2022届高考英语题型概要写作1讲义（有答案)
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| 名称 | 2022届高考英语题型概要写作1讲义（有答案) |  | |
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| 更新时间 | 2022-01-13 16:35:08 | ||
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概要写作第一讲---初级学习
一、评分原则
1．本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。
2．评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。
3．词数少于40的和多于80的，从总分中减去2分。
4．评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：
(1) 对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；
(2) 应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；
(3) 上下文的连贯性；
(4) 对各要点表达的独立性情况。
5．拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。
6．如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。
二、各档次的给分范围和要求
档次 描述
第五档 (21－25) —理解准确，涵盖全部要点。 —能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇。 —有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。 —完全使用自己的语言。
第四档 (16－20) —理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点。 —所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误，但完全不影响意义表达。 —比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。 —有个别整句抄自原文。
第三档 (11－15) —理解较为准确，涵盖大部分要点。 —所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但不影响意义表达。 —应用简单的语句间连接成分，使上下文内容连贯。 —出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。
第二档 (6－10) —理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点。 —有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表达。 —较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性。 —出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。
第一档 (1－5) —没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符。 —有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响了意义的表达。 —缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯。 —多个句子抄自原文。
0分 白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关。
三、写作步骤
第一步：定位 （find out the essential information）
通过阅读定位语篇的核心信息，包括核心单词，核心短语和核心句子。（句子为主，以单词和短语为辅）
确定文体
快速识别文章主旨句
可用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：
段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。
解读文本，提取关键词
概要写作就是浓缩文章的一个过程，首先要解读文本，并且要遵循整体阅读的阅读原则，把握文章的整体结构，然后提取关键词。关键词的提取在概要写作中发挥着重要的作用，因此要尽可能保证其准确性。如果关键词提取把握不准，将会导致一步错即步步错。首先将文章中的衔接词标注出来，并且对文章的整体结构进行梳理。
(1)语篇中并不是每一个段落都有主题句，因此不能有依赖主题句而去找主题句的意识，有些段落没有主题句，就应当寻找关键词。
(2)即使语篇段落中有主题句，而且主题句很明显，但是主题句的替换难度比关键词的替换难度要大，因此，如果对主题句有过度的依赖，思维方面会受到严重的限制。
(3)从主题句中提取出来的关键词，经过还原之后会发现，经常会出现还原后的要点在表述和覆盖上面欠缺完整性。基于此类原因，我们要对语篇关键词和主题句的提取加以重视，从以下两个方面着手：
①直接提取。有些文本中主题句很明显，而且对于目标和要点也进行了精准的概括，这时候就可以采取直接提取法，从主题句中提取关键词。
【北京卷】
The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. In the 4th century B.C., painters followed Alexander the Great into battle, hoping to picture his victories for his admirers. When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th century, his sold out readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain (抱怨) about his lack of privacy. Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about film stars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do. “The phenomenon of...and websites do.”
这一段就将整篇文章的目标要点详细概述出。主题句是开头的第一句即“The phenomenon of...for ages.”我们可以直接从这一句中提取关键词，如“for ages”和“tracking celebrities”，除此之外，还要提取语篇当中的衔接词，如“in the 4th century”，“the 1920s and 1930s”等，这些词将下文中的时间信息精准概括起来，利用这些关键词，可以有效还原原文的脉络。
②间接整合。如果语篇中没有明显的主题句，而且关键词也不集中，在文本结构中比较分散，这个时候，可以筛选段落中的关键词并进行整合。
【四川卷】
Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions (互动) such as falling in love or giving birth. But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.
这一部分中有很多重要的关键词，但是没有主题句子，即使有较多的衔接词如“but”，“generally”也并未有多大的作用，这时候就应当进行间接整合，提取这一部分中的关键词，如“is let out”，“social interactions”以及“negative”等。
第二步：扩词成句
扩词成句是概要写作的最基本要求，在这个过程中，我们应用推理对关键词和主题句进行反复的推敲，争取还原的要点与原文的要点守恒，既不多也不少。一般还原包含两个部分，一是简单句，二是复合句。简单句可以利用同义词替换，即在提取关键词之后，对其进行简单的扩充，将关键词变成简单的句子，这样不仅保证表达的要点不变，还使替换后的语篇在句子表达上面更加丰富。对于复合句，在关键词扩充成句的基础上再用一些合适的连接词进行连接，既丰富了句子的表达形式，又保证了句子的结构连贯、完整。要特别注意：不要添加无关信息，特别是你自己的评价！
第三步：增添色彩，使语篇更加丰富
提取关键词并对关键词进行扩词组句之后，接下来就要将这些句子自然衔接起来，使文章结构和谐。通过增加连接词、采用连接句以及应用篇章结构等方式，突出文章的要点，使文章读起来流畅。
第四步：书写
第五步：检查
检查是否把所有要点都说到了；组织结构是否清晰；句法用词有无更正。
1.检查连贯性：优先考虑使用最短连接词（but、then、later、finally、besides、thus、therefore、yet、however）
2.核查标点和语法
3.检查字数
【总结解题流程】
1．细读原文。首先要仔细阅读所给短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。
2．弄清要求。概要写作是写全文的概要，不是写某一部分的概要，也不是单就某些问题写出要点。
3．列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4．动笔前五定：
(1)定体裁：通过阅读原文确定写作体裁。
(2)定主题：根据原文中的内容确定文章的主题。
(3)定时态：如果材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时；如果材料是现在时，那么基本时态就用现在时。
(4)定人称：一般情况下用第三人称写作。特殊情况，如书信可用第一、第二人称。
(5)定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。
写作注意事项
牢记词数要求，使用地道表达。明确写作词数的上下限、采用高级或精简句式浓缩多个信息点于一句中，高度概括所给文章内容。弄清写作任务中的人称和时态，准确、地道地表达，充分展示语言的表现力。
概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。基本上就是段落大意。每段一句话概括或者两段一个大意，最多用两句话概括。
注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地罗列一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。每句话要表意明白，无空泛、笼统、含混之词。
不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。以40－80词为宜。
概要写作中的三忌：忌照抄原文；忌私加观点；忌不符字数。
高分技巧
六、常用方法
1．同义替换法
I didn’t catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.
