2022届高考英语题型概要写作2讲义（有答案）

概要写作概述之技巧篇
该题型提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。原文以说明文、议论文为主。概要，基本就是段落大意。每段用一句话概括，或者两段一个大意，最多用两句话概括。
一、方法与技巧
1. 概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。这就要求考生在写作时要找关键词和主题句，准确理解、分析原文要点，归纳段落大意。
2. 各要点的表达既要相对独立，又要有适当的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
3. 所用句型力求简单，安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
4. 不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
【同义转换整理】
此外，在写作时，要尽量使用短句，慎用长难句。例如，尽量少用关系代词which, who等引导的定语从句，而采用动词-ing形式和过去分词做定语。
5.多使用概括性词语，少用具体描述性词语。注意要点之间的衔接。
概要写作中的衔接过渡词汇：
二、高分要点
三、成篇四步骤
1．细读原文。首先要仔细阅读所给短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。
2．弄清要求。概要写作是写全文的概要，不是写某一部分的概要，也不是单就某些问题写出要点。
3．列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4．动笔前五定：
(1)定体裁：通过阅读原文确定写作体裁。
(2)定主题：根据原文中的内容确定文章的主题。
(3)定时态：如果材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时；如果材料是现在时，那么基本时态就用现在时。
(4)定人称：一般情况下用第三人称写作。特殊情况，如书信可用第一、第二人称。
(5)定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。
【可简要总结为：三定：定体裁，定人称，定时态；一找：找关键】
5. 写概要写作时可以采用下列几种小技巧:
(1)删除细节，只保留主要观点。选择一至两个例子：原文中可能包括五个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至两个例子。
(2)把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子：如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
(3)避免重复：在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明，但是这在概要写作中是不能使用的；应该删除那些突出强调的重述句，压缩长句。
附1 概要写作常用句式：
写作模板
1．记叙文概要写作模板
点明写作目的类：
The writer tells us... (主题) by showing us an example of..., who/which...(故事情节)
作者经历类：
In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing sth., which...
他人经历类：
This passage is mainly about sb.’s experience of doing sth...
2．议论文概要写作模板
The article gives the view that...should/shouldn’t...(主题)...(补充论据)
The passage highlights the importance of sth...
The author argues that...
3．说明文概要写作模板
现象解释类：
This article points out the common phenomenon...(主题), which...(补充解释)
利弊对比类：
The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B.
The passage discusses the impact of sth. On the positive side..., but it may also...
研究显示类：
The study reveals that...
The purpose of the report is to show that...
【即学即练】
Your hunger doesn’t necessarily mean you are really hungry. It is an important sign of what is happening in your body — physically, emotionally and mentally. Sounds strange It is true and here in this article we shall discuss certain things that your hunger is trying to tell you.
When you feel hungry, try to figure out if you are really hungry. Sometimes when you think that you are hungry, you might be thirsty. It is possible that you have been dehydrated (脱水) for a long time and your body is sending a signal through your hunger. So instead of eating, go for water and quench your thirst at the earliest.
If you feel hungry all the time, it could mean that you are depriving (剥夺) yourself of certain foods and hence the body is craving for these. If you are on a strict diet, then go for foods and legumes rich in protein along with complex carbohydrates (碳水化合物) like quinoa and brown rice that will take you a long time to digest and will keep you full for a long period of time.
You might get hungry for a certain kind of food only at times. This is because you become emotional about certain foods.For example, if you are happy and celebrating your anniversary, you might end up having a desire for the cake that you brought to celebrate the special occasion. This is called emotional eating.
Sometimes your hunger might mean that you need to take a break. When you end up working at a stretch, and you do not realize that your body needs rest, you can end up feeling hungry as it is a way your body is telling you to break free from work.
Sometimes when you are bored or stressed out, you might feel hungry. It is the body’s way of telling you that you need a change of scene.Go out, take a walk, talk to your dearest friend or simply take some deep breaths. Even after this, if you feel hungry, do eat.
【三定】
1．定体裁：____________________ 说明文
2．定人称：____________________ 第二人称
3．定时态：____________________ 一般现在时
【找关键】
对象: __________________________________________________________________________________
Para1: __________________________________________________________________________________
Para2: __________________________________________________________________________________
Para3: __________________________________________________________________________________
Para4: __________________________________________________________________________________
Para5: __________________________________________________________________________________
Para6: __________________________________________________________________________________
对象：hunger
1.things that your hunger is trying to tell you
2.you might be thirsty
3.you are is craving for certain food
4. you become emotional about certain foods; emotional eating
5. you need to take a break
6.you are bored or stressed out
概要写作中可用到的同义替换方法专项练习
【同义替换法】
1.大学旨在培养未来人才。
The university aims to cultivate talents for the future.
替换：The university aims to cultivate( build/ foster/ shape) talents (elites精英/ the minds思想指代有头脑的人/ ) for the future.
2.这种犯罪行为会危害社会..
