdsmen.
“Life is very different in Kenya. People live a p114． life here on the grasslands. They can’t afford TVs, cars or mobile phones. They make a living mainly by herding cows and sheep,” Marco says.
Marco’s trip to Africa isn’t a h115．. It’s part of the school project for biology course at Sunshine School. The school hopes the students will have more life experiences. They have never been to Africa. Kenya is a country which is c116． new to the students from Los Angeles. When the students get there, they put on local clothing. Boys herd cows. Girls collect firewood and water. Families depend on their cows. As a result, the herdsmen and the students have to m117． from one area to another so that the cows have more grass to eat.
Now in Los Angeles, Kenya is on the minds of the students at Sunshine School all year. Disasters have killed many cows in Kenya, so the students decide to raise money to b118． cows for the local people. Each cow costs about $100. “One cow means more to the health of a family than money,” says Marco. “Here we are really giving life. A cow will give a kid milk every day.”
The school wants to give the students a different way of thinking. Helping the herdsmen in Kenya is just the first s119．. Next, the students will try to discover ways to give a hand to those in Los Angeles who need help.
【答案】
113．(e)arly
114．(p)oor
115．(h)oliday
116．(c)ompletely
117．(m)ove
118．(b)uy
119．(s)tep
【分析】
本文讲述了洛杉矶阳光学校生物课程项目的一部分，学生去非洲进行生活体验。文中讲述了学生在那里的体验。
113．
句意：他在洛杉矶的家里没有起得那么早。根据“It’s 5:00 a.m.!”可知，此处是早上5点，因此表示很早，early早的，故填early。
114．
句意：草原上的人们过着贫穷的生活。根据后文的“They can’t afford TVs, cars or mobile phones.”可知，他们买不起电视、汽车或手机，因此他们过着贫穷的生活，poor贫穷的，是形容词，修饰名词life，用形容词，故填poor。
115．
句意：马可的非洲之行不是度假。根据后文的“It’s part of the school project for biology course at Sunshine School.”和首字母h可知，这是阳光学校生物课程项目的一部分，因此不是假期，holiday假期，有不定冠词a修饰，用单数名词，故填holiday。
116．
句意：肯尼亚对来自洛杉矶的学生来说是一个全新的国家。根据前文的“They have never been to Africa.”可知，他们从没有去过非洲，因此肯尼亚对他们来说是一个全新的国家，修饰形容词new，用副词，completely完全地，是副词，故填completely。
117．
句意：因此，牧民和学生不得不从一个地区迁移到另一个地区，以便牛有更多的草吃。根据“from one area to another”可知，此处表示从一个地区搬到另一个地区，move搬动，迁移，位于情态动词have to后，作谓语，用动词原形，故填move。
118．
句意：灾难已经在肯尼亚杀死了许多牛，所以学生们决定筹集资金为当地人民买牛。buy sth for sth给某人买某物，此处表示目的，因此用动词不定式，故填buy。
119．
句意：帮助肯尼亚的牧民只是第一步。根据后文的“Next, the students will try to discover ways to give a hand to those in Los Angeles who need help.”可知，此处表示步骤，step步骤，故填step。
十八、
Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words. (在短文的空格内填入恰当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给)
With such a large rise on mobile phone users around the world over the last 10 years, many people are w120． about possible health problems. For some time, scientists have been thinking that mobile phones could lead to cancer. But so far, there is no strong evidence for this.
The Norwegian Institute of Public Health and the UK’S Health Protection Agency both released some studies last year. They said that there was no l121． found between mobile phone radiation(辐射) and cancer.
However, many mobile phone users often complain about headaches, dizziness and even feeling sick. Last October, a court case in Italy said that heavy mobile usage had c122． brain cancer in one man. He had used a mobile phone up to six hours a day for 12 years.
But the biggest problem with research now is that it is too early conclusions. Mobile phones have only been w123． used since the 1990s, and cancers can take many years to develop.
A124． we still don’t know whether using mobile phones can lead to cancer, we should try to use our phones safely. Here are some tips:
※ Use a headset or speaker. Headsets give out much less radiation than phones. Some wireless headsets give out low-level radiation. However, you should take off your headset when you’re not talking to anyone. Using a phone with a speaker will also make it s125． .
※Listen more, talk less. Your phone gives out radiation when you talk or text, buy not when you’re listening or getting messages.
※ Hold more, talk less. Your phone gives out radiation when you talk or text, but not when you’re listening or getting messages.
※Choose texting over talking. Phones give out less radiation when sending texts than when making calls. Texting also keeps radiation away from your head.
