2020年高考英语真题分类汇编专题06：说明文类阅读理解

2020年高考英语真题分类汇编专题06：说明文类阅读理解
一、阅读理解
1．（2020·新高考I）阅读理解
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the
size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food
intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating
with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles
with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on
eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95
undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film
began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the
researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105
pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which
increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both
the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The
participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have.
However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin
actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she
took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants
followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30
pieces.
The tests show that the social environment
is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow
participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the "I'll have what
she's having" effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an
overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see
the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow
suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I
（1）What is the recent study mainly about
A．Food safety. B．Movie viewership.
C．Consumer demand. D．Eating behavior.
（2）What does the underlined word "beanpoles" in paragraph 1 refer to
A．Big eaters. B．Overweight persons.
C．Picky eaters. D．Tall thin persons.
（3）Why did the researchers hire the actor
A．To see how she would affect the participants.
B．To test if the participants could recognize her.
C．To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D．To study why she could keep her weight down.
（4）On what basis do we "adjust the influence" according to the last paragraph
A．How hungry we are. B．How slim we want to be.
C．How we perceive others. D．How we feel about the food.
【答案】（1）D
（2）D
（3）A
（4）C
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。作者详述了这个实验的过程。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake”根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。
（2）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份）”现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier people相反，故选D。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments”为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验；以及倒数第三段可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。 然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I ”如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？ 因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法来调整影响的。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
2．（2020·天津）阅读理解
How to Use a Modern Public
Library
Has it been a while since
your last visit to a public library If so, you may be surprised to learn that
libraries have changed for the better. It's been years since they were dusty
little rooms with books. They have transformed themselves into places where you
can develop your love of knowledge meet interesting people, or find out how to
start a business.
Check out a book. While libraries still
loan out(出借)books, you'll find it
easier to get a copy of whatever you're looking for, thanks to a cooperative
network of area libraries. Via such networks, libraries share their books with
each other through the use of delivery vehicles. Once the book you've requested
is delivered to the nearest branch, they will inform you by e-mail, so you can
pick it up.
Check out other items. The library is now a
multimedia zone, loaded with information in many formats(载体形式). You can borrow movies on DVDs, music on CDs, and popular
magazines. Some libraries even loan out toys and games. If a popular magazine
you want isn't offered and the library keeps a list of such requests, they may
bring it in when enough interest is shown.
Join targeted reading groups. Libraries will often hold
reading-group sessions targeted to various age groups. Perhaps you'd like to
learn a language or improve your English. The library may sponsor a language
group you could join. If you have difficulties reading, ask about special
reading opportunities. Your library might be able to accommodate you. And you
might find it relaxing to bring your small kid to a half-hour Story Time while
you sit quietly in a corner with a good book.
Start a business using the help of your local
library. If you want to have a business of your own, your local library can
become a launch space for it. In library books and computers, you can find
information on starting a business. Many libraries will help you with locally
supplied information about business management shared through chambers of
commerce(商会)and government agencies,
and they will offer printing, faxing and database services you need.
（1）Public libraries connected by a cooperative network benefit readers by______.
A．sharing their books on the Internet
B．giving access to online reading at a library branch
C．sending a needed book to a library branch nearby
D．making the checkout procedures diverse
（2）According to Paragraph 3, what items may be checked out from a public library
A．A magazine and an e-book. B．A game and an oil painting.
C．A music CD and a kid's toy. D．A DVD and a video player
（3）As is described in Paragraph 4, taking a small kid to a half-hour Story Time allows ______.
A．the kid to learn a new language
B．the parent to enjoy quiet reading
C．the kid to overcome reading difficulties
D．the parent to meet their program sponsor
（4）Your local library can help you start a business by ______.
A．providing relevant information and supporting services
B．offering professional advice on business management
C．supplying useful information of your potential buyers
D．arranging meetings with government officials
（5）What is the purpose of the passage
A．To point out the importance of public libraries.
B．To encourage people to work in public libraries.
C．To introduce the improved services of public libraries.
D．To call for the modernization of public library systems.
【答案】（1）C
（2）C
（3）B
（4）A
（5）C
【知识点】细节理解题；说明文；社会文化类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了如何使用改造升级后的现代公共图书馆。
（1）考查细节理解。根据Check out a book部分中的“Via such networks, libraries share their books with each other through the use of delivery vehicles. Once the book you've requested is delivered to the nearest branch, they will inform you by e-mail, so you can pick it up.”通过这样 的 网络，图书馆通过运载车辆的使用彼此分享图书。一旦你要的书送到最近的书店，他们会通过电子邮件通知你，你就可以去取了。可知，合作网络连接的公共图书馆通过向附近的图书馆分支机构发送所需的书籍，使读者受益。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据 Check out other items. 部分中的“You can borrow movies on DVDs, music on CDs, and popular magazines. Some libraries even loan out toys and games.” 你可以借DVD电影、CD音乐和流行杂志。一些图书馆甚至借出玩具和游戏。可知，从公共图书馆可以外借DVD电影、CD音乐、流行杂志、玩具和游戏等物品。故选C。
（3）考查细节理解。根据Join targeted reading groups.部分中的“And you might find it relaxing to bring your small kid to a half-hour Story Time while you sit quietly in a corner with a good book. ”你可能会发现带着你的孩子去半个小时的“故事时间”是一种放松，那时你安静地坐在角落里看一本好书，可知，带孩子去半小时的“故事时间”，可以让父母享受安静的阅读。故选B。
（4）考查细节理解。根据 Start a business using the help of your local library.部分中的“Many libraries will help you with locally supplied information about business management shared through chambers of commerce（商会）and government agencies, and they will offer printing and database services you need. ”许多图书馆会通过商会和政府机构分享本地提供的商业管理信息，并提供你需要的打印和数据库服务。可知，你当地的图书馆可以通过提供相关信息和支持服务来帮助你创业。故选A。
（5）考查写作意图。根据标题“How to Use a Modern Public Library”如何使用一个现代公共图书馆；以及第一段中的“you may be surprised to learn that libraries have changed for the better. They have transformed themselves into places where you can develop your love of knowledge meet interesting people, or find out how to start a business.”你可能会惊讶地发现图书馆已经变得更好了。他们已经把自己变成了一个地方，在那里你可以发展你对知识的热爱，遇见有趣的人，或者发现如何创业。再结合几个小标题：Check out a book“借一本书”； Check out other items“借其他物品”；Join targeted reading groups“加入有针对性的阅读小组”；Start a business using the help of your local library“在当地图书馆的帮助下创业”。可知，本文介绍了在经过改善后的图书馆里，人们可以做些什么，即：经过改善后的图书馆可以给人们提供什么服务。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和写作大意两个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
3．（2020·天津）阅读理解
For people, who are
interested in sound, the field of sound technology is definitely making noise.
