名词性从句
A组 单句语法填空
1．(2020·浙江卷7月)Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on ________ could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
解析： 考查名词性从句。根据语法结构可知，what引导宾语从句，作on的宾语，由于该宾语从句中缺少主语，同时空处表示“……的事物”，故填what。
答案： what
2．(2020·天津卷)The student completed this experiment to make come true ________ Professor Joseph had said.
解析： 考查宾语从句。句意：这个学生完成了这个实验，使约瑟夫教授所说的变成了现实。此处需要用what引导宾语从句。
答案： what
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)While they are rare north of 88°，there is evidence ________they range all the way across the Arctic，and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
解析： 考查同位语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导同位语从句，解释说明evidence的具体内容，从句中不缺少成分且意义完整，故用that引导。
答案： that
4．(2019·北京卷)What students do at college seems to matter much more than________they go.
解析： 考查宾语从句。在介词than 后用where 引导宾语从句，where在从句中作状语。此处表示“学生在大学里做什么事似乎远比在哪里上大学更加重要”。
答案： where
5．(2018·北京卷)Without his support，we wouldn't be________we are now.
解析： 句意为：要是没有他的帮助，我们就不会是现在的情形了。本题考查表语从句。根据句意可知，设空处意为“情形，情况，形势”，应用where引导。
答案： where
6．(2018·北京卷)This is________my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
解析： 句意为：这就是父亲教给我的——永远面对困难并寄予最大的希望。本题考查表语从句。根据句意可知，表语从句中taught me后缺少直接宾语——“教会了我什么”，因此用what引导。
答案： what
B组 单句改错
1．The dishes what I cooked were Mom's favorite.
解析： 先行词dishes在定语从句中作宾语，故应用that或which引导，也可省略关系代词。
答案： what→that/which或去掉what
2．My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.
解析： to后为宾语从句，引导词在从句中需作地点状语，表示“靠近我居住的地方”。故that→where。
答案： that→where
3．My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.
解析： 从句中的do是及物动词，故应用连接代词what作动词do的宾语。
答案： how→what
1．引导主语从句的词有：连接词that，whether；连接代词what，who，whose，whatever，whichever，whoever 等；连接副词 when，where，why，how。
When the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.
延迟的飞机何时起飞在很大程度上取决于天气。
That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial similarity between them.
从她们的面貌相似度就能清楚地看出是亲姐妹。
What struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.
影片中最打动我的是父亲对儿子深厚的爱。
易混辨析 whether与if引导主语从句的区别：
主语从句位于主句谓语动词前，表示“是否”，只能用whether而不能用if引导；若用it作形式主语，则if与whether可互换。
Whether we can have clean drinking water lies in what effective measures will be taken by the government about water pollution.我们能否有干净的饮用水依赖于政府将采取什么样的有效措施处理水污染问题。
It remains to be seen whether or not this idea can be put into practice.这一想法能否付诸实施还有待观察。
2．it作形式主语的主语从句
(1)it作形式主语，从属连词that引导的从句作真正的主语。
①It＋be＋形容词(obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable等)＋that从句。
It isn't likely that I should accept such an offer as that.我不可能接受像那样的帮助。
②It＋be＋名词词组(no wonder，an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise等)＋that从句。
It's no wonder that he didn't want to go.
难怪他不想去。
③It＋be＋过去分词(said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged等)＋that从句。
It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday.会议被推迟到下周一召开已经定下来了。
④It＋动词/动词短语(seem，appear，happen，matter，turn out，occur to，make no difference等)＋that从句。
It suddenly occurred to her that Joe was afraid of being alone.她突然想到乔害怕独自一个人呆着。
(2)it作形式主语，连接代词、连接副词或whether/if引导的主语从句作真正的主语。
It is uncertain what side effect the medicine will bring about，although about two thousand patients have taken it.尽管大约两千名患者已经服用了这种药，但是它会带来什么样的副作用还不清楚。
It is not immediately clear whether/if the financial crisis will soon be over.
经济危机是否会很快结束，短时间内不会很明显。
(单句语法填空)
1．(2020·江苏卷)It is not a problem ________ we can win the battle; it's just a matter of time.
解析： 考查主语从句。句意：我们能否打赢这场战斗不是问题；这只是时间问题。分析句子结构并结合语境可知，It是形式主语，空处引导主语从句，表示“是否”，故填whether。
答案： whether
2．(2021·郑州市第三次质量检测)But perhaps ________ many tourists and San Franciscans treasure most about Chinatown is its food.
解析： 考查名词性从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导主语从句，表示“……的事物”，所以填what。
答案： what
3．(2021·合肥市第三次质量检测)It is estimated ________ coral reefs contribute billions of dollars to the world economy annually，providing food，protection of shorelines，and jobs.
解析： 考查连接词。分析句子结构可知，It在句中作形式主语，空处引导主语从句，从句结构和意义完整，所以填that。
答案： that
4．(2021·江西名校学术联盟质检)________was most difficult was that in order to realize this dream，I needed to find an existent café that wasn't doing well.
解析： 句意：最困难的是为了实现这个梦想，我需要找到一家经营不好的实体咖啡店。“________was most difficult”为主语从句，该从句缺少主语且设空处表示“事物”，故填What。
答案： What
5．(2021·昆明质量检测)Kenney said，“________is good news that this public health problem has a simple solution.”
解析： 考查名词性从句。分析该句结构可知，该句为包含that引导的主语从句的主从复合句，It作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。
答案： It
6．(2021·福建龙岩五校期中)Therefore，it is advisable________you should value and treat them with care.
