高中英语语法讲座

五大基本句型
什么叫五大基本句型？什么叫及物动词？不及物动词？系动词？1.主（n./pron./to do sth/doing sth/主语从句）——谓(vi.)
（如: come, go, arrive, stay, work, fall, rise, die, happen, fail, appear, lie, sit, stand, last)(1).The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
(2).Your brother has gone home
(3).We work hard at English.2.主----谓（vt.如：visit, spend, forget, raise, have, seat, astonish, satisfy, embarrass)---宾（n./pron. /to do sth /doing sth /宾语从句）(1).I study chemistry and he studies physics.(2).I have never seen such an interesting film.(3).He doesn't know what to read.3.主-------谓（vt.)------间接宾语（sb)-------直接宾语(sth.)(1).Give sb sth=Give sth to sb: send, pass, hand, show(2).Buy sb sth=Buy sth for sb: make, get, cook, call, find(3).Ask sb sth=Ask sth of sb
(1).Will you lend me your bike?
(2).Peter bought Mary a new dress.
(3).Please get him some hot water.
(4).Will you tell us sth about your school life?
(5).This little boy is always asking the teacher all sorts of questions.
(6).Pass me the paper, please.(7).John is teaching Mary how to ride a bicycle.4.主----谓(vt.)-----宾-----补
n./adj/adv/介词短语/
to do sth----如：ask, tell, order,want, wish, encourage, allow, forbid/
Do sth----如：“四看”、“二听”、“一感觉”；have, let 与 make /
Doing sth/
Done by sb.
(1).I saw her enter the lab.
(2).Nathan Hale felt his heart beating fast.
(3).We elected him our school headmaster.
(4).The students often keep their classroom clean and tidy. (5).I'll have the bike repaired.
(6).I heard him singing happily in the next room.
(7).That man made the boy obey him.
(8).He painted the door red.
(9).She found her bike stolen.
(10).let me have a look. We call her Xiao Li.
(11).We asked them to stay for lunch.
(12).I wish you to go with me.
(13).Don't keep your mother waiting.
(14).suddenly she saw a wallet lying on the ground.
(15).When he woke up, he found himself tied down.
5.主-----系(be/look,smell,taste,sound,feel/prove,remain,stay,keep/turn,get,become,make)----表（n./adj./adv./介词短语/to do sth/doing sth./done by sb./表语从句）。
(1).The news was exciting.
(2).He was excited at the news.
(3).The teachers' office is clean and tidy.
(4).She became a League member in 1978.
(5).The Summer Palace looks especially beautiful in the early morning.
(6).The music sounds sweet.
(7).Your answer doesn't sound right.
(8).The dish smells good/delicious.
(9).The liquid tastes bitter.
(10).My job is to teach English./teaching English.
(11).This story is very interesting.
(12).I'm interested in the story.
(13).He became a writer in 1960. 比较：
He turned writer in 1960.
(14).He will make a good athlete.（成为）
希望你能熟记上述经典例句，真正掌握这五大基本句型呀。
定语从句1.什么叫定语？定语从句？先行词？引导词？定语从句的位置如何？
(1).a girl called Marry
(2).a red apple
(3).the boy on the bicycle
(4).the children playing football
(5).the 1st one to reach the top of the hill
(6).the building to be built next year
(7).an 800-word composition
什么叫定语从句？
(1).A plane is a machine that can fly.(2).The noodles that I cooked were delicious.(3).Who is the man that is reading over there?
(4).The girl that we saw yesterday was Jim's sister.
(5).The fish which we bought were not fresh.
(6).Who is the person whom you just talked to?
(7).Mrs. Read is the person to whom you should write.
(8).I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
(9).This is the house where we lived last year.
(10).The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.
(11).Wei Fang is the student whose home caught fire last night.
2.定语从句的引导词分为5个关系代词
(1).who----指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。
(2).whom----指人，在从句中作宾语。
(3).whose---指人或物，在从句中作定语。
(4).which---指物，在从句指作主语或宾语。
(5).that--指人或物，在从句指作主语或宾语。
which还可以作定语起到限定词的作用(this/that/these/those),但其前面必须有介词。
(6)as--指人或物，在从句中作主、宾、表，
既可以引导限制性定语从句(the same--as, such--as, as/so---as
也可以引导非限制性定语从句（位置灵活).
3个关系副词:
(1).when--指时间，在从句中作时间状语。
(2).where--指地点，在从句中作地点状语。
(3).why--指原因，在从句中作原因状语。注意：判断用关系代词还是用关系副词，主要取决于什么？取决于引导词在从句中所充当的成分：若引导词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语时，须用关系代词；若引导词在从句中充当状语时，须用关系副词。(1).I'll never forget the day _____you saved me.? That's the special day _______I'll never forget.(2).This is the house _____my aunt lived last year.? This is the house ______my aunt bought last year.
(3).We'll visit the village, _____was once the site of a famous battle.
We'll visit the village, ____a famous battle once took place.(4).Oct.1,1949 was the day ______we'll never forget.? Oct.1,1949 was the day _____the PRC was founded.
(5)He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home.此时我决定回家
(6)Chaplin went to the States in 1910, by which time he had learned to dance and act in comedies.
(7)His son insisted on joining the army, in which case he had to give in.
3.一般来说，that/which都可以指物（可互用），但在下列情况下， 必须用that指物，不用which.
(1).当先行词本身为不定代词时：all, much, little, sth, anything, everything, nothing.
(2).当先行词被adj最高级/序数词修饰时。(3).当先行词被the very(正是、就是)、the only、the last修饰时。 All that glitters is not gold. All that can be done has been done. You can take any room that you like. There is no difficulty that we can't overcome.This is the last time that I'll give you a lesson.This is the very book that I'm after.
China is not the country that it used to be.(关系代词在从句中作表语时）
4.As引导的定语从句：(as在定语从句中必须充当成分：主语、宾语、 表语)(1).The same-+ n.+---as--------
(2).Such--+ n.+ ----as--------
(3).As-clause, main-clause.==Main-clause, as-clause.
(4).such/as-------as-------
(5).as/so------as--------
(1).As we know, more than 70 % of the earth's surface is covered by water.
(2).This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see. (3).This kind of computer, as is well-known, is out of date. (5).This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.
(6).I have the same trouble as you (have).
(7).Don't talk about such things as you do not understand. (8).Air is a gas, as is known to us.
? As we all know, air is a gas.
? Air, as we know, is a gas.
(9)He can lift so heavy a stone as no one else can.
比较：This is such a heavy stone that no one can lift it.(结果状语从句)
???This is such a heavy stone as no one can lift.(定语从句）
注意：1.as引导的非限制性定语从句常有，只能指代整个主句的内容，不能指代单个先行词：“如同-------那样”：
as we know/as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as has been pointed out, as might be expected(正如所预料的那样), as is often the case(情况常常是这样),
2.which在非限制性定语从句中，既可以指代整个主句，也可以指代单个先行词。指代的是先行词本身而不是主句时，不可用as代替which.
3.在非限制性定语从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语，也可作实义动词的主语，而as只能作系动词be的主语。
(1)The apple tree, which I planted last year, has not any fruit.
(2)He married her, which/as was natural.
(3)He saw the girl, which delighted him.5.特殊的句型(1).Do all one can to do sth.? Do what one can to do sth.? Do/try one's best to do sth.(2).I don't like the way (that) you walk? I don't like the way (in which) you walk.(3).This/It is the 1st/2nd time that I have done sth.? This/It was the 1st/2nd time that I had done sth.(4).He lives in the house whose window faces south.? He lives in the house the window of which faces south.? He lives in the house of which the window faces south.
(5).He entered the meeting hall, in the front of which were sitting some important men.
(6)比较：As is reported in the newspaper, talks between the 2 countries are making progress.
??? It is reported in the newspaper that talks between the 2 countries are making progress.
What is reported in the newspaper is that talks between the 2 countries are making progress.