→I didn’t catch any fish because I was not patient.
2．正反法
You will fail.
→You will not succeed．
3．词性转换法
Patience is very important.
→Patience is of great importance．
4．句式变换法
语态变换：
Parents should give children more praise.
→Children should be given more praise.
简单句变复合句：
Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.
→Children should be encouraged more, which will help them learn faster．
Children are given more praise. They will achieve more success.
→When given more praise, children will achieve more success.
5．连词衔接法
注意使用一些短而精的连词，如but, and, so, while, however, then, thus, yet, for, therefore, including, instead of等。
We should encourage students. We should not scold them.
→We should encourage students instead of scolding them.
【巧设加分点，想办法为作文加分】
(1)多使用各种连词，使文章更为连贯。
顺接、递进：firstly/secondly/thirdly, besides, in addition, what’s more, what’s worse, what’s more important, moreover, also, finally, last but not least
转折：but, however, nevertheless, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, while
原因：because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to
结果：so, therefore, as a result, so that, then, so...that, such...that
总结：to sum up, to conclude, in conclusion, in summary, in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking
(2)多使用高级词汇、短语和句式进行变换，不要重复使用一个句式和短语。同时要注意避免常见错误：
不要为了减少句数而不断使用逗号，可以通过从句、连词、非谓语等来减少句数。
如：It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields.
6．词序改变法
The secret of success was patience.
→Patience was the secret of success.
7．细节省略法
Don’t always scold and give lots of praise instead.
→Don’t scold and give praise instead.
8．句意理解法
Shopping on the Internet is becoming increasingly popular.
→More and more people prefer Internet shopping.
八、写作模板
1．记叙文概要写作模板
点明写作目的类：
The writer tells us... (主题) by showing us an example of..., who/which...(故事情节)
作者经历类：
In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing sth., which...
他人经历类：
This passage is mainly about sb.’s experience of doing sth...
2．议论文概要写作模板
The article gives the view that...should/shouldn’t...(主题)...(补充论据)
The passage highlights the importance of sth...
The author argues that...
3．说明文概要写作模板
现象解释类：
This article points out the common phenomenon...(主题), which...(补充解释)
利弊对比类：
The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B.
The passage discusses the impact of sth. On the positive side..., but it may also...
研究显示类：
The study reveals that...
The purpose of the report is to show that...
九、真题典例
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus (校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one. There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won’t be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out! If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don’t like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn’t know unless you actually visit. Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顾问), and it won’t cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair can’t take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you’d like to attend. 概要写作的文章一般都是说明文或议论文。文章结构比较清楚，段落之间的逻辑关系也很紧密。 文章第一段开门见山，提出观点：在你申请大学之前,要去亲自看看目标大学。 第二段特别指出一定要去看看附近的大学。 第三段的内容是，如果你在申请之前没有去过；在申请之后，或得到offer之前，一定要去看看，免得将来后悔。 第四段的主要内容是如果无法亲自去参观的话，可以登录网站了解相关的信息。并提供了网站的信息。
参考范文
It is a wise choice for you to pay a personal visit to the college you are applying to, especially the ones that are close to you. (要点1) In order to avoid being regretful, you should at least visit the college you decided to attend. (要点2) If all the above is not affordable, it will be helpful to search the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive where you can get the necessary information (要点3).
1.范文准确地把握了各个段落的要点。
2.各个要点之间的连接和逻辑都很顺畅，相互关系密切。
3.句子之间用了比较好的连接方式。如第一句的especially；第二句的In order to，第三句的If。
4.文章使用了比较高级的词汇和结构。如：It is a wise choice; you are applying to; that are close to you; avoid being regretful; not affordable; where you can get the necessary information。
十、样题展示
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry Ⅳ, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.
【参考范文】
People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要点1) For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要点2) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要点3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. (要点4)
【思路点拨】
一、篇章结构
文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. 换句话说：Different people have different attitudes towards dirt. 再结合下文谈到的主题可知Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin. 范文中的要点1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. ”概括非常精炼。
第二段主要谈到了在16世纪，人们认为dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since 18 century.可知，直到18世纪之前，人们都认为dirt是很“友好的”，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点2 “For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.”很好地总结了这些要点。
第三段用Though引出人们对dirt观点的转变“…since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health.”再结合本段最后一部分Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea…可得出要点3“However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.”