【答案】
120．(w)orried
121．(l)ink
122．(c)aused
123．(w)idely
124．(A)lthough
125．(s)afer
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。主要讲了无论手机是否会导致癌症，我们都应该尽量安全使用手机。
120．
句意：许多人担心可能出现的健康问题。根据“For some time, scientists have been thinking that mobile phones could lead to cancer.”可知，应该是人们担忧可能出现的健康问题，结合首字母提示，be worried about“担心”，worried符合句意。故填(w)orried。
121．
句意：他们说，手机辐射和癌症之间没有关联。根据“was no”可知，此空需要一个名词单数形式；再者根据“But so far, there is no strong evidence for this.”可知，手机辐射和癌症之间没有关联，结合首字母提示，link符合句意。故填(l)ink。
122．
句意：去年10月，意大利的一个法庭案件称，大量使用手机导致一名男子患上脑癌。根据“had”可知，此空需要一个过去分词；再者根据“He had used a mobile phone up to six hours a day for 12 years.”可知，大量使用手机导致一名男子患上脑癌，结合首字母提示，caused符合句意。故填(c)aused。
123．
句意：手机直到20世纪90年代才被广泛使用，而癌症可能需要很多年的发展。根据“have only been...used”可知，此空需要一个副词修饰动词；再者根据“since the 1990s”可知，应该是说手机直到20世纪90年代才被广泛使用，结合首字母提示，widely符合句意。故填(w)idely。
124．
句意：虽然我们仍然不知道使用手机是否会导致癌症，但我们应该尽量安全使用手机。根据“we still don’t know whether using mobile phones can lead to cancer”和“we should try to use our phones safely.”关系可知，前后两句是转折关系，结合首字母提示，Although符合句意。故填(A)lthough。
125．
句意：使用带扬声器的电话也会更安全。根据“make it”可知，此空需要一个形容词作宾语补足语；再者根据“Using a phone with a speaker”可知，使用带扬声器的电话也会更安全，结合首字母提示，safer符合句意。故填(s)afer。
十九、Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words(在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给)
In 1997, Lottie Williams was walking through a park in Oklahoma, in the US, with her friends. Suddenly something tapped her on the shoulder and fell to the ground. She picked the object up. It was about as h126． as an empty soda can. Later scientists told her it was a piece of a Delta H rocket that had been used to launch a satellite.
Many countries around the world have sent satellites into space. We need satellites to send and r127． TV and radio signals, to report the weather and for many other things. But when they become old or they break down or we don’t need them anymore, we jus第05讲 首字母解题技巧及专练20篇
【学习目标】
1、掌握上海中考首字母常考题型
2、了解首字母解题技巧
3、完成精选的20篇专项训练
【基础知识】
1、本节内容
首字母解题技巧
首字母填空解题技巧：
1. 跳过空格，通读短文，了解大意。
2. 复读短文，确定语义，判断句子成分。
3.判断空格单词在句子成分里的词性，缩小范围。
4.联系上下文，找关键信息推测出答案。
5.通读短文，检查答案。注意时态，语法，以及词性等问题。
中考考察要点分析：
上海市五年中考试卷首字母填空考查要点统计发现
考查重点是名词、动词、形容词、副词和代词这几大词类。
解题技巧详解
（一） 从词性考查角度分析：
1. 名词：单复数形式, 所有格的用法
September 10th is Teachers’ Day.
In autumn after a strong wind, the ground is often covered with fallen leaves.
2. 动词：时态，语态的变化
We could not run faster than cheetahs,so we invented cars and now we can move the fastest.
When you laugh ,you will open your mouth and your teeth.
3. 形容词、副词：比较等级的用法
Last Sunday，we played happily in the park, though we were very tired.
Summer is the hottest season of the year.
4. 代词：单复数 人称代词 反身代词 指示代词 关系代词 不定代词 等的用法
Help yourself to some fish，Jim.
Mrs Green said to the twins .”Help yourselves to some fish please. ”
This book belongs to Mary. It is hers.
5. 连词：并列与从属连词的用法
For years, we played other people’s songs, but now we play mostly our own songs.
She didn’t go to school yesterday ,because she was ill.
（二） 从句子成分角度分析
句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，
状语，表语、同位语等。
(1)对主语的判断：做主语词性主要为：名词，代词，动名词。
此外，形容词前加the也可作主语。
eg: The rich are not always happy. 句中the rich 指“有钱人”，因此可以作主语。
(2) 对谓语的判断：做谓语词性主要为：动词。要注意时态和语态的问题。
时态:
1. 一般现在时：要考虑动词的三单形式
2. 一般过去时：要考虑动词的过去式
3. 现在进行时,考虑动词的现在分词形式
4. 现在完成时：要考虑动词的过去分词的形式
(3) 对宾语的判断:做宾语词性主要为：主要为名词或代词。
(4) 对表语的判断:做表语词性主要为：形容词，名词, 介词短语。如果是动词的适当形式作表语，动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。
(5) 对定语的判断:做定语词性主要为：形容词，序数词，介词短语。如果是动词的适当形式作定语，动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。
(6) 对状语的判断:做状语词性主要为：副词，介词。如果是动词的适当形式作状语，动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。
(7) 对连词的判断:
分析：在英语中, 并列连词and, but, or, so , not only…but also, either …or, neither…nor, as well as, both… and等连接并列的词,词组和句子; 而从属连词则连接主句与从句。
（三） 其他做题思路：
（1） 依据习惯用法与固定搭配进行填词：
如:W his help, the old man was safe. The boy thanked him very much.
