北师大版二轮复习语法部分专题二第3-5讲学案(3份打包)

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名称 北师大版二轮复习语法部分专题二第3-5讲学案(3份打包)
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第三讲 名词和数词
                  
A组 单句语法填空
1.(2020·浙江卷1月)For Japan,the ________(number)are more striking—22 in 1950,46 today and 53 in 2050.
解析: 考查名词的单复数。根据下文的are可知这里需要填写number的复数形式。
答案: numbers
2.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)Filled with ________(curious),the artist packed his bags and left.
解析: 考查词性转换。介词with后应使用名词。
答案: curiosity
3.(2019·北京卷)No matter what you like to do,there is a way to get involved in various________(activity)on Earth Day.
解析: 考查名词单复数。根据修饰语various可知用名词复数,指各种各样的活动。
答案: activities
4.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which/that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all________(cause).
解析: 考查名词复数。cause表示“原因,起因”时是可数名词,前面有all,故填cause的复数形式。
答案: causes
5.(2018·浙江卷)Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook.Making Chinese________(dish)is seen as especially troublesome.
解析: 考查名词单复数。dish是可数名词,其前无限定词,故用其复数形式dishes。
答案: dishes
B组 单句改错
1.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)My mom is really concerned with the health of everyone in our families.
解析: 名词单复数误用。family表示整体时,多作单数看待;指多个家庭成员时,多作复数看待。此处指我和父母的家,故看作一个整体。
答案: families→family
2.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Luckily,I will go home in two weeks for summer vacations.
解析: 名词单复数误用。summer vacation“暑假”,是单数概念。
答案: vacations→vacation
3.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)Since I was a kid,I've considered different job I would like to do.
解析: 形容词different(不同的)后跟名词的复数形式。
答案: job→jobs
4.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ短文改错)I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city.
解析: many修饰可数名词复数。
答案: city→cities
5.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Last winter when I went there again,they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.
解析: 词法错误。dozens of许多,修饰可数名词复数。
答案: chicken→chickens
6.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks,and mistake as well.
解析: 词法错误。句意为:……从书本和错误中学习。mistake是可数名词,此处所指的“错误”不止一个,应用复数形式。
答案: mistake→mistakes
7.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Besides,they often get some useful informations from the Internet.
解析: 考查名词。information为不可数名词,无复数形式,故将informations改为information。
答案: informations→information
8.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)When I was little,Friday's night was our family game night.
解析: 词法错误。Friday morning/afternoon/night星期五的上午/下午/晚上。
答案: Friday's→Friday
1.牢记名词变复数的5种变化形式
(1)一般情况下,在词尾直接加 s:book—books,mouth—mouths,house—houses,girl—girls。
(2)以 s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词,在词尾加 es:glass—glasses,box—boxes,match—matches,brush—brushes。
(3)以辅音字母+ y结尾的名词,变y为i再加 es;city—cities,country—countries,party—parties,factory—factories。
(4)以o结尾的名词常在词尾加 s:radios,zoos,pianos,kilos photos;加 es的有以下词:heroes,Negroes,tomatoes,potatoes。
(5)以 f, fe结尾的名词
①少数直接加 s:roof—roofs,belief—beliefs。
②一般以 f或 fe结尾的名词要变f或fe为v再加 es:self,life,thief,wife,knife,leaf,shelf,wolf,half。
2.看到一个以上的人或物,如名词在不定代词few,a few,other,all,both,many,several等后时,要想到用复数形式。
3.看到用来表示祝愿、礼貌和客气的名词,要想到用复数形式,如congratulations,regards,respects,thanks,wishes,requests,apologies等。
4.看到谓语动词为复数形式,要想到作主语的名词用复数形式。
5.注意一些不规则变化的名词复数,如child→children;man→men,tooth→teeth;foot→feet;woman→women等。
6.有些词用复数形式表示祝愿、礼貌或客气等,如congratulations(祝贺)、regards(问候)、respects(敬意)、thanks(谢谢)、wishes(祝愿)等。
7.一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式,常见的有:make friends with(与……交朋友)、shake hands with...(与……握手)、take measures(采取措施)、make preparations for(为……做准备)、in high spirits(兴高采烈地)。
8.常考的不可数名词
(1)表物质的不可数名词:baggage/luggage(行李)、cash(现金)、meat(肉)、paper(纸张)等。
(2)表抽象概念的不可数名词:work(工作)、knowledge(知识)、luck(运气)、scenery(风景)、traffic(交通)等。
(3)永远不可数的重点名词:advice(建议)、equipment(设备)、fun(乐趣)、furniture(家具)、progress(进步)、news/word(消息)等。
(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1.(2021·安徽六校第二次联考)Healthy and happy children provide the basis for a safe society for future generations when they become________(parent).