4. 文章最后一段第一句指出，现在人们对于dirt的态度还是有所不同，On the contrary引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。这一观点获得了一些支持。范文中的要点4“However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.”表达很恰切。
二、要点连接
文章概要，在写完了要点之后，下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章整篇结构是总分的结构，要点2和要点3在观点上截然相反，因此，之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用了However恰到好处。要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同，因此，还是用表转折的连接词However。不过小编认为，此处用Nevertheless可以避免三句话内出现两次However。
关键词汇
第一段：fixed (确定的；不变的)
第二段：means (手段，方法), block out (挡住), open up (打开), upon (……之后；立即)
第三段：long-lived (长期存在的), sell the idea (说服某人接收某个观点)
第四段：warn off (警告某人不要靠近), position (观点), gain some ground (取得优势)
【参考范文】
People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要点1) For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要点2 ) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要点3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. (要点4)
十一、真题演练
1.【福州屏东中学18-19学年高一下学期期中考】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要，
Many Chinese students have studied English for approximately ten years, but most of them cannot even speak English correct or fluently. In my opinion, there are several obstacles (障碍) that have caused this to happen. The main obstacle is fear! Another is the habit of mentally translating from Chinese to English and then to change these thoughts into spoken words and sentences. Many of these difficulties are caused by the way Chinese people study and learn the language.
We must learn to speak as a child does. When we are learning a second language we need to remember how we learned our native language. Learning to understand and speak a language is one of the first skills a child develops, How does a child learn the language He listens for a time and then he tries to repeat the words. Parents give great praise for the smallest effort and slightest improvement. Therefore, the child develops courage and is excited about learning. It takes a long time before he knows anything about grammar, spelling or formal sentence structures.
As for language teachers, they should avoid criticism and be very encouraging and generous with praise. Criticism or pointing our faults too often causes students to lose self-confidence and develop a fear of speaking. The best way to motivate a student is using praise.
The most important aspect of speaking is having good self-esteem. Self-esteem is how you feel about yourself. When most Chinese people are asked how their English is, or they are told their English is very good, they immediately respond by saying, “Oh my English is very poor.” If you say this to yourself often enough, you will believe it. When someone compliments (称赞) you, just say “thank you”.
【参考范文】
Caused by their fear and way of learning, many Chinese students cannot speak English fluently even after ten-years’ learning (高分句型一). (要点1) Actually we should learn to speak English as a child learns his native language by listening and repeating a lot. (要点2) And teachers should praise and encourage rather than criticize students，just as parents do. (要点3) Finally, having good self-esteem is of vital importance in speaking English(高分句型二). (要点4)
解析：
写好这类作文要注意几个步骤：
认真审题，找准提示语中的关键词或句，确定中心思想。
依据关键句，草拟提纲，梳理文章的脉络。
准确定位人称、时态。注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文显得更有档次。
4．最后还要认真查验是否有漏写情况，有无拼写错误及标点误用等。
高分句型一：
Caused by their fear and way of learning，many Chinese students cannot speak English fluently even after ten-years’ learning.
他们的恐惧和学习方式造成的，很多中国学生不能流利地说英语，即使经过十年的学习。
高分句型二：
Finally, having good self-esteem is of vital importance in speaking English.
最后，拥有良好的自尊对于讲英语是十分重要的。
2.【福州十八中18-19学年高一下学期期中考】
读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要（20分）
Over the past few years, there has been a big increase in the number of people sharing information online. We will learn about some positive factors regarding people sharing information online.
We often share information with our friends in the office or at home to educate, entertain, or pleasantly surprise them. In this way, we can connect with others. This is also true while sharing information online. If you look at the Facebook of your friends, you will realize that most of their updates are usually famous quotes, entertaining videos, inspirational images, funny jokes, etc.. 94% of those who responded to a survey by The New York Times said they put a lot of thought into how the content they are sharing will be beneficial to others.
A lot of people share information online to show their true self to the outside world. Some people, especially those who are shy and not comfortable talking about weir areas of interest in the presence of others, find it extremely convenient to share that information online with like-minded individuals.
78% of the respondents (调查对象) in the study of The New York Times said they shared information online because it helps them develop better relationships. Today, a lot of people do not have the time to meet each other in person, and the Internet has become a great substitute. A lot of people now “meet” each other online，rather than in conventional places like restaurants and pubs.
In spite of the positive factors, we ought to attach importance to those opposing ones and avoid them. Especially some information that is wrong would mislead us.
【参考范文】
People increasingly share information online for several positive reasons. Most people hope what they share will benefit others. Some people show their true self by sharing information online. People also do this to keep in touch with friends and make new acquaintances. Quite a few people share their thoughts online hoping to influence others’ viewpoints in a positive way.
3.
Ice skating is one of the best ways to have a good time during the winter. Whether you skate as a sport or just for fun, it's a great way to get your body moving when it’s cold outside. It’s also a wonderful activity to enjoy with your family or friends.
It’s thought that ice skating dates back to more than 3, 000 years ago. Back then, skaters skated on the ice. Modern ice skating appeared in the 13th or 14th century, when the Dutch began to make their skates out of steel, with sharpened edges on the bottom to improve control. These blades cut in to the ice, thus allowing for a much wider range of movement. Ice skating was introduced to the United Kingdom in the 17th century; the first ever skating club was in 1740 in Edinburgh.
By the 19th century, ice skating had become popular as a form of sport. People from all walks of life engaged in skating races. Skating races were often held in local districts (区域) after which the winners of various areas would gather to compete in tournaments (锦标赛). In 1879, the first national skating association was formed in England. An American man, Jackson Haines, is the first to incorporate ballet and dance movements into skating, and thus is considered the founder of figure skating.
