Unit 20 New Frontiers
第一部分 阅读理解(共两节，满分40分)
第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
(2021·山西省八校高三第一次联考)
We look ahead to London's art and exhibition openings and select the must see shows.
Double science
It's a big month for the Science Museum，with a new gallery and an exhibition opening.The Science City gallery tells the story of London between 1550 and 1800 when major scientific breakthroughs were happening across the city—from Newton's laws of physics to the birth of microscopes allowing us to see the tiny creatures that live among us.If that isn't enough there's also an exhibition on how art and science have worked closely together over the centuries and continue to do so today.
Science City 1550—1800：The Linbury Gallery at the Science Museum.Opens 12 September—13 October，free.
The Art of Innovation：From Enlightenment to Dark Matter at the Science Museum.25 September—26 January，free but ticketed.
Are you worried yet
We all suffer from anxiety.Artists look into this through artworks that bring to light their own anxieties or how people living with anxiety manage.The exhibition also covers what anxiety would look like if it could be visualised in light or sound—something we imagine to be impossible.
On Edge：Living in an Age of Anxiety at Science Gallery.19 September—19 January，free.
Climbing the walls
No artist has made a bigger career out of placing sculptures of human figures all over the place.Antony Gormley，the artist behind the Angel of the North and sculptures standing all over London，takes over the Royal Academy of Arts with a blockbusting(轰动一时的) exhibition.This is the hot art ticket in town.
Antony Gormley at Royal Academy of Arts.21 October—3 December，￡18—22.
1．What is on show in the Science City gallery
A．Some of the greatest physicists.
B．The stories of the London development.
C.The prediction of the future science.
D．Some of the great achievements in history.
2．Which exhibition allows visitors to get a feeling in a new way
A．The Art of Innovation.
B．On Edge.
C．Royal Academy of Arts.
D．Science City 1550—1800.
3．When can visitors see these four exhibitions altogether
A．In January. B．In September.
C．In October. D．In December.
B
(2021·河北省高三年级名校联考)
In elementary school，Glenn Cameron was very aware of the challenges faced by his friend，Roger，who had lost a hand.Now he has built an artificial helper for him.
The robotic hand is called “Dexi”．Each of its fingers can move independently.The strength and speed of the hand's“muscles” can be controlled.He's also created a digital version of this hand，which responds on a computer screen.Through a special headset，the system takes electrical signals from a human brain，sends them to a computer，and then the computer “tells” the hand what to do.For example，to make the hand close，you “see” a fist in your head.
In fact，Cameron's first robotic hand was 3D printed online.Realizing the hand was too limited，he decided to build his own.It was quite a challenge，but his new version was better.It was also cheap，compared to many other robotic hand projects.Cameron says designing and building the hand was hard，but he went on.Then came the one Roger is using.
Cameron is working on a hand that can actually be used by a person who's lost a hand at present.He says the new hand will be simpler，because there won't be as much space.To make up for this，he's adding a mini camera and trying to make the hand smarter.
Cameron encourages young people who think they might want to do something demanding and similar，“You just begin working towards it.Take one little step at a time，purposeful and steadfast，sooner or later you're going to get to the place you long for.”
4．Which version of the artificial hand does Dexi belong to
A．The first. B．The second.
C．The third. D．The fourth.
5．How could a user of the digital version of Dexi control the robotic hand
A．By operating the computer.
B．By thinking.
C．By sending electrical signals to the hand.
D．By speaking.
6．Which saying do Cameron's words convey
A．Well begun is half done.
B．The longest journey begins with the first step.
C．All things are difficult before they are easy.
D．Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.
7．What is the text mainly about
A．Cameron's brain?controlled robotic hands.
B．Cameron's story of success.
C．The latest designs of artificial intelligence hands.
D．A robotic helper for the disabled.
C
(2021·山东省部分重点中学考试)
Love the way you walk
Listen carefully to the footsteps，and you can work out who is walking.The features commonly used to identify people are faces and fingerprints.But the way they walk is also a giveaway.
Researchers have used video cameras and computers to analyze people's gaits(步态).But translating such knowledge into a practical identification system can be tricky.Cameras are often visible，require good lighting and may have their view blocked by other people.A team led by Dr.Ozanyan and Dr.Scully have been looking for a better way to recognize gaits.Their answer：pressure sensitive mats.
Such mats are nothing new.They have been part of security systems.But Ozanyan and Scully use a complicated version that can record the amount of pressure applied in different places as someone walks across it.The researchers turn to an artificial intelligence system to recognize such patterns.In a study in 2018，they tested the system on a database of footsteps of 127 people.They found its error rate in identifying who was who was a mere 0.7%.And Scully says even without a database of footsteps，the system can determine someone's sex and a subject's age.
One application of the mat based gait recognition system might be in health care，particularly for the elderly.A mat placed in a nursing home or an old person's own residence could monitor changes in an individual's gait that indicate certain illnesses.That would provide early warning of someone being at greater risk of falling over.Gait analysis might also be used as a security measure in the workplace，monitoring access to restricted areas，such as parts of military bases，server farms or laboratories dealing with dangerous materials.Perhaps the most interesting use of the mats，though，would be in public places，such as airports.