(7)We went up to the roof, from where we had a good view of the procession.
?They stood near the window, from where we could see the whole garden.
注意：(1)No/never/not--------先行词-------But----= that---not或who------not：“没有-----不----的”
?? (2)当先行词是case,condition, situation, position, point, stage等名词时，表示情况、方面、处境时，用关系副词where.但先行词是occasion时，用关系副词when.
You have got into a situation where you have to depend on yourself.
We will discuss a number of cases ( ) beginners of English fail to use the language preperly.
A.which B.as C.why D.where
2.He was driving so fast as to get himself into a dangerous situation ( )he is likely to lose the control over his car.
A.which B.as C.why D.where
(1)There was no man but admired him=no man who didn't admire him.
(2)There is no dificulty but may be smoothed away.
no difficulty that may not be smoothed away.
(3)There are some cases, where this role doesn't hold good.（适用)
(4)In China there is no one but knows Lei Feng.
(5)There is no rule but has exceptions.
(6)Her sister has beecome a lawyer, _____she wanted to be.
A.who? B.what?
C.that? D.which(关系代词指代人的职业、身份）
6.相似结构，注意辨别：
(1)*Is this museum _______they visited yesterday?
?*Is this the museum _______they visited yesterday?
*Is this museum ________they stayed yesterday?
? *It was the museum_______you saw many treasures.
? *It was in the museum_______you saw many treasures.
? *It was in the museum_____you dropped in that you saw many treasures.
(2).She lived in the house ________she used to live.
???????????? _________she used to live in.
????????????_________she used to drop in.
????????????_________she used to visit.
????????????_________windows were broken.
??????????? the windows______were broken.
??????????? and __________windows were brokken.
??????????? _____the broken windows. A.where?? B.in which??C.at which?? D.that? ? E.which? ?F.its???G.with??? H.of which?I.whose? ?J.不填? K.the one (that)
Keys:1.k; de; a; ab; d; e? 2.ab; dej; de;de; i; h; f; g.
(3).______is known is that he has gone to college.
? ______is known that he has gone to college.
_____is known, he has gone to college.
? We all know _______he has gone to college.
? He has gone to college, ________made us surprised.
? He has gone to college and _____made us surprised.
? He has gone to college, _____ surprised us.
? He has gone to college,______I am surprised at.
? _____surprised us most was______he has gone to college.
?A.It? B.As? C.Which??D.What?? E.that
?(4).He is such a good teacher______we all like.
?? He is such a good teacher_____we all like him.
?? He is such a good teacher,_____we all know.
?? He is a good teacher,_____makes us respect him.
???A.as? B.that ? C.which
(5).He arrived in Beijing in 1984,_________he became a manager some years later.
? He arrived in Beijing in 1984, _______was important for him.
? He arrived in Beijing in 1984, _______he was already in his fifties.
? He arrived in Beijing in 1984, and _____he became famous.
? It was in 1984 _____he arrived in Beijing.
? A.when?? B.where?? C.which? D.there?? E.that
Keys: 3.d;a;b;e;ce;c;bc;d;e???????????????????4.a;b;ac;c????? 5.b;c;a;d;e

先行词 + ( 介词+关系代词 which + 定语从句)
whom
(1).I don’t know the girl with whom you shook hands just now.
(2).Smoking is a bad habit of which I’m trying to get rid .
(3). Who is the person with whom you just talked ?
固定搭配：
Live __ __
Work _____ sb
Write ____ sb
Look ____
Take care _____
Look _______
Dream _____
Turn __ sb __for__ help
Be worried _______
Get rid _____
Look forward _____
___ the direction
___ the situation
When=on/in/at+which
Where=in/at/on+which
Why=for+which
Whose+n.= the+n.+ ofwhich =of which + the+n.
The+n.+ of whom =of whom +the+n.
e.g. whose father=
whose window=
名词性从句
（一）、什么叫名词性从句？名词性从句在复句中的位置如何？
1.主语从句----- 谓语------ 宾语.
(1).Whether it is true remains a question.
(2).Whether he will go or not has not been decided.
(3).It isn't quite clear why she did it.
(4).It is not known where she has gone.
(5)What is called atomic energy is actually nuclear energy.
2. 主语------ 谓语(vt.)------ 宾语从句.
(1).I wonder whether or not Mike is at home now.
(2).I don't care whether or not his car breaks down.
(3).His parents think it a pity that their son didn't pass the exam.
(4)After what seemed an endless wait, it was at last his turn to step into the consulting room.
(5)He was born in what is now known as Shanghai.
注意;it作形式宾语的特殊句型：
(1).owe it to sb. that------“把----归功于----”?
(2).Leave it to sb. that----“把---留给某人去做”
(3).Take it for granted that---“想当然”????
(4).keep it in mind that----"记住"
(5).I like/enjoy/hate it that--------??????
(6).see to it that----=make sure that----"务必、确保"
(7).depend on it that------
(1).I enjoy____ when you help whoever is in trouble.???
?? A.it, those who??? B.that, who??????
?C.this, anyone?? ?D.it,
(2).I owe it to you that I'm still alive.
(3)I leave it to you to judge.（我让你做判断）
(4).You may depend on it that they will help you.（你可以放心他们会帮你的)
(5).Would you see to it that the villagers have clean drinking water?(你负责保证）
(6)I take it that you won't be coming to Sophie's party.(我想你不回去参加）
(7).I'm counting on it that you will come.(我正指望着你回来)
3.主语----- 系------- 表语从句.
(1).China is no longer what it used to be.
(2).That's why we love our motherland so much.
(3).It looks as if it's going to rain.
(4).The reason why he was absent yesterday was that he was ill.
4. 某些名词（如：the news /idea /fact/ hope/ belief /promise /suggestion /possibility/problem/conclusion/opinion/remark评论、意见，saying格言、谚语，evidence)-----引导词（如：that,whether,how,when,where,why)----同位语从句（注意：which不能引导同位语从句)
(1).Here comes the news that some foreign friends will come to our school.
(2).The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. (3).Word came that their headmaster would soon visit our school. (4).I have no idea when she will come back.
(二）、名词性从句的引导词：
(1).连接词：that, whether/if,as if--------在从句中不充当任何成分。
(2).连接代词：who, what,which,whose-------在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语。
(3).连接副词：when, where.why,how, how many/much/soon/often/long---在从句中充当状语。
注意：(1).if不能引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句以及介词
的宾语从句。? (2).与or not或不定式连用，要用whether.???(3).what本身有一定的意义，且在从句中充当一定的成分，
而that本身无任何意义，且在从句中不充当任何成分。
e.g.(1).It is unknown whether/if she is ill.(如果?用形式主语，if 和whether都可以）
??(2).I don't care if he doesn't show up.他来不来我都不在乎（若宾语从句为否定结构，则多用if,而不用whether)
??(3).After years of hard work, he was made what he was.(主语补足语----经过多年的辛劳，她被弄成这样）
注意：in that(由于、因为），except that(除了----），but that(如果没有、要不是-----），besides that(除了----)
(1)I know nothing about his career except that he is a graduate of Tsinghua University.
(2)He would have helped us but that he was short of money at that time.?
(3)But that I saw it, I couldn't have believed it.
填上适当的连词：
1.We must do _____the Party tells us.
2.Tell us ____ the President has been.
3.It is not known _____ the plan will be carried out.
4.______I want to say is ______agriculture and industry should develop more quickly.
5._____the earth is round is a fact.
6._____did this is unknown to us.
7._____we will build this factory has not been decided yet.
8.The question is _____it’s worth doing.
9.My hometown is no longer _____ it used to be.
10.The fact____ the earth is round is known to all the pupils.
11.You have no idea ______ excited I was at the news.
12.The question____ he did it in such a way has not been answered.
13.The reason ____ he didn’t come was _____he was ill.
14. He didn’t come .That’s _____he was ill.
He was ill. That’s _____he didn’t come.