In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but
many of today's sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience
with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the
phenomenon we call sound.
Sound can be used as a
weapon. Imagine that a police officer is chasing a thief. The thief tries to
escape. And the officer can't let him get away. He pulls out a special device,
points it at the suspect, and switches it on. The thief drops to the ground.
This new weapon is called a Long Range Acoustic Device(LRAD, 远程定向声波发射器). It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily
disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and
travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.
For those who hunger for
some peace and quiet, sound can now create silence. Let's say you are at the
airport, and the little boy on the seat next to you is humming(哼唱) a short commercial song. He hums it over and over again, and you
are about to go crazy. Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you
can get rid of the sound without upsetting the boy or his parents. One may
wonder how the Silence Machine works. Well, it functions by analyzing the waves
of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets
of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine or point it at the
target, and your peace and quiet comes back.
Directed sound is a new
technology that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights(聚光灯) are used in the theater. A spotlight lights up only one section
of a stage; similarly, "spotsound" creates a circle of sound in on
targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores
because it offers a new way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a
choice of music along with the various food choices on the menu, allowing
customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining. Directed
sound is also beginning to appear in shopping centers and even at homes.
（1）What could be inferred from Paragraph 2 about the effect of the LRAD
A．It causes temporary hearing loss.
B．It slows down a running man.
C．It makes it easy to identify a suspect.
D．It keeps the suspect from hurting others.
（2）The Silence Machine is a device specially designed to ________.
A．silence the people around you
B．remove the sound of commercials
C．block the incoming sound waves
D．stop unwanted sound from affecting you
（3）What feature do spotsounds and spotlights share
A．They travel in circles.
B．They clear the atmosphere.
C．They can be transformed into energy.
D．They can be directed onto a specific area.
（4）Directed sound can be used for ________.
A．creative designs of restaurant menus
B．ideal sound effects on the theater stage
C．different choices of music for businesses
D．strict control over any suspicious customer
（5）What does the passage focus on
A．How professionals invented sound products.
B．Inventions in the field of sound technology.
C．The growing interest in the study of sound.
D．How sound engineers work in their studios.
【答案】（1）A
（2）D
（3）D
（4）C
（5）B
【知识点】主旨大意；推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一些声音技术领域的发明创造，包括声音可以用作武器的远程声学设备、用来阻止有害声音影响你的静音机以及定向音响技术。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.”它发出震耳欲聋的声音，这种声音令人如此痛苦以至于它会使人暂时丧失能力。LRAD发出的噪音像光线一样被引导，只进入那个人的耳朵，但不会致命。可推知，LRAD会导致暂时性听力损失。故选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Well, it functions by analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine on point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back.”它的功能是通过分析传入声音的波，并产生第二组传出的波。这两组波会相互抵消。只要打开机器对准目标，你的宁静就会回来。可知，静音机是一种专门设计用来阻止有害声音影响你的设备。故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly, a ‘spotsound' creates a circle of sound in one targeted area.”可知，聚光灯只能照亮舞台的一个部分；类似地，一个“spotsound”在一个目标区域创建一个声音圈。可知，spotsounds和聚光灯的共同特性是它们可以被定向到一个特定的区域，故选D。
（4）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly,”spotsound” creates a circle of sound in on targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choice on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining.”聚光灯只能照亮舞台的一个部分；类似地，一个”spotsound”在一个目标区域创建一个声音圈。这对餐馆和商店等企业很有用，因为它提供了一种吸引顾客的新方式。餐厅可以提供音乐选择与菜单上的各种食物选择，让顾客更多地控制气氛，在他们用餐。可知，定向音响可以用于不同的商业音乐选择。故选C。
（5）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today's sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.”在过去，音响工程师在录音室的后室工作，但今天的许多音响专业人士正在与其他领域的专业人士分享他们的知识和经验，以我们所谓的声音现象为基础创造新产品。以及下文可知，本文着重论述了声音技术领域的发明创造。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
4．（2020·浙江）阅读理解
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard
in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same length of green twice
in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30am, the full red/yellow/green signal
cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9:33am, a burst of additional traffic might push
it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9:37am could push it down to 135. Just like
the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle,
uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions.
These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in
both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.
"Adaptive signals can make sure that
the traffic demand that is there is being addressed," says Alex
Stevanovic, a researcher at Florida Atlantic University.
For all of Bellevue's success, adaptive
signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways. Kevin Balke, a research
engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute, says that
while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities, others are
so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will
make a meaningful difference. "It's not going to fix everything, but
adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities," he says.
In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in
the value of welcoming new approaches. In the past, there was often an
automatic reaction to increased traffic: just widen the roads, says Mark Poch,
the Bellevue Transportation Department's traffic engineering manager. Now he
hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead
of just making them bigger.
（1）What does the underlined word "that" in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Increased length of green lights. B．Shortened traffic signal cycle.
C．Flexible timing of traffic signals. D．Smooth traffic flow on the road.
（2）What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals
A．They work better on broad roads.
B．They should be used in other cities.
C．They have greatly reduced traffic on the road.
D．They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed.
（3）What can we learn from Bellevue's success
A．It is rewarding to try new things.
B．The old methods still work today.
C．I pays to put theory into practice.
D．The simplest way is the best way.
【答案】（1）C
（2）D
（3）A
【知识点】推理判断题；日常生活类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，美国华盛顿州的Bellevue采用了能随交通状况而调节交通灯时间的适应性信号灯，大大缓解了交通压力，也表明人们对于交通阻塞问题不再只是拓宽道路，而是能够采用新方法。
（1）考查代词指代。That位于第二段句首，应是指代第一段的内容。根据第一段中的“Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.”就像交通本身一样，信号灯的时间也会变化，可知，第一段主要讲述的是信号灯的时间会灵活变化；“That is by design.”意为“那是有意为之”，由此可推知，That指代第一段中“信号灯的灵活时间”。故选C。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“...，adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways”但自适应信号并不是解决拥堵道路的万能药；以及“others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference”其他城市交通堵塞如此严重，只有减少道路上的车辆才能起有意义的作用。可推知，Kevin Balke认为适应性信号灯对于交通堵塞很严重的城市没有太大帮助。故选D。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.”这些灯，被称为适应性信号灯，已经大大减少了通勤的麻烦和花费；以及最后一段中的“In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches.”在Bellevue，对适应性信号灯的转变是一个在欢迎新方法的价值方面的榜样，可推知，从Bellevue的成功中可以得出，尝试新事物是值得的。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及代词指代和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇生活类阅读，考生需要根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
5．（2020·浙江）阅读理解
Challenging work that requires lots of
analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain
stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig
in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and
assessed the volunteers' memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.
Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the
lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the
tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower
rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true
even after the scientists accounted for the participants' overall health
status.
"This works just like physical
exercise," says Francisca Then, who led the study. "After a long run,
you may feel like you're in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit.
After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain
stay healthy. "
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid
work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiter's job, for
example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just
as stimulating as any high-level office work. And "running a family
household requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调), " she says. "You have to organize the activities of
the children and take care of the bills and groceries."
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow
older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic
factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind
busy can only help.
（1）Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests
A．To assess their health status. B．To evaluate their work habits.
C．To analyze their personality. D．To measure their mental ability.
（2）How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4
A．By using an expert's words. B．By making a comparison.
C．By referring to another study. D．By introducing a concept.
（3）Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B．Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C．Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D．Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
【答案】（1）D
（2）B
（3）C
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文；标题选择
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，《神经病学》杂志发布的一则研究显示，需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1,000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers' memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.”来自德国莱比锡大学的研究人员召集了1000多名75岁以上的退休老人，并通过一系列的测试对他们的记忆力和思维能力进行了评估。可知，科学家让志愿者做测试是为了测试他们的心智能力。故选D。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“This works just like physical exercise,“ 这就像体育锻炼一样有效；以及“After a long run, you may feel like you're in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy. ”长跑后人就会感到痛苦和疲惫，但它确实能强身健体。工作一天下来会感到劳累，但这也使你的大脑处于健康状态”可知，Francisca Then是通过与“身体锻炼”作比较来解释他的发现的。故选B。
（3）考查主旨大意。第一段中的“Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age”需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。是本文的主题句，再结合全文内容可知，本文介绍了有挑战性的工作可能会使大脑保持敏捷，故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇医学类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
6．（2020·江苏）阅读理解
Sometimes it's hard to let go. For many British
people, that can apply to institutions and objects that represent their country's
past-age-old castles, splendid homes… and red phone boxes.
Beaten first by the march of technology and
lately by the terrible weather in junkyards (废品场), the phone boxes
representative of an age are now making something of a comeback. Adapted in
imaginative ways, many have reappeared on city streets and village greens
housing tiny cafes, cellphone repair shops or even defibrillator machines (除颤器).
The original iron boxes with the round roofs
first appeared in 1926. They were designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, the
architect of the Battersea Power Station in London. After becoming an important
part of many British streets, the phone boxes began disappearing in the 1980s,
with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to the junkyards.
About that time, Tony Inglis' engineering and
transport company got the job to remove phone boxes from the streets and sell
them out. But Inglis ended up buying hundreds of them himself, with the idea of
repairing and selling them. He said that he had heard the calls to preserve the
boxes and had seen how some of them were listed as historic buildings.
As Inglis and, later other
businessmen, got to work, repurposed phone boxes began reappearing in cities
and villages as people found new uses for them. Today, they are once again a
familiar sight, playing roles that are often just as important for the community
as their original purpose.
In rural areas, where ambulances can take a
relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on a lifesaving
role. Local organizations can adopt them for l pound, and install
defibrillators to help in emergencies.
Others also looked at the phone boxes and saw
business opportunities. LoveFone, a company that advocates repairing cellphones
rather than abandoning them, opened a mini workshop in a London phone box in
2016.
The tiny shops made economic sense, according to
Robert Kerr, a founder of LoveFone. He said that one of the boxes generated
around $13,500 in revenue a month and cost only about $400 to rent.
Inglis said phone boxes called to mind an age
when things were built to last. I "like what they are to people, and I
enjoy bringing things back," he said.
（1）The phone boxes are making a comeback ______.
A．to form a beautiful sight of the city
B．to improve telecommunications services
C．to remind people of a historical period
D．to meet the requirement of green economy
（2）Why did the phone boxes begin to go out of service in the 1980s
A．They were not well-designed. B．They provided bad services.
C．They had too short a history. D．They lost to new technologies.
（3）The phone boxes are becoming popular mainly because of ______.
A．their new appearance and lower prices
B．the push of the local organizations
C．their changed roles and functions
D．the big funding of the businessmen
【答案】（1）C
（2）D
（3）C
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；说明文；社会现象类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，在英国，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始停止使用。后来，一些商人使电话亭的角色和功能发生了变化，电话亭又变得流行起来。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段“Sometimes it's hard to let go. For many British people, that can apply to institutions and objects that represent their country's past-age-old castles, splendid homes.. and red phone boxes.”有时候真的很难放手。对许多英国人来说，这可以适用于代表他们国家过去历史的机构和物品--古老的城堡、辉煌的住宅……还有红色的电话亭；以及最后一段中的“Inglis said phone boxes called to mind an age when things were built to last.”Inglis 说，电话亭让人想起了一个东西经久耐用的时代，可知，电话亭正在卷土重来，以提醒人们一个历史时期。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“After becoming an important part of many British streets, the phone boxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to the junkyards.”在成为英国许多街道的重要组成部分后，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始消失，随着移动电话的兴起，大部分电话亭被扔到了垃圾场，可知，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始停止使用是因为它们输给了新技术。故选D。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第五段“As Inglis and, later other businessmen, got to work, repurposed phone boxes began reappearing in cities and villages as people found new uses for them. Today, they are once again a familiar sight, playing roles that are often just as important for the community as their original purpose.”随着Inglis和后来的其他商人开始工作，改装后的电话亭开始在城市和乡村重新出现，人们发现了它们的新用途。今天，它们再次成为人们熟悉的景象，扮演着与它们最初的目的同样重要的角色；第六段中的“In rural areas, where ambulances can take a relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on a lifesaving role.”在农村地区，救护车要花相当长的时间才能到达，电话亭就起到了拯救生命的作用；以及第七段中的“Others also looked at the phone boxes and saw business opportunities.”其他人也在电话亭寻找商机)可推断出，电话亭之所以变得流行，主要是因为它们的角色和功能发生了变化。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
（2020·江苏）阅读理解
For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.
Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health.
To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the men's fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat tissue.
Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists' lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed that, in theory should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食). On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.
Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the men's blood and fat tissue.
Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences. Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand, they burned slightly more calories (卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes produce proteins (蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰岛素) levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health. These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.
The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.
7．The underlined expression "stomach it" in Paragraph 1 most probably means "______".
A．digest the meal easily B．manage without breakfast
C．decide wisely what to eat D．eat whatever is offered
8．Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment
A．Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people.
B．Their lack of exercise led to overweight.
C．They could walk at an average speed.
D．They had slow metabolic rates.
9．What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise
A．They successfully lost weight.
B．They consumed a bit more calories.
C．They burned more fat on average.
D．They displayed higher insulin levels.
10．What could be learned from the research
A．A workout after breakfast improves gene performances.
B．Too much workout often slows metabolic rates.
C．Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise.
D．Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health.
【答案】7．B
8．A
9．B
10．D
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，一项研究表明对于那些能忍受的人来说，不吃早餐锻炼可能对健康更有益。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
7．考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first”可知，早餐前锻炼可能比先吃饭再锻炼对健康更有益，因此推断这里说的是那些不吃早饭先锻炼的人，因此推断划线词与B项“不吃早饭能应付”意思相近。故选B。
8．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are far better and worse, representative of those of most of us.”他们首先找到了10个超重的，不活跃但健康的年轻人，他们的生活方式可以说更好，也可以说更糟，代表了我们大多数人。可知，实验时选择的10个人的生活方式代表了普通人。故选A。
9．考查细节理解。根据第六段中的“As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand. they burned slightly more calories(卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.”结果，他们空腹散步时燃烧的脂肪比他们首先吃东西时所燃烧的脂肪要多。 另一方面。平均而言，他们在早餐后锻炼时燃烧的卡路里略多于禁食后。可知，锻炼前吃早饭消耗更多一点的热量。故选B。
10．考查推理判断。根据最后一段“The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.”这些结果的暗示，为了从运动中获得最大的健康益处，先不吃东西可能更明智。因此推断早饭前的体育锻炼对健康更有益。故选D。
11．（2020·江苏）阅读理解
I was in the middle of the Amazon (亚马逊) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. We flew on a small plane to a faraway village. We did not speak the local language, did not know the customs, and more often than not, did not entirely recognize the food. We could not have felt more foreign.
We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village without running water or electricity It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little misunderstood.
Then one perfect Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played soccer. I am not good at soccer, but that evening it was wonderful. Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly. As darkness came over the field and the match ended, the goal keeper, Juan, walked over to me and said in a matter-of-fact way, "In your home, do you have a moon too " I was surprised.
After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to his, I felt a sort of awe (敬畏) at the possibilities that existed in his world. In Juan's world, each village could have its own moon. In Juan's world. the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous. Anything was possible.
In our society, we know that Earth has only one moon. We have looked at our planet from every angle and found all of the wildest things left to find. I can, from my computer at home, pull up satellite images of Juan's village. There are no more continents and no more moons to search for, little left to discover. At least it seems that way.
Yet, as I thought about Juan's question, I was not sure how much more we could really rule out. I am, in part, an ant biologist, so my thoughts turned to what we know about insect life and I knew that much in the world of insects remains unknown. How much, though How ignorant (无知的) are we The question of what we know and do not know constantly bothered me.
I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new monkey, new spider…, and on and on they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system discovered with dozens of nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the human stomach. The second drawer began to fill and as it did I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just species, but life that depends on things thought to be useless, life even without DNA. I started a third drawer for these big discoveries. It fills more slowly, but all the same, it fills.
In looking into the stories of biological discovery, I also began to find something else, a collection of scientists, usually brilliant occasionally half-mad, who made the discoveries. Those scientists very often see the same things that other scientists see, but they pay more attention to them, and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion (穷尽), and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers. In looking for the stories of discovery, I found the stories of these people and how their lives changed our view of the world.
We are repeatedly willing to imagine we have found most of what is left to discover. We used to think that insects were the smallest organisms (生物), and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when something new turns up, more often than not, we do not even know its name.
（1）How did the author feel on his arrival in the Amazon
A．Out of place. B．Full of joy. C．Sleepy. D．Regretful.
（2）What made that Amazonian evening wonderful
A．He learned more about the local language.
B．They had a nice conversation with each other.
C．They understood each other while playing.
D．He won the soccer game with the goal keeper.
（3）Why was the author surprised at Juan's question about the moon
A．The question was too straightforward.
B．Juan knew so little about the world.
C．The author didn't know how to answer.
D．The author didn't think Juan was sincere.
（4）What was the author's initial purpose of collecting newspaper articles
A．To sort out what we have known.
B．To deepen his research into Amazonians.
C．To improve his reputation as a biologist.
D．To learn more about local cultures.
（5）How did those brilliant scientists make great discoveries
A．They shifted their viewpoints frequently.
B．They followed other scientists closely.
C．They often criticized their fellow scientists.
D．They conducted in-depth and close studies.
（6）What could be the most suitable title for the passage
A．The Possible and the Impossible. B．The Known and the Unknown.
C．The Civilized and the Uncivilized. D．The Ignorant and the Intelligent.
【答案】（1）A
（2）C
（3）B
（4）A
（5）D
（6）B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文；标题选择
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。作者和妻子来到了亚马逊，妻子是一名医学研究者。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在生物多样性发现的过程中，作者意识到，很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“We did not speak the local language, did not know the customs and more often than not, didn't entirely recognize the food. We couldn't have felt more foreign.”我们不会说当地的语言，不了解当地的风俗习惯，而且往往我们不能完全认识食物，我们感觉非常陌生。可知，作者一到达亚马逊感觉格格不入。故选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly.”每个人都知道规则，在传球和射门方面，我们说着同样的语言，彼此非常了解。可知，踢球时他们的彼此理解使得他们的亚马逊夜晚很美好。故选C。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第四段“In Juan's world, the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous.”在 Juan的世界里，未知的东西和未被发现的东西是浩瀚而神奇的。可判断， Juan对这个世界知之甚少。故选B。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第七段中的“I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new monkey, new spider…, and on and on they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system discovered with dozens of nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the human stomach. The second drawer began to fill and as it did I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just species, but life that depends on things thought to be useless, life even without DNA. I started a third drawer for these big discoveries. ”我开始收集报纸上关于新物种、新蜘蛛的文章……它们源源不断地出现，我的抽屉很快就填满了。我开始用第二个抽屉来储存更普遍的发现:在新的洞穴系统发现了几十个无名的物种……我还为这些重大发现准备了第三个抽屉。可判断，作者收集报纸文章的初始目的是为了分类我们所知道的事情。故选A。
（5）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“but they pay more attention to them ,and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion ,and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers.”但他们更多地关注这些发现，他们把注意力集中在这些发现上直到精疲力竭的地步，冒着被同龄人嘲笑的风险。可知，杰出的科学家进行深入细致的研究，做出重大的发现。故选D。
（6）考查主旨大意。纵观全文可知，作者和妻子来到了亚马逊。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解到一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在对这里的风土人情和多样化生物的研究过程中，作者提高了认识，意识到很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。所以短文的最佳标题为“已知和未知的事物”。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
12．（2020·新课标Ⅲ）阅读理解
With
the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together.