8．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 2
A．Research equipment. B．Research background.
C．Research assumptions. D．Research findings.
9．What is the mat used for
A．Collecting data. B．Ensuring safety.
C．Determining age. D．Analyzing pressure.
10．What might the gait recognition system be applied to
A．Monitoring security work progress.
B．Detecting potential health problems.
C．Keeping track of travelling frequency.
D．Warning passengers of possible dangers.
11．What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To compare different ways to identify people.
B．To show people the importance of technology.
C．To persuade people to buy the mat.
D．To inform people of something about pressure sensitive mats.
D
(2021·广州市综合检测二)
Texas rancher(牧场主) Charles Goodnight had a problem.He needed skilled cowboys to drive his herd of two thousand longhorn cattle to New Mexico to be sold.He couldn't offer high wages.He couldn't promise easy jobs or even nice weather.But he thought that decent，hot meals might entice men to work for him.
In the mid to late 1800s，cattle drives sometimes took three to four months，and once the drive began，there were no stores for hundreds of miles.All the food and supplies needed for the trip were carried on two wheeled carts.Usually，the cowboy's food was boring and unappetizing.
Goodnight went to work and solved the problem.His invention of a mobile kitchen，the chuck wagon(炊事用车)，got its name from the cowboy word for food—“chuck”．Goodnight took an old army wagon and rebuilt it with the Osage orange，which is so tough that Indians used it to make bows.The wagon's iron axles were stronger than the wooden ones found on standard wagons，and the wider wheels lasted longer.Besides food and eating utensils，it held everything from first aid supplies to needles and thread.It even contained a cooking stove.
The first chuck wagon was an instant success.Eighteen cowhands joined Goodnight and his partner，Oliver Loving，to drive the cattle to New Mexico，earning the pair a handsome profit.The route they took—later called the Goodnight Loving Trail—became one of the most heavily used cattle trails in the Southwest.
The chuck wagon soon was the backbone of all successful cattle drives.Other ranchers created their own moving kitchens，and eventually the Studebaker Company produced chuck wagons that sold for $75 to $100 apiece，about $1，000 today.
The chuck wagon was much more than a mobile kitchen.Sometimes called “the trail drive's mother ship”，it was like a magnet that drew the men together.The wagon and the ground around it were the cowboy's home.There he enjoyed hot meals，a warm fire，and good companionship.He could also get a bandage，a haircut，or liniment for his sore muscles.And there，under the stars and around the chuck wagon，he crawled into his bedroll each night.
12．What does the underlined word “entice” in Paragraph 1 mean
A．Inform. B．Direct.
C．Enable. D．Attract.
13．Why were cattle drives in the mid to late 1800s so tough
A．All the cattle were carried on two wheeled vehicles.
B．Fresh food supplies were hard to find on the drive.
C．There were not enough cowboys to drive the cattle.
D.There was no place to store food and necessary supplies.
14．What do we know about Goodnight's chuck wagon from the text
A．It was stronger than the ordinary wagons.
B．It was mainly used to provide first aid.
C．It could be changed into a sleeping area.
D．It was sold to other ranchers by Goodnight.
15．What is the best title for the text
A．The Cowboys' Problem
B．Goodnight Loving Trail
C．The Cowboys' Home on Wheels
D．Exciting Cattle Drives in the West
第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
(2021·南昌市高三一模)
Why Walking in Nature Makes You a Better Worker
We're busy at work，distracted(注意力分散的) by technology and often live in urban environments far from wild spaces.__1__．The average American，for example，spends about 90% of their life indoors.But what happens if we make time for an hour outside each day
__2__．You'll have to go out for a walk，which is beneficial if most of your day involves sitting in front of a screen.Research shows short breaks can improve work enthusiasm，and a quick break in natural light will deliver a shot of vitamin D.
There are also a lot of mental benefits when you are in nature—you are happy and your brain can make sense of life.“When people are all out in nature，even in urban nature，people tend to have more positive emotion and energy than when they are indoors.__3__，” said Lisa Nisbet，associate professor at Canada's Trent University.
The idea that nature is good for us has been gaining grounds since the 1980s.__4__．Afterwards，shinrin yoku，the Japanese concept，which is the practice of taking a short，leisurely visit to a forest for health benefits，followed that.Researchers of shinrin yoku have since found plenty of physical and mental benefits，while global studies suggest spending time in nature can，for example，restore our ability to focus，increase our creativity，and even help us live longer.
Of course，many of us live in cities with no ready access to forests or the wilderness.__5__．Various studies have shown that green environments in cities have beneficial effects.
A．We also don't get out much
B．But it doesn't have to be a forest
C．People can get to a forest for a hike
D．In other words，people are happier in nature
E．There are some obvious benefits when being outside
F．Green and blue spaces are better than busy city streets
G．First came the theory that humans have a basic desire to be connected with nature
第二部分 语言知识运用(共两节，满分45分)
第一节(共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分)
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
(2021·黑龙江省六校协作体第一次模拟)
It started out as an ordinary day.I was shopping at the department store，when it __1__ me that I had promised to do a reading __2__—reading 50 pages of a book every day for 75 days.With this in mind，I picked a __3__ by Rachel Hollis and went home.