解析: 考查名词单复数。句意:当健康快乐的孩子们成为父母,他们就为后代提供了安全社会的基础。parent是可数名词,根据此空所在从句的主语为they可知,此处应用复数形式,故填parents。
答案: parents
2.(2020·绵阳联考)The paper was used for sealing up holes in walls and________(roof)in the cold and freezing winter.
解析: 考查名词的单复数形式。根据空前的walls可知,空处应用名词的复数形式。
答案: roofs
3.(2021·济宁一中模拟)Last October,while tending her garden,she pulled out a handful of small________(carrot)and was about to throw them away.
解析: 考查名词单复数。根据上文的“a handful of”可知,此处表示一把小胡萝卜,所以应用carrot的复数形式。
答案: carrots
4.(2020·临川一中等九校联考)This year is also likely to pave the way for a number of technological ________(advance).
解析: 考查名词单复数。句意:这一年也可能是为众多的科技进步铺路的一年。advance作“进步,发展”讲时,是可数名词,且a number of通常修饰可数名词复数。故填advances。
答案: advances
5.(2021·甘肃第一次诊断)The new technology has already been used to change the DNA in the cells of________(mouse),monkeys and other organisms.
解析: 考查名词单复数。句意:这项新技术已被用来改变老鼠、猴子以及其他生物细胞中的DNA。此句中的monkeys和other organisms都是可数名词的复数形式,此处与其并列,形式应保持一致,也应用复数形式。故填mice。
答案: mice
6.(2021·福建高三质检)“Alaya,you don't have to do this if you don't want to.Nobody is forcing you.” Though I said I wasn't going to do it,my________(foot)carried me toward the pool.
解析: 考查名词单复数。foot是可数名词,且没有被冠词修饰,故用复数形式。
答案: feet
7.(2021·江西重点中学盟校联考)________(tomato)and potatoes took some time to become popular.
解析: 考查名词单复数。and连接并列主语,由potatoes可知tomato应用复数形式。
答案: Tomatoes
8.(2021·福州期末)A hutong is an ancient city street typical in Beijing.Surrounding the Forbidden City,many were built during the Yuan,Ming and Qing________(dynasty).
解析: 考查名词复数。根据该句中的“Yuan,Ming and Qing”可知,该处指三个朝代,dynasty为可数名词,故该处用复数形式。
答案: dynasties
9.(2021·赣州十四县联考)If we go on a trip abroad,we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we can't get from books.
解析: 考查可数名词与不可数名词。knowledge是不可数名词,故没有复数形式。
答案: knowledges→knowledge
10.(2021·福州质量检测)But with my teammates encouragement,I was able to communicate smoothly with them.
解析: 考查名词所有格。分析句子结构可知此处作定语,修饰encouragement,意为“队友的鼓励”,表示人的名词变所有格时,在该名词后加's或',故把teammates改为teammates'。
答案: teammates→teammates'
11.(2021·合肥第一次质量检测)My favourite sport was swimming,so I decided to go swimming in the sea one afternoon with my friend,Wang Fei and Li Lei.
解析: 考查名词单复数。根据该句中的“Wang Fei and Li Lei”可知,作者和两个朋友一起去游泳了。friend为可数名词,故用复数形式。
答案: friend→friends
12.(2021·山西八校第一次联考)What's more,I'd like to do some houseworks so that my parents can have a good rest.
解析: housework是不可数名词,没有复数形式。
答案: houseworks→housework
13.(2021·赣州十四县市联考)Looking back on the progresses that I have made so far,I really appreciate your support.
解析: 考查名词。progress是不可数名词,故没有复数的形式。
答案: progresses→progress
数词属于高考试题中不常考查的冷点,主要涉及基数词和序数词的基本用法及区别,序数词前的修饰词以及分数的正确表达等。
1.基数词
(1)名词性数词hundred、thousand、million等前有数词或several时不能用复数形式,其后所跟的复数名词前不加of,表“一百,一千,一百万” 时需加one或不定冠词a。如表不确切的数目应用hundreds/thousands/millions of+复数名词。
(2)用以表示年龄时,逢十的基数词复数之前应加物主代词,如in her forties “在她四十多岁时”。
2.序数词
(1)序数词前一般要加上定冠词或物主代词等限定词。
It was the/my first visit to Europe.
那是(我)第一次去欧洲。
(2)分数的分母部分用序数词,分子为1时,分母用序数词的单数形式,分子为2及以上时,分母用序数词的复数形式。
(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1.(2021·衡水中学高三七调考试)Whaling was a primary industry in Australia in the nineteenth and early________(twenty)centuries but whaling in Australia was limited in 1987.
解析: 考查数词。句意:在19世纪和20世纪早期,捕鲸是澳大利亚的主要产业……表示“在……世纪”时,通常用序数词,故填twentieth。
答案: twentieth
2.Hawking refused to accept the predicitions that he would only live for a few years after developing a form of motor neurone disease in his early________(twenty).
解析: 考查数词。句意:霍金拒绝接受他在二十出头时患了运动神经元病后只能活几年的预言。in one's twenties“在某人二十多岁时”,故填twenties。
答案: twenties
3.With new technologies introduced,the company made________(two)as many computers as the year before last.