The
doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his
mother-in-law, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his
wife and their two daughters.
Four
years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol — one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living
together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but
Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the
ground floor.
"We
floated the idea to my mum of sharing at a house," says Kathryn Whitehead.
Rita cuts in: "We spoke more with Nick because I think it's a big thing
for Nick to live with his mother-in-law."
And
what does Nick think "From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well.
Would I recommend it Yes, I think I would."
It's
hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates
that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that
the number of households with three generations living together had risen from
325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013.
Other
varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with
their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family
home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with
their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all
multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories
like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living
is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are
expected to move in with their husband's family when they get married.
（1）Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol
A．Nick. B．Rita. C．Kathryn D．The daughters.
（2）What is Nick's attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in -law
A．Positive. B．Carefree. C．Tolerant. D．Unwilling.
（3）What is the author's statement about multigenerational family based on
A．Family traditions. B．Financial reports.
C．Published statistics. D．Public opinions.
（4）What is the text mainly about
A．Lifestyles in different countries.
B．Conflicts between generations.
C．A housing problem in Britain.
D．A rising trend of living in the UK.
【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）C
（4）D
【知识点】主旨大意；推理判断题；细节理解题；说明文；社会现象类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，在英国，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起，出现了多世同堂的现象。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“...， but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.”但Rita在一楼有自己的厨房、浴室、卧室和客厅。可知，Rita 在布里斯托尔的维多利亚式住宅中使用一楼。故选B。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第五段“And what does Nick think ‘From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it Yes, I think I would.'”Nick是怎么想的 “从我的角度来看，一切都很顺利。我推荐它吗 是的，我想我会推荐在一起居住的。”可推知Nick对和和岳母合住房子的态度是积极的。故选A。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第六段中的“ Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013.”官方报告显示，三代同堂的家庭数量从2002年的32.5万户增加到2013年的41.9万户；第七段中的“It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.”据说，25-34岁的年轻人中有20%和父母住在一起，而1991年这一比例为16%。据估计，英国多代同堂的家庭总数约为180万。可知，作者关于多世同堂家庭的论述基于发布的统计数据。故选C。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第一段“With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together.”由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。所以短文主要是关于英国生活方式的一种上升趋势。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。
13．（2020·新课标Ⅲ）阅读理解
We
are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of
years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few
thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high
altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained
a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On
Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported
a new kind of adaptation - not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of
sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The
Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in
Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on
houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. "They are simply a stranger to the
land," said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who
studies the Bajau.
Dr.
Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the
Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting
shellfish. "We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer
than us local islanders," Dr. Jubilado said. "I could see them
actually walking under the sea."
In201,
Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of
Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could
have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier
for them. "it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act
on a population," said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a
number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
（1）What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1
A．Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.
B．New knowledge of human evolution.
C．Recent findings of human origin.
D．Significance of food selection.
（2）Where do the Bajau build their houses
A．In valleys. B．Near rivers.
C．On the beach. D．Off the coast.
（3）Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau
A．They could walk on stilts all day. B．They had a superb way of fishing.
C．They could stay long underwater. D．They lived on both land and water.
（4）What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea
B．Highlanders' Survival Skills
C．Basic Methods of Genetic Research
D．The World's Best Divers
【答案】（1）B
（2）D
（3）C
（4）A
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文；标题选择
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.”我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子。可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。故选B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters.”这些人被称为Bajau，在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和菲律宾有数十万人。他们一直住在船屋上；最近他们也把房子建在沿海水域的吊脚楼上，可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海区域。故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“we were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders.”我们很惊讶，他们在水下待的时间比我们当地的岛民要长的多，可知，让Jubilado感到吃惊的是Bajau人能在水下待更长的时间。故选C。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的“On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaption-not to air or to food, but to the ocean.”周四，在《细胞》杂志上发表的一篇文章中，一群研究人员报道了一种新的适应——不是空气也不是食物，而是海洋，可知，本文讲述了一种新的进化，即长期生活在海边，靠海为生的生活方式，让Bajau人的身体进化成更适应海洋生活。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
14．（2020·新课标Ⅰ）阅读理解
Returning to a book you've read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There's a welcome familiarity — but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don't change, people do. And that's what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It's true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it's all about the present. It's about the now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually The first, which I take to reading every spring is Emest Hemningway's A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it's his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的), an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard's Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar's Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author's work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it's you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
（1）Why does the author like rereading
A．It evaluates the writer-reader relationship.
B．It's a window to a whole new world.
C．It's a substitute for drinking with a friend.
D．It extends the understanding of oneself.
（2）What do we know about the book A Moveable Feas!
A．It's a brief account of a trip.
B．It's about Hemingway's life as a young man.
C．It's a record of a historic event.
D．It's about Hemingway's friends in Paris.
（3）What does the underlined word "currency" in paragraph 4 refer to
A．Debt B．Reward. C．Allowance. D．Face value.
（4）What can we infer about the author from the text
A．He loves poetry. B．He's an editor.
C．He's very ambitious. D．He teaches reading.
【答案】（1）D
（2）B
（3）B
（4）A
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；说明文；学习教育类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作者鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“But books don't change, people do. And that's what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.”但是书没变，人变了。那就是使重新阅读行为如此丰富和富于变化之处；以及第二段中的“The beauty of rereading lies in that our bond with the work is based on our present register. It is true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings.”重新阅读的美妙之处在于我们与作品的联系是基于我们现在的心理状态。真的，我年纪越大，就越觉得时光飞逝。可推知，作者喜欢重新阅读是因为重新阅读可以扩展对自己的理解。故选D。
（2）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“Published in 1964, it's his classic memoir of 1920s Paris.”及“an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time”可知，这本书出版于1964年，这是他关于20世纪20年代在巴黎的经典回忆录，是他老年时对那些野心勃勃却更简单的日子的回顾。可推断A Movable Feast是关于海明威年轻时的生活。故选B。
（3）考查词义猜测。根据最后一段中的“...，while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,”虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的，可知，前后句为转折关系，根据上下文的语境可知，“rereading an author's work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.”意为：但是但重新阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回报，由此判断出划线词的意思是“回报”。故选B。
（4）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“The third book is Julio Cortázar's Save Twilight: selected poems, because poetry.”第三本书是胡里奥·科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城: 诗歌精选》，因为诗歌。可知，作者是由于喜欢诗歌而喜欢这本书。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及词义猜测和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇教育类阅读，考生需要根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
15．（2020·新课标Ⅰ）阅读理解
Race walking shares many
fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing
to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are
conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics
is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the
marathon. But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay
straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It's this strange form that makes
race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an
assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem,
Mass.