Shortly after I sat down reading，my dog started barking.__4__，I threw the book down onto the cushion to __5__ the dog.When I returned，I found a(n) __6__ 5 dollar bill on the floor.Assuming it flew out of the book，I glanced through pages in the __7__ of finding a clue.I then found a note between the chapters.It __8__，“To the person who buys this book：I'm having a hard day.Maybe I could __9__ someone else's with this little gift...”
I thought it was someone really __10__ that shifted the energy on such a bad day to __11__ someone else's.If I was having __12__ days，I'd just want to settle back eating ice cream！I wanted to share the __13__ gesture with my friends on social media，so I __14__ a photo of the note and bill on a website __15__ by the words：“Remember you are loved.You are amazing，Lisa.” The photo has since gained __16__ of social media users，receiving thousands of likes.
Now I am __17__ with responses from people who have been__18__ to pay the good deed forward.I hope the countless new stories will __19__ Lisa，the author of the note，so that she could know the __20__ of her simple kindness.
1．A.worried B．reminded
C．hit D．shocked
2．A.challenge B．test
C．study D．survey
3．A.list B．note
C．record D．work
4．A.Eventually B．Consequently
C．Gradually D．Suddenly
5．A.check on B．bring in
C．hold up D．find out
6．A.moving B．amusing
C．confusing D．satisfying
7．A.expectation B．form
C．direction D．process
8．A.writes B．reads
C．shows D．means
9．A.observe B．memorize
C．lengthen D．brighten
10．A.creative B．elegant
C．energetic D．special
11．A.praising B．improving
C．understanding D．noticing
12．A.busy B．pleasant
C．tough D．boring
13．A.smart B．serious
C．sweet D．strange
14．A.took B．selected
C．collected D．posted
15．A.accompanied B．simplified
C．clarified D．confirmed
16．A.reward B．attention
C．encouragement D．trust
17．A.flooded B．associated
C．faced D．provided
18．A.interested B．inspired
C．recommended D．urged
19．A.change B．help
C．connect D．reach
20．A.purpose B．spread
C．impact D．reputation
第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
(2021·武汉市部分学校高三摸底检测)
Award winning food writer Fuchsia Dunlop went to live in Chengdu，China 1.________ a student in 1994.She was fond of the food there so much that she promised to eat everything she 2.________(offer) from the very beginning，3.________ strange it seemed.When she ended her journey，she wrote a book called Shark's Fin and Sichuan Pepper，which describes her 4.________(friend) relationship with China and its food.
For me，this book has 5.________ very special place in my heart.I was in Chengdu at the same time，living in the same area and 6.________(eat) in the same restaurants as Ms.Dunlop.I never 7.________(meet) her and I don't ever remember seeing someone who looked like her.But her description of Chengdu，of Sichuan cuisine，of being a 8.________(foreign) in China in the 1990s，and of the culture shock when one returns to the West are 9.________(exact) what I experienced and felt when I lived there.
But what she does that I have never been able to do is to express it so precisely in writing what all of it means—being someone caught between two cultures.So if you want to really understand China from an outsider's perspective，add Shark's Fin and Sichuan Pepper to your list of 10.________(book) to read.
第三部分 写作(共两节，满分35分)
第一节 短文改错(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2．只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
(2021·东北三校高三第一次联合模拟)
One day，Sally went to work by the taxi.Unfortunately，when she arrived her office，she realized that she has left her bag in the taxi.
She became worried because in the bag was the material needing for the meeting to be held in an hour.Half an hour late，she received a call from a man，told her that he was sending the bag to her in person.Wondering where the man knew her address and telephone number，Sally went downstairs.It was actually the driver which taxi she had taken.The driver told Sally that he had found his business card in the bag so that he could find Sally.Sally expressed her thank to the driver and hurried upstairs，heading for the meeting room.
第二节 书面表达(满分25分)
(2021·东北三省四市高考模拟)
假定你是李华，暑期在纽约学习，得知当地博物馆要举办中国瓷器(china)展。请你给负责人写一封信申请做志愿者，内容包括：
1．写信意图；
2．个人优势。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Sir，
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
PAGE
17Unit 20 New Frontiers
第一部分 阅读理解(共两节，满分40分)
第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
(2021·山西省八校高三第一次联考)
We look ahead to London's art and exhibition openings and select the must see shows.
Double science
It's a big month for the Science Museum，with a new gallery and an exhibition opening.The Science City gallery tells the story of London between 1550 and 1800 when major scientific breakthroughs were happening across the city—from Newton's laws of physics to the birth of microscopes allowing us to see the tiny creatures that live among us.If that isn't enough there's also an exhibition on how art and science have worked closely together over the centuries and continue to do so today.
Science City 1550—1800：The Linbury Gallery at the Science Museum.Opens 12 September—13 October，free.
The Art of Innovation：From Enlightenment to Dark Matter at the Science Museum.25 September—26 January，free but ticketed.
Are you worried yet
We all suffer from anxiety.Artists look into this through artworks that bring to light their own anxieties or how people living with anxiety manage.The exhibition also covers what anxiety would look like if it could be visualised in light or sound—something we imagine to be impossible.
On Edge：Living in an Age of Anxiety at Science Gallery.19 September—19 January，free.