解析: 两倍用twice来表示,两倍以上用数字加times来表示。句意为:引进了新科技,公司制造的电脑是前年的两倍。
答案: twice
4.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)Then,when I was in the five grade,I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher very much.
解析: “上五年级”有两种表达方式:in the fifth/5th grade或in Grade 5/Five。
答案: five→fifth
5.Two third of the island's population made a living by fishing.
解析: 分子大于1时,分母要用复数形式,故third改为thirds。
答案: third→thirds
PAGE
7第四讲 形容词、副词和比较等级
                   
A组 单句语法填空
1.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait(画像)done so he called all great artists to come and present their ________(fine)work,so that he could choose the best.
解析: 考查形容词最高级。根据句意可知,皇帝命令所有知名画家献上他们最好的作品。
答案: finest
2.(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)The far side of the moon is of particular interest to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(环形山),more so ________ the familiar near side.
解析: 考查连词。本句中含有more,空格后为比较对象,因此本空应填than。
答案: than
3.(2020·浙江卷1月)The first is declining birth rates,which means old generations are large compared to younger generations,and so,on average,the population becomes ________(old)than before.
解析: 考查形容词比较级。结合句意及下文的than before可知,这里意为“比以前更加年老”,故填older。
答案: older
4.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)He screams the________(loud)of all.The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me.
解析: loudest 考查副词的比较等级。由空前的the以及空后的all可知要用最高级。
答案: loudest
5.(2018·浙江卷6月)There could be an even________(high)cost on your health.
解析: 考查形容词的比较级。根据even并结合语境可知,此处表示“更高的代价”,故需要用high的比较级higher。
答案: higher
B组 单句改错
1.(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Today I tried cooking a simply dish myself. 
解析: 形容词和副词混用。此处修饰名词dish,故用形容词simple。
答案: simply→simple
2.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)I'm surely you'll have a good time.
解析: 形容词和副词混用。根据句中的“I'm”可知,此处应用形容词。
答案: surely→sure
3.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)I stopped the ball and kicked it hardly back to the playground.
解析: 此处表示“用力把足球踢回操场”,应用hard(adv.用力地)。hardly意为“几乎不”。
答案: hardly→hard
4.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)One was that I was amazed at the fact that a sick person could feel much more better after seeing a doctor.
解析: 本句中better本身已经是比较级,前面只需要much来修饰,表示程度,more在本句中多余。
答案: 去掉more
5.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I had done my homework,but I was shy.I was afraid to speak in front of a larger group of people.
解析: 词法错误。由语境可知,前后没有比较的意味,故用原级。
答案: larger→large
1.看到作定语、表语、或补足语,用形容词。
2.看到修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子在句中作状语,用副词。
①He was more than just an English teacher,because he also taught me useful lessons in life.(useful作定语)
②(2018·河南洛阳第二次统考)Obviously,a good habit can help us to speed up to reach our destinations.(Obviously作状语,修饰整个句子)
(单句语法填空)
1.(2020·陕西省重点中学4月模拟)________(interesting)enough,the United Nations even has a cartoon character to represent this day.
解析: 考查副词。有趣的是,联合国甚至有一个卡通人物来代表这一天。此处作状语修饰整个句子,应该用副词形式。
答案: Interestingly
2.(2021·合肥市高三第一次质量检测) The painting is made up of 10 sub themes,and was created ________(large)using marker pens.
解析: 考查词性转换。修饰空后的动词using,需要用副词,所以填largely。
答案: largely
3.(2021·烟台、菏泽市高三水平诊断)To protect the pandas,in 2012,Earthwatch Institute,a global nonprofit that teams volunteers with scientists to conduct important ________(science)research,launched a program called “On the Trail of Giant Panda”.
解析: 考查词性转换。应用形容词修饰名词research。scientific意为“科学的”。故填scientific。
答案: scientific
4.(2021·昆明市高三测试)The goal of the Plastic Bank is to use plastic to help people solve the problems ________(gradual).
解析: 考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知,空处修饰动词solve,应用副词形式,在句子中作状语,所以填gradually。
答案: gradually
5.(2021·青岛质量检测)The United States,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention states that adults need at least seven hours' sleep a night to stay________(health).
解析: 考查形容词。此处表示成年人每晚需要至少七小时的睡眠来保持健康。stay healthy为固定搭配,意为“保持健康”。故填healthy。
答案: healthy
6.(2021·安徽六校第二次联考)The organization helps to organize events across America to make children feel________(delight).
