【精品解析】2019年高考英语真题分类汇编专题09：说明文类阅读理解

2019年高考英语真题分类汇编专题09：说明文类阅读理解
一、阅读理解
1．（2019·北京）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
By the end of the century, if not sooner, the
world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according
to a new study.
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny
marine microorganisms (海洋微生物) called
phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms, these
phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour
varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of
phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some
areas, while reducing it in other spots, leading to changes in the ocean's appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where
they pull carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) into
the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon
in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global
climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable
to the ocean's warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean
and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and
carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT's
Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that projects changes
to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃, it found that multiple changes to the colour
of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little
phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the
Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas
will turn greener. "Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean
changing." she said, "but the type of phytoplankton is changing."
（1）What are the first two paragraphs mainly about
A．The various patterns at the ocean surface.
B．The cause of the changes in ocean colour.
C．The way light reflects off marine organisms.
D．The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.
（2）What does the underlined word "vulnerable" in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Sensitive B．Beneficial C．Significant D．Unnoticeable
（3）What can we learn from the passage
A．Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.
B．Dutkiewicz's model aims to project phytoplankton changes
C．Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate
D．Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.
（4）What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes
B．To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain
C．To explain the effects of climate change on oceans
D．To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton
2．（2019·北京）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Want to explore new cultures, meet new people
and do something worthwhile at the same time You can do all the three with
Global Development Association (GDA).Whatever stage of life you're at, wherever
you go and whatever project you do in GDA, you'll create positive changes in a
poor and remote community (社区).
We
work with volunteers of all ages and backgrounds. Most of our volunteers are
aged 17-24. Now we need volunteer managers aged 25-75.They are extremely
important in the safe and effective running of our programmes. We have such
roles as project managers, mountain leaders, and communication officers.
Depending
on which role you choose, you could help to increase a community's access to
safe drinking water, or help to protect valuable local cultures. You might also
design an adventure challenge to train young volunteers.
Not
only will you help our young volunteers to develop personally, you'll also learn
new skills and increase your cultural awareness. You may have chances to meet
new people who'll become your lifelong friends.
This
summer we have both 4-week and 7-week programmes:
Country Schedule
　
4-week programmes 7-week programmes
Algeria 5 Jul.- 1Aug. 20Jun. -7Aug.
Egypt 24 Jul-20 Aug. 19Jun.-6 Aug.
Kenya 20 Jul.-16Aug. 18 Jun.-5 Aug.
South Africa 2Aug.-29 Aug. 15 Jun.-2Aug.
GDA ensures that volunteers work with
community members and local project partners where our help is needed. All our
projects aim to promote the development of poor and remote communities.
There
is no other chance like a GDA programme. Join us as a volunteer manager to
develop your own skills while bringing benefits to the communities.
Find
out more about joining a GDA programme:
Website:
www.glodeve.org
Email:
humanresources@glodeve.org
（1）What is the main responsibility of volunteer managers
A．To seek local partners B．To take in young volunteers
C．To carry out programmes D．To foster cultural awareness
（2）The programme beginning in August will operate in ________.
A．Egypt B．Algeria C．Kenya D．South Afria
（3）The shared goal of GDA's projects to ________.
A．explore new cultures B．protect the environment
C．gain corporate benefit D．help communities in need
3．（2019·江苏）请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Whatever your age or interests, Buxton has something
to see or do to make your visit truly memorable. High energy If you desire physical activities, you can choose activities from swimming to horse riding. Explore the heights with Go Ape, the high wire forest adventure course, or journey beneath the earth at Poole's Cavern. And don't forget: we are surrounded by a natural playground just perfect for walking, caving, climbing and cycling. High minded Buxton is justifiably proud of its cultural life and you'll find much to suit all tastes with art, music, opera and the performing arts at Buxton Opera House & Pavilion Arts Centre and Green Man Gallery. There are plenty of opportunities for the creative person to become involved, including workshops and events. Keeping the kids happy Children love the small train and playgrounds in the Pavilion Gardens and there's plenty more to explore at the Buxton Museum. There's a new indoor play centre, plus the special events and workshops, and others during school holiday periods
（1）If you want to take an undergounld journey, which place is the best choice
A．Pole's Caven. B．Pavilion Gardens.
C．Buxton Museum. D．Green Man Gallery.
（2）Buxton Open House & Pavilion Arts Centre is special because it offers ________.
A．rides in small trains B．courses in modcm arts
C．artistic and cultural activities D．basic courses in horse riding
4．（2019·天津）阅读理解
How does an ecosystem（生态系统）work What makes the populations of different species the way they
are Why are there so many flies and so few wolves To find an answer, scientists
have built mathematical models of food webs, noting who eats whom and how much
each one eats.
With such models, scientists have found out
some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs, for instance, consist
of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator（掠食动物）always eats huge numbers of a single prey（猎物）, the two species are strongly linked; when a predator lives on
various species, they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many
weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a
predator can eat several species, it can survive the extinction（灭绝）of one of them. And if a predator can move on to another species
that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the
original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one
another to extinction.
Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species—including species they did not directly attack.
And unplanned human activities have proved
the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean, we
fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land, we
killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected
the ecological balance.