解析： 句意为：因此人们建议你应该珍惜、谨慎对待它们。“________you should value and treat them with care”为主语从句，该从句不缺任何成分，故用that引导。
答案： that
1．引导表语从句的词有：连接词that，whether；连接代词what，who，whose，whatever，whichever，whoever 等；连接副词when，where，why，how，从句用陈述语序。
Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently.杰里不后悔给出评论，但是觉得自己本来可以用不同的方法来表达。
I'd like to start my own business－that's what I'd do if I had the money.
我愿意自己创业——那就是如果我有钱将会做的事情。
2．as if/as though引导的表语从句
as if/as though引导的表语从句常跟在be动词seem，look，taste，sound，feel，appear等动词之后。
The thick smog covered the whole city.It was as if a great black blanket had been thrown over it.
厚重的烟雾覆盖着整个城市。好像把一个厚厚的黑色的毯子扔到它的上面。
3．because，why引导的表语从句
because，why也可引导表语从句，但because引导的表语从句，主语不能是reason或cause(该结构常用that引导)。常用于以下句型。
(1)This is because...这是因为……(强调原因)
(2)The reason why...is that...……的原因是……
(3)That is why...那就是……的原因(强调结果)
From space，the earth looks blue.This is because about seventy one percent of its surface is covered by water.从太空中看，地球是蓝色的。这是因为地球表面大约71%被水所覆盖。
The reason why he didn't pass the exam was that he was too careless.他没有通过考试的原因是他太粗心了。
常见的表语从句句型：
(1)It looks/seems as if...好像……；仿佛……
The question/problem is whether/when/where...问题是……
(2)His dream/suggestion/aim/purpose is that...
他的梦想/建议/目标/目的是……
(3)what从句＋be＋that从句
What surprised us most was that he came late again.
最让我们惊讶的是他又迟到了。
(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1．(2021·福州市毕业班适应性练习)However，the fact is ________ bats play a significant role in keeping a balanced ecosystem.
解析： 考查连接词。句意：然而，事实是蝙蝠在保持生态系统平衡方面起着重要的作用。分析句子结构可知，此处引导表语从句，连接词在从句中不做句子成分，所以填that。
答案： that
2．(2021·福建福州二模)The problem is________one less hour of sleep is not equal to an extra hour of achievement.
解析： 句意为：问题是少睡一小时不等同于额外的一小时的成就。分析句子结构可知，is后为表语从句，从句的结构和句意完整，故填that。
答案： that
3．(2021·邯郸一模)I imagine this is that foreigners feel when they visit China!
解析： 考查表语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处引导表语从句，并在从句中作方式状语，应用how引导该从句，故将that改为how。
答案： that→how
1．that连接宾语从句时通常可以省略(但多个并列的宾语从句中只能省略第一个that)，没有具体的意思，不充当句子成分，只是起连接作用。what引导时，在从句中充当成分，且有意义。
I'm writing to tell you that my uncle Li Ming is going to your city for a conference.
我写信是想告诉你，我叔叔李明要去你的城市开会。
2．在whether/if连接的宾语从句中，whether/if意为“是否”，但在whether...or not结构中，或者whether引导的宾语从句作介词的宾语时，以及whether＋to do结构中和whether引导的从句作少数动词(如leave，put，discuss，doubt，know等)的宾语时，只能用whether，不能用if来替换。
We've offered her the job，but I don't know whether she'll accept it.
我们已经为她提供了这份工作，但我不知道她是否会接受。
I don't know whether to set off for Beijing or not.
我不知道是否出发去北京。
3．连接代词、连接副词引导宾语从句时不能省略，并在从句中充当句子成分。
We promise whoever attends the party will have a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.我们保证，任何参加这个聚会的人都有机会与那个电影明星合影。
4．有些动词或动词短语，如like，hate，appreciate，depend on，see to等，一般不直接跟从句，需要借助it。
You may depend on it that she will go with you.
你可以相信她会与你一起去。
5．当主句的主语是第一人称时，在think，believe，suppose，expect等动词后的宾语从句若是否定的，就运用否定转移，将否定词转移到主句谓语动词上。
I don't believe she will attend the meeting.
我认为她不会来参加该会议。
6．it作形式宾语，真正的宾语后置，常用此种结构的及物动词有find，make，think，feel，consider等。
I find it important that we should keep calm in danger.
我发现我们在危险中保持镇静是很重要的。
7．不论主句为何种句型，宾语从句都用陈述语序。
(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1．(2021·烟台市高考诊断性测试)Along with this，Max has traveled to Africa several times to donate equipment and coach the kids，developing Angels at Bat into ________ it is today.
解析： 考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，表示“……的事物”，故用what。
答案： what
2．(2021·山西省八校高三第一次联考)“We want to figure out ________you don't feel safe in your neighborhood，” O'Neill said.
解析： 考查名词性从句。根据下文提到的一些原因可知，此处表示“我们想要搞清楚你们为什么感觉不安全”。宾语从句中表示为什么，所以用why引导。
答案： why
3．(2021·湖南株洲二中月考)With an optimistic attitude and a strong will，we can overcome ________difficulties we might meet with and achieve our goals.