解析: 考查形容词。句意:此组织帮助在全美组织活动,让孩子们感受到快乐。设空处前的feel为连系动词,其后常跟形容词作表语,表示主语的状态或特征,故填delighted。
答案: delighted
形容词变副词的后缀
(1)一般在形容词的词尾加 ly将其变成副词。
如quick-quickly,slow-slowly,loud-loudly,sudden-suddenly等。
(2)一些以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词,要把 y改为 i,再加 ly。如happy-happily,angry-angrily,lucky-luckily,heavy-heavily,noisy-noisily等。
(3)有些以 ble或 le结尾的形容词,去掉 e再加 y。如possible-possibly,terrible-terribly等。
(4)少数以 e结尾的形容词,要去掉 e再加 ly。如true-truly等。但绝大多数以 e结尾的形容词仍然直接加 ly。如polite-politely,wide-widely等。
(5)以 l结尾的形容词要在词尾加 ly,以 ll结尾的形容词要在词尾加 y。如usual-usually,careful-carefully,useful-usefully,full-fully等。
注意事项
1.以重读闭音节结尾且词尾只有一个辅音字母的名词,将其变为形容词时须双写词尾的辅音字母再加 y。如:sun-sunny,fun-funny等。
2.少数以不发音的 e结尾的名词变为形容词时,应去掉 e,再加 y。如:noise-noisy,ice-icy等。
(单句语法填空/ 单句改错)
1.(2021·烟台市高考诊断性测试)So if you are passionate about something,stick to it and through hard work,you ________(true)can make your dream come true.
解析: 考查词性转换。此处用副词修饰谓语动词。
答案: truly
2.(2020·合肥市高三第三次教学质量检测)Unfortunately,coral species are being 66.________(severe)threatened,many of which have been destroyed by pollution,overfishing practices,and other impacts over the past centuries.
解析: 考查副词。分析句子结构可知,空处修饰过去分词threatened,应用副词形式,所以填severely。
答案: severely
3.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ短文改错)What I want is not just an ordinarily cafe but a very special one.
解析: 此处用形容词ordinary修饰名词cafe。
答案: ordinarily→ordinary
4.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by selling the fish.I felt happily that their life had improved.
解析: 本句中felt是系动词,意为“觉得”,后面应用形容词作表语,故happily改为happy。
答案: happily→happy
5.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)At that moment,I remembered that my father once said,“The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks,and mistakes as well.” Immediate,I raised my hand.
解析: 修饰后面的动作raised my hand,应用副词。
答案: Immediate→Immediately
6.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together.
解析: 考查副词。此处没有比较的含义,仅表示主语习惯性的行为,故用原级。
答案: earlier→early
1.before,ago
(1)ago:常用于一般过去时,它所指的时间从现在算起。
(2)before:常用于过去完成时,它所指的时间从过去某一时刻算起。
2.late,later
(1)late adj.迟到的;adv.迟,晚
(2)later(也是late的比较级)adj.后来的,以后的;adv.后来,以后
3.however,therefore
(1)however:副词,表示转折。
(2)therefore:副词,表示因果关系。
4.常见的易用错的形容词和副词
(1)以 ly结尾的形容词。如:friendly,lovely,lively,lonely,elderly,deadly等。
(2)意义有别的同根副词。如:
close      靠近(通常指距离)
closely  密切地,仔细地
hard  努力地,费力地
hardly  几乎不
most  最,(程度上)最大,非常
mostly  一般地,主要地
(3)表示宽、高、深的副词都有两种形式,以 ly结尾的表示抽象意义,与形容词同形的表示具体意义。如:
wide宽地,widely广泛地,如:be widely known被广泛了解
high高地,highly高度地,如:think highly of评价高
deep深地,deeply深深地,如:be deeply moved被深深感动
5. ed型形容词和 ing型形容词
解决此类问题有两个切入点:第一,看语境表示的是“令人……”( ing),还是“感到……”( ed);第二,看语境说明的是性质特征( ing)还是感受( ed)。
(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1.(2021·沈阳监测)Passing through several streets,we saw no one but only rubbish here and there.An hour later,I still couldn't bear to keep my eyes________(wide)open.
解析: 考查副词。空处修饰形容词open,故用副词形式;wide本身就有副词词性,意为“完全地”。注意:此处不能填widely,widely主要表示距离远、范围大、地域广等。
答案: wide
2.(2021·山西孝义实验中学二模)As the last name became________(wide)accepted,the first letter was capitalized.
解析: 句意为:随着姓氏被广泛接受,其首字母被大写。设空处作accepted的状语,故填副词widely。wide也可作副词,表示“充分张开”,因此此处不能填wide。
答案: widely
3.When I was a very young child,my father created a regular practice I remember well years late.
解析: 句意为:当我还是个小孩子时,我爸爸创造一个定期的活动,这个活动我很多年之后依然记忆清晰。本句中混用了late与later,前者为形容词“迟到,迟做”或副词“迟,晚”,后者为副词“后来”。“一段时间+later”表示这段时间之后。
答案: late→later
4.(2021·山东、湖北部分重点中学联考)Several days before,we held an activity in the schoolyard to learn and appreciate the history and art of Peking Opera facial masks.