Ice skating sports include ice dancing, speed skating, curling, and ice hockey. Figure skaters are not allowed to use music with vocals during their routines, at least when they’re performing at the Olympics. There you have it! Ice skating is more than just fun and games; there’s a whole history behind both the sport and the leisure activity. We encourage you to go out and have fun skating, but make sure you’re being safe! If you’re playing hockey or a rough sport, you might want to consider wearing a helmet to protect your head... and make sure you bundle up!
【参考范文】
Ice skating is one of the best winter activities for people to keep healthy or get fun. (要点1) It has a long history of over 3, 000 years, and it has been developing since then. (要点2) And when people took part in it as a form of sport it began to become popular. (要点3) Ice skating sports are various, and when playing, you should pay attention to your safety. (要点4)
I was out of town this weekend and anxious to get home to my responsibilities. My mother had a dear friend who was dying of cancer, and when my mom was out of town she offered to take my nephew and me to lunch and play in the pool at their country club.
I already wasn’t feeling well and I really didn’t want to go. I just kept thinking about how I needed to head home and prepare for my week. After some thought, I realized this women was a wonderfully kind lady and had always been good to my mom and my family. Her days were numbered and even though I didn’t feel like it, I should feel honored that she would like to spend some of her last hours with me. So I took my nephew to meet her and play in the pool. I was too tired for all the pool action my 8-year-old nephew had in store for me but I pushed myself because my mom’s friend enjoyed seeing us play and I was making memories with my nephew.
I originally made myself do it to practice kindness towards her, my mother and nephew. But really the kindness was extended to me. I spent some time talking with her and her husband about my future and got some new ideas. But I thought the greatest gift I received was the joyful and positive attitude coming from a dying lady. It was really touching. She was very casual when talking about her illness and how she had been teaching her husband to cook certain dishes so he would know how to make them when she was gone. And he was laughing about how he kept adding things to the list of what she needed to teach him so she would stick around longer.
Getting home I felt deeply moved. This experience really made me think about how lucky I was even when things went wrong and how I could be a much kinder person.
【参考范文】
My mother had a dying friend who often looked after me and my nephew. (要点1) Though I hesitated for a while, I took my nephew to meet her. (要点2) My mother’s friend took an active attitude towards her death and she told me what she had done for her husband, which moved me a lot. (要点3) From her experience, I knew that I should value my life and be a kinder person. (要点4)
5. 【较难】
Getting older is a natural part of life. How you will feel as you get older depends on many things, including what health problems run in your family and the choices you make. If you take good care of your body and earn positive ways to deal with stress now, you can slow down or even prevent problems that often come with getting older. It’s never too early or too late to change bad habits and start good ones. No matter when you start, a healthy lifestyle can make a difference in how you feel and what you can do.
The changes you’ll go through as you get older depend on a number of things. One is your family history (genetics). If your family members have diseases or ongoing (chronic) health problems like high blood pressure or diabetes, then you may have a greater chance of having those problems. But just because your risk is higher, it doesn’t mean you will definitely have the same problems. In fact, the lifestyle choices you make can help reduce your chances of getting illnesses that run in your family. And even if you do get a family illness, choosing to be physically active, to eat healthy foods, and to learn how to deal with stress can keep the illness from destroying your ability to enjoy your golden years.
Changes as you get older are usually gradual. Certain physical changes are common. Your metabolism (how fast your body can burn calories) slows over time, which means that your body needs less food energy than before. How much and how well you sleep will likely change. Most people start needing reading glasses around age 40, and many have some hearing loss later in life. Starting in your 50s, bone aging increases. Also starting around age 50, you may notice changes in sexual function — it’s normal to have a slower sexual response.
Most vital organs gradually become less efficient with age. The kidneys are less able to keep enough water in your body. And the heart can start to show signs of wear and tear. So as you get older, it’s important to be physically active, drink plenty of water, and choose healthy foods. Doing these things will help your body work well for a longer period of time.
【参考范文】
Getting older is a natural part of life but you must change your bad habits and start good ones. (要点1)The changes you'll go through depend on a number of things including your family history and lifestyle. (要点2) You must know the changes as you get older are usually gradual. (要点3) And most vital organs grad ally become less efficient with age. (要点4)
6.【2019浙江五校】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush. It appears that people have got used to being in a hurry. However, it’s better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done.
The main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrong in a rush. When people do their jobs or take action in a hurry, they can’t make a sound decision and probably regret later. As the saying goes, “Haste makes waste.” We should think carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly. We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly.
Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better. For example, taking a train to some place certainly will take more time than taking a plane. However, taking a train makes people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends. Besides, it allows people to fully enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way. On the contrary, being in a hurry will make us lose chances of enjoying our lives.
Finally, slower life pace provides better health conditions for us. As is known to all, taking action in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress. People think if they are not in a hurry, they will become a loser and that annoys them. But being in a hurry can hurt people both physically and mentally. According to some studies, people who have a slower pace suffer fewer diseases, tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life is tense, even if the former finish jobs more slowly than the latter.
In short, working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced. Yet, much stress can’t bring enjoyment, friends and health, which are much more important than money and other material advantages. Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace.