解析： 句意为：带着乐观的态度和强烈的愿望，我们能够克服可能遇到的任何困难，取得成功。通过分析句子可知，overcome后为宾语从句，动词短语meet with后缺少宾语，再结合句意可知用whatever修饰名词difficulties引导宾语从句。
答案： whatever
4．(2021·湖南师大附中模拟)When I went to the kitchen to get my breakfast，I was astonished at which I saw.
解析： 在名词性从句中which和what都为连接代词，但which表示“哪一个”，而what表示“……的事情”。故which→what。
答案： which→what
5．(2021·柳州市模拟)We should make full use of time to do that should be done.
解析： do后为宾语从句，引导词在从句中作主语。故that→what。
答案： that→what
1．同位语从句通常用that引导，that无词义也不作成分，但是不能省略，从句用陈述语序。同位语从句还可用whether，when，where，why，how等引导。
2．接同位语从句的常见名词：fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，belief，thought，doubt，promise，question等。
I made a promise to myself that this year，my first year in high school，would be different.我对自己做出承诺：今年，是我上高中的第一年，将会与以往不同。
I have no idea where the journalist could have got his information from.我不知道那个记者从哪里得到的消息。
(单句语法填空/ 单句改错)
1．(2021·湖北部分重点中学联考)This should serve as a warning________people should be aware of their surroundings，especially when crossing roads.
解析： warning后是同位语从句，设空处后的句子无论是结构还是意思都是完整的，设空处所填的词只起连接作用，没有任何实际意义，故填that。
答案： that
2．(2021·山东师大附中模拟)There is no doubt whether it is of great help to their study and future life.
解析： 考查that引导的同位语从句。There is no doubt that...“毫无疑问”，固定句式。
答案： whether→that
3．(2021·遵义航天高级中学模拟)And you should also have a belief you are sure to succeed as long as you keep your direction all the time.
解析： 考查同位语从句。belief后为同位语从句，that不可缺失。
答案： belief后加that
4．(2021·武汉武昌区调研)Last term，I couldn't accept the truth which I failed in my math examination.
解析： 考查名词性从句。名词truth后为同位语从句，从句中不缺少成分，故用that。
答案： which→that
PAGE
9定语从句
A组 单句语法填空
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)In ancient China lived an artist ________ paintings were almost lifelike.
解析： 考查定语从句。本句主句为倒装句，主语an artist为先行词，后接定语从句，空处与其后名词paintings之间构成所属关系，故用whose。
答案： whose
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe，China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
解析： 考查定语从句。先行词是spot，后跟定语从句，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。
答案： where
3．(2020·北京卷)Some university students carried out a campaign ________they spent their whole day without cell phones.
解析： 考查定语从句。 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词为campaign，空格处在从句中作地点状语，故填where。
答案： where
4．(2019·北京卷)The students benefitting most from college are those________ are totally engaged (参与)in academic life，taking full advantage of the college's chances and resources(资源).
解析： 考查定语从句的引导词。先行词为those，指大学生们，故用who引导定语从句，who在从句中作主语。关系代词that可以指人，填that也可以。
答案： who/that
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，________she opened with her late husband Les.
解析： 考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，the pet shop是先行词，定语从句中缺少opened的宾语，故用which引导非限制性定语从句。
答案： which
6．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They were well trained by their masters________ had great experience with caring for these animals.
解析： 考查定语从句引导词。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰指人的先行词their masters，且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词who。
答案： who
B组 单句改错
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)Understanding her good intentions，I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation.
解析： 关系代词误用。先行词被all，every，any，much，little(少)，few，no等修饰时，关系代词用that。
答案： what→that
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Thank you for your letter，what really made me happy.
解析： 关系代词误用。在非限制性定语从句中，指代前面的事物，且在从句中作主语，关系代词只能用which。
答案： what→which
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)One afternoon where I was in primary school，I was walking by the school playground.
解析： one afternoon是表示时间的名词，后面的定语从句应用when引导。
答案： where→when
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)In the cafe，customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.
解析： 先行词是the historical environment，定语从句中缺少主语，故用that或which。what可以引导宾语从句、表语从句等，但不可以引导定语从句。
答案： what→that/which
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.
解析： 本句是含有定语从句的复合句，先行词是pond，关系副词在定语从句中作状语，相当于in which，故which改为where或在其前加in。
答案： which→where或which前加in
1．that，which引导的定语从句
(1)which指物，在从句中可以作主语、宾语，也可作定语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可，在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语，作宾语时可以省略。
She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.
她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。
(2)限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用that不用which的情况：
①先行词为不定代词anything，nothing，something，everything，all，some，none，little，few，the one等时。
I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault.
我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。
②先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
③先行词被the only，the very，the last，the same，any，every，each，few，little，no，some，all等修饰时。
The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。
④先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。
They will never forget the things and persons that they've seen or heard of during their long journey.
他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。
(3)关系词只用which而不用that的情况：
①关系词引导非限制性定语从句时。
The boy was away from home for a week，which worried his parents very much.
这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。
②当从句中的介词提前，构成“介词＋关系代词” 结构时。
We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
我们生活在一个信息比以前更容易获得的时代。
2．who，whom和whose引导的定语从句
(1)who或whom均可指代人，但who在从句中作主语或宾语，whom在从句中作宾语； 两者在引导限制性定语从句时可用that替换。 作主语时，who/that不可省略； 作宾语时，whom/who/that可以省略。
I've become good friends with Li Hua who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.
我与在英语演讲比赛中结识的李华成了好朋友。
I have many friends to whom I'm going to send post cards.我有很多打算寄贺卡给他们的朋友。
(2)whose表所属关系，一般指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。 指物时相当于of which；指人时相当于of whom。
The school shop，whose customers are mainly students，is closed for the holidays.