解析: 考查副词。ago表示“从事情发生到现在过去了多久”,需和过去时连用。before指“从事情发生到过去某个时间是多久”,常和完成时连用。由下文对活动的介绍可知,活动是几天前举办的,故此处填ago。
答案: before→ago
5.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)A few minutes late,the instructor asked me to stop the car.
解析: 考查副词。late意为“迟,晚”。“一段时间+later”表示“一段时间之后”,故把late改为later。
答案: late→later
6.(2021·山西八校第一次联考)Meanwhile,during every holiday,there are so much tourists in almost every scenic spot that it is difficult to admire the beautiful scenery and enjoy myself.
解析: 考查形容词。此处修饰可数名词复数tourists,故应用many。much用来修饰不可数名词。
答案: much→many
7.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I enjoyed studying different kinds of cars and planes,playing pop music,and collecting the late music albums.
解析: 考查形容词的最高级。结合句意,这里表示收集最新的音乐专辑,故把late改为latest。
答案: late→latest
8.Children is a time when there are little duties.If a child has good parents,he is fed,looked after,and loved no matter what he may do.It is impossible for him to be given such much again in his later life.
解析: 考查形容词和副词。(1)few,a few,many 用来修饰可数名词,而little,a little,much修饰不可数名词,duty是可数名词,故把little改为few;(2)so much/many...为固定句型。
答案: little→few;such→so
1.“the+比较级...,the+比较级...”表示“越……越……”
It is believed that the harder you work,the better result you will get.人们相信,工作越努力,得到的结果将越好。
2.“the+比较级+of the two+名词”表示“两个中较……的”
Which is the better of the two universities,Shanghai Jiao Tong University or Fudan University
上海交大与复旦大学,实力较强的是哪一个?
3.“否定词+比较级”表示最高级含义。
Mr Stevenson is great to work for-I really couldn't ask for a better boss.为斯蒂文森先生工作感觉非常好,我真的找不到比他更好的老板了。
4.“the+形容词或副词的最高级+比较范围”表示在某个范围内“最……”。
She is the most active student in our class.
她是我们班最活跃的学生。
5.可以用来修饰比较级的单词和短语有much,far,still,even,rather,a little,a bit,a lot,a great deal及数字、倍数等,常放在比较级的前面。
The hotel is rather more expensive than that one.
这家旅馆的收费比那家贵得多。
(单句语法填空)
1.(2020·合肥市高三第一次质量检测)In fact,Guo Feng is ________(familiar)to the public as a music producer than as a painter
解析: 考查形容词的比较级。根据该句中的比较级符号than并结合语境可知,空处含有比较的含义,应用形容词的比较级,familiar为多音节词,比较级为more familiar,所以填more familiar。
答案: more familiar
2.(2021·安徽安庆二模)Nowadays,not only does China have the________(fast)growing modern cities in the world,but the landscapes are also truly diverse.
解析: 考查副词的最高级。句意:现在,中国不但有世界上发展最快的现代化的城市,而且风景也多种多样。设空处前有定冠词the,且在句中修饰growing,根据比较范围in the world可知,此处应用最高级形式,故填fastest。
答案: fastest
3.(2021·山西五地市高三联考)While some Florida government officials doubt whether the climate will become hotter or________(cold),the people living in these locations are certain of the need to protect their communities.
解析: 考查形容词的比较级。句意:尽管佛罗里达有些政府官员怀疑气候会变得更热或更冷,但住在这些地区的人们确定需要保护他们的社区。根据并列连词or及之前的hotter可知,此处表示比较意义,应用形容词的比较级。故填colder。
答案: colder
4.(2021·唐山第一次调研)Al's adult son,Ernie,however,is one of the________(kind)men I have ever known.
解析: 考查形容词的最高级。句意:然而,Al已成年的儿子Ernie是我认识的最有爱心的人之一。根据“I have ever known”可推知设空处需用形容词的最高级。
答案: kindest
5.(2021·广东七校联合体第二次联考)I was scanning the restaurant,waiting to sit at the first table that was________(convenient)than others.
解析: 考查形容词的比较级。根据该句中的than可知,空处用形容词的比较级。
答案: more convenient
6.(2021·昆明质量检测)If we can focus on encouraging kids to drink more water—a low cost,sugar free drink—we can improve their drinking habits,which may allow many kids to feel________(great)throughout the day and do better in school.
解析: 考查形容词的比较级。根据该句中的“and do better in school”可知,空处与此处对应,应用形容词的比较级。
答案: greater
连接副词 逻辑语意 意义
though 表转折 虽然,然而
yet 表转折 然而,可是
however 表转折,其后常用逗号 然而,但是
instead 表转折或相反 相反,代替
otherwise 表转折 否则
besides 表递进 另外,而且
moreover 表递进 再说,而且
still 表递进 仍然,依然
therefore 表结果 因此
thus 表结果 因此
anyway 表让步 无论如何
Bicycling is good exercise;besides,it does not pollute the air.