(三).弄清一类连词：“无论（不管）--------”
No matter who-----==Whoever-------
No matter what-----==Whatever------
No matter which------==Whichever-------
No matter when-------==Whenever---------
No matter where-----==wherever----------
No matter how + adj/adv-----==However + adj/adv-------
左边：只能引导让步状语从句。而右边：既可以引导让步状语从句， 又可以引导名词性从句。
(1).I'll give the book to _______wants it. (A).anyone? (B).those who?
(C).whoever? (D).whomever
(2).No matter who= Whoever wants to read the book, you may lend it to him.
(3).However late = No matter how late he is ,Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.
(5).Whenever = Every time he saw me, he greeted me.
Wherever you go, we'll be thinking of you.
(四).弄清同位语从句与定语从句的区别:
(1)that引导定语从句时，that充当定语从句的成分；that引导同位语从句时，that不充当从句的任何成分。
(2)当when,where,why引导定语从句时，其意义与先行词有关，与先行词的意义基本相同，没有疑问意义；但它们引导同位语从句时，其意义与被同位的词毫无关系，其意义完全与疑问词相同，即when表示；“什么时候”，where表示：“哪儿”。它们引导两种从句时都在从句中做状语。
(1).He expressed the hope that he had for many years.
? He expressed the hope that he would come to China again.
(2).I have the 1st impression that he gave me in 1980.
??I have the 1st impression that he is an honest man.
(3).The news that you heard is not true.
? The whole nation was plunged into deep sorrow at the news that Abraham Lincoln was murdered at a theatre.
(4)比较：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.()
???? This is the house where I lived 2 years ago.()
???? I have no idea when she will be back.(）
???? Then arose the question where we were to get the machines needed.(）
(五).特殊句型要牢记：
(1).It is said/believed/reported/thought/well-known that---------
(2).It turned out that------“结果是，原来是-----”
(3).It happened that------“碰巧--------”
(4).It occurred to me that------= It struck me that-------“突然想起------”
(5).Word came that------“有消息传来 说---------”
(6).It seems/appears that-----------“似乎是，好像是---------”
(7).It is a pity/a fact/no wonder that-------“真遗憾、是事实、难怪------”
(8).It is possible/probable/likely that-------
(9).It is important/necessary/strange that--------{从句中用虚拟语气:（should ）+ 动词原形}
(10).It is certain that-------
(11).It follows that-------“于是乎，从而--------”
(12).There is no point in doing sth.
There is no need to do sth.
(13).It is up to sb to do sth.? “该由某人做某事，由某人负责”
(14).It is just like sb to do sth.“某人恰恰是这个样子” (15).See to it that----- = Make sure that------“务必。确保”
(16).How did it come about that you were late again yesterday?
(17).I doubt if/whether-----
I don’t doubt that-----
There is some doubt whether-----
There is no doubt that-----
六、弄清一组句型的区别：
(1)It was not until----that------（强调结构）
(2).It was +时间段+ago 或 +介词短语+that------(强调结构）
(3).It was+时间点名词+when------"当----时已是----时间了”
(4).It is/was/will (not) be +时间段名词+ before------（肯定句）“过多久---就/才-----” ;(否定句）“不久----就/才-----”
(5).It is+ 时间段 +since-------?? 例如：
(1).It was not until yesterday that I received his letter.
(2).It was on the coasts that lots of people disappeared.
(3).It was 3 years ago that he arrived in Australia.
(4).It was 10 o'clock in the evening when he came back.
(5).It will be hours before he arrives here.
(6).It was not long before they drove the enemy from their homeland.
(7).It is 3 days since we left our school.
(8).It is 10 years since I was a teacher.(我不当教师已经10年了)
(9).It is 5 years since he lived in London.(他有5年不在伦敦住了)
状语从句
一、什么叫状语？状语从句？状语从句有哪些种类？引导词是什么？
Read slowly and carefully
I met him at the railway station yesterday.
-How do you feel about your school?
- Pretty good!
Am I wrong ? No, by no means, on the contrary, you are quite right.
He lay in bed , wide awake
Play football on the playground
We eat to live, but we don’t live to eat.
They stood there talking.
He will come back pretty soon????????????
He is fast/sound asleep.
I want it badly.?
1.时间状语从句：when, while, as, before, after, since, till(until),as soon as, hardly--when, no sooner--than, once,?each/every time, the first time, the last time, next time, the moment, the minute, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly?
2.地点状语从句：where, wherever
3.原因状语从句：because, since, as, now that, in that, considering (that)
4.目的状语从句：so that---,in order that---,in case---, for fear that---(以防、以免、生怕) = lest
5.结果状语从句：so that---,so/such---that---
6.条件状语从句： if, unless, as/so long as----, on condition that---, providing(provided) that(只要，假若), assuming that（假设）, ?suppose that, supposing that（假设，假定）, given that(假设，假定), when
7.方式状语从句：just as---,as if, the way---
8.让步状语从句：(al)though, even if, whether, no matter who/what/where---, as(虽然）,while
9.比较状语从句：as---as, not as/so---as = less---than, more---than,
the more----the more, 例如：
1.She treated the child the way his mother did.
2.Child as he is, he knows a lot.
3.Much as I like it, I will not buy it.
4.Try as you will, you won't manage it.
5.Lose money as I did, I got a lot of experience.?
4.You may borrow this book, on condition that you don't lend it to anyone else.
5.I'll come on condition that John is invited, too.
6.No sooner had I reached the bus stop than the bus started. 7.Hardly had he closed the door when there came a knock on it. 8.Take your umbrella,in case it rains.
9.We hadn't met for 20 years but I recognized him the moment I saw him.
10.Now that you are well again, you can work with them.
11.When you read the book,you'd better make a mark where you have a question.
12.However late he is, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.
13.When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
14.Jack and Tom had to wait 2 more weeks before the manager came back.
15.For all (that) he has lots of money, he's far from being happy.(虽然、尽管)
16.With all his roughness, he has a heart of gold.(虽然他粗俗，但他有一颗金子般的心）
17.Air is to us what water is to fish.
18.Reading is to mind what food is to the body.
19.I thought conditions would get better, but as it is they are getting worse.(事实上，实际情况是）
20.Leave it as it is.别动它（让它保持原来的样子）
21.State the facts as they are.按照实际情况把事实摆出来。
22.He is, as it were, a walking dictionary.(仿佛、好像可以说是)(=/=as it is/was)
23.The sky is covered, as it were, with a black curtain.(仿佛）
二、注意：特殊的引导词（连词）：
the moment----the minute-------
=as soon as--- = immediately---- = directly---
= hardly---when = no sooner---thanas/so long as---,
on condition that---,
in case---,
now that---,
provided that---
=supposing that---,
every time---, the first time---,the last time---, next time---
例如：(1).On arriving at the station, the thief was arrested. 比较：On his arrival at classroom, the teacher came and the bell rang.
?? (2).The first time I climbed onto the wall, I felt nervous.
?? (3).The last time she saw James, he was lying in bed.
三、并列连词when=and just then（就在这时，突然---）的三种句型：
1.I was doing sth. when sth. happened.
2.I was (just) about to do sth.when sth. happened.
3.I had (just) done sth .when sth. happened.
例如：1.I was just about to go out when the telephone rang.
2.I had just fallen asleep when the baby started to cry.
3.I was thinking of this when I heard my name called.
四、状语从句中的省略：
有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步状语从句中，如果从句中的主语与主句中的主语一致或主语为it时，且从句谓语又包含Be动词，就可以省略从句中的“主语+Be”部分。
1.If asked,you may come in.
2.When walking in the street, I met an old friend of mine.
3.If possible, send me word tomorrow.
4.He won't attend the meeting unless invited.
5.He got much taller than expected.
7.He looked through the newspaper while having his supper. 8.Once recovered, she threw herself into her study.
9.When still a boy of 10,he had to work day and night.
10.She tried her best though rather pool in health.