Scientists have built an early-warning
system based on mathematical models. Ideally, the system would tell us when to
adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or
would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention
is key, scientists says because once ecosystems pass their tipping point（临界点）, it is remarkably difficult for them to return.
（1）What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs？
A．The living habits of species in food webs.
B．The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.
C．The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.
D．The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.
（2）A strong link is found between two species when a predator______.
A．has a wide food choice B．can easily find new prey
C．sticks to one prey species D．can quickly move to another place
（3）What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline？
A．The prey species they directly attack will die out.
B．The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.
C．The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.
D．The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.
（4）What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4？
A．Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.
B．Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.
C．Species of commercial value dominate other species.
D．Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.
（5）How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance？
A．By getting illegal practices under control.
B．By stopping us from killing large predators.
C．By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.
D．By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.
5．（2019·天津）阅读理解
History Fair Competition
Understanding history is vital to understanding ourselves as a people and as a nation.
History is much more than the study of dusty old objects and events long past. It is an essential part of who we are today and who we will become. Thornton fiddle School History Fair Competition makes understanding history exciting, engaging, and fun！
This Year's Theme
All participants must address how communication or transportation technology has promoted the quality of life for Americans throughout history. To many people, technology means computers, hand-held devices, or vehicles that travel to distant planets. However, technology is also the application of scientific knowledge to solve a problem, touching lives in countless ways.
Individuals or groups may enter one of the following categories:
Performance
Documentary（纪实作品）
Essay Writing
Category Requirements
Performance: A dramatic presentation of the topic no more than 10 minutes long. If special clothes are used, they should truly represent a given period.
Documentary: A visual presentation（such as a video, slide show, or computer project）no more than 10 minutes long. A desktop computer, screen, projector, and loudspeakers will be available. Students must provide their presentations on CDs before Friday, March 23.
Essay Writing: An academic paper of 2, 000 to 2, 500 words. No illustrations（图解）are allowed. Please do not include covers. A list of references must be included.
Important Dates
January 5 Submit a topic proposal to your history teacher. The teacher may require a second proposal if the first is off-topic or unclear.
February 5 Submit a first draft of your essay, performance script（剧本）, or documentary highlights.
February 19 A committee of teachers will evaluate materials and give opinions. Students then have an opportunity to improve their products.
March 9 Submit a final draft of your essay.
March 15 Performance and documentary committee preview
March 24 Thornton Middle School History Fair Competition
7:00A. M-9:00A. M Participants signing in at the gym
10:00A. M. -6:petition and judges' review
7:00P.M. Awards ceremony and picnic
（1）According to Paragraph 1，what is the major goal of understanding history？
A．To preserve national traditions.
B．To prepare for a history competition.
C．To better know the present and future.
D．To further explore historical mysteries.
（2）What is the theme of this year's competition
A．Technology advances science.
B．Science interacts with technology.
C．Science has made the study of history easy.
D．Technology has improved the life of Americans.
（3）Among the items provided by the school for a visual presentation are__________.
A．special clothes and a screen B．a desktop computer and a CD
C．a projector and special clothes D．a desktop computer and loudspeakers
（4）What would a participant have to do with an essay of 1,500 words to meet the category requirement
A．Include more information in the essay.
B．Remove the references.
C．Provide a cover for the essay.
D．Explain the details with illustrations.
（5）What will the committee of teachers do on February 19
A．Preview performances and documentaries.
B．Make comments on the materials.
C．Improve the participant's first draft.
D．Collect a second proposal from the participant.
（2019·全国卷Ⅲ）阅读理解
Monkeys seem to have a
way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained
three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers
and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers
then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical
School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment:
In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the
screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle
were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and
the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen
they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the
circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds
of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values
more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not
just memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined
the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended
to underestimate（低估）a sum compared with a single
symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing,
for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When
adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two,
and then added only a fraction（小部分）of the smaller number
to it.
"This indicates that
there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, "Dr. Livingstone
says. "But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to
the big number than the little one.”
6．What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them
A．They fed them. B．They named them.
C．They trained them. D．They measured them.
7．How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment
A．By drawing a circle. B．By touching a screen.
C．By watching videos. D．By mixing two drinks.
8．What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys
A．They could perform basic addition.
B．They could understand simple words.
C．They could memorize numbers easily.
D．They could hold their attention for long.
9．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
A．Entertainment. B．Health. C．Education. D．Science.
（2019·全国卷Ⅲ）阅读理解
Before the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"-a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer's office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase "penny paper" caught the public's fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业)were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
10．Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s
A．Academic. B．Unattractive. C．Inexpensive. D．Confidential.
11．What did street sales mean to newspapers
A．They would be priced higher. B．They would disappear from cities.
C．They could have more readers. D．They could regain public trust.
12．Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at
A．Local politicians. B．Common people.
C．Young publishers. D．Rich businessmen.
13．What can we say about the birth of the penny paper
A．It was a difficult process. B．It was a temporary success.
C．It was a robbery of the poor. D．It was a disaster for printers.
14．（2019·新课标Ⅰ卷）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word "touch" four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
（1）Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard
A．To reduce pressure on keys.
B．To improve accuracy in typing
C．To replace the password system.
D．To cut the cost of e-space protection.
（2）What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible
A．Computers are much easier to operate.
B．Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C．Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D．Data security measures are guaranteed.
（3）What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard
A．It'll be environment-friendly. B．It'll reach consumers soon.