从句意我们就知道是“在他的帮助下”， with his help.
（2） 依据语法知识进行填词：
如:It was a l earlier.
从句中的earlier可以看出它是比较级,修饰形容词比较级有前面有a,那肯定就是little.
（3） 依据常识的积累进行填词：
如:But it was too late. His friend was very angry. Mr. White said nothing but only one word “S .” Mr. White迟到了，他的朋友很生气，他什么都没说，只说了一个字“S .”
我们根据常识肯定是向他的朋友道歉，所以肯定填sorry.
（4）依据逻辑推理与句意理解进行填词：
如： One Sunday afternoon, Mr. White drove his new car to his friend’s house happily. He wanted to p his friend up at five and then went to see a new movie together.
根据句意，Mr. White高兴地开着车去他的朋友家，然后一起去看电影，我们可以进行逻辑推理，他肯定是去接他的朋友，所以填pick.
【真题演练】
一、短文首字母填空
Tourism has become a huge industry. Tourists make millions of foreign trips a year, twice as m1． as 20 years ago. It’s now the largest employer on Earth. Clearly, it can do great good, but it can also do great damage.
It’s true that tourism has brought benefits to many areas of the world that were very poor. However, mass tourism also has some bad e2．. Local culture and customs change as more tourists arrive. Too much tourism damages the environment. And more and more tourists are behaving badly.
Complaints from local people are growing. In cities such as Barcelona or Venice residents say that too many tourists arrive on cruise ships（游抡）. As a result, town centres are overcrowded. They tell stories about n3． parties that keep people awake all night. In famous beauty spots, where tourist money was welcomed, people are now worried about the damage tourists do to the environment.
Of course, many tourists enjoy the benefits of tourism in a responsible way. They choose holidays that support the local economy and they respect the local culture and the environment. Environmentally friendly tourism, or eco-tourism, is becoming more p4．.
Responsible tourist behaviour is necessary, but it isn't enough to solve the problem. Many people now believe that governments should control how many visitors enter their country. They believe they should l5． the number of cruise ships that use their ports and should not allow too many hotel developments.
U6．, governments are in a difficult situation. Tourism brings in a lot of money and this helps them i7． life for the local people. However, some governments are beginning to understand that too much tourism can be bad for the local population and the environment. They’ve taken some measures to promote environmentally friendly tourism. There may still be hope.
二、
Read the comments about changes in the future. How much do you agree with them
The days, some people work at home one or two days a week instead of going to an office every day. I think in the future a lot more people will work from home all the time. And the number of offices will decrease. It’s sad, because people will lose most of their s8． skills like the ability to connect to others.
There won’t be any paper books in the future. They might disappear c9．. If you want to read books, you will have to download them to a portable e-reader. It will hold hundreds of your favourtie books. Some e-readers might also be waterproof. So you can use them when you are having a bath or a s10．!
I think the number of people on the planet will continue to i11．. There’ll be less space, so we’ll need to change the way we live. Maybe we’ll live underground, or maybe lots of people will live together in a single house. It’s horrible! Life will definitely get w12． than it is now!
Our house might be s13． in the future. If there’s an emergency, it will automatically send a message to the police or call for an ambulance. Our house might also control the heating and the air-conditioning, so we’ll never feel too hot or too cold.
Driverless cars are a new thing at the moment, but I think in the future it will be common to have one. I think it’ll be a good and safe thing, because we won’t have so many road a14．. Maybe we will stop using petrol, too. That would be good.
三、
No matter how old we are, camping in our backyard is really fun. Families like it when they are on holidays because it is easy and inexpensive. It is great to keep us r15． and frees us from busy study and work. It offers chances for us to invite friends and relatives who might not fit inside the house. All of us can get close to nature and check the night sky. Follow these i16． and you will have a night you never forget!
Put up your tent
Depending on the number of family members and g17．, you may need more than one tent. Tell your friends to bring their tents if needed. Check out the articles or search online for some videos on how put up a tent.
Prepare your bedding
If you want to enjoy yourselves and stay comfortably inside the tent, put something soft to l18． on. A blow-up air mattress(充气床垫)may work well. Fill the tent with cloth toys and blankets. Have lightweight sleeping bags or cotton blankets. They are a19． necessary if you live where the night temperatures drop greatly.