这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生，放假时商店关门。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.汤姆是想出解决方法的唯一工程师。
3．as引导的定语从句
(1)as可以引导限制性定语从句，常用于“so/such/the same＋先行词＋as...”结构中。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时只能位于主句之后。
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Therefore，this time I will introduce Tang Poetry to you，which is of great help in learning Chinese.
因此，这次我将向你介绍唐诗，这将有助于你学习汉语。
(2)as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，定语从句说明整个句子，可放在主句之前、之中或之后。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：as the saying goes，as is said above，as is mentioned above，as often happens，as is often the case，as is reported in the newspaper等。
She has been absent for the meeting again，as is expected.
她又缺席会议了，这在预料之中。
(单句语法填空/ 单句改错)
1．(2021·烟台市高考诊断性测试)Then，inspired by his baseball coach，T.Williquette，and those ________ were active in charity，he decided to take action and help.
解析： 考查定语从句。此处表示那些在慈善活动中积极的人。先行词指人，所以关系词用who或者that都可以。
答案： who/that
2．(2021·潍坊市高考模拟)Last year China's total ticket sales fell a bit short of the North American box office，________ is a healthy showing for China.
解析： 考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，关系词指代前面的整个主句，因此需要填关系代词which。
答案： which
3．(2021·昆明市“三诊一模”)Up till now，the website has been continuously updated，________ gives lovers of the ancient language from all over the world free access to browsing (浏览)in their free time.
解析： 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导一个定语从句，且在从句中作主语，指代前面整个主句，所以填which。
答案： which
4．(2020·太原市高三年级模拟)Anyone ________is caught providing food for San Francisco's pigeons could face a heavy fine.
解析： 考查关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，修饰代词Anyone，所以填who。
答案： who
5．(2021·成都市高中毕业班第三次诊断)If all goes as planned，Laos will be the first stop on one route of the Pan Asia Railway Network，________ aim is to connect China with all of Southeast Asia.
解析： 考查关系代词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是“the Pan Asia Railway Network”，关系词在从句中作定语，此处表示“它的目的”，故填whose。
答案： whose
6．(2021·贵阳市高三适应性考试)Each tactic，________ is usually expressed in four Chinese characters，is written on one page and accompanied by a Russian translation on another page.
解析： 考查关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，修饰表示物的先行词Each tactic，所以填which。
答案： which
7．(2021·南充市统考)The song I sang was Country Road，that is a very famous piece of American country music.
解析： 考查非限制性定语从句引导词。先行词是Country Road，后是一个非限制性定语从句，逗号隔开，应该由which引导，that不能引导非限制性定语从句，故把that 改为 which。
答案： that→which
8．(2021·衡水中学联考)Hearing my story，the head teacher，that was giving his lecture，praised me before all the students.
解析： 考查定语从句。句意：听到我的经历，正在讲课的班主任，在所有的学生面前表扬了我。此句是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是 the head teacher，在从句中作主语，因此that改为who 。
答案： that→who
1．where引导的定语从句
where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词in/at/on...＋which”。
A bank is the place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.
银行是在天晴之时借伞给你，到了下雨时就催你还回去的地方。
当先行词为situation，case，stage，point，activity，atmosphere等抽象名词，且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时，常用关系副词where引导。
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
2．when引导的定语从句
when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词in/at/on/during...＋which” 结构。
I am looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
我正期盼着那一天的到来，那时我女儿可以读这本书，并且了解我对她的感情。
3．why引导的定语从句
why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“介词for＋which”结构。
Do you know the reason why/for which he didn't attend the meeting？你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？
(1)选择关系代词或关系副词的原则：在选择关系词时，最重要的是分析定语从句中所缺的成分。若从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，必须用关系代词；若从句中不缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，必须用关系副词。
This is the mountain village that/which I visited last year.(关系词在从句中作宾语)
I will never forget the day when my father returned from America.(关系词在从句中作状语)
(2)当way表示方法、方式作先行词，且后面的定语从句缺方式状语时可以用that或in which引导，也可以省略关系词。如果后面定语从句中缺少宾语，要用that或which引导，也可以省略关系词。
I don't like the way (that/in which)he speaks to his mother.
(单句语法填空/ 单句改错)
1．(2021·郑州市第三次质量检测)All kinds of traditional Chinese herbal medicine can be found too，and there are Chinese tea shops，________ visitors can taste and buy a variety of Chinese tea.
解析： 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为Chinese tea shops，空处在从句中作地点状语，所以填where。
答案： where
2．(2021·青岛质量检测)There are many reasons________college and university students often fail to get a full night's of sleep.
解析： 考查定语从句。句意：大学生经常睡不了整夜的觉有许多原因。本空考查定语从句，后面的从句成分完整且前面的先行词是reasons，故填why。
答案： why
3．(2018·江苏卷)Self driving is an area________China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
解析： 考查定语从句。句意为：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处于同一条起跑线上的领域。设空处引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词an area。将先行词代入定语从句后为China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line in the area.由此可知先行词与表地点的介词in一起在定语从句中作地点状语，所以要用关系副词where。
答案： where
4．(2021·锦州八县市一中联考)Nancy enjoyed herself very much last week where she visited her friends in Sydney.
解析： 先行词last week是表示时间的名词，因此用表时间的关系副词when来引导定语从句。
答案： where→when
5．(2021·咸阳模拟)The Song of China has set up a stage which some people can achieve their dreams.