C．It'll be made of plastics. D．It'll help speed up typing.
（4）Where is this text most likely from
A．A diary. B．A guidebook. C．A novel. D．A magazine.
答案解析部分
1．【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）D
（4）C
【知识点】科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。这一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响，气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游植物的生长。
（1）段落大意题。第一段“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知，到本世纪末，一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。再根据第二段中的“At the heart phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms called phytoplankton. Becaust of the way light reflects off the organisms ,these phytoplanktons create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration”可知，这种现象的核心是一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光线的作用下在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。海洋的颜色从绿色到蓝色不等，这取决于海洋的类型和浮游植物浓度。由此可推断出这两段主要叙述了海洋生物是海洋颜色变化的原因。故选B。
（2）词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunshine and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.”可知，气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并会影响浮游植物的生长。由此可判断“But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's wamning trend”可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。故选A。
（3）推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters ,such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener”,可知Dutkiewicz的模型预测，目前只有少量浮游植物的蓝色区域可能会变得更蓝。但是在一些水域，比如北极，气候变暖会使浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，而这些水域会变得更绿了”。由此可推断，浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，浮游动植物就更多了，这些水域会变得更绿了。故选D。
（4）主旨大意题。第一段提出文章的主旨“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知到本世纪末。一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。再结合第三段“But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's warning trendWarming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, …”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并能影响浮游植物的生长”。可知本文主要解释气候变化对海洋及其植物的影响。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断，词义猜测，段落大意和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
2．【答案】（1）C
（2）D
（3）D
【知识点】细节理解题；时文广告类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，Global Development Association(GDA)致力于积极的改变贫穷和偏远的社区，在这里能探索新的文化，结识新朋友，同时做一些值得的事。作者为GDA招募志愿者并介绍了今年夏天的具体项目。
（1）细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Depending on which role you choose, you could help to increase ...,or help to project....You might also design...”可知，根据岗位不同，管理人员可以帮助增加小区的饮用水，可以规划地方文化，可以设计挑战项目培训年轻的志愿者，从这些内容上可以判断出其主要职责是执行项目计划。故选C。
（2）细节理解题。根据这个表格中4-week programmes中的最后一个South Africa 2 Aug-29 Aug，可知八月在南非开始，故选D。
（3）细节理解题。根据第一段中的“you'll create positive changes in a poor and remote community.”和倒数第二段中地“All our projects aim to promote the development of poor and remote communities”可知，其目标就是促进偏远贫穷区域的发展，即帮助有需要的社区。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，考生要求准确捕捉细节信息，并结合题目要求，从而选出正确答案。
3．【答案】（1）A
（2）C
【知识点】细节理解题；时文广告类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，向游客介绍了去布克斯顿旅游可以去的一些景点的相关信息。
（1）细节理解题。根据High energy部分中的“...... journey beneath the earth at Poole's Cavern”可知，在 Poole's Cavern，可以在地下旅行，也就是乘坐地铁旅行。所以如果你想乘地铁旅行，Poole's Cavern是你最好的选择。选A。
（2）细节理解题。根据High minded部分中的“Buxton is justifiably proud of it's cultural life and you will find much to suit all tastes with art ,music,opera,and the performing arts at Buxton Opera House&Pavilion Arts Center and Green Man Gallery”可知，Buxton 以其丰富的文化生活而自豪，在Buxton Opera House&Pavilion Arts Center and Green Man Gallery，您将发现许多适合各种品味的艺术、音乐、歌剧和表演艺术。所以Buxton Opera House&Pavilion Arts Center特别是因为它提供艺术和文化活动。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，结合题目要求，从而选出正确答案。
4．【答案】（1）B
（2）C
（3）D
（4）A
（5）D
【知识点】科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了一些在食物网运营的关键原则。科学家们说;因为一个生态系统越过了它的临界点，它们很难再回来。该系统将告诉我们何时适应人类活动，这些活动正将生态系统推向崩溃，或者甚至允许我们将生态系统从边缘拉回来，预防是关键。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.”可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。故选B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“When a predator(掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物)，the two species are strongly linked”可知，当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物，这两个物种是紧密相连的。故选C。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had, a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species they did not directly attack”可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制，由此可推断出，如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。故选D。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline”可知，人类过度的活动会将生态系统推向崩溃，由此可推断出，不受控制的人类活动极大地破坏了生态系统。故选A。