Prepare a seating area
If you have a picnic table, that will work best. If not, set up a few chairs and a small table for food and drinks. A simple choice is to spread a blanket in the sun so that your friends can eat and talk. Be sure the grass isn’t w20．.
Plan activities and make m21．
Plan some activities. You can raise your voice with traditional camping songs that most kids learn in school. Just be careful not to wake up the neighbors. Telling stories is full of fun as well. Have a camera nearby to take silly photos of you, your family members and friends. Take one large group shot with everyone smiling and laughing. Be sure to make copies for everyone!
【过关检测】
四、
One day Sam and Jerry were going home from school. When on turning a corner, Sam cried out, “A fight! Let us go and see!”
“No,” said Jerry, “let us go quietly home! We have nothing to do with it and may get into t22．. ”
“You are a coward (胆小鬼) and afraid to go,” said Sam, and off he ran.
Jerry went s23． home, and in the afternoon went to school as usual. But Sam had told all the boys that Jerry was a coward, and they laughed at him a lot. Jerry had learned that sometimes it’s unnecessary to a24． with others and that he ought to be afraid of nothing but doing wrong.
A few days later, Sam was swimming with some schoolmates and suddenly he felt a sharp pain in the leg. He struggled and screamed for help, but there was no r25．. The boys who had called Jerry a coward got out of the water as fast as they could, but they did not even try to help him.
Sam was fast sinking when Jerry threw off his clothes and sprang into the water. He r26． Sam just as he was sinking the last time. With great e27． and with much danger to himself, he brought Sam to the shore and thus saved his life.
Sam and his schoolmates were s28． to call Jerry a coward. They finally realized that he was braver than any of them. Never be afraid to do good, but always fear to do evil.
五、
What is laughter
Laughter is natural for people. We start to laugh at about four months of age. We start to laugh even before we start to speak!
Laughter is social. It connects us with other people. We laugh more when we are with other people. Studies find that we are 30 times more likely to laugh with others than when we are a29．. When one person laughs, other people begin to laugh, too.
It is difficult to pretend. Laughter is h30．. Try to laugh right now. It’s difficult, isn’t it When people pretend to laugh, most people know it’s not real. Studies show that people don’t like the sound of fake(虚假的) laughter.
When do people laugh
Only 10 to 20 percent of laughter is about something funny. Most laughter is about being friendly with other people. Most laughter says “I don’t want to compete with you. I like to be with you.” This kind of laughter brings people t31．.
We often laugh when we feel n32．. At the beginning of the meeting, someone often tells a joke. It’s usually a small joke, but we laugh a lot. Our laughter helps us relax.
What is funny
Some things are funny because we don’t e33． them. When a joke begins, we already have an idea about the end. We think we know the end, but then the joke ends in a different way. The end of the joke surprises us. It makes us laugh.
Silly things are sometimes funny. We laugh at jokes about people and their m34． because we know something they don’t know. We think we are better than they are.
Not everyone has the same sense of humor(幽默感). Some people think a joke is funny, but other people don’t think so. People have different idea about what is funny. For young children, the world is new. Many things surprise them, so they laugh a lot. Teenagers often worry about what others think of them. They laugh to p35． themselves. Teenagers laugh when they feel embarrassed. Adults laugh at things that give them stress. Our reasons for laughter change over time.
六、
Anna Du was walking along the beach when she noticed plastics there. She reached down to pick them up, and quickly realized there were many more tiny pieces than she could deal with. It seemed i36． to clean them all up.
Du, 12 years old at the time, tired to solve the problem like any good scientist-first, by doing a littler r37．. She conducted surveys and searched for information. That’s how she learned that 8 million tons of plastics end up in the oceans every year.
Then she got to work building something that could help solve the problem: a remote-operated vehicle (遥控潜水器)—ROV, Her ROV can move through water and find plastics on the ocean floor.
The actually cool part of Du’s ROV is the detection (探测) system. She uses a c38． along with three different kinds of light to find the plastics through pictures. She also uses visible (可见的) light to find unnatural colors that might make the plastics stand out.
“She has a very good engineering sense to break down a problem like this and then go after it,” says engineer Casey Machado, “It sounds s39．, but it’s a level of thinking that’s really difficult.”
Do started attending public events and workshops at a university when she was five years old, and so she picked up the engineering skills necessary to build her ROV. She says actually getting her ROV to move through water well was not easy. She f40． many times, but she never gave up trying and testing.
When asked about future plans, she said that she wanted to address the effects of climate (气候) change. “I think there are a lot of problems that could be solved with new i41．.” says Du.
Du thanks her parents, who for years have taken her to student outreach activities, for supporting her interest in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). She says she has been able to meet students and scientists there.
“I know I want to be an engineer because I like building things to help solve world problems,” says Du. “But I’m not sure what kind of engineer I want to be yet.”
