2022年中考英语二轮专题复习课件：专题1 名词（47张ppt）

(共47张PPT)
第二篇　攻专题 · 能力提升
第一部分　中考语法专题突破
专题一　名词
知识网络
1．可数名词
(1)可数名词是指能以数目来计算，可以分成个体的人或东西，前面可以用基数词、不定冠词a/an、many等修饰的名词。如：three boys三个男孩；a banana一根香蕉；an apple一个苹果；many students许多学生。
考点精析
考点1　可数名词与不可数名词
知识精讲
(2)可以修饰可数名词的修饰语有：
few几乎没有 a few有一些
several几个 many许多
a number of许多，若干 some一些
a couple of两个 any一些；任何
a great/large number of许多
(3)可数名词有单数和复数之分。如：student→students。
2．不可数名词
(1)不可数名词是指无法计数的物质名词和抽象名词，不可直接用数词修饰，无复数形式。常见的不可数名词如下：
类别 举例
物质名词 食物　　 bread面包；meat肉
液体　　 oil油；water水
自然物体 sand沙；wood木头
抽象名词 学科　　 math数学；physics物理
概念　　 money钱；advice建议
情感　　 sadness忧伤
(2)可以修饰不可数名词的修饰语有：
little几乎没有 a little少许，一点儿
much许多 a good deal of很多
a bit of一点儿 some一些
通过所缺词前面的修饰语判断使用可数名词还是不可数名词。如果空前有much、a little等词(组)修饰，则说明需要填不可数名词；如果空前有a/an、many、a few等词(组)修饰，则说明需要填可数名词。
【例题】 (2019·上海)I couldn't get much ________of the exhibition of clean-energy products from the website.
A．news B．photos
C．posters D．advertisements
【答案】A
方法突破
【解析】news(新闻)是不可数名词；photo(照片)、poster(海报)、advertisement(广告)三个都是可数名词。空前有much修饰，故选news。
【跟进训练1】 I'm so hungry.I'd like two ___to eat.
A．apples B．milk
C．bread D．meat
A　
1．可数名词的复数变化规则
(1)规则变化
考点2　名词的数
情 况 构成方法 举例
一般情况 加-s clock→clocks；lion→lions；
day→days；gate→gates；
bird→birds
知识精讲
情 况 构成方法 举例
以s、x、ch、sh等结尾 加-es glass→glasses；fox→foxes；
watch→watches；wish→
wishes
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾　　 变y为i再加-es city→cities；factory→
factories；secretary→
secretaries
以f或fe结尾 一般变f、fe为v，再加-es knife→knives；leaf→leaves；shelf→shelves；wolf→wolves
情 况 构成方法 举例
以o结尾 o前为辅音字母加-es；o前为元音字母加-s hero→heroes；potato→
potatoes；tomato→tomatoes；kangaroo→kangaroos；radio→radios；zoo→zoos
例外：photo→photos；piano→pianos； kilo→kilos
将词尾的f/fe改为v，再加-es变复数的单词：
小偷(thief)之妻(wife)生活难，拿刀(knife)田里去割粮，看到野狼(wolf)发了慌，躲在架(shelf)后保己(self)命(life)，半片(half)树叶(leaf)遮目光。
(2)不规则变化
构成方法 举例
变内部元音 foot→feet；goose→geese；man→men；
tooth→teeth
词尾加- (r)en child→children；ox→oxen
单复数同形 deer→deer；fish→fish；sheep→sheep
中文音译词无复数形式，用斜体 eight yuan
构成方法 举例 表示“某国人”的名词，其复数变化有三种情况 单复数同形 Chinese→Chinese；
Japanese→Japanese
变词尾的man为men Englishman→Englishmen；
Frenchwoman→Frenchwomen
词尾加-s German→Germans；
Australian→Australians；
Indian→Indians
构成方法 举例 复合名词 一般将主体名词变为复数 brother-in-law→brothers-in-law
无主体名词，在词尾加-s grown-up→grown-ups；
look-out→look-outs
两部分都变为复数 man teacher→men teachers；
woman driver→women drivers
巧记可数名词复数的不规则变化：
①男(men)女(women)孩子(children)的脚(feet)踩住老鼠(mice)的牙(teeth)。
②单复数同形的名词：中日鱼鹿羊，即Chinese、Japanese、fish、deer、sheep。
③各国人变复数，中日不变，英法变，其他各国-s加后面，即Chinese、Japanese、Englishmen、Frenchmen、Germans、Americans、Australians、Indians等。
2.不可数名词的量化
情况 方法 举例
具体量化 数词/不定冠词＋量词＋of＋不可数名词 a piece of bread一片面包
大概量化 表示量的限定词(some、any、all、little、a lot of、much、lots of、plenty of等)＋不可数名词 some oil一些油；
much/a lot of money许多钱；
plenty of water许多水
3.名词作主语时谓语动词的数
(1)单个可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式；可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
注意：有些表示时间、距离、金额、度量的名词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。◇Fifteen minutes is enough for me.十五分钟对我来说足够了。
(2)family、class等集合名词作主语时，若强调整体，看作单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式；若强调个体成员，看作复数，谓语动词用复数形式。◇My family are watching TV.我的家人在看电视。My family is a big one.我家是一个大家庭。
注意：有些集合名词只能看作复数，如police。
(3)单个不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。但当“数词＋量词＋of＋不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词的数与量词的数保持一致。◇Two cups of juice are ten yuan.两杯果汁(的价格)为十元钱。
1．根据限定词与名词的搭配或谓语动词的单复数形式判断名词的数，然后根据上下文语境及名词复数的变化规则等明确答案。
【例题】 (2021·黑龙江大庆)—Can I help you
—Please give me ________ about the trains to Daqing.