（5）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Scientists have built an early-warming system based on mathematical models. Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.”可知，早期变暖系统发出紧急需要采取预防行动的信号帮助我们维持生态平衡。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
5．【答案】（1）C
（2）D
（3）D
（4）A
（5）B
【知识点】时文广告类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了桑顿中学举办的历史展览竞赛的相关信息。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段“It is an essential part of who we are today and who we will become”可知，历史告诉了今天我们是谁，将来我们要成为谁，它是我们重要的组成部分。所以了解历史的主要目地是更好地了解现在和未来。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据This Year's Theme部分中的“All participants must address how communication or transportaion technology has promoted the quality of life for Amercian throughout history ”可知，所有的参与者都必须要说明通信或运输技术如何在整个历史过程中如何提高了美国人的生活质量。所以今年竞赛的主题是：技术提高了美国人的生活。故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据Documentary部分中的“A desktop computer, screen,projector,and loudspeaker will be available”可知，将提供台式电脑、屏幕、投影仪和扬声器。所以学校提供的视觉展示设备包括台式电脑和扩音器。故选D。
（4）考查细节理解。根据Essay Writing 部分中的“An academic paper of 2,000 to 2,5000 words ”No illustration are allowed。Please do not include covers. A list of references must be included”可知，要求一份2000至25000字的学术论文。不允许有插图。请不要包括封面。必须包括一份参考文献列表。所以通过排除法，可以看出B，C，D选项都被排除，故一个参与者需要在文章中列入更多的信息才能使一篇1500字的论文满足类别要求。故选A。
（5）考查细节理解。根据Important Dates部分中的“February 19 A committee of teachers will evaluate materials and give opinions ”可知，2月19日，教师委员会将对材料进行评估并发表意见。所以在2月19日。教师委员会将对材料做出评论。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，结合题目要求，从而选出正确答案。
【答案】6．C
7．B
8．A
9．D
【知识点】说明文；科普类
【解析】【分析】 这是一篇说明文，介绍了哈佛医学院的科学家Margaret Livingstone领导的一个研究团队对猴子进行实验得出的研究结果：猴子可以进行基本的加法运算。文章对研究的经过和结论做了介绍和分析。
【点评】这是一篇科普方面说明文。答题是紧扣文章主题句——第一句，通过题干中的关键词在文中定位，认真分析相关的句子，对选项加以分析进行必要的排除从而得到正确的答案。
6．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys…The researches then tested how…”可知，在对这些猴子进行测试之前，研究者们对它们进行了培训。故答案为C。
7．细节理解题。根据第三段中If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice ； if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.可知，当猴子触摸屏幕左边时，它们会得到7滴水或者果汁的奖励；当它们触摸屏幕的另一端（即画着圆圈的部分）时，它们会得到17滴水或果汁的奖励。由此可知，猴子是通过触摸屏幕得到奖励的。故答案为B。
8．推理判断题。将题干中Livingstone's team 定位在第四段the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination和第五段中的paid attention to the larger of the two可知，猴子会在超过一半的时间内选择更高的值，这意味着它们在进行计算，而不仅仅是记住每一个组合的值。可以推断出：猴子能够进行基本的加法计算。故答案为A。
9．推理判断题。通读整篇文章可知，该文介绍的是哈佛医学院的科学家Margaret Livingstone领导的一个研究团队对猴子进行实验得出的研究结果。这属于“科学研究”范畴，故该文应出现在报纸的“科学”板块。故答案为D。
【答案】10．B
11．C
12．B
13．A
【知识点】说明文；科普类
【解析】【分析】本文介绍了“便士报纸”的诞生历程。
【点评】这是一篇科普类的说明文，阅读时把握文章的主旨，然后快速浏览文章内容。阅读问题时，确定问题中的关键词，然后在文章中准确定位，认真分析相关的语句即可得到答案。
10．细节理解题。将题干中的 1830s 定位在文章的第一段，根据these amounts were forbidding to most citizens 和 most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience 可知，当时只有富人才能读报纸，而且大多数报纸中几乎没有能吸引大众的内容，让人感觉无聊。由此可得出那时的报纸没有什么吸引力。A . Academic学术的；B. Unattractive没有吸引力， 无魅力的； C. Inexpensive廉价的，不贵的； D. Confidential机密的，保密的。故答案为B。
11．推理判断题。根据第二段提到“便士报纸”针对大众，很便宜的。更重要的是，在街上可以买到报纸。 结合第三段中间的 street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities 可知，报纸的街头销售随处可见。由此可推断出，街头销售意味读报纸的多了。故答案为C。
12．细节理解题。根据第二段中的 referring to papers made widely available to the public 可知，这种“便士报纸”是针对大众的，在街上可以买得到报纸。所以这种报纸针对的是普通老百姓，故答案为B。
13．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的 did not begin well … immediate failures …可知，“便士报纸”新趋势一开始并不好，一些早期的尝试立即失败了。后来一些年轻而大胆的商人才推动了这件事。由此可推断出“便士报纸”的诞生是一个困难而曲折的过程。故答案为A。
14．【答案】（1）D
（2）C
（3）B
（4）D
【知识点】说明文；科普类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。随着身份信息被盗用变得越来越普遍，像指纹扫描这样的生物技术使用的越来越多，但是其代价也很高。于是来自Georgia Tech的研究者提出了一种精确但是成本低廉的“智能键盘”技术，人们敲击键盘的力度、节奏等具有唯一性，这样即使密码泄露也不用担心别人进入你的电子空间。
（1）细节理解题。将smart keyboard定位在第二段第一句，根据其前面的 low-cost device可知这项技术是为了解决第一段最后一句中的expensive问题，即减少电子空间保护的成本。故答案为D。
（2）细节理解题。根据第二段中的The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities可知，键盘通过分析使用者的打字力度和节奏，提供一重安全保障，因为每个人的打字力度和节奏都是独一无二的。故答案为C。
（3）细节理解题。根据最后一段The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.可知这个团队希望这项技术能尽快进入市场，尽快与消费者见面。故答案为B。
（4）推理判断题。本题询问文章的来源。Diary日记；guidebook旅行指南；novel小说；magazine。本文属于科技发明方面的文章，所以可以排除ABC选项，故答案为D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
1 / 12019年高考英语真题分类汇编专题09：说明文类阅读理解
一、阅读理解
1．（2019·北京）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
By the end of the century, if not sooner, the
world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according
to a new study.