L42．, she has plenty of time to figure that out at her age.
七、
Which is more important to our lives, the Internet or the washing machine Many of us might answer, “The Internet !” The Internet helps us gather information. It allows us to see our friends in real time.
However, Ha-joo-chang, a professor at Cambridge University, doesn’t a43．. He believes the washing machine has changed the world more than the Internet. That sounds strange, but Chang is not a44．. Many experts have called the washing machine the greatest invention of the 20th century. Why
Let’s be h45．: How many of us love to do the laundry (洗衣机) It seems the cycle of washing, drying and ironing never ends. It’s so tiring and boring.
However, before the washing machine was invented, women often had to spend lots of time washing clothes. Many of them suffered from back p46．.
The washing machine freed from the laundry. Many women found they had enough time to enter the labor market. As a result, the social status of women began to change. Today, most women can make an i47． living. They don’t have to rely on men any longer.
To better understand the influence of washing machines, we can look at societies w48． them. In many African countries, doing the laundry takes women six hours a day, Women there h49． have time to work or start a business. It is difficult for them to find a way out of poverty. Perhaps things will be a lot different if they have washing machines.
We often take the washing machine for granted. But these machines do play an important role in our lives. They have greatly changed the world.
八、
The “Double Eleven” Shopping Festival is one of the largest shopping festivals in China. Last year, the festival went on for eleven days. Alibaba alone saw 498.2 billion yuan in trade.
Many people believe such large shopping festivals can help them s50． lots of money. After all, many stores do discount (打折) their goods. But if you take a second look at the sale prices, you’ll find that many of them end in “9” or “.99”. In our everyday life, we r51． say “Just give me 5.99 minutes”, it’s not common to say “Just give me 59 minutes”, either. We are more likely to say “Just give me six minutes” and “Just give me 60 minutes”. Why do stores prefer the other way round
According to Lee E. Hibbett, a professor of marketing, this pricing strategy(策略) has been around for about a century. No one knows who invented it. However, stores all like it. Prices that end in “.99” and “9” simply get more customers.
The strategy (策略) is based on the f52． that we read from left to right. On a price tag (标签), the number on the far left impresses us the most. So, even though 5.99 dollars is pretty c53． to 6 dollars, it’s the “5” that impresses us most. A product that sells for 5.99 dollars just seems like a better deal than a similar one that sells for 6 dollars.
In a 2016 study, Hibbett, a professor of marketing asked a clothing company to r54． the price of one of its dresses. He and his workmates all thought fewer people would buy the dress. The result, however, s55． them. Demand (需求) increased by a third. Increasing the price from $34 to $44 made no difference at all.
So be c56． with prices that end in “9” or “.99”. They may make you spend more money!
九、
Darius and Johntel have a lot in common. They both like basketball and are both captains of their school teams. Last month, they played a basketball game. Just hours b57． the match, Johntel’s mother lost her battle with cancer(癌症)suddenly. Johntel’s coach wanted to call off the game. But Johntel suggested the game should be played, so with h58． hearts his teammates prepared to play.
What they weren’t prepared for was Johntel’s appearance in the gym. The moment they saw him, the players and f59． came to offer him love and support. Johntel wanted to play. Of course his teammates were happy to have him. But Johntel wasn’t on the pre-game list. If they put him in the game, they would r60． a technical foul(技术犯规) and the other team would get two free throws. Johntel’s coach accepted that and encouraged Johntel to play. He could see that this was the boy’s w61． of dealing with his pain -- the point was not important.
The other team told the referees(裁判) to let Johntel play and forget the rule. But the referees said that a rule is a rule. Then Darius volunteered to take the free throws. He just shot the ball carelessly t62． . It meant he gave up two points. All the people were moved by his behavior.“I did it for the guy who lost his mon” Darius said after the game. “It was the right thing to do.”
Johntel’s team got a 15-point v63． at last. But the players of the two teams won the same cheering. “This is an unforgettable experience for these kids.” Darius’s coach said.
十、
在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其通顺。
I’m not normally a lucky person, but I entered a competition last month to win tickets for a rugby match at Twickenham. Two weeks ago, I was finishing my homework when my phone rang. I was one of the competition w64．. No way! I couldn’t believe it! A few days later, I was sitting on a train with my dad. We were on our way to London.
When we arrived, I was amazed. I knew Twickenham was the largest rugby stadium in the world, but it’s h65．-there’s enough room for 8,200 supporters. At the entrance we met Martin-our guide for the day. He showed us around the stadium and the museum. We learnt that the stadium is over 100 years old.
Before there was a stadium there, people g66． cabbages on the land, so it’s also known as “the Cabbage Patch”.