11.He was fond of swimming when yet a child.
12.The boy looked as if afraid of nothing.
五、如何区别不同的从句：（1）据连词。（2）据句子结构和句意： 1.You are to find it where you left it.
2.Tell me the address where he lives.
3.I don't know where he came from.
4.Where he has gone is not known yet.
5.This place is where they once hid.
6.Make a mark where you have a question when reading.
动词的时态和语态
一、八大时态和两大语态的基本公式是什么？不同的时态分别与什么时间状语连用？有关时态之间的区别是什么？
1.时态和语态的基本公式（要牢记）：
时态???? ? 被动语态（Be Done by sb.)
(1）-----do/does sth.? ? (1)-----is/are done (by sb.)
(2)------did sth.??? (2)----was/were done (by sb.)
(3)---is/ are doing sth.? (3)---is/are being done (by sb.)
(4)--was/were doing sth.? (4)---was/were being done (by sb.)
(5)--has/have done sth.? (5)---has/have been done (by sb.)
(6)--had done sth.? (6)--had been done (by sb.)
(7)---will do sth.? ? (7)--will be done (by sb.)
(8)--would do sth. (8)---would be done (by sb.)?
(9)---will be doing sth. (at this time tomorrow)(表示将来某个时刻或时段正在进行的动作）
(10)---will have done sth. (by this time next year)（表示在将来的某个时刻之前业已完成的动作）
注意：vi. 和link v.均无被动语态。如：
(1).happen . take place.? break out. belong to.? last. run out.? cost.? spread, own, contain, occur, spread, rise, come about, come true, come into being
(2).look. smell. taste. sound. feel(感官系动词), appear,become,get, grow, remain, keep, prove, seem,stay,turn
例如：(1). In the past 5 years, great changes have taken place in my hometown.
? (2). Cotton feels soft.?????
?? (3)After the fire, very little remained?of my house.
???(4)His plan proved (to be) practical.（实用的）
注意几组时态的区别：
一般现在时-----长久性（长期性）
现在进行时-------暂时性（阶段性）
-----Do you really work here?
-----No. I _____until the new secretary arrives.
A. have just helped out B. just help out
C. will just help out D. am just helping out
2.一般过去时----表示某个动作在过去的时间里已经完成，强调的是动作的完成、结束。
过去进行时-----表示过去某个时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作，不一定完成。
（1）.Shirley _______ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote
C. had written D. was writing
(2).The reporter said that the UFO _____ from east to west when he saw it.
A. was traveling B. traveled
C. had been traveling D. was to travel
3.现在完成时----强调过去发生的或完成的动作对现在造成的结果或影响，强调的是现在的情况。所以不能与具体的过去的时间状语连用。
一般过去时———只单纯表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，和现在不发生联系。所以可以与具体的过去时间状语连用。
(1).----- When shall we restart our business?
-----Not until we_____ our plan.
A. will finish B. are finishing
C. are to finish D. have finished
(2). You’ve failed to do what you _____ to and I’m afraid the teacher will blame you.
A. will expect B. will be expected
C. expected D. were expected
(3).----I’m sorry, but I don’t quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on Sept. 20?
-----Sorry, I _____ myself clear.
A.hadn’t made B. wouldn’t make
C. don’t make D. haven’t made
(4). Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they _____ before leaving their hometowns.
A. promised B. were promised
C. have promised D. have been promised
4.现在完成时---表示已经完成的动作，常常与already,ever连用
现在完成进行时---表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在，可能还要进行下去的动作，一般不与already, ever连用。
I’ve made a cake. 我做了一个蛋糕。（已做好）I’ve been making a cake. 我一直在做一个蛋糕。 （不一定做好了）
She’s painted a picture. 她画了一幅画。（已画好）She’s been painting a picture. 她在画一幅画。（可能还没画好）
They’ve built a bridge. 他们建了一座桥。(已建好)They’ve been building a bridge. 他们一直在建一座桥。（可能还在建）
He’s written a novel. 他写了一部小说。（已完成）He’s been writing a novel. 他在写一部小说。(可能尚未完成)

2.时态与时间状语的搭配：
(1).一般现在时：often, always, now, every morning/day/week, seldom, usually, never, sometimes, now and then, from time to time, occassionally, once a week/year.
(2)现在进行时：now, at present, at this time.
(3)一般过去时：yesterday, yesterday morning, last week, at that time, the day before yesterday, the night before last, the other day, just now.
(4)过去进行时：at that time, then, at this time yesterday, at four yesterday.
(5)一般将来时：tomorrow,? tomorrow afternoon, in an hour,? next week/year, a week later, how soon,? before long, in (the) future.
(6)过去将来时：the next day/ week/month.
(7)完成时：just, already, yet, ever, never, by now, by the end of this/last year, these days/years, in the last/past 10 years, many times, so far, recently, lately, all the time.
注意：区别语境，灵活处理时间状语与语态的关系。
(1). He had been in B.J. for 10 years before he left for Wuhan.
(2). He often goes hungry.
(3). He often went hungry in the past.
(4). He wrote a letter yesterday evening.
(5). He was writing a letter yesterday evening when his friend came in
请记住下面这些经典的例句吧：
(1). What will you be doing at this time tomorrow?
(2). You will have graduated by this time next year.
(3). He promised to come, but he hasn't turned up yet.
(4). The party is to be held at 6:00 on Saturday morning.
(5). This is a terribly heavy box. I'll help you carry it.(will表示临时性的决定，而be going to表示事先经过考虑或做好安排的将来).
再如:-----You've left the light on.
?? -----Oh, so I have. I'll go and turn it off.
(6). The film had been on for 20 minutes when we got to the cinema.
(7).He was just about to dive when he saw a shark.
(8)He will be 30 years old next year./ Tomorrow will be the 20th of August.(will表示按自然规律将必然会）
(9)Fish will die without water./Oil and water will not mix./We'll die without air or water.(will表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势、倾向）
(10)比较：
*It's weeks since I fell ill.(fall ill“患病",终止性动词，表示这一行为的开始)---我病了几周了。
*It's weeks since I was ill.(be ill"病了",表示状态，是持续性的，表示这一行为的终止)----我病好了好几周了。
Be always doing sth------------表示说话者的感彩. 例如：
(8). He is always helping others.
(9). She is always coming home late.
下列这些特定的时态是表示虚拟语气的：
(1).I had hoped to catch the 7:30 train, but found it (was) gone.
(2).I had intended to make a cake, but I ran out of time.
(3).I'd like to have gone to the party last night, but I had an unexpected visitor.
(4).I was going to finish my article but my friend arrived, so I didn't have time.
(5).was/were to have done sth.（原本打算做某事，但未做成.)
试着做一做吧：
(1). When we reached the airpport, it_____.???
A.is probably raining? B. probably rains?
C. will probably be raining?? D. has probably rained
(2). Alice has just arrived, but I ______until 4.???
? A. haven't known shi will come
? B. hadn't known she was coming?????????
C. don't know she will come??????
D. didn't know she was coming
(3). Unluckily when I arrive, she ______, so we only had time for a few words.
A. just left??????? B. was leaving?????
C. had just left????? D. has just left
(4).----Who?_______that violin?
??---My sister, when she_______time.
A. plays, has?? B. is playing, will have??????
C. plays, is having?? D. is playing, has had
(5).-----I've been told that John _______from his journey to America. What about visiting him tonight?
??-----All right. I'll pick you up at 6:00 pm.
??? A. had come back?? ? B. is back?????
? C. came back????? D. coming back
(6). Shirley _______a book about China last year, but I don't know whether she has finished it.
??A. has written? ? B. wrote????????
? C. had written???????? D. was writing
(7). The news came as no surprise to me. I _______for some time that the factory was going to shut down.?
??A. had known?????? B. knew?????????
C. have known????? D. know
(8)----Don't you feel surprised to see Bruce at the meeting?
? ----Yes. I really didn't think she _____ here.