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny
marine microorganisms (海洋微生物) called
phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms, these
phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour
varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of
phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some
areas, while reducing it in other spots, leading to changes in the ocean's appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where
they pull carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) into
the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon
in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global
climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable
to the ocean's warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean
and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and
carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT's
Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that projects changes
to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃, it found that multiple changes to the colour
of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little
phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the
Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas
will turn greener. "Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean
changing." she said, "but the type of phytoplankton is changing."
（1）What are the first two paragraphs mainly about
A．The various patterns at the ocean surface.
B．The cause of the changes in ocean colour.
C．The way light reflects off marine organisms.
D．The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.
（2）What does the underlined word "vulnerable" in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Sensitive B．Beneficial C．Significant D．Unnoticeable
（3）What can we learn from the passage
A．Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.
B．Dutkiewicz's model aims to project phytoplankton changes
C．Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate
D．Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.
（4）What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes
B．To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain
C．To explain the effects of climate change on oceans
D．To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton
【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）D
（4）C
【知识点】科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。这一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响，气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游植物的生长。
（1）段落大意题。第一段“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知，到本世纪末，一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。再根据第二段中的“At the heart phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms called phytoplankton. Becaust of the way light reflects off the organisms ,these phytoplanktons create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration”可知，这种现象的核心是一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光线的作用下在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。海洋的颜色从绿色到蓝色不等，这取决于海洋的类型和浮游植物浓度。由此可推断出这两段主要叙述了海洋生物是海洋颜色变化的原因。故选B。
（2）词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunshine and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.”可知，气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并会影响浮游植物的生长。由此可判断“But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's wamning trend”可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。故选A。
（3）推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters ,such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener”,可知Dutkiewicz的模型预测，目前只有少量浮游植物的蓝色区域可能会变得更蓝。但是在一些水域，比如北极，气候变暖会使浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，而这些水域会变得更绿了”。由此可推断，浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，浮游动植物就更多了，这些水域会变得更绿了。故选D。
（4）主旨大意题。第一段提出文章的主旨“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知到本世纪末。一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。再结合第三段“But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's warning trendWarming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, …”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并能影响浮游植物的生长”。可知本文主要解释气候变化对海洋及其植物的影响。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断，词义猜测，段落大意和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
2．（2019·北京）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Want to explore new cultures, meet new people
and do something worthwhile at the same time You can do all the three with
Global Development Association (GDA).Whatever stage of life you're at, wherever
you go and whatever project you do in GDA, you'll create positive changes in a
poor and remote community (社区).
We
work with volunteers of all ages and backgrounds. Most of our volunteers are
aged 17-24. Now we need volunteer managers aged 25-75.They are extremely
important in the safe and effective running of our programmes. We have such
roles as project managers, mountain leaders, and communication officers.
Depending
on which role you choose, you could help to increase a community's access to
safe drinking water, or help to protect valuable local cultures. You might also
design an adventure challenge to train young volunteers.
Not
only will you help our young volunteers to develop personally, you'll also learn
new skills and increase your cultural awareness. You may have chances to meet
new people who'll become your lifelong friends.
This
summer we have both 4-week and 7-week programmes:
Country Schedule
　
4-week programmes 7-week programmes
Algeria 5 Jul.- 1Aug. 20Jun. -7Aug.
Egypt 24 Jul-20 Aug. 19Jun.-6 Aug.
Kenya 20 Jul.-16Aug. 18 Jun.-5 Aug.
South Africa 2Aug.-29 Aug. 15 Jun.-2Aug.
GDA ensures that volunteers work with
community members and local project partners where our help is needed. All our
projects aim to promote the development of poor and remote communities.
There
is no other chance like a GDA programme. Join us as a volunteer manager to
develop your own skills while bringing benefits to the communities.
Find
out more about joining a GDA programme:
Website:
www.glodeve.org
Email:
humanresources@glodeve.org
（1）What is the main responsibility of volunteer managers
A．To seek local partners B．To take in young volunteers
C．To carry out programmes D．To foster cultural awareness
（2）The programme beginning in August will operate in ________.
A．Egypt B．Algeria C．Kenya D．South Afria
（3）The shared goal of GDA's projects to ________.