A．a few informations B．a little informations
C．a little information D．a few information
【答案】C
方法突破
【解析】information是不可数名词，不能用a few修饰，也没有复数形式，结合选项可知，只有C项符合。句意：“有什么需要帮您的吗？”“请给我一些开往大庆的火车的信息。”
【跟进训练2】 (2019·黑龙江哈尔滨改编)Tim got four ___from his relatives on Children's Day.
A．toy B．toys
C．toies D．toyes
B　
2．根据生活常识或固定搭配等来明确答案。
【例题】 (2021·江苏泰州)The landing of China's rover(登陆车) Zhurong on Mars shows China has made great________in space exploration.
A．progress B．project C．product D．protection
【答案】A
【解析】progress进步；project项目；product产品；protection保护。空格前有动词made，选项中能与之搭配的只有progress。make (great) progress in...在……方面取得(很大)进步。
【跟进训练3】 (2019·江苏宿迁)—Anna，how does the dress look on me
—To tell you the ___，it doesn't fit you well.
A．trade B．trust
C．truth D．treat
C　
考点3　名词的所有格
类型 构成方法 举例
有生命的名词(人或动物) 普通单数名词或不以-s结尾的复数名词 在词尾加-'s Tony's camera；
Children's Day；
the policemen's office；
sheep's wool
以-s结尾的复数名词 在词尾加-' Teachers' Day；
the students' books
知识精讲
类型 构成方法 举例
有生命的名词 (人或动物) 共同所有(常修饰单数名词) A and B's Jack and Lucy's
classroom
分别所有(常修饰复数名词) A's and B's Jack's and Lucy's
desks
类型 构成方法 举例
无生命的名词 表时间、距离、世界、国家、城市、团体、机构的名词 在词尾加-'s或-' today's newspaper；
twenty minutes' walk；
the world's population；
China's capital
其他名词 一般用 “of＋名词”结构　 a picture of my family；
the door of the classroom
类型 构成方法 举例
无生命的名词 双重所有格 of＋-'s所有格 a friend of her
mother's；
the plays of
Shakespeare's
of＋名词性物主代词 a little dog of mine；
some photos of theirs
首先明确空格处在句中的成分，若作定语，则考虑运用名词所有格。然后，回忆名词所有格的构成，再根据上下文语境确定答案。
【例题】 (2021·贵州安顺改编)The movie named A Little Red Flower shows ________ love for their children.
A．parents B．parent's
C．parents' D．parent
【答案】C
方法突破
【解析】空后有名词love，因此空格处在句中作定语，用名词所有格。由后面的their可知，空格处表示“父母的”，用复数名词parents的所有格形式。parents是以s结尾的复数名词，其所有格形式是parents'。
【跟进训练4】 (2020·黑龙江七台河改编)Look at the big and clean room.It's___room.
A．Lucy's and Lily's
B．Lucy and Lily's
C．Lucy's and Lily
D．Lucy and Lily
B　
四川中考真题精练
1．(2020·成都)Ms.Wang is very strict with us. She always asks us to do everything according to her i___________.
2．(2020·遂宁)In autumn, quite a few________(树叶) turn yellow and fall off the trees.
3．(2020·成都改编)The doctor told me that many ________(year) smoking had weakened my health.
nstruction　
leaves　
years’
4．(2021·乐山)—Hello！May I speak to Tony，please
—Sorry，I'm afraid you have the wrong ___.