解析： 先行词stage意为“舞台”，关系词在从句中作地点状语，因此用关系副词where。
答案： which→where
6．Cheer up! Everyone may have periods in their lives that everything seems tough.
解析： 先行词为period，关系词在从句中作状语，因此用关系副词when。
答案： that→when
1．介词和关系代词的确定
介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：
(1)先行词的意义；
(2)从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；
(3)句子的意思。
Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.
皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。
Recently I bought an ancient vase，the price of which(＝whose price)was very reasonable.
最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。
2．“of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
在some，any，few，little，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。
He had a lot of friends，none of whom would offer help to him when he was in trouble.
他有许多朋友，但当他遇到麻烦时没有人会给他提供帮助。
3．“介词＋where”引导的定语从句
有时“介词＋where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。
His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees.
他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)
(单句语法填空)
1．(2020·江苏卷)Many lessons are now available online，from ________ students can choose for free.
解析： 考查定语从句。句意：现在许多课程都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中选择免费课程。分析该句结构可知，介词from和空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词Many lessons，故用which。
答案： which
2．Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of________has been proved.
解析： 句意为：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很多理论，没有一个得到了证明。先行词是theories，指物，定语从句用“代词＋介词＋关系代词which”引导。故答案为which。
答案： which
3．He wrote many children's books，nearly half of________were published in the 1990s.
解析： 此题的先行词是children's books，指物，因此关系词用which。此处是“代词＋介词＋which”型的非限制性定语从句。
答案： which
4．Many young people，most of ________were well educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
解析： 句意为：很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。先行词为young people，指人，将先行词代入定语从句后为：Most of the young people were well educated，由此可见先行词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，故答案为whom。
答案： whom
PAGE
10状语从句
A组 单句语法填空
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)________ he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary(传奇的)artist，they smiled and pointed down the river.
解析： 考查状语从句。When/As在句中表示“当……时”。
答案： When/As
2．(2019·天津卷)Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents' opinion________he wants their support.
解析： 考查状语从句。句意：汤姆很独立，除非他想得到父母的支持，否则他从不征求父母的意见。根据语境可知，这里用从属连词unless“除非”引导条件状语从句。
答案： unless
3．(2018·北京卷)________we don't stop climate change，many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
解析： 本题考查状语从句。句意为：如果我们不制止气候变化，世界上的很多动物和植物将会死去。根据句意可知，设空处引导条件状语从句，表示“如果”，故填If。
答案： If
4．(2018·天津卷)Let's not pick these peaches until this weekend so________they get sweet enough to be eaten.
解析： 本题考查状语从句。句意为：到周末我们再摘这些桃子吧，那样的话它们就变得足够甜，能吃了。由设空处后的内容可判断设空处引导目的状语从句，故答案为that，即so that引导目的状语从句。
答案： that
5．(2018·江苏卷)________you can sleep well，you will lose the ability to focus，plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.
解析： 句意为：考查状语从句。如果你睡不好觉的话，一两夜过后你就会无法集中注意力，无法做计划，也无法保持干劲了。根据语境此处考查条件状语从句，unless＝if...not“除非……；如果不……”。
答案： Unless
6．Over time，________the population grew，people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
解析： 根据句子间的逻辑关系可知，前句为后句的时间，所以用as/when引导时间状语从句。
答案： as/when
B组 单句改错
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.
解析： 考查连词。此处表示“当我还是个孩子的时候”，故将where改为when。
答案： where→when
时间状语从句 when，while，as，since，before，after，till/until，whenever
条件状语从句 if，unless
原因状语从句 because，since
地点状语从句 where
让步状语从句 although/though，while，as/though，whether...or...，no matter，what/when/where...，even if/though
结果状语从句 so/such...that...
While I understand what you said，I can't agree with you.
虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。
As is reported，it is over 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded.
据报道，清华大学已经建立了100多年了。
Please call my secretary to arrange a meeting this afternoon，or whenever it is convenient to you.
请打电话告诉我的秘书让她在下午或在你方便的任何时候安排一个会议。
When solving the problem a second time，you'd better be more careful where you made a mistake.
＝When solving the problem a second time，you'd better be more careful in the place where you made a mistake.
再次解决这个问题时，你最好在上次出错的地方更仔细一些。
My parents don't mind what job I do as long as I am happy.
我的父母不在意我从事什么工作，只要我高兴就好。
1．so/such...that...以至于……
2．not...until...“直到……时候才”。
3．It will/won't be＋一段时间＋before...意为“过了多少时间才/没过多长时间就”。
4．It is some time(一段时间)＋since...自从……多长时间。
5．whether...or not...无论……还是……(引导让步状语从句)。
6．when意为“就在这时”，常用于以下句式
was/were doing sth.when...正在做……就在那时……
was about to do sth.when...刚要做……就在那时……
had just done sth.when...刚刚做……就在那时……
hardly...when...刚……就……
Jack is so honest a worker that we all believe him.
＝Jack is such an honest worker that we all believe him.
杰克是个那么诚实的人，我们都相信他。
We'll go on with the work，whether we can find the necessary tools or we cannot.不管我们能否找到所需的工具，我们都要把这件工作做下去。
The old man had hardly stepped down from the bus when it started.这位老人刚下汽车，汽车就开走了。
(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1．(2021·6月济南市高三模拟)The Chinese have such a close relationship with tea ________ they have developed an entire “Tea Culture”．
解析： 考查固定结构。分析该句结构并结合句意可知，该句使用了“such...that...”结构来引导结果状语从句。故用that。
答案： that
2．(2021·云南省七校高考适应性考试)________ he wants to convey，the writer is expected to be good at summarization and Chinese to produce a couplet with a few characters that is excellent in both content and language.