骑自行车是很好的运动;而且还不污染空气。
(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1.(2021·东北三校高三第一次联合模拟)Compared with other male poets in China,who have left hundreds or even thousands of poems,she has only eighty seven.________,her artistic creativity in her existing works has earned her a permanent place in the Chinese literary circle.
解析: 考查副词。前一句表述和其他遗作有几百甚至几千首的中国男性诗人相比,她只有八十七首,并结合空后的内容可知,此处前后形成转折,且修饰整个句子,所以填However。
答案: However
2.(2021·湖北武昌区高三调研)In my opinion,success lies in a series of goals.However,we should remember to make our targets clear and spare no effort to realize our dreams.
解析: 上下文是因果关系,应用表示因果关系的副词。且句中有逗号与后面的句子分开,所以应用therefore。
答案: However→Therefore
PAGE
10第五讲 词性转换
单句语法填空
1.(2020·北京卷)Because of the confidence she inspired in me,I've carved out a ________(success)profession as a journalist.
解析: 考查词性转换。 profession 为名词,意为“职业”,故应用形容词修饰名词,故填successful。
答案: successful
2.(2020·新高考山东卷)In the 18th and 19th centuries,________(wealth)people travelled and collected plants,historical objects and works of art.
解析: 考查词性转换。根据设空处后面的名词people可知,这里应用形容词wealthy修饰。
答案: wealthy
3.(2020·新高考山东卷)Historical ________(accurate)is important but so is entertainment.
解析: 考查名词。根据语境和设空处前的修饰词Historical可知,此处应用名词accuracy作主语。
答案: accuracy
4.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)As the small boat moved ________(gentle)along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.
解析: 考查词性转换。修饰动词moved应使用副词。
答案: gently
5.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)But then we got an official letter and we were blown away.We are so proud of her.It's________(wonder).
解析: 考查词性转换(名词变形容词)。系动词is后面跟形容词作表语。wonder对应的形容词是wonderful。
答案: wonderful
6.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They also shared with us many________(tradition)stories about Hawaii that were________(huge)popular with tourists.
解析: 第1空,考查词性转换(名词变形容词)。所填词修饰名词stories,故应用tradition的形容词形式traditional。第2空,考查词性转换(形容词变副词)。所填词修饰形容词popular,故应用huge的副词形式hugely。be hugely popular with“非常受……欢迎”。
答案: traditional;hugely
7.(2019·北京卷)Students should have a proper attitude towards college before thinking about which college to attend,and it's never too early to make necessary preparations for a healthy and ________(meaning)college experience.
解析: 考查词性转换(名词变形容词)。用形容词修饰名词college experience。
答案: meaningful
8.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased________(pollute)in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
解析: 考查词性转换之动词变为名词。decrease降低,减少,后接名词作宾语,pollute的名词形式是pollution。
答案: pollution
在一个词的词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法,即称作派生法。加在词根之前的词缀叫作前缀,加在词根之后的为后缀。
1.形容词变副词的后缀
规则 示例
一般情况加 ly slow→slowly     adv.缓慢地common→commonly adv.普通地immediate→immediately adv.立刻地
以“辅音字母+y”结尾,将y改为i然后加 ly happy→happily   adv.高兴地steady→steadily adv.稳定地busy→busily adv.繁忙地noisy→noisily adv.吵闹地heavy→heavily adv.沉重地healthy→healthily adv.健康地
以 le结尾,去掉e加 y simple→simply   adv.简单地gentle→gently adv.温柔地terrible→terribly adv.可怕地possible→possibly adv.可能地probable→probably adv.可能地comfortable→comfortably adv.舒服地
以 ic结尾,加 ally economic→economically  adv.经济地scientific→scientifically adv.科学地
常考且易拼错的副词 rudely    truly    politelywidely nicely closelyfortunately surprisingly increasinglyhurriedly shyly
2.动词、名词变形容词的后缀
后缀 例词
able accept→acceptable    可接受的comfort→comfortable 舒适的fashion→fashionable 时髦的suit→suitable 合适的reason→reasonable 有道理的
al music→musical   音乐的origin→original 最初的person→personal 个人的;私人的center→central 中央的;中心的nature→natural 自然的;天生的form→formal 正式的nation→national 全国的
ful doubt→doubtful   怀疑的forget→forgetful 健忘的harm→harmful 有害的hope→hopeful 有希望的peace→peaceful 和平的care→careful 细心的use→useful 有用的success→successful 成功的help→helpful 有帮助的
ed scare→scared    感到恐惧的confuse→confused 感到困惑的puzzle→puzzled 迷惑的worry→worried 担心的bore→bored 感到厌倦的excite→excited 激动的;兴奋的underline→underlined 加下划线的
ing surprise→surprising  令人惊讶的convince→convincing 令人信服的satisfy→satisfying 令人满意的worry→worrying 令人担心的bore→boring 令人厌烦的
ible access→accessible   容易达到的;容易取得的horror→horrible 可怕的;恐怖的terror→terrible 可怕的