Climbing the walls
No artist has made a bigger career out of placing sculptures of human figures all over the place.Antony Gormley，the artist behind the Angel of the North and sculptures standing all over London，takes over the Royal Academy of Arts with a blockbusting(轰动一时的) exhibition.This is the hot art ticket in town.
Antony Gormley at Royal Academy of Arts.21 October—3 December，￡18—22.
语篇解读： 本文是一篇应用文。介绍了伦敦艺术展的部分活动内容和开放时间。
1．What is on show in the Science City gallery
A．Some of the greatest physicists.
B．The stories of the London development.
C.The prediction of the future science.
D．Some of the great achievements in history.
D [考查细节理解。本题问的是“在科学城展览馆上展览什么”。根据题干中的关键词“Science City”，定位到Double science部分中的“The Science City gallery tells the story of London between 1550 and 1800 when major scientific breakthroughs were happening across the city”可知，展出的是历史上重大的科学突破。所以答案为D项。]
2．Which exhibition allows visitors to get a feeling in a new way
A．The Art of Innovation.
B．On Edge.
C．Royal Academy of Arts.
D．Science City 1550—1800.
B [考查细节理解。本题问的是“哪一个展览能让参观者耳目一新”。根据Are you worried yet？部分中的“The exhibition also covers what anxiety would look like if it could be visualised in light or sound”可知，展览包括用光和声音对焦虑进行视觉化，因此参观者会对焦虑有一个新的感觉，故答案为B项。]
3．When can visitors see these four exhibitions altogether
A．In January. B．In September.
C．In October. D．In December.
C [考查细节理解。本题问的是“参观者什么时候能够把这四个展览都观看了”。根据文中对各个展览的时间介绍可以判断，应该是在十月份。故答案为C项。]
B
(2021·河北省高三年级名校联考)
In elementary school，Glenn Cameron was very aware of the challenges faced by his friend，Roger，who had lost a hand.Now he has built an artificial helper for him.
The robotic hand is called “Dexi”．Each of its fingers can move independently.The strength and speed of the hand's“muscles” can be controlled.He's also created a digital version of this hand，which responds on a computer screen.Through a special headset，the system takes electrical signals from a human brain，sends them to a computer，and then the computer “tells” the hand what to do.For example，to make the hand close，you “see” a fist in your head.
In fact，Cameron's first robotic hand was 3D printed online.Realizing the hand was too limited，he decided to build his own.It was quite a challenge，but his new version was better.It was also cheap，compared to many other robotic hand projects.Cameron says designing and building the hand was hard，but he went on.Then came the one Roger is using.
Cameron is working on a hand that can actually be used by a person who's lost a hand at present.He says the new hand will be simpler，because there won't be as much space.To make up for this，he's adding a mini camera and trying to make the hand smarter.
Cameron encourages young people who think they might want to do something demanding and similar，“You just begin working towards it.Take one little step at a time，purposeful and steadfast，sooner or later you're going to get to the place you long for.”
语篇解读： 在小学的时候，Glenn Cameron看到朋友缺少一只手，内心很受触动，他现在已经制造出了可以由人脑控制的机械手来帮助朋友。
4．Which version of the artificial hand does Dexi belong to
A．The first. B．The second.
C．The third. D．The fourth.
C [考查推理判断。Dexi出现在第二段，但本题要结合上下文内容来推理才能得到答案。根据第一段的尾句和第二段的开头可知，Dexi是Roger现在使用的机械手版本。第三段谈到Cameron制作的第一个机械手是3D打印出来的，但他不满意。于是，他花费时间制造了第二个版本的机械手，这个版本比第一个要好。但他继续研发，于是便有了第三代机械手——Roger现在使用的Dexi。]
5．How could a user of the digital version of Dexi control the robotic hand
A．By operating the computer.
B．By thinking.
C．By sending electrical signals to the hand.
D．By speaking.
B [考查细节理解。根据第二段的“Through a special headset...For example，to make the hand close，you ‘see’ a fist in your head”可知，Dexi的数字版本通过特殊的头部装置，收集大脑发出的电子信号并发送给电脑，电脑“告诉”机械手要做什么。比如，为了把手握起来，你可以在你的脑海中“看到”一个拳头。由此可推知，这个版本的机械手的使用者可以通过“想”来操作机械手。]
6．Which saying do Cameron's words convey
A．Well begun is half done.
B．The longest journey begins with the first step.
C．All things are difficult before they are easy.
D．Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.
D [考查推理判断。最后一段谈到Cameron鼓励那些想做类似的费力的事情的年轻人：只要开始朝着它努力，一步一个脚印，坚定信念，迟早你会到达想去的地方，即实现目标。D项“Nothing is impossible to a willing heart”“有志者，事竟成”与他的话所表达的意思一致。]
7．What is the text mainly about
A．Cameron's brain?controlled robotic hands.
B．Cameron's story of success.
C．The latest designs of artificial intelligence hands.
D．A robotic helper for the disabled.
A [考查主旨大意。全文主要谈了Cameron为帮助失去手的人设计和制造的机械手，故选A项。]
C
(2021·山东省部分重点中学考试)
Love the way you walk
Listen carefully to the footsteps，and you can work out who is walking.The features commonly used to identify people are faces and fingerprints.But the way they walk is also a giveaway.