解析： 考查让步状语从句。无论作者想传达什么，他都得有好的概括力和驾驭汉语的本领。根据句意并分析句子结构可知，空处所在的句子为让步状语从句，从句中的convey是及物动词，故引导词作convey的宾语，此处表示“无论什么”，故只能填Whatever。
答案： Whatever
3．(2021·陕西咸阳二模)Researchers have found，in their experiment，that a baby's cries can cause unique emotional responses in the brain，making it impossible for us to ignore them________we are parents or not.
解析： 句意为：研究者们在他们的实验中发现，婴儿啼哭能够引起头脑中独特的情感反应，使得我们不可能忽略他们，无论我们是不是父母。whether...or...可用来引导让步状语从句，意为：“无论……还是……”。
答案： whether
4．(2021·太原二模)I had hardly sat down on the train and opened a bar of chocolate________a really old man with huge bags sat down across from me.
解析： 考查连词。hardly...when...意为“一……就……”，为固定用法，符合语境，故用连词when引导时间状语从句。
答案： when
5．(2021·河南中原名校五次联考)Around 7：30 am，she was lying on her surfboard with her left arm in the water ________a 14 foot long tiger shark attacked her，severing her left arm just below the shoulder.
解析： 句意为：大约在上午七点半左右，她正躺在她的冲浪板上，左臂放在水里，就在那时一条14英尺长的虎鲨袭击了她，咬断了她肩部以下的左臂。be doing sth.when...为固定句型，其中when为并列连词，意为“正在做某事，这/那时突然……”。
答案： when
6．(2021·福建四校联考)The Great Wall winds its way from west to east，across deserts，over mountains，through valleys________at last it reaches the sea.
解析： 句意为：长城自西向东蜿蜒前进，横穿沙漠，跨过高山，穿过山谷，最终到达大海。设空处引导时间状语从句，意为“直到”，故填till或until。
答案： till/until
7．(2021·赣州十四县市联考)Time passes quickly，doesn't it？It is three years when I became a high school student.
解析： 考查连词。“it is＋时间段＋since＋过去时”为固定句型，意为“做某事多久”，故用since引导时间状语从句。
答案： when→since
8．(2021·郑州第一次质量预测)I was very touched that I couldn't sleep the whole night，and thought about being a teacher in the future.
解析： 根据固定句型so...that...“如此……以至于”，可知应用副词so。
答案： very→so
PAGE
5并列句
A组 单句语法填空
1．(2020·新高考山东卷)They kept their collection at home until it got too big ________ until they died，and then it was given to a museum.
解析： 考查连词。分析句子结构可知，until it got too big和until they died并列，同时结合语境可知，此处表示选择关系，故用连词or。
答案： or
2．(2020·浙江卷1月)It's also that they are on average healthier ________ more productive for longer.
解析： 考查并列连词。结合句意可知，healthier 和more productive 构成并列关系，故填and。
答案： and
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I work not because I have to，________because I want to.
解析： 考查连词。not...but...“不是……而是……”。句意：我工作不是因为我必须工作，而是因为我想工作。
答案： but
4．In much of Asia，especially the so called “rice bowl” cultures of China，Japan，Korea，________Vietnam，food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
解析： 此处是顺承关系，所以填and。
答案： and
5．So，get an early start and try to be as productive________ possible before lunch.
解析： 句意为：因此，早点儿开始并且在午饭前要尽可能高效。固定结构as...as possible意为“尽可能……”，第二个as为连词。
答案： as
B组 单句改错
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)First I cut the tomatoes into pieces but put them aside.
解析： 连词误用。此处表示动作的先后，是顺承关系，不是转折关系。故将but改为and。
答案： but→and
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Suddenly a football fell just in front of me but almost hit me.
解析： “一个足球正好落在我面前”与“差点儿打到我”之间是顺承关系，故用并列连词and。
答案： but→and
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return every two years，but he agreed.
解析： “我计划每两年回乡下一次”与“我父亲同意了”是并列关系，不表示转折，故将but改为and。
答案： but→and
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Everyone was silent，waiting to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud.
解析： 连词使用错误。主语是Everyone，因此应是“读他或她的段落”。因此and改为or。
答案： and→or
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned the instructor's orders，so once I started the car，my mind went blank.
解析： 由“I thought I had learned the instructor's orders”和“went blank”可知，语境表示转折含义，应该用转折连词but或yet。
答案： so→but/yet
6．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I have grown not only physically，and also mentally in the past few years.