【写作提示】
本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了降低生活节奏的各种好处。文章结构清楚,观点明确。同时在第一段提出了主旨，第二至第四段进行了论述,最后一段给予了总结。
【参考范文】
Despite being accustomed to the fast pace in modern society, people are recommended to lead a slower life. (要点1) Slowing down lowers the possibility of committing errors made by hurry decisions. (要点2) It can also provide us with more opportunities to enjoy life. (要点3) Besides, a slower life is supposed to bring better health condition physically and mentally. (要点4) Therefore, a slow life is strongly suggested. (要点5)
19
一、评分原则
1．本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。
2．评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。
3．词数少于40的和多于80的，从总分中减去2分。
4．评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：
(1) 对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；
(2) 应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；
(3) 上下文的连贯性；
(4) 对各要点表达的独立性情况。
5．拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。
6．如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。
二、各档次的给分范围和要求
档次 描述
第五档 (21－25) —理解准确，涵盖全部要点。 —能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇。 —有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。 —完全使用自己的语言。
第四档 (16－20) —理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点。 —所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误，但完全不影响意义表达。 —比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。 —有个别整句抄自原文。
第三档 (11－15) —理解较为准确，涵盖大部分要点。 —所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但不影响意义表达。 —应用简单的语句间连接成分，使上下文内容连贯。 —出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。
第二档 (6－10) —理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点。 —有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表达。 —较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性。 —出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。
第一档 (1－5) —没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符。 —有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响了意义的表达。 —缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯。 —多个句子抄自原文。
0分 白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关。
三、写作步骤
第一步：定位 （find out the essential information）
通过阅读定位语篇的核心信息，包括核心单词，核心短语和核心句子。（句子为主，以单词和短语为辅）
确定文体
快速识别文章主旨句
可用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：
段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。
解读文本，提取关键词
概要写作就是浓缩文章的一个过程，首先要解读文本，并且要遵循整体阅读的阅读原则，把握文章的整体结构，然后提取关键词。关键词的提取在概要写作中发挥着重要的作用，因此要尽可能保证其准确性。如果关键词提取把握不准，将会导致一步错即步步错。首先将文章中的衔接词标注出来，并且对文章的整体结构进行梳理。
(1)语篇中并不是每一个段落都有主题句，因此不能有依赖主题句而去找主题句的意识，有些段落没有主题句，就应当寻找关键词。
(2)即使语篇段落中有主题句，而且主题句很明显，但是主题句的替换难度比关键词的替换难度要大，因此，如果对主题句有过度的依赖，思维方面会受到严重的限制。
(3)从主题句中提取出来的关键词，经过还原之后会发现，经常会出现还原后的要点在表述和覆盖上面欠缺完整性。基于此类原因，我们要对语篇关键词和主题句的提取加以重视，从以下两个方面着手：
①直接提取。有些文本中主题句很明显，而且对于目标和要点也进行了精准的概括，这时候就可以采取直接提取法，从主题句中提取关键词。
【北京卷】
The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. In the 4th century B.C., painters followed Alexander the Great into battle, hoping to picture his victories for his admirers. When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th century, his sold out readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain (抱怨) about his lack of privacy. Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about film stars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do. “The phenomenon of...and websites do.”
这一段就将整篇文章的目标要点详细概述出。主题句是开头的第一句即“The phenomenon of...for ages.”我们可以直接从这一句中提取关键词，如“for ages”和“tracking celebrities”，除此之外，还要提取语篇当中的衔接词，如“in the 4th century”，“the 1920s and 1930s”等，这些词将下文中的时间信息精准概括起来，利用这些关键词，可以有效还原原文的脉络。
②间接整合。如果语篇中没有明显的主题句，而且关键词也不集中，在文本结构中比较分散，这个时候，可以筛选段落中的关键词并进行整合。
【四川卷】
Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions (互动) such as falling in love or giving birth. But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.
这一部分中有很多重要的关键词，但是没有主题句子，即使有较多的衔接词如“but”，“generally”也并未有多大的作用，这时候就应当进行间接整合，提取这一部分中的关键词，如“is let out”，“social interactions”以及“negative”等。
第二步：扩词成句
扩词成句是概要写作的最基本要求，在这个过程中，我们应用推理对关键词和主题句进行反复的推敲，争取还原的要点与原文的要点守恒，既不多也不少。一般还原包含两个部分，一是简单句，二是复合句。简单句可以利用同义词替换，即在提取关键词之后，对其进行简单的扩充，将关键词变成简单的句子，这样不仅保证表达的要点不变，还使替换后的语篇在句子表达上面更加丰富。对于复合句，在关键词扩充成句的基础上再用一些合适的连接词进行连接，既丰富了句子的表达形式，又保证了句子的结构连贯、完整。要特别注意：不要添加无关信息，特别是你自己的评价！
第三步：增添色彩，使语篇更加丰富
提取关键词并对关键词进行扩词组句之后，接下来就要将这些句子自然衔接起来，使文章结构和谐。通过增加连接词、采用连接句以及应用篇章结构等方式，突出文章的要点，使文章读起来流畅。
第四步：书写
第五步：检查
检查是否把所有要点都说到了；组织结构是否清晰；句法用词有无更正。
1.检查连贯性：优先考虑使用最短连接词（but、then、later、finally、besides、thus、therefore、yet、however）
2.核查标点和语法
3.检查字数
【总结解题流程】
1．细读原文。首先要仔细阅读所给短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。
2．弄清要求。概要写作是写全文的概要，不是写某一部分的概要，也不是单就某些问题写出要点。
3．列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4．动笔前五定：
(1)定体裁：通过阅读原文确定写作体裁。
(2)定主题：根据原文中的内容确定文章的主题。
(3)定时态：如果材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时；如果材料是现在时，那么基本时态就用现在时。
(4)定人称：一般情况下用第三人称写作。特殊情况，如书信可用第一、第二人称。
(5)定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。
写作注意事项
牢记词数要求，使用地道表达。明确写作词数的上下限、采用高级或精简句式浓缩多个信息点于一句中，高度概括所给文章内容。弄清写作任务中的人称和时态，准确、地道地表达，充分展示语言的表现力。
概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。基本上就是段落大意。每段一句话概括或者两段一个大意，最多用两句话概括。
注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地罗列一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。每句话要表意明白，无空泛、笼统、含混之词。
不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。以40－80词为宜。
概要写作中的三忌：忌照抄原文；忌私加观点；忌不符字数。
高分技巧
六、常用方法
1．同义替换法
I didn’t catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.