?? A.has been????? B.had been???????
C.would be????????? D.would have been
(9)----Will you repeat your idea?
-----Certainly. But I think it certain you ______your attention.
? A. don't pay?? ???? B. didn't pay????
C. weren't paying???? D. aren't paying
(10)----How can you borrow my computer without my permission?
? ----Oh, I______ to tell you. I hope you don't mind.
??A. forget????????? B. forgot??????????
C. had forgotten???? ? D. am forgetting
(11)______Mr. Smith ______this week?
? ------No. He is on holiday.
?A. Has , ?worked???????? ?? B. Does ,? work???
?C. Did,?? work?????????? D. Is,? working
????
二、不能用于进行时的动词有：
(1)表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look等
(2)表示存在状态的动词：be, appear, exist, lie,remain, seem, belong to, depend on, stay,continue等
(3)表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete等
(4)表示感情和思维的动词：fear, wish, prefer, refuse,forgive, like,love, hate,care, believe,want, mind, wish, agree,mean, need等
(5)表示思考、理解的动词：understand, know, believe, think, doubt, forget,remember----
(6)表示占有与从属的动词：own， have, possess,belong, consist,但如果词义转变，能表示一个正在进行的动作，就能用于进行时态。比较：
*Do you see anyone here?? 与? Are you seeing someone off?
*He looks very young.? 与? He is looking for his pen.
三、主动形式表示被动意思：
1.某些动词（如：wash, sell, write, read, wear, lock等),它们的主动语态常可表示被动的意思，这种动词一般只用一般现在时（说明事物所具备的某种性质或特征），且常与否定词not或副词well, easily, smoothly连用，主语通常是物.
(1). The door won't shut.
(2). The window shuts easily.
(3). This box doesn't lock.
(4). Living fish sell well.
(5). The cloth washes well.
(6). This pen writes smoothly.
(7). This poem reads well.
2.My watch needs/wants/requires repairing或to be repaired.
3.(1). This village is hard to find in the map.
?(2). This water is fit to drink.
?(3). This sentence is not easy to understand.
4. This film is (well) worth seeing.
5.Be to blame(应该受到责备），Be to let(出租）, Be to rent(出租) 如; This car is to let.
情态动词
什么叫情态动词？情态动词的特点是什么？表示“推测”的情态动词的用法是什么？shall用于第一、三人称的疑问句中是什么意思？用于第二、三人称的陈述句中又是什么意思？
（二）情态动词的种类：（见下表）
原 形
过去式
词 义
can
could
能
may
might
可以（或许）
must
must(had to)
必须（不得不）
will
would
愿意
shall
should
应该
need
needed
需要
dare
dared
敢于
（三）情态动词的否定形式：cannot --- can’t?? could not --- couldn’t?? may not--- mayn’t?might not--- mightn’t?? must not --- mustn’t?? will not --- won’t?would not --- wouldn’t??? need not --- needn’t???? shall not --- shan’t?should not --- shouldn’t? ought not --- oughtn’t?? dare not --- daren’t
她会唱英文歌曲。?? She cans sing an English song.（F）?? She can sings an English song.（F）?? She can sing an English song.（T）
一、弄清情态动词的确切含义：
1.Can------(1)."能、会"-----Can't ("不能，不会”）
*Can you drive a car???????????
*Tom can swim very well, but he can't skate.
(2)“可以”（口语中代替may)----Can't(不可以）
You can/may go home now.
(3).“可能、也许”（当can作“可能、也许”解时，一般用于否定句或疑问句中，但could却可以用于肯定句中。在肯定的陈述句中，can表示理论上的可能性，即“有时候会”）------Can't（不可能）
*---Can he be at the library now?
---No, he can't. He must be on the playground.I saw him there just now.
*---Can it be our headmaster?
---No, it can't be him. He has gone to S.h.
2.May----(1).“可以”----Mustn't/may not/can't (不可以）----May I smoke here?
---Yes, please./No, please don't./you mustn't./can't.
(2).“可能”----can't(不可能）(当May作“可能、也许”解时，只能用于肯定的或否定的陈述句中，不能用于疑问句中。）
*There may be a football match tomorrow.
*----Where can they be now?----They may/might be in the library now.
3.Must-----(1).“应该”（表示“义务”）----mustn't（不应该）
We must study hard and make progress every day.
(2).“准是、想必、一定”（表示“推测、判断”）（当must表示推测、判断时，只能用于肯定的陈述句中，不能用于否定句或疑问句中。）------can't(不可能)
---Whose new bike can it be?----It must be Wu dong's. I know his father has just bought him a new bike.
(3).“必须”（表示“必要”）----------needn't(不必）
-----Must we finish the work tomorrow?
----No, you needn't/you don't have to, but you must finish it in 3 days.
例如：(1).----Can I take this dictionary out of the room?
?????----No, I don't think you can.或Sorry, I'm afraid you can't.
?? (2).----Must I go there before 7:00?
----No, you needn't. But I must.
??? (3).----May I leave the room?
---Yes, you may./No, you mustn't.
??? (4).He must be 20 years old.----He can't be 30 years.
??? (5).It's late. Tell him that he must go to bed.
比较：The light is out. He must be asleep now.
????(6).Mary can't swim.
比较：Mary can't know the plan, as she has been out for a few days.
????(7).I told you that I would give you money.（愿意）比较：I would sit up late studying when I
was in the university.
二、表示“推测、判断”的情态动词：
Can/could（“可能、也许”），May/might（“可能、也许”），Must（想必、一定、准是），can't（不可能），may not（可能不）
+(1).Do sth-------对目前或将来的情况进行推测。
+(2).Be doing sth.-------对现在正在进行的情况进行推测。
+(3).Have done sth.------对过去已发生的事进行推测。
注意：(1).当can作“可能、也许”解时，只能用于否定句或疑问句中，但could则不受此限制；而may作“可能、也许”解时，只能用于肯定的或否定的陈述句中。
(2).must表示“推测”时，只能用于肯定的陈述句中，不能用于否定句或疑问句中。
(3).Should have done sth.
( = ought to have done sth.)-----“本来应该做某事，但却未做”（责备）
Shouldn't have done sth.
( = oughtn't to have done sth.)--“本来不该做某事，但却做了”（责备）
(4).Must have done sth.------“一定已经做了”（“推测”）
? Can't have done sth.------“不可能已经做了”（推测）
(5).Needn't have done sth.-------“本来不必做，但却做了”（浪费）。比较：
? Didn't need to do sth.--------“过去不必做而实际上也没做”
例如：(1).You should have told me the truth yesterday.
?? (2).----When did you answer the letter---Only yesterday.
?????----It's too late. You could have answered it
earlier.（本来能早一点回信------虚拟）
??（3).You made a lot of mistakes in your composition. You could have written it much better.(本来能够---虚拟）
?? (4).You didn't do the work well that day. You might have done it better.(本来可以-----虚拟）
?? (5).You were late again yesterday. You might have arrived a little earlier.(本来可以-----虚拟）
(6).He isn't at home. He may have gone to the library.
(7).You ought not to have spoken to him like that.
(8).I could have thought of that.
(9).You needn't have said that.
(10).You must be Mr. Li, aren't you?
?? You must have finished it, haven't you?
?? She must have read the book yesterday, didn't she?
(11).You mustn't walk on the grass, may/must you ?
(12).I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.
(13).He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy.
(14).He could have walked to the station. It was so near.
(15).The plant is dead. I should have given it more water.
(16).They must be waiting for you.
(17).This will/would be the house you're looking for.“这大概就是你要找的那间房子.
We worked together for years. He won't have forgotten me.“他大概不会不记得我吧"
That will be my husband. He said he would phone me at this time.”大概是我丈夫打来的电话"
注意：will/would+have done sth.或do sth.可以表示对过去或现在或将来的行为进行推测、猜测:"可能、大概、想必"
练习：
(1).The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _____get out.