ive act→active      积极的;活跃的effect→effective 有效的;生效的attract→attractive 有吸引力的impress→impressive 给人深刻印象的instruct→instructive 有教育意义的expense→expensive 昂贵的
ous continue→continuous 不断的;持续的anxiety→anxious 忧虑的caution→cautious 十分小心的;谨慎的curiosity→curious 好奇的humor→humorous 幽默的
some tire→tiresome    令人厌倦的trouble→troublesome 麻烦的
y taste→tasty    美味的;可口的health→healthy 健康的wealth→wealthy 富裕的;丰富的dirt→dirty 有灰尘的;脏的rain→rainy 有雨的sun→sunny 阳光明媚的cloud→cloudy 阴天的
ern east→eastern   东方的;向东的west→western 西方的;向西的
ish child→childish  孩子气的fool→foolish 愚蠢的;可笑的self→selfish 自私的
ic science→scientific 科学的economy→economic经济的history→historic 历史上著名的
ary imagine→imaginary   想象中的
3.形容词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
age short→shortage    不足;短缺
cy efficient→efficiency  效率;功效fluent→fluency 流利;流畅accurate→accuracy 准确性private→privacy 隐私;私密
dom free→freedom    自由;自主wise→wisdom 明智;智慧
ence different→difference 差异silent→silence 沉默
ness weak→weakness   虚弱;弱点kind→kindness 仁慈;好意careless→carelessness 粗心大意dark→darkness 黑暗
th strong→strength   力气;强项warm→warmth 温暖;热情true→truth 真实wide→width 宽度
y ty ity difficult→difficulty   困难cruel→cruelty 残酷;残暴safe→safety 安全disable→disability 无能;残疾responsible→responsibility责任
4.动词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
al approve→approval  赞成;批准arrive→arrival 到来;到达survive→survival 幸存propose→proposal 提议;建议
ance appear→appearance  出现;外貌guide→guidance 指引;指导perform→performance 表演;节目
ence exist→existence    存在;生存prefer→preference 偏爱refer→reference 参考;查阅
ion attract→attraction    吸引construct→construction 建设educate→education 教育evaluate→evaluation 评估graduate→graduation 毕业
ation expect→expectation    期待;期望explain→explanation 解释consider→consideration 考虑imagine→imagination 想象力starve→starvation 挨饿invite→invitation 邀请;请柬
(s)sion discuss→discussion    讨论;辩论decide→decision 决定admit→admission 接纳;准许入学
ing hear→hearing      听力;听觉begin→beginning 开始
ment achieve→achievement  功绩;成就argue→argument 辩论;论据treat→treatment 对待;治疗equip→equipment 设备
ure ture press→pressure 压力mix→mixture 混合;混合物depart→departure 离开;出发
y recover→recovery    恢复;痊愈discover→discovery 发现
其他 grow→growth   成长;发展choose→choice 选择vary→variety 多样化;种类tend→tendency 趋向;趋势
5.表示“人”的名词后缀
在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。常见的表示“人”的后缀有:
后缀 例词
er clean→cleaner   清洁工report→reporter 记者strange→stranger 陌生人
or invent→inventor  发明者visit→visitor 游客direct→director 导演
ar lie→liar      说谎者beg→beggar 乞讨者,乞丐
ee employ→employee  雇员interview→interviewee参加面试者train→trainee 受训者,学员
ess host→hostess     女主人act→actress 女演员
ian music→musician   音乐家politics→politician 政治家history→historian 历史学家
ist art→artist      艺术家science→scientist 科学家piano→pianist 钢琴家
ant serve→servant    仆人participate→participant 加者assist→assistant 助手,图书管理员
6.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀
前/后缀 例词
前缀 dis agree→disagree     不同意advantage→disadvantage 缺点appear→disappear 消失comfort→discomfort 不舒适的honest→dishonest 不诚实的
il legal→illegal      不合法的logical→illogical 不合逻辑的
前缀 im polite→impolite     无礼的patient→impatient 不耐烦的moral→immoral 不道德的
in formal→informal     非正式的convenient→inconvenient 不方便的direct→indirect 间接引起的
ir regular→irregular     不规则的responsible→irresponsible 不负责任的
mis lead→mislead       误导understand→misunderstand 误解
un usual→unusual      不寻常的willing→unwilling 不愿意的happy→unhappy 不高兴的known→unknown 不出名的
后缀 less hope→hopeless      绝望的end→endless 没完没了的care→careless 粗心的help→helpless 无助的use→useless 无用的
7.变动词的前缀和后缀
前/后缀 例词
前缀 en able→enable    使能够large→enlarge 扩大rich→enrich 使充实;使丰富danger→endanger 危及courage→encourage 鼓励
后缀 en broad→broaden  使变宽ripe→ripen 使成熟sharp→sharpen 使尖锐wide→widen 加宽short→shorten 变短deep→deepen 加深dark→darken 使变暗hard→harden 使变硬
ify class→classify  把……分类just→justify 证明……正确simple→simplify 简化beauty→beautify 美化
ize apology→apologize   道歉emphasis→emphasize 强调memory→memorize 记住real→realize 认识到;实现
(单句语法填空)
1.(2021·合肥市高三第一次质量检测)A painting with a ________(long)of 1014.37 meters has received a Guinness World Record title for the longest drawing by an individual artist.