Researchers have used video cameras and computers to analyze people's gaits(步态).But translating such knowledge into a practical identification system can be tricky.Cameras are often visible，require good lighting and may have their view blocked by other people.A team led by Dr.Ozanyan and Dr.Scully have been looking for a better way to recognize gaits.Their answer：pressure sensitive mats.
Such mats are nothing new.They have been part of security systems.But Ozanyan and Scully use a complicated version that can record the amount of pressure applied in different places as someone walks across it.The researchers turn to an artificial intelligence system to recognize such patterns.In a study in 2018，they tested the system on a database of footsteps of 127 people.They found its error rate in identifying who was who was a mere 0.7%.And Scully says even without a database of footsteps，the system can determine someone's sex and a subject's age.
One application of the mat based gait recognition system might be in health care，particularly for the elderly.A mat placed in a nursing home or an old person's own residence could monitor changes in an individual's gait that indicate certain illnesses.That would provide early warning of someone being at greater risk of falling over.Gait analysis might also be used as a security measure in the workplace，monitoring access to restricted areas，such as parts of military bases，server farms or laboratories dealing with dangerous materials.Perhaps the most interesting use of the mats，though，would be in public places，such as airports.
语篇解读： 脸和指纹常被用来识别人，其实人们走路的方式也可以用来识别人。本文介绍了通过人的步态识别人的“压力感应垫”的工作原理以及使用前景等。
8．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 2
A．Research equipment. B．Research background.
C．Research assumptions. D．Research findings.
B [考查段落大意。通读第二段可知，该段说明研究人员使用过摄像机和电脑来分析人们的步态，但由于受光线和视线等因素的影响，摄像机使用很不方便。因此Dr.Ozanyan和Dr.Scully带领的团队一直在寻找一种更好的步态识别方法，并给出答案：压力感应垫。据此可知，第二段介绍了“压力感应垫”的研究背景，故B项正确。]
9．What is the mat used for
A．Collecting data. B．Ensuring safety.
C．Determining age. D．Analyzing pressure.
A [考查细节理解。根据第三段第三句“But Ozanyan and Scully use a complicated version that can record the amount of pressure applied in different places as someone walks across it”可知，当人们走过时，这种垫子可以记录在不同地方施加的压力数据；据此可知，垫子是用来搜集压力数据的，故A项正确。]
10．What might the gait recognition system be applied to
A．Monitoring security work progress.
B．Detecting potential health problems.
C．Keeping track of travelling frequency.
D．Warning passengers of possible dangers.
B [考查细节理解。根据尾段，尤其是该段第二、三句可知，这种垫子用在养老院或老人家里可以监测老人步态变化，从而为人们提供某些疾病的早期预警，故B项正确。]
11．What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To compare different ways to identify people.
B．To show people the importance of technology.
C．To persuade people to buy the mat.
D．To inform people of something about pressure sensitive mats.
D [考查写作目的。通读全文可知，本文介绍了一种通过人的步态来识别人的“压力感应垫”；文章重点介绍了“压力感应垫”的工作原理以及使用前景等。据此可知，D项正确。]
D
(2021·广州市综合检测二)
Texas rancher(牧场主) Charles Goodnight had a problem.He needed skilled cowboys to drive his herd of two thousand longhorn cattle to New Mexico to be sold.He couldn't offer high wages.He couldn't promise easy jobs or even nice weather.But he thought that decent，hot meals might entice men to work for him.
In the mid to late 1800s，cattle drives sometimes took three to four months，and once the drive began，there were no stores for hundreds of miles.All the food and supplies needed for the trip were carried on two wheeled carts.Usually，the cowboy's food was boring and unappetizing.
Goodnight went to work and solved the problem.His invention of a mobile kitchen，the chuck wagon(炊事用车)，got its name from the cowboy word for food—“chuck”．Goodnight took an old army wagon and rebuilt it with the Osage orange，which is so tough that Indians used it to make bows.The wagon's iron axles were stronger than the wooden ones found on standard wagons，and the wider wheels lasted longer.Besides food and eating utensils，it held everything from first aid supplies to needles and thread.It even contained a cooking stove.
The first chuck wagon was an instant success.Eighteen cowhands joined Goodnight and his partner，Oliver Loving，to drive the cattle to New Mexico，earning the pair a handsome profit.The route they took—later called the Goodnight Loving Trail—became one of the most heavily used cattle trails in the Southwest.
The chuck wagon soon was the backbone of all successful cattle drives.Other ranchers created their own moving kitchens，and eventually the Studebaker Company produced chuck wagons that sold for $75 to $100 apiece，about $1，000 today.
The chuck wagon was much more than a mobile kitchen.Sometimes called “the trail drive's mother ship”，it was like a magnet that drew the men together.The wagon and the ground around it were the cowboy's home.There he enjoyed hot meals，a warm fire，and good companionship.He could also get a bandage，a haircut，or liniment for his sore muscles.And there，under the stars and around the chuck wagon，he crawled into his bedroll each night.