A.had to??? B.would????????
C.was able to??????D.could
(2).It's nearly 7:00. Jack _________be here at any moment.?
A.must?? B.need? ?C.should ? D.can
(3).You're late again. You ________earlier this morning.
??A.could get up????? ? B.must get up??
C.should have got up????D.ought to get up
(4).Sorry, I'm late. I________have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
??A.might?????? B.should???????
??C.can???????? D.will
三、Need/dare----既可以用作情态动词（只用于否定句或疑问句：情态动词+do sth.），也可以用作行为动词（可用于各种场合：行为动词+to do sth.）
例如：(1).You needn't worry about them
___________________________________________
(2).Need I go at once?
__________________________________________________
(3).You need to work hard.
________________________________________________
(4).I dare not say that to him.
___________________________________________________?
(5).Dare you walk alone at night?
______________________________________________
(6).I dare to jump down from the tall tree.
________________________________________
四、shall 的用法：
(1).用于第一、三人称的陈述句，表示说话人的意愿： “命令” “警告”、 “威胁”、 “强制”、 “允诺”、 “决心”，可译为：“一定会、必须、应该、可以、要、得一定会”。
(2).用于第一、三人称的疑问句中，表示向对方征求意见或请求指示. (3)表示按照法令、条约、规章等文件规定的义务：“必须、应”，一般用于第三人称。
２）用于第二、三人称，表示说话人的意愿，有“命令、警告、威胁、强制、允诺、决心”等意思　　
You shall do as I say . 按我说的做。（命令）
Tell him that he shall have the book tomorrow . 告诉他他明天可以拿到那本书。（允诺）
If you children don’t do as I tell you ,you shall not go to the party . 如果你们这些孩子不按我的话去做，你们就不能去参加晚会。（威胁）
You shall be sorry for what you did . 对你的所作所为你会感到后悔的。（警告）
Nothing shall stop us from carrying out this plan . 什么也不能阻止我们实现这项计划。（决心）
例如：(1).He shall go first, whether he wants or not.????
(2).You shall do as the teacher said.
???(3).If you work well, you shall?have higher wages.(允诺)??????
(4).He shan't come here.
?? (5).They shan't pass.?????
?? (6).Where shall I wait for you????????
(7).Shall he live in this room?
?? (8)Each party shall respect the conditions of this contract.(条约)???
（9）.Shall he leave now?
(10)If you won't do as I tell you, you shan't go to the party.(警告)
(11)He shall have the book when I finish reading.（允诺）
(12)They shall suffer for this; they shall pay what they've done.（威胁）
(13)All of you shall arrive before 5 o'clock.(命令）
(14)Nothing shall stop us from doing so.（决心）
五、常考的固定句型;
(1).Shall I/we do sth.???????????
（2）.Will/Would you please do sth.?
(3).I'd like(love) to do sth.?????????
(4).Would you like to do sth.?
(5).I'd rather (not) do sth.??????????
(6).You'd better (not) do sth.
(7).Do/would you mind doing sth.??????????
(8).I'd rather Do sth. than Do sth.=I prefer to do sth. rather than Do sth.=I prefer Doing sth. to Doing sth.
(9).may/might as well Do sth.“不妨，还是--------的好”
(10)cannot----too/enough：“无论如何--也不过分，越----越好”：
You cannot remember enough English words.
One cannot be too careful in his work.
(11)cannot but+ Do sth.= cannot help but do sth.
= cannot choose but do sth.:"不得不，只好"
注意：(1).“过去常常”--------*used to do sth.:“既可以表示反复发生的动作，也可以表示状态。”
*would do sth：“只能表示过去反复发生的动作，不能表示状态。” 例如;When he was there, he ______go to that coffee shop at the corner after work.
A.would???????? B.should??????
C.had better??????D.might
(2).“过去能够”--------*was/were able to
=managed to=succeeded in -----
*could-----仅表示一般能力，但不一定做到。
例如：They were such good swimmers that they __________swim back to the bank when the ship sank in the middle of the river.???
A. were able to?????? B.could
(3)含有情态动词的反义疑问句：
*He must hand in his homework now, needn't he?(必须----表示命令)
*He must be a teacher, isn't he?(猜测----与实际情况一致)
*He must have finished his homework, hasn't he?(猜测----与实际情况一致)
*It must have rained last night, didn't it?(猜测----与实际情况一致)
*He can't speak English, can he?(表示能力）
*He can't have finished his homework, has he ?(猜测----与实际情况一致)
*By the time we went there, he couldn't have finished his job, had he?(猜测----与实际情况一致)
虚拟语气
什么叫虚拟语气？虚拟语气在主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句及状语从句中的用法如何？
1.If I were a girl, I would marry you.
2.If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.
3.If I had a lot of money. I would go to the USA.
一、虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法：
1.与现在事实相反：
???? If条件句?????????????????????????? 主句?
过去时（Be-----were)?? would/should/could/might+do sth.
(1).If I were you, I would do it in a different way.
(2).If I had time, I would/should read it again.
2.与过去事实相反：
????? If条件句??????????????????????? ??? 主句
? Had done sth.?????????????????? ??would/should/could/might have done sth.
(1).If I had taken his advice, I would/should not have made such a mistake.
(2).You played all the while last term. If you had studied hard, you would have made some progress.
(3).I could have seen him yesterday if I had got to the station earlier.
(4).If she had told him about the danger, he wouldn't have got hurt.
3.与将来事实相反：
??? If条件句?????????????????????????? 主句
(1)过去时?
(2).should do sth.????????????????????? would/should/could/might do sth.
(3).were to do sth.
(1).If she should come, I would/should ask her for help.
(2).She won't come tomorrow. If she came, I would show her my new computer.
(3).If it should rain, the crops could be saved.
(4).I'm sure she will never ask me such questions again. If she were to ask me again, I would refuse to answer her.
注意：如果条件从句中有were,助动词had或should, 可将if省略，而把were,had或should移至主语之前。
(1).Were I a student, I would study harder.
(2).Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
(3).Had he helped me, I would not have failed.
(4).Should he get the letter tomorrrow, she would leave for SH at once.
二、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：
It is important /necessary /strange /essential /natural /a shame/no wonder/a pity that-----{(should)+动词原形}
(1).It is necessary that we (should) write to him again.
(2).It is strange that he should have left without saying good-bye.（竟然）
(3).It is a pity that he should be so proud.（竟然）
三、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法：
1.I wish that----(1).一般过去时(Be-----were): 表示与现在事实相反。
????????（2）过去完成时（had done sth.): 表示与过去事实相反。
????????（3）过去将来时（would/could/might do sth.)：表示与将来事实相反。
(1).I wish I could have seen her last night.
(2). I wish he were with us.?????????????????
(3).I wish he would have a try.
(4).I wish you would spend the winter vacation with us.
(5).I wish I could have spoken German that day.
(6).Children wish every day were a New Yea's Day.
(7).How I wish I hadn't made such a mistake.
(8).I wish I had taken their advice.
2.虚拟语气：“一、二、三、四”后面的宾语从句中要用{（should)+动词原形}
?“一坚持”：insist;??
“二命令”：order, command;??
"三建议”：advise, suggest, propose;
"四要求”：ask, demand, require, request.
注意：(1).当suggest作“建议”解时，用虚拟语气；作“暗示、表明”解时，用陈述语气。
(2).当insist作“强烈要求，坚决主张”解时，用虚拟语气；作“坚持说”解时，用陈述语气。
(1).He suggested that we (should) make a trip to Huangshan.
(2).His accent suggests that he is from the south .
(3).He insists that he (should) be sent where he is most needed.
(4).He insists that he didn't do that.
(5).I propose that we (should) work out a plan first.
(6).He insisted that he was strong and (should) be sent there.
(7).The headmaster suggested that we (should) make better use of our spare time.
(8).The workers requested that their working conditions (should) be further improved.