Like running, race
walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race
walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn
walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or
more calories per hour.
However, race walking
does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to
her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body
weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only
about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says,
some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner's knee, are
uncommon among race walkers. But the sport's strange form does place
considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such
injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone
wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or
experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
（1）Why are race walkers conditioned athletes
A．They must run long distances.
B．They are qualified for the marathon.
C．They have to follow special rules.
D．They are good at swinging their legs.
（2）What advantage does race walking have over running
A．It's more popular at the Olympics.
B．It's less challenging physically.
C．It's more effective in body building.
D．It's less likely to cause knee injuries.
（3）What is Dr. Norberg's suggestion for someone trying race walking
A．Getting experts' opinions. B．Having a medical checkup.
C．Hiring an experienced coach. D．Doing regular exercises.
（4）Which word best describes the author's attitude to race walking
A．Skeptical. B．Objective. C．Tolerant. D．Conservative.
【答案】（1）C
（2）D
（3）A
（4）B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；说明文；医疗保健类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times.”但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner's knee, are uncommon among race walkers.”一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique”事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。可知，Dr. Norberg建议想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。故选A。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.”研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇健康类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
16．（2020·新课标Ⅰ）阅读理解
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. "We're thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day," explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow (发光) in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano's team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light, about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps. in the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant's lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off" switch" where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source (电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission (传输). Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
（1）What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．A new study of different plants. B．A big fall in crime rates.
C．Employees from various workplaces. D．Benefits from green plants.
（2）What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer
A．To detect plants' lack of water B．To change compositions of plants
C．To make the life of plants longer. D．To test chemicals in plants.
（3）What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future
A．They will speed up energy production.
B．They may transmit electricity to the home.
C．They might help reduce energy consumption.
D．They could take the place of power plants.
（4）Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Can we grow more glowing plants
B．How do we live with glowing plants
C．Could glowing plants replace lamps
D．How are glowing plants made pollution-free
【答案】（1）D
（2）A
（3）C
（4）C
【知识点】细节理解题；段落大意；科普环保类；说明文；标题选择
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。
（1）考查段落大意。根据第一段中的“A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example ,discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.”例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“These include plants that have sensors printed on their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.”这就包括叶子上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选A。
（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.”发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能源消耗。故选C。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据最后一段“ Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source (电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission (传输). Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.”照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，段落大意和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
17．（2020·新课标Ⅱ）阅读理解
Some
parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers
said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist
Su2020年高考英语真题分类汇编专题06：说明文类阅读理解
一、阅读理解
1．（2020·新高考I）阅读理解
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the
size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food
intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating
with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles
with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on
eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95
undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film
began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the
researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105
pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which
increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both
the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The
participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have.
However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin
actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she
took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants
followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30
pieces.
The tests show that the social environment
is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow
participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the "I'll have what
she's having" effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an
overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see
the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow
suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I
（1）What is the recent study mainly about
A．Food safety. B．Movie viewership.
C．Consumer demand. D．Eating behavior.
（2）What does the underlined word "beanpoles" in paragraph 1 refer to
A．Big eaters. B．Overweight persons.
C．Picky eaters. D．Tall thin persons.
（3）Why did the researchers hire the actor
A．To see how she would affect the participants.
B．To test if the participants could recognize her.
C．To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D．To study why she could keep her weight down.
（4）On what basis do we "adjust the influence" according to the last paragraph
A．How hungry we are. B．How slim we want to be.
C．How we perceive others. D．How we feel about the food.
2．（2020·天津）阅读理解
How to Use a Modern Public
Library
Has it been a while since
your last visit to a public library If so, you may be surprised to learn that
libraries have changed for the better. It's been years since they were dusty
little rooms with books. They have transformed themselves into places where you
can develop your love of knowledge meet interesting people, or find out how to
start a business.
Check out a book. While libraries still
loan out(出借)books, you'll find it
easier to get a copy of whatever you're looking for, thanks to a cooperative
network of area libraries. Via such networks, libraries share their books with
each other through the use of delivery vehicles. Once the book you've requested
is delivered to the nearest branch, they will inform you by e-mail, so you can
pick it up.
Check out other items. The library is now a
multimedia zone, loaded with information in many formats(载体形式). You can borrow movies on DVDs, music on CDs, and popular
magazines. Some libraries even loan out toys and games. If a popular magazine
you want isn't offered and the library keeps a list of such requests, they may
bring it in when enough interest is shown.
Join targeted reading groups. Libraries will often hold
reading-group sessions targeted to various age groups. Perhaps you'd like to
learn a language or improve your English. The library may sponsor a language
group you could join. If you have difficulties reading, ask about special
reading opportunities. Your library might be able to accommodate you. And you
might find it relaxing to bring your small kid to a half-hour Story Time while
you sit quietly in a corner with a good book.
Start a business using the help of your local
library. If you want to have a business of your own, your local library can
become a launch space for it. In library books and computers, you can find
information on starting a business. Many libraries will help you with locally
supplied information about business management shared through chambers of
commerce(商会)and government agencies,
and they will offer printing, faxing and database services you need.
（1）Public libraries connected by a cooperative network benefit readers by______.
A．sharing their books on the Internet
B．giving access to online reading at a library branch
C．sending a needed book to a library branch nearby
D．making the checkout procedures diverse
（2）According to Paragraph 3, what items may be checked out from a public library
A．A magazine and an e-book. B．A game and an oil painting.
C．A music CD and a kid's toy. D．A DVD and a video player
（3）As is described in Paragraph 4, taking a small kid to a half-hour Story Time allows ______.
A．the kid to learn a new language
B．the parent to enjoy quiet reading
C．the kid to overcome reading difficulties
D．the parent to meet their program sponsor
（4）Your local library can help you start a business by ______.