→I didn’t catch any fish because I was not patient.
2．正反法
You will fail.
→You will not succeed．
3．词性转换法
Patience is very important.
→Patience is of great importance．
4．句式变换法
语态变换：
Parents should give children more praise.
→Children should be given more praise.
简单句变复合句：
Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.
→Children should be encouraged more, which will help them learn faster．
Children are given more praise. They will achieve more success.
→When given more praise, children will achieve more success.
5．连词衔接法
注意使用一些短而精的连词，如but, and, so, while, however, then, thus, yet, for, therefore, including, instead of等。
We should encourage students. We should not scold them.
→We should encourage students instead of scolding them.
【巧设加分点，想办法为作文加分】
(1)多使用各种连词，使文章更为连贯。
顺接、递进：firstly/secondly/thirdly, besides, in addition, what’s more, what’s worse, what’s more important, moreover, also, finally, last but not least
转折：but, however, nevertheless, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, while
原因：because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to
结果：so, therefore, as a result, so that, then, so...that, such...that
总结：to sum up, to conclude, in conclusion, in summary, in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking
(2)多使用高级词汇、短语和句式进行变换，不要重复使用一个句式和短语。同时要注意避免常见错误：
不要为了减少句数而不断使用逗号，可以通过从句、连词、非谓语等来减少句数。
如：It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields.
6．词序改变法
The secret of success was patience.
→Patience was the secret of success.
7．细节省略法
Don’t always scold and give lots of praise instead.
→Don’t scold and give praise instead.
8．句意理解法
Shopping on the Internet is becoming increasingly popular.
→More and more people prefer Internet shopping.
八、写作模板
1．记叙文概要写作模板
点明写作目的类：
The writer tells us... (主题) by showing us an example of..., who/which...(故事情节)
作者经历类：
In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing sth., which...
他人经历类：
This passage is mainly about sb.’s experience of doing sth...
2．议论文概要写作模板
The article gives the view that...should/shouldn’t...(主题)...(补充论据)
The passage highlights the importance of sth...
The author argues that...
3．说明文概要写作模板
现象解释类：
This article points out the common phenomenon...(主题), which...(补充解释)
利弊对比类：
The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B.
The passage discusses the impact of sth. On the positive side..., but it may also...
研究显示类：
The study reveals that...
The purpose of the report is to show that...
九、真题典例
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus (校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one. There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won’t be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out! If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don’t like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn’t know unless you actually visit. Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顾问), and it won’t cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair can’t take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you’d like to attend. 概要写作的文章一般都是说明文或议论文。文章结构比较清楚，段落之间的逻辑关系也很紧密。 文章第一段开门见山，提出观点：在你申请大学之前,要去亲自看看目标大学。 第二段特别指出一定要去看看附近的大学。 第三段的内容是，如果你在申请之前没有去过；在申请之后，或得到offer之前，一定要去看看，免得将来后悔。 第四段的主要内容是如果无法亲自去参观的话，可以登录网站了解相关的信息。并提供了网站的信息。
参考范文
It is a wise choice for you to pay a personal visit to the college you are applying to, especially the ones that are close to you. (要点1) In order to avoid being regretful, you should at least visit the college you decided to attend. (要点2) If all the above is not affordable, it will be helpful to search the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive where you can get the necessary information (要点3).
1.范文准确地把握了各个段落的要点。
2.各个要点之间的连接和逻辑都很顺畅，相互关系密切。
3.句子之间用了比较好的连接方式。如第一句的especially；第二句的In order to，第三句的If。
4.文章使用了比较高级的词汇和结构。如：It is a wise choice; you are applying to; that are close to you; avoid being regretful; not affordable; where you can get the necessary information。
十、样题展示
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry Ⅳ, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.
【参考范文】
People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要点1) For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要点2) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要点3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. (要点4)
【思路点拨】
一、篇章结构
文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. 换句话说：Different people have different attitudes towards dirt. 再结合下文谈到的主题可知Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin. 范文中的要点1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. ”概括非常精炼。
第二段主要谈到了在16世纪，人们认为dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since 18 century.可知，直到18世纪之前，人们都认为dirt是很“友好的”，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点2 “For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.”很好地总结了这些要点。
第三段用Though引出人们对dirt观点的转变“…since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health.”再结合本段最后一部分Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea…可得出要点3“However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.”