Next, Martin took us to our seats and the view was amazing. While we were waiting for the match to start, a band started playing and a group of dancers appeared. At 2:30, the match started. There are several different ways of getting points in rugby, so it’s a67． exciting to watch. After 40 minutes, it was half-time. The Australians were playing really well and they were winning 13-6. The England coach didn’t look p68．. His team was losing by 7 points.
England began the second half well. Then Dad grabbed my arm and pointed at one of the England players. He was running with the ball and the Australians were trying to s69． him. He scored and the crowd went crazy! At full-time, England beat Australia 20-13. I was really happy!
From that moment, I knew I wanted to play rugby, but there’s only a boys’ team at my school. With my dad’s help, I found a girls’ team nearby and next week I will begin rugby training. My friends Ali and Matt think I’m mad, but I think they are old-fashioned. More and more w70． are beginning to take up sports like rugby, football and golf. Who knows Maybe one day I’ll play for England at Twickenham.
十一、
Impatient people are often seen as proud and self-important. Being impatient can affect your relationships at work and at home negatively (有害地). People will sense anger from you and not like d71． with you if you are impatient. They might even come to avoid you completely. Impatient people are often seen as making quick decisions as they don’ t let people communicate fully or find out all the facts first. When you notice you are impatient, you can find some ways to overcome them. Here are two ways that may help you.
Because impatient people are often b72． and hate to waste time, they sometimes don’ t leave extra time for small mistakes. This means that, if they need to be somewhere, they are always doing other tasks t73． the last minute. They don’ t leave extra time in case a bus is late, they can’ t find their car keys or some other p74． appear. When you need to get somewhere, especially if it is somewhere important, give yourself some extra time. If you arrive early, you can relax or do something then.
Be prepared. If being hungry gets you impatient, keep a health bar with you at all times. If you hate sitting around waiting, see to some business on your phone or keep a book to read handy at all times. If you know that you might be s75． in traffic or wait at the airport, think about what you might need to pass the time. A game might be helpful or even something as s76． as a pen and paper to write a letter.
Sometimes patience is about changing our attitude to our place in the world. Don’ t believe that your time is more important than a77． else’ s. You can learn to control the emotions you feel when you are impatient and so become a person who is both easier to get on with and enjoys life more.
十二、
On my father’s birthday, my parents and I went out for dinner. The restaurant was brightly lit and very noisy, with lots of diners. Waiters move b78． between the tables.
We had just ordered our meals when suddenly all the lights in the restaurant went out. The place went completely dark. All the conversations in the restaurant s79． for a moment, and then everybody started talking together. “What’s happened to the lights ” “Ooh, it’s a blackout! ” Some people laughed, and other seemed a little w80．.
Then the restaurant manager came in, holding a candle. He spoke to all the diners, “Ladies and gentlemen, I am very sorry for this. Our power has gone out. The power has gone out across the whole neighborhood, and we don’t know when it will be restored. Please be p81．. Our waiters will bring candles so that you can continue with your evening.”
The waiters came in with lit candles and placed them on the tables.
One of the diners asked, “What about our meals ”
“Don’t worry, sir,” replied the manager. “Fortunately, we use gas in our kitchen, not e82．, so the chef can continue cooking all your meals. Once again, ladies and gentlemen, I a 83．.”
My father said to me, “let’s go out the street and take a look.”
He and I went out of the front door and looked up and down the street. Sure enough, it was in total darkness.
We went back in and sat at the table with my mother. Our faces were lit up by the candlelight. The waiter brought our meals and we started eating.
“You know, I don’t mind this at all.” said Dad. He looked around at the restaurant. “It’s quite pretty! And I feel s84．——I’m having a birthday dinner by candlelight!”
“You always look on the right side! ” said Mum. We all laughed.
十三、
Stomach flu is a common disease. It spreads easily, which makes it hard to avoid. That’s e85． true if someone in your family has it. Stomach flu is caused by a virus, but not the same one that causes regular flu. Because it’s caused by a virus, there’s no medicine to make it go away. But there are some things you can do to avoid catching it.
You can p86． stomach flu by washing your hands often. Use hot water and soap, and spend time scrubbing. Using hand sanitizer is better than nothing, but it is not very effective against stomach flu. That’s because hand sanitizer mostly kills bacteria, not viruses.
The virus that causes stomach flu is hard to kill. Normal cleaners won’t always work. But cleaning your house can stop you from catching it. So put bleach (消毒水) and water together, and use that to clean surfaces. If someone in your family is sick, r87． to clean things that person has touched.
Dishwashers are better at killing viruses than washing dishes by hand. That’s because they keep dishes hotter for longer. Many viruses can stay a88． in your washing machine. So do laundry with hot water and use bleach, if possible. You may even want to run the washing machine with no clothes just hot water and bleach. This will kill any germs in it.