A．providing relevant information and supporting services
B．offering professional advice on business management
C．supplying useful information of your potential buyers
D．arranging meetings with government officials
（5）What is the purpose of the passage
A．To point out the importance of public libraries.
B．To encourage people to work in public libraries.
C．To introduce the improved services of public libraries.
D．To call for the modernization of public library systems.
3．（2020·天津）阅读理解
For people, who are
interested in sound, the field of sound technology is definitely making noise.
In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but
many of today's sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience
with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the
phenomenon we call sound.
Sound can be used as a
weapon. Imagine that a police officer is chasing a thief. The thief tries to
escape. And the officer can't let him get away. He pulls out a special device,
points it at the suspect, and switches it on. The thief drops to the ground.
This new weapon is called a Long Range Acoustic Device(LRAD, 远程定向声波发射器). It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily
disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and
travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.
For those who hunger for
some peace and quiet, sound can now create silence. Let's say you are at the
airport, and the little boy on the seat next to you is humming(哼唱) a short commercial song. He hums it over and over again, and you
are about to go crazy. Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you
can get rid of the sound without upsetting the boy or his parents. One may
wonder how the Silence Machine works. Well, it functions by analyzing the waves
of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets
of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine or point it at the
target, and your peace and quiet comes back.
Directed sound is a new
technology that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights(聚光灯) are used in the theater. A spotlight lights up only one section
of a stage; similarly, "spotsound" creates a circle of sound in on
targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores
because it offers a new way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a
choice of music along with the various food choices on the menu, allowing
customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining. Directed
sound is also beginning to appear in shopping centers and even at homes.
（1）What could be inferred from Paragraph 2 about the effect of the LRAD
A．It causes temporary hearing loss.
B．It slows down a running man.
C．It makes it easy to identify a suspect.
D．It keeps the suspect from hurting others.
（2）The Silence Machine is a device specially designed to ________.
A．silence the people around you
B．remove the sound of commercials
C．block the incoming sound waves
D．stop unwanted sound from affecting you
（3）What feature do spotsounds and spotlights share
A．They travel in circles.
B．They clear the atmosphere.
C．They can be transformed into energy.
D．They can be directed onto a specific area.
（4）Directed sound can be used for ________.
A．creative designs of restaurant menus
B．ideal sound effects on the theater stage
C．different choices of music for businesses
D．strict control over any suspicious customer
（5）What does the passage focus on
A．How professionals invented sound products.
B．Inventions in the field of sound technology.
C．The growing interest in the study of sound.
D．How sound engineers work in their studios.
4．（2020·浙江）阅读理解
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard
in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same length of green twice
in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30am, the full red/yellow/green signal
cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9:33am, a burst of additional traffic might push
it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9:37am could push it down to 135. Just like
the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle,
uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions.
These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in
both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.
"Adaptive signals can make sure that
the traffic demand that is there is being addressed," says Alex
Stevanovic, a researcher at Florida Atlantic University.
For all of Bellevue's success, adaptive
signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways. Kevin Balke, a research
engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute, says that
while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities, others are
so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will
make a meaningful difference. "It's not going to fix everything, but
adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities," he says.
In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in
the value of welcoming new approaches. In the past, there was often an
automatic reaction to increased traffic: just widen the roads, says Mark Poch,
the Bellevue Transportation Department's traffic engineering manager. Now he
hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead
of just making them bigger.
（1）What does the underlined word "that" in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Increased length of green lights. B．Shortened traffic signal cycle.
C．Flexible timing of traffic signals. D．Smooth traffic flow on the road.
（2）What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals
A．They work better on broad roads.
B．They should be used in other cities.
C．They have greatly reduced traffic on the road.
D．They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed.
（3）What can we learn from Bellevue's success
A．It is rewarding to try new things.
B．The old methods still work today.
C．I pays to put theory into practice.
D．The simplest way is the best way.
5．（2020·浙江）阅读理解
Challenging work that requires lots of
analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain
stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig
in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and
assessed the volunteers' memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.
Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the
lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the
tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower
rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true
even after the scientists accounted for the participants' overall health
status.
"This works just like physical
exercise," says Francisca Then, who led the study. "After a long run,
you may feel like you're in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit.
After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain
stay healthy. "
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid
work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiter's job, for
example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just
as stimulating as any high-level office work. And "running a family
household requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调), " she says. "You have to organize the activities of
the children and take care of the bills and groceries."
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow
older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic
factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind
busy can only help.
（1）Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests
A．To assess their health status. B．To evaluate their work habits.
C．To analyze their personality. D．To measure their mental ability.
（2）How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4
A．By using an expert's words. B．By making a comparison.
C．By referring to another study. D．By introducing a concept.
（3）Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B．Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C．Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D．Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
6．（2020·江苏）阅读理解
Sometimes it's hard to let go. For many British
people, that can apply to institutions and objects that represent their country's
past-age-old castles, splendid homes… and red phone boxes.
Beaten first by the march of technology and
lately by the terrible weather in junkyards (废品场), the phone boxes
representative of an age are now making something of a comeback. Adapted in
imaginative ways, many have reappeared on city streets and village greens
housing tiny cafes, cellphone repair shops or even defibrillator machines (除颤器).
The original iron boxes with the round roofs
first appeared in 1926. They were designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, the
architect of the Battersea Power Station in London. After becoming an important
part of many British streets, the phone boxes began disappearing in the 1980s,
with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to the junkyards.
About that time, Tony Inglis' engineering and
transport company got the job to remove phone boxes from the streets and sell
them out. But Inglis ended up buying hundreds of them himself, with the idea of
repairing and selling them. He said that he had heard the calls to preserve the
boxes and had seen how some of them were listed as historic buildings.
As Inglis and, later other
businessmen, got to work, repurposed phone boxes began reappearing in cities
and villages as people found new uses for them. Today, they are once again a
familiar sight, playing roles that are often just as important for the community
as their original purpose.
In rural areas, where ambulances can take a
relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on a lifesaving
role. Local organizations can adopt them for l pound, and install
defibrillators to help in emergencies.
Others also looked at the phone boxes and saw
business opportunities. LoveFone, a company that advocates repairing cellphones
rather than abandoning them, opened a mini workshop in a London phone box in
2016.
The tiny shops made economic sense, according to
Robert Kerr, a founder of LoveFone. He said that one of the boxes generated
around $13,500 in revenue a month and cost only about $400 to rent.
Inglis said phone boxes called to mind an age
when things were built to last. I "like what they are to people, and I
enjoy bringing things back," he said.
（1）The phone boxes are making a comeback ______.