A．explore new cultures B．protect the environment
C．gain corporate benefit D．help communities in need
【答案】（1）C
（2）D
（3）D
【知识点】细节理解题；时文广告类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，Global Development Association(GDA)致力于积极的改变贫穷和偏远的社区，在这里能探索新的文化，结识新朋友，同时做一些值得的事。作者为GDA招募志愿者并介绍了今年夏天的具体项目。
（1）细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Depending on which role you choose, you could help to increase ...,or help to project....You might also design...”可知，根据岗位不同，管理人员可以帮助增加小区的饮用水，可以规划地方文化，可以设计挑战项目培训年轻的志愿者，从这些内容上可以判断出其主要职责是执行项目计划。故选C。
（2）细节理解题。根据这个表格中4-week programmes中的最后一个South Africa 2 Aug-29 Aug，可知八月在南非开始，故选D。
（3）细节理解题。根据第一段中的“you'll create positive changes in a poor and remote community.”和倒数第二段中地“All our projects aim to promote the development of poor and remote communities”可知，其目标就是促进偏远贫穷区域的发展，即帮助有需要的社区。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，考生要求准确捕捉细节信息，并结合题目要求，从而选出正确答案。
3．（2019·江苏）请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Whatever your age or interests, Buxton has something
to see or do to make your visit truly memorable. High energy If you desire physical activities, you can choose activities from swimming to horse riding. Explore the heights with Go Ape, the high wire forest adventure course, or journey beneath the earth at Poole's Cavern. And don't forget: we are surrounded by a natural playground just perfect for walking, caving, climbing and cycling. High minded Buxton is justifiably proud of its cultural life and you'll find much to suit all tastes with art, music, opera and the performing arts at Buxton Opera House & Pavilion Arts Centre and Green Man Gallery. There are plenty of opportunities for the creative person to become involved, including workshops and events. Keeping the kids happy Children love the small train and playgrounds in the Pavilion Gardens and there's plenty more to explore at the Buxton Museum. There's a new indoor play centre, plus the special events and workshops, and others during school holiday periods
（1）If you want to take an undergounld journey, which place is the best choice
A．Pole's Caven. B．Pavilion Gardens.
C．Buxton Museum. D．Green Man Gallery.
（2）Buxton Open House & Pavilion Arts Centre is special because it offers ________.
A．rides in small trains B．courses in modcm arts
C．artistic and cultural activities D．basic courses in horse riding
【答案】（1）A
（2）C
【知识点】细节理解题；时文广告类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，向游客介绍了去布克斯顿旅游可以去的一些景点的相关信息。
（1）细节理解题。根据High energy部分中的“...... journey beneath the earth at Poole's Cavern”可知，在 Poole's Cavern，可以在地下旅行，也就是乘坐地铁旅行。所以如果你想乘地铁旅行，Poole's Cavern是你最好的选择。选A。
（2）细节理解题。根据High minded部分中的“Buxton is justifiably proud of it's cultural life and you will find much to suit all tastes with art ,music,opera,and the performing arts at Buxton Opera House&Pavilion Arts Center and Green Man Gallery”可知，Buxton 以其丰富的文化生活而自豪，在Buxton Opera House&Pavilion Arts Center and Green Man Gallery，您将发现许多适合各种品味的艺术、音乐、歌剧和表演艺术。所以Buxton Opera House&Pavilion Arts Center特别是因为它提供艺术和文化活动。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，结合题目要求，从而选出正确答案。
4．（2019·天津）阅读理解
How does an ecosystem（生态系统）work What makes the populations of different species the way they
are Why are there so many flies and so few wolves To find an answer, scientists
have built mathematical models of food webs, noting who eats whom and how much
each one eats.
With such models, scientists have found out
some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs, for instance, consist
of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator（掠食动物）always eats huge numbers of a single prey（猎物）, the two species are strongly linked; when a predator lives on
various species, they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many
weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a
predator can eat several species, it can survive the extinction（灭绝）of one of them. And if a predator can move on to another species
that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the
original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one
another to extinction.
Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species—including species they did not directly attack.
And unplanned human activities have proved
the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean, we
fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land, we
killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected
the ecological balance.
Scientists have built an early-warning
system based on mathematical models. Ideally, the system would tell us when to
adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or
would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention
is key, scientists says because once ecosystems pass their tipping point（临界点）, it is remarkably difficult for them to return.
（1）What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs？
A．The living habits of species in food webs.
B．The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.
C．The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.
D．The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.
（2）A strong link is found between two species when a predator______.
A．has a wide food choice B．can easily find new prey
C．sticks to one prey species D．can quickly move to another place
（3）What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline？
A．The prey species they directly attack will die out.
B．The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.
C．The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.
D．The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.
（4）What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4？
A．Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.
B．Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.
C．Species of commercial value dominate other species.
D．Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.
（5）How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance？
A．By getting illegal practices under control.
B．By stopping us from killing large predators.
C．By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.
D．By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.
【答案】（1）B
（2）C
（3）D
（4）A
（5）D
【知识点】科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了一些在食物网运营的关键原则。科学家们说;因为一个生态系统越过了它的临界点，它们很难再回来。该系统将告诉我们何时适应人类活动，这些活动正将生态系统推向崩溃，或者甚至允许我们将生态系统从边缘拉回来，预防是关键。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.”可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。故选B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“When a predator(掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物)，the two species are strongly linked”可知，当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物，这两个物种是紧密相连的。故选C。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had, a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species they did not directly attack”可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制，由此可推断出，如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。故选D。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline”可知，人类过度的活动会将生态系统推向崩溃，由此可推断出，不受控制的人类活动极大地破坏了生态系统。故选A。
（5）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Scientists have built an early-warming system based on mathematical models. Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.”可知，早期变暖系统发出紧急需要采取预防行动的信号帮助我们维持生态平衡。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
5．（2019·天津）阅读理解
History Fair Competition
Understanding history is vital to understanding ourselves as a people and as a nation.