If you do get the stomach flu, drink as much water as possible. Other clear l89． are good, too. You probably won’t want to eat much. But when you do feel ready to eat, try bananas, rice, apple sauce or toast.
Once you’re feeling better, don’t return to work or school right away. You can s90． spread the disease for a few days after you feel better. If you have a fever, wait at least 24 hours after it ends before going out. This will help protect other people from getting sick.
Stomach flu is awful, but by f91． these tips, you can help stop it from spreading.
十四、
Can living a zero-waste lifestyle be true One New Yorker is proving it’s not only possible, but it looks fun as well.
The New Yorker, Ms. Singer didn’t grow up in a really “green” home. “My family isn’t like this at all,” she said. “They were the least f92． to environment ever.” The idea to have a no-waste life didn’t come to her mind until she learned environmental studies at university.
In 2013, Ms. Singer decided to c93． as little rubbish as possible. She liked going to the farmers’ market, where she began shopping by giving up packaging. She learned how to store food in her apartment to keep it f94． longer. All food she couldn’t finish went into a large bowl in her fridge, which she emptied once a week at her plants. She would r95． glass bottles to buy milk, beer and only buy other items that usually come in paper boxes. She also began to buy clothes at secondhand shops instead of buying new ones. Ms. Singer even began finding out how to make her own cleaning p96．, from toothpaste to house cleaner, from toilet paper to washing powder. She’s proudly living a no-waste life.
Bit by bit, Ms. Singer was h97． making any non-recyclable rubbish. In fact, every piece of rubbish she’s got over the last three years stays in a single jar. “It’s baby steps, one thing after another,” she said. After she had a quick reduction in her rubbish pile, she started a company. She and her staff travel around the world sharing her s98． and introducing her zero-waste lifestyle. Maybe, there will be more Singers all around the world.
十五、What is Earth Hour
Earth Hour is organized by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and it’s a big event usually at the end of March every year. On this evening, people ‘go dark’-that is, switch off lights in their homes, schools and businesses all at the same time for one hour.
Earth Hour started in Australia in 2007, when 2.2 million people in Sydney turned off all unnecessary lights for an hour. Since then it has grown into an i99． event, and many countries around the world have taken part. Famous buildings that have gone dark for Earth Hour i100． Buckingham Palace in London, the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the Forbidden City in Beijing and New York’s Empire State Building. Even astronauts on the Space Station have taken part by reducing their power use on the station, and Google has shown its s101． by making a dark homepage for the event.
What’s the idea b102． Earth Hour
The idea is to raise awareness of environmental issues and call for action to protect nature. It’s true that switching off the lights for just one hour saves only a small amount of power. But this is only the b103．.
On one level, joining in Earth Hour makes people think about the problem of environmental issues and what we can do in everyday life to protect nature. For example, eating less meat, using low-energy electrical items instead of high-energy o104． and using green forms of transport all help the planet.
But on another level, a large number of people all acting t105． sends a powerful message to governments and companies. It pushes them to take action on a large scale by considering green issues when making big decisions.
十六、
Ask three people to look at a busy street corner t106． the same window and tell you what they see. Chances are that（可能）you will receive different answers. Each person sees the same scene, but each perceives（察觉）something d107． about it.
Perceiving goes on in our minds. Of the three people who look out of the window, one may say that he sees a policeman giving a driver a ticket. Another may say that he sees a boy selling newspapers to some passers﹣by. The t108． may tell you that he sees a woman trying to cross the street with four children. For perception（知觉）is the mind’s consideration of what the sense in this case our eyes tell us.
Many scientists today are working to determine just how a person experiences the world around him. Using a scientific approach, these scientists make many experiments in which they can c109． all of the factors（因素）. By m110． the results of the experiments, they are trying to find out what makes different people perceive t111． different things about the same v112． .
十七、
在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺。每空格限填一词，首字母已给。
It’s 5:00 a.m.! A morming call wakes up Marco. He doesn’t get up so e113． at home in Los Angeles. Well, maybe to eat breakfast once in a while but never to herd (放牧) cows and sheep! But Marco isn’t at home. He is in Africa, on the grasslands of Kenya (肯尼亚). He is living with the herdsmen.
“Life is very different in Kenya. People live a p114． life here on the grasslands. They can’t afford TVs, cars or mobile phones. They make a living mainly by herding cows and sheep,” Marco says.
Marco’s trip to Africa isn’t a h115．. It’s part of the school project for biology course at Sunshine School. The school hopes the students will have more life experiences. They have never been to Africa. Kenya is a country which is c116． new to the students from Los Angeles. When the students get there, they put on local clothing. Boys herd cows. Girls collect firewood and water. Families depend on their cows. As a result, the herdsmen and the students have to m117． from one area to another so that the cows have more grass to eat.