3.Would rather +sb.+ (1)一般过去时-------与现在或将来事实相反。或：
???????? ?+ (2)Had done sth.--------与过去事实相反。
例如：（1）I'd rather you visited us today.
????? I'd rather you visited us tomorrow.
????? I'd rather you had visited us yesterday.
????(2)-----I'm going to see the Victim's brother.
????? -----I'd rather you_______.??
A. do??? B. do not???? ?? C. don't????? ? D. didn't
四、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：
It is (high/about) time + (1).for sth.
????????????+ (2)(for sb.) to do sth.
????????????+ (3)(that)--从句 [一般过去时或should do sth.---这里的should不能省略]
(1).It's time I went home. 或 It's time I should go home.
五、虚拟语气在方式状语从句及目的状语从句中的用法：
1.As if = As though + (1)一般过去时(Be----were):表
示与现在事实相反。(与主句动作同时）
?????????? (2)过去完成时（had done sth.): 表示与过去事实相反。（在主句动作之前）
?????????? (3)过去将来时（would/could do sth.)：表示与将来事实相反。（在主句动作之后）
It looks as if it’s going to rain.
It looks as if it were going to rain.
(1).He speaks as if he had really been there.
(2).She looked as if she were ill.
(3).He orders me as if I were his wife.
(4).She looks as if she had been ill.
(5).He talks as if he had been abroad before.
(6).She talks about it again as though she would never end.
2.So that------(为了、以便于）= In order that---------【从句中用情态动词may/might/can/could】
(1).She got up early so that she could catch the train.
(2).He turned the radio up so that everyone could hear the news.
(3).He sat in the front of the classroom so that he could see clealy.
3.should用于由lest, in case, for fear that引导的目的状语从句中：“可以、会”.其中lest, for fear that句中的should可以省去。in case句中的should通常不省去，但是in case句中可以不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气。lest, for fear that后面也可以接其他形式。
(1)He took his?raincoat with him in case it should rain.
(2)I will not make a noise for fear that I (should/might) disturb you.（以免打扰你)
(3)Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow (should) occur.(以免发生溢流现象）
(4)She hid her jewelry for fear that it would be stolen.（以防被盗）
六、If only-----= I wish-----（虚拟形式同wish）：“要是----就好了”
(1). If only they were here now.????????????????
(2). If only he had come yesterday.
(3).If only I were as strong as you.
七、含蓄虚拟条件句（不直接出现If条件句，而是通过别的一些词，如：but,otherwise,without,but for或上下文来暗示一种条件）
(1).Without your help, we would not have made such good progress.
(2).But for your help, we couldn't have succeeded.? 或
If it hadn't been for your help, we couldn't have succeeded.
(3)He would have given you more help, but he was so busy.
(4).I was busy that day. Otherwise,I would have taken?part in the sports meeting.
八、错综（混合)时间虚拟条件句(即从句和主句中的时间不一致）：
(1).If you had not watched television so late last night, you wouldn't be so sleepy now.
? (过去）???????????????? （现在）
(2).If I were you,? I would have taken his advice.
?? (现在）??????????（过去）
九、其他形式的虚拟语气：
1.Had hoped/intended/meant/planned/wanted/thought/expected to do sth.=
Hoped/intended/meant/planned/wanted + to have done sth.(本来希望、打算、计划做某事，但却没做成.)
例如：(1)I_______to meet Mr. Thompson this morning, but I found nobody______in the room when I came.
A. hoped, left?? B. had hoped, left???????????
C.hoped, leaving??? D.had hoped, leaving
(2)She had meant to buy the furniture, but it rained.
(3)I intended to have attended the meeting, but I was ill.
2.Was/were to Have done sth.(本来打算做某事，但却为做成）
例如：He was to have come here yesterday, but he had an important meeting to attend.
3.Would like/love to have done sth. (本来想做某事，但实际上没做成）
例如;I would love to have gone to the cinema that day, but the tickets were all sold out.
4.Was/were going to do sth.(本来打算做某事，但却未做成）
例如：?I was going to finish my article but my friend arrived, so I didn't have time
小试牛刀：
1.You can't imagine that a well-bahaved gentleman_____be so rude to a lady.
?? A.might??????? B.need?????? C.should???????? D.would
2.?-----Why didn't you buy the book?
?? ------I_______but my mother___________allow me.
? ?A.would, didn't??????????? ? B.would have, didn't?????????
C. had had, wouldn't??????? D.had bought, hadn't
3.You_____have told him the bad news, which made things even worse.
? A.shouldn't???????? B.wouldn't?? C.needn't????????? D.couldn't
4.I would love ______to the party last night, but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
? A. to go????????? B. to have gone???????? C. going?????????? D. having gone
5.---I stayed at a hotel while in New York。
? ----Oh, did you? You______ with Barbra.
? A.could have stayed?????? B.could stay??????????????????
C.would stay?????????? D.must have stayed
非谓语动词
什么叫非谓语动词？非谓语动词在句中的作用是什么？什么叫动名词复合结构？什么叫独立主格结构？非谓语动词的否定式是如何构成的？
一、什么叫非谓语动词？（不能单独作谓语的动词形式）
(1).To do sth.（表示将来的动作）：在句中充当主、宾、表、定、状、补）
(2).Doing sth.（表示动作正在进行、主动）：在句中充当主、宾、表、定、状、补）
(3).Done by sb.（表示被动、已经完成的动作---vi.的过去分词没有被动的意义，只表示动作的完成）： 在句中充当表、定、状、补）
二、非谓语动词在句中的作用
1.作主语：
(1).To do sth.------往往表示某一次具体的动作，特别是将来的动作。
(2).Doing sth.------往往表示抽象的一般性的行为。
注意：It is no use/good Doing sth.?
e.g. It's no use crying over spilt milk.
(1). It is not good for you to smoke.?????????
(2). Smoking does harm to people's health.
(3). It's kind of you to say so.???????????
(4). It is difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese.
(5). Studying English requires a certain skill.
2.作宾语：
(1).To do sth.??????
(2).Doing sth. (区别同主语）
(1).You should practise speaking English regularly.??
(2). All of us are interested in making experiments.
(3).We learn to speak English by speaking.??????
(4).I intend to do it myself.
(5).Many people have made it a habit to do some exercise in the morning.
注意：（1).只能接Doing sth.作宾语的动词有：
mind, enjoy, finish, understand, dislike, excuse（原谅）,keep（继续做）,miss(错过）,avoid（避免）,consider（考虑）,delay（延迟）,advise, suggest, appreciate（欣赏）,forgive（原谅）,deny（否认）,imagine（想象）,practise（练习）,pardon（原谅）,allow/permit（允许）,escape（逃脱）,fancy(想象), risk（冒险）,give up, can't stand(无法忍受), put off（推迟), burst out（突然), can't help（情不自禁）
注意其中：Insist on/How about/Suggest/Imagine/Mind/Excuse/Pardon/Understand
/Appreciate+(one's) doing sth.?
而：Allow/Permit/Advise +(1)Doing sth.
(2)sb. to do sth.
(1).He couldn't bear being made fun of like that.?????
(2).He didn't mind being left at home.
(3).You can't eat anything before being operated on.
(4).I can hardly imagine so pretty a girl like you _____boxing.????
?A.like?? ? B.to like?
C.liking?? D.to have liked
(5).The girl devoted all her spare time she had______others.
??A.to help B.helped?????
C.to helping???????? D.help
(6).Tony was very angry at ______to a higher position.
A.I not promoting? B. not me being promoted
C.my not being promoted??? D.not promoted
(2).既可用To do sth.，又可用Doing sth.作宾语的动词有;
*Like/love/hate/prefer/begin/start/continue +
To do sth.（表示某一次具体的/特定的动作）
Doing sth.（表示经常性/一般性的动作）
e.g. He likes swimming, but he doesnt like to swim this afternoon.