解析： not only...but also...“不但……而且……”，为固定结构。
答案： and→but
用法 连词 例句
表并列、递进或顺承关系 and，both...and...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...，as well as During the first three years，children learn the basic skills they will use in all their later learning both at home and at school.在前3年，孩子们学会了以后在家里和在学校学习中所需要用的基本技能。
表转折关系 but，yet，nevertheless What we are about to do is perfectly legal.But please don't discuss it with anyone.我们要做的事完全合法，但请不要与任何人讨论这件事。
表选择关系 either...or...，not...but...，or，or else，rather than Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema.现在你可以休息，或者去看电影。
表因果关系 for(表“由于”，一般不放在句首)，so He found it increasingly difficult to read，for his eyesight was beginning to fail.由于他的视力下降，他发现读书越来越困难了。
and与or用于并列句 祈使句＋and＋陈述句，and表顺承 Find ways to praise your children often，and you'll find they will open their hearts to you.设法常常表扬你的孩子，这样你就会发现他们乐意向你敞开心扉。
祈使句＋or＋陈述句，or表转折
表对比 while强调对比关系，意为“然而；而” I like English while my little sister is fond of art.我喜欢英语而我的妹妹热爱艺术。
(单句语法填空)
1．(2020·昆明市高三“三诊一模”)When customers buy these products，which are labeled “Social Plastic”，they know that they are both helping people in other parts of the world ________ keeping plastic out of the ocean.
解析： 考查连词。根据该句中的“both”可知，此处考查both...and...“不仅……而且……”固定搭配，故用连词and。
答案： and
2．(2021·邯郸市一模)Life isn't perfect and it's always hard，________ we need reminders in our life from friends，authors，bloggers，pastors or our inner spirits to refocus on the things that matter and make us live positively.
解析： 考查连词。句意：生活并不完美，而且总是充满艰辛，因此我们在生活中需要朋友、作家、博主、牧师或者我们自己内心的提醒，从而使自己重新关注那些重要的和可以让我们积极生活的事情。根据句意可知，设空处前后为因果关系。故填so。
答案： so
3．(2021·武汉市调研)Not only do dark colors look more formal，________ they can hide dirt and wear.
解析： 考查连词。句意：深颜色不仅看起来更加正式，而且还能隐藏污渍和磨损。not only...but(also)...为固定搭配，意为“不仅……而且……”，also可以省略，故填but。
答案： but
4．(2021·青岛市质量检测)Scullin found students who slept more performed better in two different classes，________ he published his findings in two academic publications last November.
解析： 考查连词。两个分句之间是并列关系，应用并列连词。故填and。
答案： and
5．(2021·湖北八校第一次联考)This is the custom of China.They are not like us to finish it in one drink，________prefer to drink by taking a small amount at a time.
解析： 考查连词。空前表示他们不像我们那样一口喝下，空后表示他们更喜欢一次喝一小口；根据上下文可知，空处前后为转折关系，故用转折连词but。
答案： but
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4第十讲 特殊句式
1．强调句式的常用结构
陈述句：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who...
一般疑问句：Is/Was＋被强调部分＋that/who...
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that...
It is/was not until...＋that...
It is only by listening to and understanding each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.
只有通过倾听和相互理解，孩子和父母之间的问题才可能被解决。
It was not until twelve o'clock last night that I went to bed.
昨天晚上我一直到十二点才睡。
Was it yesterday that you met your old friend in the supermarket？你是昨天在超市遇到你的老朋友的吗？
2．强调句式
强调谓语动词时，要在所强调的谓语动词前加助动词do，does或did。
The family did manage to send him to a technical school.
家里的确设法让他上技术学校。
(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1．(2021·湖北四地七校联考)However，like so many other things，it is only too much stress ________does harm you.
解析： 句意：但是，像很多其他的事情一样，只有太多的压力才会伤害到你。去掉it is及设空处，句子结构和意义仍然完整，因此此句为强调句，其基本句型为“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分”。本句被强调的部分为事物，故填that。
答案： that
2．(2021·湖北襄阳四校联考)Although it was ten years ago________I read the book，it shows me a universal truth that books are friends，always pushing us to move on.
解析： 分析句子结构可知，本句为强调句型，强调时间状语，故填that。
答案： that
3．(2021·湖北荆门调研)It wasn't until in high school________I began to trust other people again.
解析： 句意：直到上了高中我才开始再次信任别人。本句考查强调句型“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分”，且强调时间状语，故填that。
答案： that
4．(2021·江西樟树中学等六校联考)In that way，World Read Aloud Day________(do)help make a difference.
解析： 句意：通过那种方式，世界大声读书日的确帮助产生了影响。本句主语为World Read Aloud Day，设空处后的谓语动词是动词原形help，根据提示词do可知本题考查强调。do/does/did放在实义动词前表示强调。因主语为第三人称单数，故填does。
答案： does
5．(2021·南昌模拟)Ballet's early roots began in Italy in the late 1400s.But it was in France________ballet developed into the form we know today.
解析： 分析句子结构可知，本句为强调句型，故填that。
答案： that
6．(2020·湖南衡阳八中、永州四中第一次联考)It is working in teams instead of on my own which has freed me from trouble and made my work more efficient.
解析： 考查强调句型。句意：是团队合作而不是我自己单打独斗使我克服了困难并使我的工作效率更高。强调句型结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分。故将which改为that。
答案： which→that
1．在下列情形下需要使用部分倒装
(1)当否定词或带有否定意义的词或短语位于句首时，常用部分倒装。这类词或短语有：little，few，never，seldom，rarely，by no means，not only，not until，at no time，under/in no circumstances，in no case，in no way，no sooner，hardly，scarcely等。
Not only will help be given to people to find jobs，but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.
不仅要给那些找工作的人提供帮助，而且也要给那些有需要的人提供药物治疗。
Neither do I know it，nor do I care about it.
我不知道这件事，也不关心。
(2)当only修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时，用部分倒装。
Only when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.只有当你找到内心的平静时你才能与他人保持良好的关系。
(3)so/neither/nor置于句首时，用部分倒装。
They love having lots of friends；so do those with disabilities.