Now in Los Angeles, Kenya is on the minds of the students at Sunshine School all year. Disasters have killed many cows in Kenya, so the students decide to raise money to b118． cows for the local people. Each cow costs about $100. “One cow means more to the health of a family than money,” says Marco. “Here we are really giving life. A cow will give a kid milk every day.”
The school wants to give the students a different way of thinking. Helping the herdsmen in Kenya is just the first s119．. Next, the students will try to discover ways to give a hand to those in Los Angeles who need help.
十八、
Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words. (在短文的空格内填入恰当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给)
With such a large rise on mobile phone users around the world over the last 10 years, many people are w120． about possible health problems. For some time, scientists have been thinking that mobile phones could lead to cancer. But so far, there is no strong evidence for this.
The Norwegian Institute of Public Health and the UK’S Health Protection Agency both released some studies last year. They said that there was no l121． found between mobile phone radiation(辐射) and cancer.
However, many mobile phone users often complain about headaches, dizziness and even feeling sick. Last October, a court case in Italy said that heavy mobile usage had c122． brain cancer in one man. He had used a mobile phone up to six hours a day for 12 years.
But the biggest problem with research now is that it is too early conclusions. Mobile phones have only been w123． used since the 1990s, and cancers can take many years to develop.
A124． we still don’t know whether using mobile phones can lead to cancer, we should try to use our phones safely. Here are some tips:
※ Use a headset or speaker. Headsets give out much less radiation than phones. Some wireless headsets give out low-level radiation. However, you should take off your headset when you’re not talking to anyone. Using a phone with a speaker will also make it s125． .
※Listen more, talk less. Your phone gives out radiation when you talk or text, buy not when you’re listening or getting messages.
※ Hold more, talk less. Your phone gives out radiation when you talk or text, but not when you’re listening or getting messages.
※Choose texting over talking. Phones give out less radiation when sending texts than when making calls. Texting also keeps radiation away from your head.
十九、Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words(在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给)
In 1997, Lottie Williams was walking through a park in Oklahoma, in the US, with her friends. Suddenly something tapped her on the shoulder and fell to the ground. She picked the object up. It was about as h126． as an empty soda can. Later scientists told her it was a piece of a Delta H rocket that had been used to launch a satellite.
Many countries around the world have sent satellites into space. We need satellites to send and r127． TV and radio signals, to report the weather and for many other things. But when they become old or they break down or we don’t need them anymore, we just leave them there. They become space junk.
Scientists think there are about 16,000 objects l128． than 10 centimeters wide flying around the Earth, and tens of millions of smaller objects too. They travel at around 7 kilometers a second. That’s fast! And it’s their speed that makes these pieces of space junk really dangerous. If one small piece of space junk hits something at high speed, it can do a lot of damage. L129．, there haven’t been many collisions (撞). But in 2009, an old Russian satellite hit and d130． an American satellite—and that created 2,000 new pieces of space junk!
Pieces of space junk re-enter the Earth’s atmosphere every day. But Lottie Williams is the o131． person who has been hit. The piece that hit her was light, and the air in the atmosphere had slowed it down. Most space junk burns up and doesn’t reach the Earths s132．. But in 2011, a metal ball 35 centimeters wide fell to Earth in Namibia, Africa. It made a hole in the ground 30 centimeters deep and over 3 meters wide. Lottie was lucky she wasn’t hit by that!
二十、Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words（在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给)
Universal Beijing Resort Opens
北京环球度假区开园
THE UNIVERSAL BEIJING RESORT (UBR) officially opened its doors on September 20. A133． opening day was a rainy day, tourists from all around the country were still excited to explore the park. After nearly 20 years, Chinese lovers of Universal Studios can finally e134． its theme park at home.
Universal Studios (环球影城) is the world’s third largest amusement park operator. The UBR is located 30 kilometers from the city’s center. It’s Universal’s fifth theme park worldwide and its third in Asia. It’s also the largest of its kind in the world. Beijing has never been short of tourist destinations. However, it’s the f135． time that a world-famous theme park has been opened in the capital city. The tickets a136． for opening day were sold out within just one minute. According to the operator, the resort could attract more than ten million visitors every year. They expect it to become a new landmark (地标) in Beijing.
The UBR covers an area of four square kilometers. It features 37 rides and 24 shows. All of them are based on famous Hollywood movies, i137． Harry Potter, Jurassic Park, and Minions. Of the seven themed lands, Kung Fu Panda Land of Awesomeness has been specially built for Chinese tourists. This made it one of the most popular a138． during the park’s trial run (试运营).
The UBR is more than just a magical land for movie fans. It’s a139． a paradise for food lovers. There are a total of 80 different restaurants and food stalls in the resort. They serve many kinds of food with different movie-related themes. “I’m so excited about this trip,” one tourist said on the opening day. “It has brought back all of my childhood memories. I’m hoping that I’ll be able to return again.”