语篇解读： 本文是一篇说明文。在十九世纪，得克萨斯州的牧场主查尔斯·古德奈特认为提供像样的热饭菜可能会吸引牛仔们为他工作，帮助他把牛赶到新墨西哥州。为此，他发明了炊事用车，车里带有食物、急救用品、炉子等，让赶牛的人能在沿途吃到像样的热饭菜、享受到温暖的炉火和良好的友谊。这种车不仅仅是一个可移动的厨房，它更为牛仔们提供了一个“家”。
12．What does the underlined word “entice” in Paragraph 1 mean
A．Inform. B．Direct.
C．Enable. D．Attract.
D [考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“He couldn't offer high wages.He couldn't promise easy jobs or even nice weather.But he thought that decent，hot meals might entice men to work for him”和语境可知，他不能提供高工资，也不能保证会有容易的活儿或好天气；但他认为，像样的热饭菜可能会吸引别人为他工作。据此可以判断，画线词的含义与D项的含义最为接近。]
13．Why were cattle drives in the mid to late 1800s so tough
A．All the cattle were carried on two wheeled vehicles.
B．Fresh food supplies were hard to find on the drive.
C．There were not enough cowboys to drive the cattle.
D.There was no place to store food and necessary supplies.
B [考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“there were no stores for hundreds of miles...was boring and unappetizing”可知，在赶牛的旅途中难以吃到新鲜的食物。故B项正确。]
14．What do we know about Goodnight's chuck wagon from the text
A．It was stronger than the ordinary wagons.
B．It was mainly used to provide first aid.
C．It could be changed into a sleeping area.
D．It was sold to other ranchers by Goodnight.
A [考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“rebuilt it with the Osage orange...and the wider wheels lasted longer”可知，古德奈特发明的炊事用车比一般的四轮运货车更坚固，故A项正确。]
15．What is the best title for the text
A．The Cowboys' Problem
B．Goodnight Loving Trail
C．The Cowboys' Home on Wheels
D．Exciting Cattle Drives in the West
C [考查标题判断。通读全文可知，牧场主查尔斯·古德奈特为解决牛仔们的吃饭问题而发明了炊事用车，而且这种车不仅仅是一个可移动的厨房，它更为牛仔们提供了一个“家”。故C项最适合作本文的标题。]
第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
(2021·南昌市高三一模)
Why Walking in Nature Makes You a Better Worker
We're busy at work，distracted(注意力分散的) by technology and often live in urban environments far from wild spaces.__1__．The average American，for example，spends about 90% of their life indoors.But what happens if we make time for an hour outside each day
__2__．You'll have to go out for a walk，which is beneficial if most of your day involves sitting in front of a screen.Research shows short breaks can improve work enthusiasm，and a quick break in natural light will deliver a shot of vitamin D.
There are also a lot of mental benefits when you are in nature—you are happy and your brain can make sense of life.“When people are all out in nature，even in urban nature，people tend to have more positive emotion and energy than when they are indoors.__3__，” said Lisa Nisbet，associate professor at Canada's Trent University.
The idea that nature is good for us has been gaining grounds since the 1980s.__4__．Afterwards，shinrin yoku，the Japanese concept，which is the practice of taking a short，leisurely visit to a forest for health benefits，followed that.Researchers of shinrin yoku have since found plenty of physical and mental benefits，while global studies suggest spending time in nature can，for example，restore our ability to focus，increase our creativity，and even help us live longer.
Of course，many of us live in cities with no ready access to forests or the wilderness.__5__．Various studies have shown that green environments in cities have beneficial effects.
A．We also don't get out much
B．But it doesn't have to be a forest
C．People can get to a forest for a hike
D．In other words，people are happier in nature
E．There are some obvious benefits when being outside
F．Green and blue spaces are better than busy city streets
G．First came the theory that humans have a basic desire to be connected with nature
语篇解读： 本文是一篇说明文。到户外走走，而不是一直待在室内，对人们的身体和精神健康大有裨益。
1．A [根据空后一句“The average American，for example，spends about 90% of their life indoors”可知，普通的美国人90%的时间都是在室内度过的，由此可推知，A项符合语境。]
2．E [本空是段首句，与下一段的首句“There are also a lot of mental benefits...can make sense of life”呼应，并结合对本段内容的整体理解可知，本段主要讲述了出去走走的一些明显的益处，所以E项与语境相符。]
3．D [本段表述大自然对人的精神健康有益。根据语境并结合空前的“people tend to have more positive emotion and energy than when they are indoors”可推知，D项“换句话说，人们在大自然中更开心”与此处匹配。]
4．G [根据空后一句“Afterwards，shinrin yoku，the Japanese concept...followed that”可推知，该空陈述的应是与大自然对人类有益的理论或概念相关的内容，选项G的内容与空处相符，所以选G项。]
5．B [空处承上启下。B选项中的“it doesn't have to be a forest”与空前一句中的“with no ready access to forests or the wilderness”相衔接，且与空后一句中的“green environments in cities have beneficial effects”相呼应，所以选B项。]
第二部分 语言知识运用(共两节，满分45分)
第一节(共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分)
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
(2021·黑龙江省六校协作体第一次模拟)
It started out as an ordinary day.I was shopping at the department store，when it __1__ me that I had promised to do a reading __2__—reading 50 pages of a book every day for 75 days.With this in mind，I picked a __3__ by Rachel Hollis and went home.