他们喜欢交很多朋友，那些身有残疾的人也是如此。
(4)在so/such...that...结构中，当“so＋形容词/副词”或“such＋名词”位于句首时，用部分倒装。
So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.
他说英语说得如此清晰，以至于别人都能听得懂。
(5)在as/though引导的让步状语从句中，当从句的表语/状语/动词位于句首时，用部分倒装。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词，其前不加冠词。
Hard as they tried，they couldn't make her change her mind.尽管他们尽力了，但他们还是没能让她改变主意。
2．在下列情形下需要使用完全倒装
(1)表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词，如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out等置于句首时，且主语是名词，谓语动词是不及物动词，句子需用完全倒装。此时，句子多用一般现在时或一般过去时。
The moment the bell rang，out rushed the children.
铃一响，孩子们冲了出去。
(2)当地点状语位于句首时，且主语是名词，谓语动词是不及物动词，为了避免头重脚轻，句子需进行完全倒装。
Next door to ours live a foreign couple，who seem to have settled into life in China.我们隔壁住着一对外国夫妇，他们看起来已经习惯了中国的生活。
(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1．(2021·四川部分名校联测)At the top of the hill________(lie)an old cottage which has a wonderful view of the whole city.
解析： 当介词短语置于句首时，句子应用完全倒装，去除修饰部分which has a wonderful view of the whole city后，还原成正常语序为：An old cottage________(lie)at the top of the hill.句意：山顶上坐落着一间能一览全城美景的古老小屋。结合定语从句的时态可以判断，此处应用一般现在时，故填lies。
答案： lies
2．Only after Mary read her composition the second time________she notice the spelling mistake.
解析： 当only修饰的时间状语位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装，且由本句时态可知应用一般过去时，故填did。
答案： did
3．So necessary ________I found it to learn about my kid's schoolwork that I will visit his teachers next week。
解析： 考查so...that倒装句式，正常语序为I have found it so necessary to learn about my kid's schoolwork that I will visit his teachers next week.
答案： have
4．Not a single word ________he say when he was asked，which made his parents angry.
解析： 否定副词not位于句首时，句子要用部分倒装，由when he was asked可知应填助动词did。
答案： did
5．(2021·崇州模拟)Hardly________she gone out when a student came to visit her.
解析： 此题考查hardly...when句式，该句式主句应用过去完成时。
答案： had
6．(2021·湖北八市联考)Not until then I know my senior high school life had really begun.
解析： not until位于句首要用部分倒装，根据语境可知助动词用过去时。
答案： 在then后加did
1．祈使句
祈使句表“请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告”等。基本结构为：“动词(短语)原形＋连词＋句子(一般用将来时)”。
有时为了加强感彩或特别指明向谁发出命令或要求时，可以加上you，Mary，girls等作为称呼。
Tom，water the flowers today！汤姆，今天浇花！
2．反意疑问句
反意疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分用陈述句形式，后一部分是一个附加在前一部分上的简单问句，本着“前肯后否，前否后肯”的原则，附加问句部分的动词以及主语取决于陈述句。
Your parents had a long talk with you last weekend，didn't they？你的父母上周末和你进行了一次长谈，是吗？
注意：祈使句的反意疑问句一般用will you或者won't you的形式。Let's开头的祈使句，反意疑问句用shall we；Let us开头的祈使句，反意疑问句用will you。
3．There be句型
(1)There be/stands/lies...有……
(2)There is no possibility that...没有可能性……
(3)There is no sense of doing sth.做……没有意义
(4)There seems to be...看起来似乎……
(5)There is no need to do sth.做某事没有必要
The Public Square is an eye catching sight of the city.There stand many stone sculptures of famous historical figures.
大众广场是这个城市引人注目的景点，许多历史名人的石雕像矗立在那里。
4．感叹句
(1)what引导的感叹句
①What＋a/an＋adj.＋单数可数名词(＋主语＋谓语)!
What a good heart you have!
你的心肠真好！
②What＋adj.＋不可数名词/可数名词复数！
What interesting stories he's told us!
他给我们讲的故事真有趣！
(2)how引导的感叹句
①How＋adj./adv.(＋主语＋谓语)!
How clever the boy is!
这男孩真聪明！
②How＋adj.＋a/an＋单数可数名词(＋主语＋谓语)!
How clever a boy he is！这男孩真聪明！
(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1．(2021·郑州模拟)________is no doubt that keeping an English diary helps you a lot with written English.
解析： 此题考查固定句型there is no doubt that...，意为“毫无疑问……”。
答案： There
2．(2021·陕西西安八校联考)As far as I can see，________is no possibility that he will win the tennis match this time.
解析： 句意：依我看，他没有赢得这次网球比赛的可能性。there is no possibility that...意为“没有……的可能性”，为there be 句型。故填there。
答案： there
3．There is a house near the river.There lives a man in the house and there________(be)a lot of fish in the river.
解析： 此处表示河里有很多鱼。fish指的是鱼不是鱼肉，fish单复数同形，故谓语动词用复数are。
答案： are
4．There have some pieces of information that I'd like to share with you.
解析： 考查there be句型。没有there have这种表达。there be表示存在有；动词have表示所属有。
答案： have→are
5．(2021·郑州高三第一次质量预测)What attractive and inviting Hangzhou is!
解析： 考查感叹句。根据该句中的“attractive and inviting”以及“How＋adj.＋主语＋谓语！”结构可知，此处应用How来引导该感叹句。
答案： What→How
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