History is much more than the study of dusty old objects and events long past. It is an essential part of who we are today and who we will become. Thornton fiddle School History Fair Competition makes understanding history exciting, engaging, and fun！
This Year's Theme
All participants must address how communication or transportation technology has promoted the quality of life for Americans throughout history. To many people, technology means computers, hand-held devices, or vehicles that travel to distant planets. However, technology is also the application of scientific knowledge to solve a problem, touching lives in countless ways.
Individuals or groups may enter one of the following categories:
Performance
Documentary（纪实作品）
Essay Writing
Category Requirements
Performance: A dramatic presentation of the topic no more than 10 minutes long. If special clothes are used, they should truly represent a given period.
Documentary: A visual presentation（such as a video, slide show, or computer project）no more than 10 minutes long. A desktop computer, screen, projector, and loudspeakers will be available. Students must provide their presentations on CDs before Friday, March 23.
Essay Writing: An academic paper of 2, 000 to 2, 500 words. No illustrations（图解）are allowed. Please do not include covers. A list of references must be included.
Important Dates
January 5 Submit a topic proposal to your history teacher. The teacher may require a second proposal if the first is off-topic or unclear.
February 5 Submit a first draft of your essay, performance script（剧本）, or documentary highlights.
February 19 A committee of teachers will evaluate materials and give opinions. Students then have an opportunity to improve their products.
March 9 Submit a final draft of your essay.
March 15 Performance and documentary committee preview
March 24 Thornton Middle School History Fair Competition
7:00A. M-9:00A. M Participants signing in at the gym
10:00A. M. -6:petition and judges' review
7:00P.M. Awards ceremony and picnic
（1）According to Paragraph 1，what is the major goal of understanding history？
A．To preserve national traditions.
B．To prepare for a history competition.
C．To better know the present and future.
D．To further explore historical mysteries.
（2）What is the theme of this year's competition
A．Technology advances science.
B．Science interacts with technology.
C．Science has made the study of history easy.
D．Technology has improved the life of Americans.
（3）Among the items provided by the school for a visual presentation are__________.
A．special clothes and a screen B．a desktop computer and a CD
C．a projector and special clothes D．a desktop computer and loudspeakers
（4）What would a participant have to do with an essay of 1,500 words to meet the category requirement
A．Include more information in the essay.
B．Remove the references.
C．Provide a cover for the essay.
D．Explain the details with illustrations.
（5）What will the committee of teachers do on February 19
A．Preview performances and documentaries.
B．Make comments on the materials.
C．Improve the participant's first draft.
D．Collect a second proposal from the participant.
【答案】（1）C
（2）D
（3）D
（4）A
（5）B
【知识点】时文广告类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了桑顿中学举办的历史展览竞赛的相关信息。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段“It is an essential part of who we are today and who we will become”可知，历史告诉了今天我们是谁，将来我们要成为谁，它是我们重要的组成部分。所以了解历史的主要目地是更好地了解现在和未来。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据This Year's Theme部分中的“All participants must address how communication or transportaion technology has promoted the quality of life for Amercian throughout history ”可知，所有的参与者都必须要说明通信或运输技术如何在整个历史过程中如何提高了美国人的生活质量。所以今年竞赛的主题是：技术提高了美国人的生活。故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据Documentary部分中的“A desktop computer, screen,projector,and loudspeaker will be available”可知，将提供台式电脑、屏幕、投影仪和扬声器。所以学校提供的视觉展示设备包括台式电脑和扩音器。故选D。
（4）考查细节理解。根据Essay Writing 部分中的“An academic paper of 2,000 to 2,5000 words ”No illustration are allowed。Please do not include covers. A list of references must be included”可知，要求一份2000至25000字的学术论文。不允许有插图。请不要包括封面。必须包括一份参考文献列表。所以通过排除法，可以看出B，C，D选项都被排除，故一个参与者需要在文章中列入更多的信息才能使一篇1500字的论文满足类别要求。故选A。
（5）考查细节理解。根据Important Dates部分中的“February 19 A committee of teachers will evaluate materials and give opinions ”可知，2月19日，教师委员会将对材料进行评估并发表意见。所以在2月19日。教师委员会将对材料做出评论。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，结合题目要求，从而选出正确答案。
（2019·全国卷Ⅲ）阅读理解
Monkeys seem to have a
way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained
three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers
and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers
then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical
School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment:
In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the
screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle
were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and
the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen
they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the
circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds
of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values
more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not
just memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined
the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended
to underestimate（低估）a sum compared with a single
symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing,
for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When
adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two,
and then added only a fraction（小部分）of the smaller number
to it.
"This indicates that
there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, "Dr. Livingstone
says. "But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to
the big number than the little one.”
6．What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them
A．They fed them. B．They named them.
C．They trained them. D．They measured them.
7．How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment
A．By drawing a circle. B．By touching a screen.
C．By watching videos. D．By mixing two drinks.
8．What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys
A．They could perform basic addition.
B．They could understand simple words.
C．They could memorize numbers easily.
D．They could hold their attention for long.
9．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
A．Entertainment. B．Health. C．Education. D．Science.