Shortly after I sat down reading，my dog started barking.__4__，I threw the book down onto the cushion to __5__ the dog.When I returned，I found a(n) __6__ 5 dollar bill on the floor.Assuming it flew out of the book，I glanced through pages in the __7__ of finding a clue.I then found a note between the chapters.It __8__，“To the person who buys this book：I'm having a hard day.Maybe I could __9__ someone else's with this little gift...”
I thought it was someone really __10__ that shifted the energy on such a bad day to __11__ someone else's.If I was having __12__ days，I'd just want to settle back eating ice cream！I wanted to share the __13__ gesture with my friends on social media，so I __14__ a photo of the note and bill on a website __15__ by the words：“Remember you are loved.You are amazing，Lisa.” The photo has since gained __16__ of social media users，receiving thousands of likes.
Now I am __17__ with responses from people who have been__18__ to pay the good deed forward.I hope the countless new stories will __19__ Lisa，the author of the note，so that she could know the __20__ of her simple kindness.
语篇解读： 本文是一篇记叙文。作者买回家一本书，意外发现里面夹着一张钞票和便条，原来是一个叫Lisa的陌生人在自己不如意的一天给别人准备的礼物。作者将Lisa的善举上传到社交媒体后，引发了一连串的善行。
1．A.worried B．reminded
C．hit D．shocked
C [结合语境和下文中的“With this in mind”可知，作者正在百货公司购物时，突然想起自己曾承诺要进行一项阅读挑战。hit后跟sb.，可以表示“使某人突然想起”。]
2．A.challenge B．test
C．study D．survey
A [破折号后的内容“reading 50 pages of a book every day for 75 days”是对空处内容的解释，这是一项挑战。challenge“挑战，艰巨任务”。]
3．A.list B．note
C．record D．work
D [想到了这件事，作者挑选了一本Rachel Hollis的书，然后回家了。work“著作，(艺术)作品”。]
4．A.Eventually B．Consequently
C．Gradually D．Suddenly
B [作者坐下看书后不久，她的狗就开始叫了起来。因此她把书扔到垫子上，去查看她的小狗。根据语境可知，空处前后之间是因果关系，所以此处用副词Consequently“结果，因此，所以”。]
5．A.check on B．bring in
C．hold up D．find out
A [参见上题解析。check on“核实，检查(是否一切正常)”；bring in“吸引，引入”；hold up“搀扶，支撑”；find out“弄清，发现”。]
6．A.moving B．amusing
C．confusing D．satisfying
C [作者发现在地上莫名其妙多了一张5美元的钞票，感到很惊奇。confusing“令人困惑的”。]
7．A.expectation B．form
C．direction D．process
A [作者假定钱是从书中飞出来的，于是翻阅书页，希望能找到线索。in the expectation of“希望……，期待……”；in the form of“以……形式”；in the direction of“朝……方向”；in the process of“在……的过程中”。]
8．A.writes B．reads
C．shows D．means
B [作者发现了一张夹在书中的便条，上面写的有内容。read“(指示牌、信上等)写着”。]
9．A.observe B．memorize
C．lengthen D．brighten
D [此处表示“我这一天过得不好，也许我可以用这个小礼物使别人有愉悦的一天”。brighten“使更开心，使更有趣”。]
10．A.creative B．elegant
C．energetic D．special
D [根据上文的内容以及下文作者拿自己与写便条的人作对比“If I was having ________ days，I'd just want to settle back eating ice cream”可知，写便条的人某一天的日子很艰难，但却转移精力去改善别人的一天，作者认为这样的人很特别。special“特殊的，特别的”。]
11．A.praising B．improving
C．understanding D．noticing
B [结合语境以及上文提到的“with this little gift”可知，写便条的人想改善别人的一天。improve“改善”。]
12．A.busy B．pleasant
C．tough D．boring
C [上文中的“I'm having a hard day”“on such a bad day”暗示了此处是作者拿自己与写便条的人作对比。tough“艰苦的，艰难的”。]
13．A.smart B．serious
C．sweet D．strange
C [作者想在社交媒体上和朋友们分享这一友好的(sweet)善举。]
14．A.took B．selected
C．collected D．posted
D [作者在网站上发布了一张便条和钞票的照片。post“贴，发布”。]
15．A.accompanied B．simplified
C．clarified D．confirmed
A [发布的照片附带了文字：“记住你是被爱的。你是了不起的，Lisa。”accompany“(书、文件等)附有，带有，配有”。simplify“使简化，使简易”；clarify“使更清晰易懂，阐明”；confirm“证实，证明”。]
16．A.reward B．attention
C．encouragement D．trust
B [照片得到了社交媒体用户的关注，获得了数千个赞。attention“注意，关注”。]
17．A.flooded B．associated
C．faced D．provided
A [作者现在收到了很多人的回复。be flooded with sth.“大量收到某物”。]
18．A.interested B．inspired
C．recommended D．urged
B [他们被Lisa的善举鼓舞(inspired)，都以实际行动把这种善行传递下去。interest“使感兴趣，使关注”；recommend“建议”；urge“催促，力劝”。]
19．A.change B．help
C．connect D．reach
D [根据下文中的“so that she could know”可知，作者希望这些新的故事最终能传到Lisa，也就是便条的作者那里。reach“得知(信息)”。]
20．A.purpose B．spread
C．impact D．reputation
C [作者希望Lisa能充分了解到自己的善举所带来的影响。impact“影响”。]
第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
(2021·武汉市部分学校高三摸底检测)
Award winning food writer Fuchsia Dunlop went to live in Chengdu，China 1.________ a student in 1994.She was fond of the food there so much that she promised to eat everything she 2.________(offer) from the very beginning，3.________ strange it seemed.When she ended her journey，she wrote a book called Shark's Fin and Sichuan Pepper，which describes her 4.________(friend) relationship with China and its food.