4. 文章最后一段第一句指出，现在人们对于dirt的态度还是有所不同，On the contrary引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。这一观点获得了一些支持。范文中的要点4“However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.”表达很恰切。
二、要点连接
文章概要，在写完了要点之后，下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章整篇结构是总分的结构，要点2和要点3在观点上截然相反，因此，之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用了However恰到好处。要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同，因此，还是用表转折的连接词However。不过小编认为，此处用Nevertheless可以避免三句话内出现两次However。
关键词汇
第一段：fixed (确定的；不变的)
第二段：means (手段，方法), block out (挡住), open up (打开), upon (……之后；立即)
第三段：long-lived (长期存在的), sell the idea (说服某人接收某个观点)
第四段：warn off (警告某人不要靠近), position (观点), gain some ground (取得优势)
【参考范文】
People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要点1) For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要点2 ) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要点3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. (要点4)
十一、真题演练
1.【福州屏东中学18-19学年高一下学期期中考】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要，
Many Chinese students have studied English for approximately ten years, but most of them cannot even speak English correct or fluently. In my opinion, there are several obstacles (障碍) that have caused this to happen. The main obstacle is fear! Another is the habit of mentally translating from Chinese to English and then to change these thoughts into spoken words and sentences. Many of these difficulties are caused by the way Chinese people study and learn the language.
We must learn to speak as a child does. When we are learning a second language we need to remember how we learned our native language. Learning to understand and speak a language is one of the first skills a child develops, How does a child learn the language He listens for a time and then he tries to repeat the words. Parents give great praise for the smallest effort and slightest improvement. Therefore, the child develops courage and is excited about learning. It takes a long time before he knows anything about grammar, spelling or formal sentence structures.
As for language teachers, they should avoid criticism and be very encouraging and generous with praise. Criticism or pointing our faults too often causes students to lose self-confidence and develop a fear of speaking. The best way to motivate a student is using praise.
The most important aspect of speaking is having good self-esteem. Self-esteem is how you feel about yourself. When most Chinese people are asked how their English is, or they are told their English is very good, they immediately respond by saying, “Oh my English is very poor.” If you say this to yourself often enough, you will believe it. When someone compliments (称赞) you, just say “thank you”.
【参考范文】
Caused by their fear and way of learning, many Chinese students cannot speak English fluently even after ten-years’ learning (高分句型一). (要点1) Actually we should learn to speak English as a child learns his native language by listening and repeating a lot. (要点2) And teachers should praise and encourage rather than criticize students，just as parents do. (要点3) Finally, having good self-esteem is of vital importance in speaking English(高分句型二). (要点4)
解析：
写好这类作文要注意几个步骤：
认真审题，找准提示语中的关键词或句，确定中心思想。
依据关键句，草拟提纲，梳理文章的脉络。
准确定位人称、时态。注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文显得更有档次。
4．最后还要认真查验是否有漏写情况，有无拼写错误及标点误用等。
高分句型一：
Caused by their fear and way of learning，many Chinese students cannot speak English fluently even after ten-years’ learning.
他们的恐惧和学习方式造成的，很多中国学生不能流利地说英语，即使经过十年的学习。
高分句型二：
Finally, having good self-esteem is of vital importance in speaking English.
最后，拥有良好的自尊对于讲英语是十分重要的。
2.【福州十八中18-19学年高一下学期期中考】
读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要（20分）
Over the past few years, there has been a big increase in the number of people sharing information online. We will learn about some positive factors regarding people sharing information online.
We often share information with our friends in the office or at home to educate, entertain, or pleasantly surprise them. In this way, we can connect with others. This is also true while sharing information online. If you look at the Facebook of your friends, you will realize that most of their updates are usually famous quotes, entertaining videos, inspirational images, funny jokes, etc.. 94% of those who responded to a survey by The New York Times said they put a lot of thought into how the content they are sharing will be beneficial to others.
A lot of people share information online to show their true self to the outside world. Some people, especially those who are shy and not comfortable talking about weir areas of interest in the presence of others, find it extremely convenient to share that information online with like-minded individuals.
78% of the respondents (调查对象) in the study of The New York Times said they shared information online because it helps them develop better relationships. Today, a lot of people do not have the time to meet each other in person, and the Internet has become a great substitute. A lot of people now “meet” each other online，rather than in conventional places like restaurants and pubs.
In spite of the positive factors, we ought to attach importance to those opposing ones and avoid them. Especially some information that is wrong would mislead us.
【参考范文】
People increasingly share information online for several positive reasons. Most people hope what they share will benefit others. Some people show their true self by sharing information online. People also do this to keep in touch with friends and make new acquaintances. Quite a few people share their thoughts online hoping to influence others’ viewpoints in a positive way.
3.
Ice skating is one of the best ways to have a good time during the winter. Whether you skate as a sport or just for fun, it's a great way to get your body moving when it’s cold outside. It’s also a wonderful activity to enjoy with your family or friends.
It’s thought that ice skating dates back to more than 3, 000 years ago. Back then, skaters skated on the ice. Modern ice skating appeared in the 13th or 14th century, when the Dutch began to make their skates out of steel, with sharpened edges on the bottom to improve control. These blades cut in to the ice, thus allowing for a much wider range of movement. Ice skating was introduced to the United Kingdom in the 17th century; the first ever skating club was in 1740 in Edinburgh.
By the 19th century, ice skating had become popular as a form of sport. People from all walks of life engaged in skating races. Skating races were often held in local districts (区域) after which the winners of various areas would gather to compete in tournaments (锦标赛). In 1879, the first national skating association was formed in England. An American man, Jackson Haines, is the first to incorporate ballet and dance movements into skating, and thus is considered the founder of figure skating.
Ice skating sports include ice dancing, speed skating, curling, and ice hockey. Figure skaters are not allowed to use music with vocals during their routines, at least when they’re performing at the Olympics. There you have it! Ice skating is more than just fun and games; there’s a whole history behind both the sport and the leisure activity. We encourage you to go out and have fun skating, but make sure you’re being safe! If you’re playing hockey or a rough sport, you might want to consider wearing a helmet to protect your head... and make sure you bundle up!