A．telephone B．name
C．number
5．(2021·广元)Three fifths of the teachers in our school are ___.
A．man teachers B．men teachers
C．woman teachers D．women teacher
C　
B　
6．(2021·雅安)—Of all the subjects，I like ___best.
—Me too.I take drawing classes every weekend.
A．math B．art
C．Chinese D．physics
7．(2020·广元)Sandy really likes eating meat，but she doesn't like eating___.
A．breads B．vegetables 　　
C．chickens
B　
B　
8．(2020·自贡)—A boy is flying a kite over there. Who is he
—He is ___ brother.
A．Lucy's and Lily's
B．Lucy and Lily's
C．Lucy's and Lily
B　
9．(2019·乐山改编)One day，the village leader sent a ___ to the Wildlife Conservation Society(野生动物保护协会)，asking them to come and protect the lion.
A．map B．message 　C．gift
10．(2019·自贡)—What else do we need to make cold beef
—___.
A．Two spoons salt
B．Two spoons of salts
C．Two spoons of salt
B　
C　
11．(2019·达州)—Hello, Lucy, please give me some _____on how to improve my English!
—You’d better keep________more English books.
A．advices; read B．advice; read
C．advice; reading D．advices; reading
12．(达州)The students need some unusual books to read after school every day.(改为单数的句子)
The student ______ ____ unusual book to read after school every day.
C　
needs an　
一、词汇运用。
1．(2021·黑龙江大庆)I accepted an___________(invite) to the party from my friend.
2．(2021·黑龙江龙东地区)The _______ (high)of Qomolangma is 8,848.86 meters now.
3．(2021·山东临沂)Students across China buy 2,800 million new　__________( textbook ) every year.
2022年迎考特训
invitation　
height　
textbooks　
4．(2021·山东临沂)In 1920，the ________(world) first three color traffic light was put to use.
5．(2021·辽宁大连)Now more and more people like the ________(silent) in the countryside.
6．(2021·辽宁盘锦)Sally thinks that old things always bring back sweet __________ (memory)．
world’s　
silence　
memories　
二、单项选择。
1．(2020·浙江温州)Lucy's father works in No.1 Hospital.He is a___.
A．teacher B．doctor
C．postman D．policeman
B　
2．(2021·广西贵港)—Would you like something to drink，Judy
—Yes.Some___is OK.
A．bread B．ice cream
C．salad D．milk
3．(2021·辽宁朝阳)—I don't know how to use the App WeChat.
—Ask Eric for help.He has lots of ___in doing it.
A．courage B．energy
C．experience D．spirit
D　
C　
4．(2020·黑龙江哈尔滨改编)—According to a recent survey，many students have poor eyesight(视力)．
—In my opinion，reading on mobile phones too often is the___of having poor eyesight.
A．cost B．result
C．cause D．value
5．(2021·重庆B卷)June 1st is___Day.
A．Children B．Children's
C．Child D．Child's
C　
B　
6．(2019·安徽)You can see the ___in our faces when we talk about the great achievements in the past 70 years.
A．doubt B．pride
C．regret D．ability
7．(2019·江西)My daughter helps me cook but she isn't old enough to be left alone in the ___.
A．bedroom B．classroom
C．lab D．kitchen
B　
D　
8．(2021·辽宁本溪)___can make people happy and want to make greater progress.
A．Fear B．Praise
C．Doubt D．Regret
9．(2021·湖北武汉)The idiom(成语)“Mengzi's mother makes three moves” tells of a mother who did all she could to provide the best___for her child.
A．experience B．instruction
C．environment D．information
B　
C　
10．(2019·辽宁营口)I'm sure he is an honest boy.I have no ___to doubt(质疑) what he said.
A．reason B．action
C．feeling D．decision
11．(2021·黑龙江龙东地区改编)If you want to ask for sick leave，you must get your teacher's___first.
A．achievement B．instrument
C．agreement D．argument
A　
C　
12．(2021·黑龙江齐齐哈尔改编)Amy refused her friend's ___because she had to take care of her grandma.
A．tradition B．attention
C．invitation D．instruction
13．(2021·湖北黄冈改编)—What did you do to celebrate the 100th birthday of the CPC(中国共产党)
—We sang the___My Motherland and Me.
A．song B．music
C．movie D．lesson
C　
A　
14．(2021·湖北襄阳)—How do you improve your English___
—I often talk with the persons whose mother language is English.
A．population B．transportation
C．pronunciation D．suggestion
15．(2021·湖南湘西州改编)—How much honey do we need
—Let's see.Two ___.
A．spoons of honey B．spoon of honeys
C．spoons of honeys D．spoon of honey
C　
A