解析: 考查词性转换。此处表示一幅长达1014.37米的画作,根据空前的a和空后的of可知,此处应用名词,a length of...“长达……”,所以填length。
答案: length
2.(2021·烟台、菏泽市高三水平诊断)In the past many years,the giant panda has been driven out of the lowland areas where it once lived as a result of farming,deforestation and other________(develop).
解析: 考查词性转换。形容词other修饰名词。development在此处意为“开发”,是不可数名词。故填development。
答案: development
3.(2021·济南市高三年级学习质量评估)Smells from cookies baking in the kitchen or the smell of a home made dish can bring back ________(amaze)memories of growing up.
解析: 考查词性转换。此处表示“令人惊讶的记忆”,应用形容词修饰名词memories;amazing意为“令人惊讶的”,修饰物;amazed意为“大为惊奇的”,修饰人。故填amazing。
答案: amazing
4.(2021·山西省重点中学高三联考)Young kids want to improve ________(fit)and learn Chinese culture,adults take classes to relieve stress brought by work,and retired people practice it to prevent health problems.
解析: 考查名词。本空作动词improve的宾语,故填名词形式。fitness“健康”。
答案: fitness
5.(2021·昆明市高三“三诊一模”摸底诊断测试)David Katz was upset by all the plastic going into the ocean.To help solve the problem,he had a ________(create)idea—to treat plastic like money.
解析: 考查形容词。分析句子结构可知,空处修饰名词idea,应用形容词形式,所以填creative。
答案: creative
6.(2020·陕西省重点中学4月模拟)On this day,thousands of people all around the world reached out to make a new positive ________ (connect)with others.
解析: 考查名词。根据空前的“make a new positive”和空后的“with others”可知,此处填名词connection“联系”作make的宾语。
答案: connection
7.(2021·长春市高三质量监测一)Individuals who throw away their garbage without sorting it can be fined up to 200 yuan,while companies and ________(organize)can face fines up to 5,000 yuan.
解析: 考查词性转换。空处与名词companies并列,表示不止一个组织,故此处用名词复数。
答案: organizations
8.(2021·贵阳市高三适应性考试)The Contemporary Museum of Calligraphy (书法)contains many art pieces including Arabic,Chinese,________(Europe),Indian,Japanese and Slavic calligraphic works.
解析: 考查词性转换。and前后为并列的形容词,共同修饰后面的名词短语calligraphic works,所以填European。
答案: European
9.(2021·贵阳市高三适应性考试)The tactics represent the ________(wise)of Chinese people.They are not only useful on the battlefield but also useful for business and personal life.
解析: 考查名词。根据空前的“the”和空后的“of”可知,空处应为名词,所以填wisdom。
答案: wisdom
10.The Chinese have high ________(require)for the quality of the tea leaf,the water and the utensil (器皿)they use to prepare and serve tea.
解析: 考查名词及其单复数。根据空前的形容词high可知,空处用名词形式;requirement为可数名词,其前无限定词修饰,应用复数形式。
答案: requirements
转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变,转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。
转化规则 例词 注意
名词→动词 face(n.脸→v.面对)shoulder(n.肩→v.肩负)water(n.水→v.浇水)back(n.背→v.支持)name(n.名字→v.命名) high,deep,wide用作副词时表示具体,而highly,deeply,widely表示抽象
动词→名词 look(v./n.)看try(v./n.)尝试dream(v./n.)梦想chat (v./n.)聊天
形容词→动词 empty(adj.空的→v.倒空)slow(adj.慢的→v.减慢)dirty(adj.脏的→v.弄脏)warm(adj.暖的→v.使变暖)
形容词→副词 hard(adj.难的→adv.努力地)high(adj.高的→adv.高地)deep(adj.深的→adv.深地)wide(adj.宽的→adv.宽地)
(单句语法填空)
1.(2020·广州市综合检测二)Now he and his Chinese friends are using drones(无人机)________(film)the Great Wall,which provides a completely new and fascinating perspective.
解析: 考查固定用法。use sth.to do sth.“用……做……”是固定用法,所以填to film。
答案: to film
2.(2021·黑龙江省大庆市第一次检测)Normally,on this day,teachers around the nation enjoyed a day's vacation and were given________(dry)meat as gifts.
解析: 考查非谓语动词。本句已有并列谓语enjoyed和were given,设空处修饰名词meat,且dry和meat之间是被动关系,故用过去分词作前置定语,填dried。
答案: dried
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