For me，this book has 5.________ very special place in my heart.I was in Chengdu at the same time，living in the same area and 6.________(eat) in the same restaurants as Ms.Dunlop.I never 7.________(meet) her and I don't ever remember seeing someone who looked like her.But her description of Chengdu，of Sichuan cuisine，of being a 8.________(foreign) in China in the 1990s，and of the culture shock when one returns to the West are 9.________(exact) what I experienced and felt when I lived there.
But what she does that I have never been able to do is to express it so precisely in writing what all of it means—being someone caught between two cultures.So if you want to really understand China from an outsider's perspective，add Shark's Fin and Sichuan Pepper to your list of 10.________(book) to read.
语篇解读： 本文是一篇说明文。介绍了一部由美食作家Fuchsia Dunlop写的美食游记《鱼翅与花椒》的相关情况。
1．解析： 考查介词。根据该句中的“a student”和语境可知，该处指“以一名学生的身份居住在中国成都”，as后可接表示身份、职位的名词，表示“作为，当作”，故用as。
答案： as
2．解析： 考查动词的时态和语态。根据该句中的“promised”可知，该处陈述的是过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时；分析句子结构可知，she和动词offer之间为被动关系，故空处用一般过去时的被动语态。
答案： was offered
3．解析： 考查引导让步状语从句的从属连词。分析句子结构并根据语境可知，空处引导让步状语从句，表示“无论到什么程度，不管多么”，故应用however。
答案： however
4．解析： 考查形容词。形容词修饰名词，空处修饰名词relationship，故用形容词friendly，表示“友好的”。
答案： friendly
5．解析： 考查冠词。根据句意可知，该处泛指“一个特别的地位”，故用不定冠词；又very的发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。
答案： a
6．解析： 考查现在分词。分析句子结构可知，空处和现在分词“living”并列，主语I和动词eat之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词eating。
答案： eating
7．解析： 考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“never”可知，“我”从来没有遇见过她；根据语境可知，该句陈述的是过去的事情，故用一般过去时。
答案： met
8．解析： 考查名词。根据空前的“being a”和句意可知，该处指“作为一个在中国的外国人”，故应填名词foreigner。
答案： foreigner
9．解析： 考查副词。副词修饰动词或者整个句子。分析该句结构可知，空处修饰what引导的表语从句，故用副词形式。
答案： exactly
10．解析： 考查名词的单复数。book为可数名词，根据该句中的list和句意可知，该处指“书单”，应不止一本书，故应用名词的复数形式。
答案： books
第三部分 写作(共两节，满分35分)
第一节 短文改错(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2．只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
(2021·东北三校高三第一次联合模拟)
One day，Sally went to work by the taxi.Unfortunately，when she arrived her office，she realized that she has left her bag in the taxi.
She became worried because in the bag was the material needing for the meeting to be held in an hour.Half an hour late，she received a call from a man，told her that he was sending the bag to her in person.Wondering where the man knew her address and telephone number，Sally went downstairs.It was actually the driver which taxi she had taken.The driver told Sally that he had found his business card in the bag so that he could find Sally.Sally expressed her thank to the driver and hurried upstairs，heading for the meeting room.
答案：
One day，Sally went to work by taxi.Unfortunately，when she arrived her office，she realized that she left her bag in the taxi.
She became worried because in the bag was the material for the meeting to be held in an hour.Half an hour ，she received a call from a man， her that he was sending the bag to her in person.Wondering the man knew her address and telephone number，Sally went downstairs.It was actually the driver taxi she had taken.The driver told Sally that he had found business card in the bag so that he could find Sally.Sally expressed her to the driver and hurried upstairs，heading for the meeting room.
第二节 书面表达(满分25分)
(2021·东北三省四市高考模拟)
假定你是李华，暑期在纽约学习，得知当地博物馆要举办中国瓷器(china)展。请你给负责人写一封信申请做志愿者，内容包括：
1．写信意图；
2．个人优势。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Sir，
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
答案：
Dear Sir，
I am Li Hua，a Chinese student who is taking a summer course in New York now.I have learned from your advertisement that a Chinese china exhibition will be held in the local museum，so I am writing to apply for the position as a student volunteer.
I can speak fluent English as well as standard Chinese.Besides，I once learned a lot about china in our school china club and have been crazy about collecting a variety of china cups.Young and energetic，I'm keen on communicating with foreign friends.Thus，I'm convinced that I'm qualified for the job.
I would be grateful if my application could meet with your approval.I am looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
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