【答案】6．C
7．B
8．A
9．D
【知识点】说明文；科普类
【解析】【分析】 这是一篇说明文，介绍了哈佛医学院的科学家Margaret Livingstone领导的一个研究团队对猴子进行实验得出的研究结果：猴子可以进行基本的加法运算。文章对研究的经过和结论做了介绍和分析。
【点评】这是一篇科普方面说明文。答题是紧扣文章主题句——第一句，通过题干中的关键词在文中定位，认真分析相关的句子，对选项加以分析进行必要的排除从而得到正确的答案。
6．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys…The researches then tested how…”可知，在对这些猴子进行测试之前，研究者们对它们进行了培训。故答案为C。
7．细节理解题。根据第三段中If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice ； if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.可知，当猴子触摸屏幕左边时，它们会得到7滴水或者果汁的奖励；当它们触摸屏幕的另一端（即画着圆圈的部分）时，它们会得到17滴水或果汁的奖励。由此可知，猴子是通过触摸屏幕得到奖励的。故答案为B。
8．推理判断题。将题干中Livingstone's team 定位在第四段the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination和第五段中的paid attention to the larger of the two可知，猴子会在超过一半的时间内选择更高的值，这意味着它们在进行计算，而不仅仅是记住每一个组合的值。可以推断出：猴子能够进行基本的加法计算。故答案为A。
9．推理判断题。通读整篇文章可知，该文介绍的是哈佛医学院的科学家Margaret Livingstone领导的一个研究团队对猴子进行实验得出的研究结果。这属于“科学研究”范畴，故该文应出现在报纸的“科学”板块。故答案为D。
（2019·全国卷Ⅲ）阅读理解
Before the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"-a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer's office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase "penny paper" caught the public's fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业)were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
10．Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s
A．Academic. B．Unattractive. C．Inexpensive. D．Confidential.
11．What did street sales mean to newspapers
A．They would be priced higher. B．They would disappear from cities.
C．They could have more readers. D．They could regain public trust.
12．Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at
A．Local politicians. B．Common people.
C．Young publishers. D．Rich businessmen.
13．What can we say about the birth of the penny paper
A．It was a difficult process. B．It was a temporary success.
C．It was a robbery of the poor. D．It was a disaster for printers.
【答案】10．B
11．C
12．B
13．A
【知识点】说明文；科普类
【解析】【分析】本文介绍了“便士报纸”的诞生历程。
【点评】这是一篇科普类的说明文，阅读时把握文章的主旨，然后快速浏览文章内容。阅读问题时，确定问题中的关键词，然后在文章中准确定位，认真分析相关的语句即可得到答案。
10．细节理解题。将题干中的 1830s 定位在文章的第一段，根据these amounts were forbidding to most citizens 和 most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience 可知，当时只有富人才能读报纸，而且大多数报纸中几乎没有能吸引大众的内容，让人感觉无聊。由此可得出那时的报纸没有什么吸引力。A . Academic学术的；B. Unattractive没有吸引力， 无魅力的； C. Inexpensive廉价的，不贵的； D. Confidential机密的，保密的。故答案为B。
11．推理判断题。根据第二段提到“便士报纸”针对大众，很便宜的。更重要的是，在街上可以买到报纸。 结合第三段中间的 street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities 可知，报纸的街头销售随处可见。由此可推断出，街头销售意味读报纸的多了。故答案为C。
12．细节理解题。根据第二段中的 referring to papers made widely available to the public 可知，这种“便士报纸”是针对大众的，在街上可以买得到报纸。所以这种报纸针对的是普通老百姓，故答案为B。
13．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的 did not begin well … immediate failures …可知，“便士报纸”新趋势一开始并不好，一些早期的尝试立即失败了。后来一些年轻而大胆的商人才推动了这件事。由此可推断出“便士报纸”的诞生是一个困难而曲折的过程。故答案为A。
14．（2019·新课标Ⅰ卷）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word "touch" four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
（1）Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard
A．To reduce pressure on keys.
B．To improve accuracy in typing
C．To replace the password system.
D．To cut the cost of e-space protection.
（2）What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible
A．Computers are much easier to operate.
B．Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C．Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D．Data security measures are guaranteed.
（3）What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard
A．It'll be environment-friendly. B．It'll reach consumers soon.
C．It'll be made of plastics. D．It'll help speed up typing.
（4）Where is this text most likely from
A．A diary. B．A guidebook. C．A novel. D．A magazine.
【答案】（1）D
（2）C
（3）B
（4）D
【知识点】说明文；科普类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。随着身份信息被盗用变得越来越普遍，像指纹扫描这样的生物技术使用的越来越多，但是其代价也很高。于是来自Georgia Tech的研究者提出了一种精确但是成本低廉的“智能键盘”技术，人们敲击键盘的力度、节奏等具有唯一性，这样即使密码泄露也不用担心别人进入你的电子空间。
（1）细节理解题。将smart keyboard定位在第二段第一句，根据其前面的 low-cost device可知这项技术是为了解决第一段最后一句中的expensive问题，即减少电子空间保护的成本。故答案为D。
（2）细节理解题。根据第二段中的The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities可知，键盘通过分析使用者的打字力度和节奏，提供一重安全保障，因为每个人的打字力度和节奏都是独一无二的。故答案为C。
（3）细节理解题。根据最后一段The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.可知这个团队希望这项技术能尽快进入市场，尽快与消费者见面。故答案为B。
（4）推理判断题。本题询问文章的来源。Diary日记；guidebook旅行指南；novel小说；magazine。本文属于科技发明方面的文章，所以可以排除ABC选项，故答案为D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
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