替换：Such (offense/ misconduct/ delinquency/ delinquent behavior/criminal behavior) (damages/ undermines/ endangers/ is detrimental to) social community.
2.政府应该采取措施来解决这个问题
The government should take measures to solve the complicated problem.
替换：
The government (Our country / nation / The department concerned / The administration / The authorities)
should take (adopt/ optimize) measures (campaign/ countermeasures / steps / actions) to solve (resolve/ address/ render/ adjust/ regulate/ ) the complicated (complex / thorny / perplexing / vexing) problem (issue / matter).
【正反法】
1.You will fail .
改写：You will not succeed.
2.Never will Zhou Yang forget his first assignment as a journalist.
改写：Zhou Yang will remember his first assignment as a journalist.
3.心理健康对于大学生来说很重要
Mental health is very important to college students.
改写：Mental health education is also very not be downplayed/ overlooked/ ignored/ underestimated/ not less important/ secondary in importance to college students.
【词性转换法】
1.Patience is very important.
改写：Patience is of great importance.
2.With the development of technology, digital products have been using widely.
改写：Developments/ Advancement/ Breakthroughs/ Innovations in technology greatly promote the use of digital products.
【句式转换法】
【语态变换】
Parents should give children more praise.
改写：Children should be given more praise.
【词序改变法】
1.The secret of success was patience.
改写：Patience was the secret of success.
2.We can use the Internet to easily get the latest information worldwide.
The Internet enables us to have easy access to the latest information worldwide.
【简单句变复合句】
1.Children should be encouraged more.This will help them learn faster.
改写：Children should be encouraged more, which will help them learn faster.
2.Children are given more praise.They will achieve more success.
改写：When given more praise, children will achieve more success.
【连词衔接法】
1.We should encourage students.We should not scold them.
改写：We should encourage students instead of scolding them.
【其他】
【细节省略法】
1.Don’t always scold and give lots of praise instead.
改写：Don’t scold and give praise instead.
2.She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks.
改写：She brought home a lot of books and magazines.
3.He didn’t like the city. He hated it.
改写：He disliked the city.
【句意理解法】
Shopping on the Internet is becoming increasingly popular.
改写：More and more people prefer Internet shopping.
【即学即练】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要
Many years ago, when I was fresh out of school, I was driving to my parents’ home in Missouri for Christmas. I stopped at a gas station about 50 miles from Oklahoma City. While I was standing in line at the cash register (收款台), I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas.
I took off, but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from the back of my car. I stopped and wondered what I should do. A car pulled up behind me.It was the couple. They said they would take me. We chatted and when I got out of the car, the husband gave me his business card. I wrote them a thank you note. Soon afterward, I received a Christmas present from them. Their note that came with it said that helping me had made their holidays meaningful.
Years later, I drove to a meeting in the morning. In late afternoon I found that I’d left the lights on all day, and the battery was dead. Then I noticed that the Friendly Ford dealership was right next door. I walked over and found two salesmen in the showroom.
“Just how friendly is Friendly Ford ” I asked and explained my trouble. They quickly drove a pickup truck to my car and started it. They would accept no payment, so later, I wrote them a note to say thanks. I received a letter back from one of the salesmen. No one had ever written him and say thank you, and it meant a lot, he said.
“Thank you” — two powerful words. They’re easy to say and mean so much.
一、【三定】
1．定体裁：____________________ 记叙文
2．定人称：____________________ 第一、三人称
3．定时态：____________________ 一般过去时
二、【找关键】
Who: __________________________________________________________________________________
When: __________________________________________________________________________________
Where: __________________________________________________________________________________
What: __________________________________________________________________________________
Why : __________________________________________________________________________________
How: __________________________________________________________________________________
Who: I, an older couple, two salesmen
When:many years ago, years later
Where: a gas station, on the way to a meeting
What:the author accepted others' help and wrote thank you notes to them
Why:the author’s car broke down and had to ask others for help
How:the author learned a lot from sending thank-you notes to others
三、【初写成文】
①In this passage, the author told us his two experiences of being helped by the strangers. ②And during the two experiences, the author wrote thank you notes to the strangers.③They had given him a hand when there was something wrong with his car. ④Through the two experiences, he realized that saying “thank you” was easy and meant so much.
四、【润色升级】
1．把初写成文中第①句中的told us替换成“描述”。
told us→described
2．把初写成文中第①句中的of being helped by the strangers升级成定语从句。
In this passage, the author told us his two experiences where he was helped by the strangers.
3．把初写成文中的第②③句合为一个定语从句。
②And during the two experiences, the author wrote thank you notes to the strangers.
③They had given him a hand when there was something wrong with his car.
And during the two experiences, the author wrote thank you notes to the strangers who had given him a hand when there was something wrong with his car.
五、复查定稿
In this passage, he author described his two experiences where he was helped by the strangers (要点1). And during the two experiences, the author wrote thank-you notes to the strangers who had given him a hand when there was something wrong with his car. (要点2) Through the two experiences, he realized that saying “thank you” was easy and meant so much. (要点3)
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