*.Remember/Forget/Regret + Doing sth.（表示该动作已经发生）
To do sth.（表示该动作将要发生）
*Try doing sth.（做某事试试看---换一种方式）
Try To do sth.（努力/尽力去做某事---克服困难）
*Mean doing sth.（意味着）
Mean To do sth.（打算做、企图做)
*Go on doing sth.（继续做同一件事）
Go on To do sth.（接着去做另外一件事）
*Stop doing sth.（停止做某事）
Stop To do sth.（停下来去做某事）
*Sth. needs/wants/requires doing
To be done.
例如：(1).I'm sorry I can't help _____the flowers, because I'm busy preparing for the singing competition ____ tomorrow.
A.watering, to be held? ?B.to water, held??
C.water, being held?? ? D.to water, to be held
(2).I'm sorry, Tony. I had meant_____your birthday party yesterday, but an unexpected visitor dropped in.
? A.to attend????? B.attending????????
? C.to attending????? D.attended
(3).This problem requires studying with great care.
(4).I would apppreciate______back this afternoon.
A.you to call? B.you call?
? C.your calling? D.to have called
(5).I can hardly imagine Peter______across the Atlantic Ocean in 5 days.?
? A.sail??????? B.to sail??????
C.sailing D.to have sailed
(6).He has always insisted on his______Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner.
? A.been called??????? B.called??????
C.haviing called???? ??D.being called
3.作表语：(1)To do sth.
均起名词的作用，表示主语的具体内容。（差别 同主语）
（2）Doing sth.（动名词）
?????(3) Doing sth.（现在分词）
(4)Done by sb.------均相当于adj.,表示主语的性质、状态或特征。现在分词一般说明“物”，而过去分词说明“人”。
(1).My job is to teach English. 或My job is teaching English.
(2).He was excited at the exciting news and let out an excited cry.
(3).The match was exciting.??????????
(4).The glass is broken.?????????
(5).To move sth. is to work.
(6).To see is to believe.或Seeing is believing.
4.做定语（修饰名词）：
(1).To do sth.----表示未来的动作。???
(2).Doing sth.（动名词)----表示被修饰名词的用途与作用，可转化为：
For doing sth.???????
(3).Doing sth.（现在分词)--------表示主动的、正在进行的动作。?? ?
(4).Done by sb.-------表示被动的、已经完成（或无一定的时间性）的动作。
比较：
(1).the rising sun------the risen sun????
(2).boiling water-------boiled water
(3).the falling leaves-----the fallen leaves????
(4).a developing country-----a developed country
(5).a drowning boy-------a drowned boy???????
(6).a sleeping car------a sleeping child
(7).a swimming pool--------a swimming girl??
(8).drinking water------- a drinking horse
(9).a walking stick----a fishing pole-----a waiting room
(10).a retired worker----a returned student
---an escaped prisoner(逃犯)
例如：(1).This is the building built last year.??
(2).The building being built there is our lab.
(3).They have desighned a building to be built next year.
(4).I don't like to see letters written in pencil.???
(5).------Do you have anything______to the city?
??------No, thanks. I'm going there myself.?????
A. to take?????? B.to be taken
(6).We have visited the temple_____from the 14th century and the big clock_____2000 years ago.
??A.dates, built???? ? B.dated, building??????
C.dating, built????? D.to date, building
5.作状语（修饰动词）：
(1).To do sth.------作目的状语、结果状语，或在表示喜怒哀乐的形容词后面作原因状语。
(2).Doing sth
作时间、原因、条件、方式及伴随状语。
(3) Done by sb.
例如:(1).The ice is thick enough for us to?skate on.??????
? (2).The book?is too difficult for you to read.
(3).To read an English novel, you must have a lot of English words in your memory.
(4).They marched on the road, carrying red flags.??
(5).He stood there, not knowing what to say.
(6).Being?busy, I can't go to the cinema.?????
(7).I'm sorry to trouble you.(某些adj.作表语，表示喜怒哀乐，后面跟不定式表示原因）
(8).We eat to live, but we don't live to eat.??????
(9).I went upstairs only to find the room was broken into.(不定式作结果状语时，常常表示出乎意料的结果，而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然的结果）注意：
only to?do sth. "结果----，不料-------（出人预料）
only doing sth. "结果只是-----"(必然结果）。如：
*Yesterday I went to see him, only?to find him dead.
*His poor father died, only leaving him 3 broken houses.
(10).His parents died, leaving him an orphan.??????
(11).Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.
(12).Given more time, we can do it much better.?
(13).Walking along the street, I happened to see the accident.
(14).He got up early, _____too catch the train.?
A. to hope B. hoping C. hope D. hoped
(15).---The music sounds very sweet. Let's go dancing, shall we?
?? ---OK. The music is very pleasant to______.
???A.dance????? ? B.dance to???????
? ? C.be danced???????? D.be danced to
(16).Has the boy who was made use of__________realized his mistakes?
? A.stealing???? ??? B.stolen??????????? C.to steal?????? ? D.for stealing
(17).______late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm.??
??A.Sleep????? B.To sleep????
C.Sleeping????? ?? D.Having slept
(18).Which do you enjoy _____your weekend, swimming or fishing?
? A.spending??????? ? B. being spent C.spend??????? D. to spend
(19).In orden not to be found, I'll spend the night______in your room.
??A.locking????? ??? B.locked??????????? C.to lock????? ??? D.lock
注意：分词作状语 时，其逻辑主语必须与句中主语一致。否则，就必须用独立主格结构 或 状语从句。
（除：To tell the truth, Judging from/by------, Exactly speaking, Generally speaking, Provided that------倘使、假如）
例如：(1).Seeing from the hill, the West Lake is very beautiful.(错）------应该改为：
?Seen from the hill, the West Lake is very beautiful. 或
Seeing from the hill, you will find the West Lake is very beautiful.
(2).______(heat) to 100*C, water boils.
______(rely) on their own efforts, they got over the difficulty.
______(carry) on its mother's back, the baby fell asleep.
? _____(carry) his younger brother on his back, he began to climb the hill.
什么叫独立主格结构呢？
1独立主格结构的构成：
名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词；
名词（代词）+形容词；
名词（代词）+副词；
名词（代词）+不定式；
名词（代词） +介词短语构成。
There being + 名词（代词）
It being + 名词（代词）
独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
例如：The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。
　　 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
　 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.　天气允许，我们明天去看你。
　　This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。
　　The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.　 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
　　He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。
　 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
There being nothing else to do, we went home.没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.由于今天是假日，所有的商店都关门了。
2 with的复合结构作独立主格
　表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：
with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如：
　He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raised.他举手着站在那儿。
典型例题
The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied　 B. having tied　　C. to be tied　　D. tied　　
　　答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.　　
注意:
1） 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.（hand前不能加his）劫匪冲进房间，手里拿着刀。
2） 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。例如：
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那儿，牙紧咬，双手握拳，两眼直勾勾看着上面。
典型例题：
　 Weather___, we”ll go out for a walk.
　 A permitted　 B permitting　 C permits　 D for permitting
　 答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为”天气允许”，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
　 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we”ll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
(3).All things_____(consider), the plan should be put off.
? She lay against the wall, the sun____(shine) upon her face.
? He_____(guide) the blind man, they walked slowly across the street.
? He rushed into the room, his face____(cover) with sweat.
? She sat still in the chair, with her eyes______(close).
The teacher came into the room, book in hand
或 with a book in his hand.
With the machine_____(do) all the work, we'll finish our task in time.
With you ____(help) me, I could do it better.
The table_____(set), they began to have lunch.
Her mother____(be) ill, she had to look after her at home.
All his money_____(go), he had to look for a job.
His leg _____(badly hurt), he had to stay in bed.
6.作宾补:
(1).Ask sb. To do sth.
Ask/tell/order/command/allow(permit)/persuade/advise/force/oblige/beg/expect/encourage/forbid/remind/cause/get/warn/invite/request/want/wish/teach/train（训练）/trouble/prefer
(2).Make sb. D