【参考范文】
Ice skating is one of the best winter activities for people to keep healthy or get fun. (要点1) It has a long history of over 3, 000 years, and it has been developing since then. (要点2) And when people took part in it as a form of sport it began to become popular. (要点3) Ice skating sports are various, and when playing, you should pay attention to your safety. (要点4)
I was out of town this weekend and anxious to get home to my responsibilities. My mother had a dear friend who was dying of cancer, and when my mom was out of town she offered to take my nephew and me to lunch and play in the pool at their country club.
I already wasn’t feeling well and I really didn’t want to go. I just kept thinking about how I needed to head home and prepare for my week. After some thought, I realized this women was a wonderfully kind lady and had always been good to my mom and my family. Her days were numbered and even though I didn’t feel like it, I should feel honored that she would like to spend some of her last hours with me. So I took my nephew to meet her and play in the pool. I was too tired for all the pool action my 8-year-old nephew had in store for me but I pushed myself because my mom’s friend enjoyed seeing us play and I was making memories with my nephew.
I originally made myself do it to practice kindness towards her, my mother and nephew. But really the kindness was extended to me. I spent some time talking with her and her husband about my future and got some new ideas. But I thought the greatest gift I received was the joyful and positive attitude coming from a dying lady. It was really touching. She was very casual when talking about her illness and how she had been teaching her husband to cook certain dishes so he would know how to make them when she was gone. And he was laughing about how he kept adding things to the list of what she needed to teach him so she would stick around longer.
Getting home I felt deeply moved. This experience really made me think about how lucky I was even when things went wrong and how I could be a much kinder person.
【参考范文】
My mother had a dying friend who often looked after me and my nephew. (要点1) Though I hesitated for a while, I took my nephew to meet her. (要点2) My mother’s friend took an active attitude towards her death and she told me what she had done for her husband, which moved me a lot. (要点3) From her experience, I knew that I should value my life and be a kinder person. (要点4)
5. 【较难】
Getting older is a natural part of life. How you will feel as you get older depends on many things, including what health problems run in your family and the choices you make. If you take good care of your body and earn positive ways to deal with stress now, you can slow down or even prevent problems that often come with getting older. It’s never too early or too late to change bad habits and start good ones. No matter when you start, a healthy lifestyle can make a difference in how you feel and what you can do.
The changes you’ll go through as you get older depend on a number of things. One is your family history (genetics). If your family members have diseases or ongoing (chronic) health problems like high blood pressure or diabetes, then you may have a greater chance of having those problems. But just because your risk is higher, it doesn’t mean you will definitely have the same problems. In fact, the lifestyle choices you make can help reduce your chances of getting illnesses that run in your family. And even if you do get a family illness, choosing to be physically active, to eat healthy foods, and to learn how to deal with stress can keep the illness from destroying your ability to enjoy your golden years.
Changes as you get older are usually gradual. Certain physical changes are common. Your metabolism (how fast your body can burn calories) slows over time, which means that your body needs less food energy than before. How much and how well you sleep will likely change. Most people start needing reading glasses around age 40, and many have some hearing loss later in life. Starting in your 50s, bone aging increases. Also starting around age 50, you may notice changes in sexual function — it’s normal to have a slower sexual response.
Most vital organs gradually become less efficient with age. The kidneys are less able to keep enough water in your body. And the heart can start to show signs of wear and tear. So as you get older, it’s important to be physically active, drink plenty of water, and choose healthy foods. Doing these things will help your body work well for a longer period of time.
【参考范文】
Getting older is a natural part of life but you must change your bad habits and start good ones. (要点1)The changes you'll go through depend on a number of things including your family history and lifestyle. (要点2) You must know the changes as you get older are usually gradual. (要点3) And most vital organs grad ally become less efficient with age. (要点4)
6.【2019浙江五校】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush. It appears that people have got used to being in a hurry. However, it’s better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done.
The main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrong in a rush. When people do their jobs or take action in a hurry, they can’t make a sound decision and probably regret later. As the saying goes, “Haste makes waste.” We should think carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly. We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly.
Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better. For example, taking a train to some place certainly will take more time than taking a plane. However, taking a train makes people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends. Besides, it allows people to fully enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way. On the contrary, being in a hurry will make us lose chances of enjoying our lives.
Finally, slower life pace provides better health conditions for us. As is known to all, taking action in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress. People think if they are not in a hurry, they will become a loser and that annoys them. But being in a hurry can hurt people both physically and mentally. According to some studies, people who have a slower pace suffer fewer diseases, tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life is tense, even if the former finish jobs more slowly than the latter.
In short, working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced. Yet, much stress can’t bring enjoyment, friends and health, which are much more important than money and other material advantages. Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace.
【写作提示】
本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了降低生活节奏的各种好处。文章结构清楚,观点明确。同时在第一段提出了主旨，第二至第四段进行了论述,最后一段给予了总结。
【参考范文】
Despite being accustomed to the fast pace in modern society, people are recommended to lead a slower life. (要点1) Slowing down lowers the possibility of committing errors made by hurry decisions. (要点2) It can also provide us with more opportunities to enjoy life. (要点3) Besides, a slower life is supposed to bring better health condition physically and mentally. (要点4) Therefore, a slow life is strongly suggested. (要点5)
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