A．to form a beautiful sight of the city
B．to improve telecommunications services
C．to remind people of a historical period
D．to meet the requirement of green economy
（2）Why did the phone boxes begin to go out of service in the 1980s
A．They were not well-designed. B．They provided bad services.
C．They had too short a history. D．They lost to new technologies.
（3）The phone boxes are becoming popular mainly because of ______.
A．their new appearance and lower prices
B．the push of the local organizations
C．their changed roles and functions
D．the big funding of the businessmen
（2020·江苏）阅读理解
For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.
Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health.
To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the men's fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat tissue.
Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists' lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed that, in theory should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食). On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.
Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the men's blood and fat tissue.
Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences. Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand, they burned slightly more calories (卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes produce proteins (蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰岛素) levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health. These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.
The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.
7．The underlined expression "stomach it" in Paragraph 1 most probably means "______".
A．digest the meal easily B．manage without breakfast
C．decide wisely what to eat D．eat whatever is offered
8．Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment
A．Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people.
B．Their lack of exercise led to overweight.
C．They could walk at an average speed.
D．They had slow metabolic rates.
9．What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise
A．They successfully lost weight.
B．They consumed a bit more calories.
C．They burned more fat on average.
D．They displayed higher insulin levels.
10．What could be learned from the research
A．A workout after breakfast improves gene performances.
B．Too much workout often slows metabolic rates.
C．Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise.
D．Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health.
11．（2020·江苏）阅读理解
I was in the middle of the Amazon (亚马逊) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. We flew on a small plane to a faraway village. We did not speak the local language, did not know the customs, and more often than not, did not entirely recognize the food. We could not have felt more foreign.
We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village without running water or electricity It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little misunderstood.
Then one perfect Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played soccer. I am not good at soccer, but that evening it was wonderful. Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly. As darkness came over the field and the match ended, the goal keeper, Juan, walked over to me and said in a matter-of-fact way, "In your home, do you have a moon too " I was surprised.
After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to his, I felt a sort of awe (敬畏) at the possibilities that existed in his world. In Juan's world, each village could have its own moon. In Juan's world. the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous. Anything was possible.
In our society, we know that Earth has only one moon. We have looked at our planet from every angle and found all of the wildest things left to find. I can, from my computer at home, pull up satellite images of Juan's village. There are no more continents and no more moons to search for, little left to discover. At least it seems that way.
Yet, as I thought about Juan's question, I was not sure how much more we could really rule out. I am, in part, an ant biologist, so my thoughts turned to what we know about insect life and I knew that much in the world of insects remains unknown. How much, though How ignorant (无知的) are we The question of what we know and do not know constantly bothered me.
I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new monkey, new spider…, and on and on they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system discovered with dozens of nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the human stomach. The second drawer began to fill and as it did I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just species, but life that depends on things thought to be useless, life even without DNA. I started a third drawer for these big discoveries. It fills more slowly, but all the same, it fills.
In looking into the stories of biological discovery, I also began to find something else, a collection of scientists, usually brilliant occasionally half-mad, who made the discoveries. Those scientists very often see the same things that other scientists see, but they pay more attention to them, and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion (穷尽), and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers. In looking for the stories of discovery, I found the stories of these people and how their lives changed our view of the world.
We are repeatedly willing to imagine we have found most of what is left to discover. We used to think that insects were the smallest organisms (生物), and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when something new turns up, more often than not, we do not even know its name.
（1）How did the author feel on his arrival in the Amazon
A．Out of place. B．Full of joy. C．Sleepy. D．Regretful.
（2）What made that Amazonian evening wonderful
A．He learned more about the local language.
B．They had a nice conversation with each other.
C．They understood each other while playing.
D．He won the soccer game with the goal keeper.
（3）Why was the author surprised at Juan's question about the moon
A．The question was too straightforward.
B．Juan knew so little about the world.
C．The author didn't know how to answer.
D．The author didn't think Juan was sincere.
（4）What was the author's initial purpose of collecting newspaper articles
A．To sort out what we have known.
B．To deepen his research into Amazonians.
C．To improve his reputation as a biologist.
D．To learn more about local cultures.
（5）How did those brilliant scientists make great discoveries
A．They shifted their viewpoints frequently.
B．They followed other scientists closely.
C．They often criticized their fellow scientists.
D．They conducted in-depth and close studies.
（6）What could be the most suitable title for the passage
A．The Possible and the Impossible. B．The Known and the Unknown.
C．The Civilized and the Uncivilized. D．The Ignorant and the Intelligent.
12．（2020·新课标Ⅲ）阅读理解
With
the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together.
The
doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his
mother-in-law, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his
wife and their two daughters.
Four
years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol — one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living
together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but
Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the
ground floor.
"We
floated the idea to my mum of sharing at a house," says Kathryn Whitehead.
Rita cuts in: "We spoke more with Nick because I think it's a big thing
for Nick to live with his mother-in-law."
And
what does Nick think "From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well.
Would I recommend it Yes, I think I would."
It's
hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates
that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that
the number of households with three generations living together had risen from
325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013.
Other
varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with
their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family
home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with
their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all
multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories
like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living
is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are
expected to move in with their husband's family when they get married.
（1）Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol
A．Nick. B．Rita. C．Kathryn D．The daughters.
（2）What is Nick's attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in -law
A．Positive. B．Carefree. C．Tolerant. D．Unwilling.
（3）What is the author's statement about multigenerational family based on
A．Family traditions. B．Financial reports.
C．Published statistics. D．Public opinions.
（4）What is the text mainly about
A．Lifestyles in different countries.
B．Conflicts between generations.
C．A housing problem in Britain.
D．A rising trend of living in the UK.
13．（2020·新课标Ⅲ）阅读理解
We
are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of
years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few
thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high
altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained
a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On
Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported
a new kind of adaptation - not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of
sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The
Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in
Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on
houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. "They are simply a stranger to the
land," said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who
studies the Bajau.
Dr.
Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the
Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting
shellfish. "We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer
than us local islanders," Dr. Jubilado said. "I could see them
actually walking under the sea."
In201,
Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of
Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could
have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier
for them. "it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act
on a population," said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a
number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
（1）What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1
A．Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.
B．New knowledge of human evolution.
C．Recent findings of human origin.
D．Significance of food selection.
（2）Where do the Bajau build their houses
A．In valleys. B．Near rivers.
C．On the beach. D．Off the coast.
（3）Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau
A．They could walk on stilts all day. B．They had a superb way of fishing.
C．They could stay long underwater. D．They lived on both land and water.
（4）What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea
B．Highlanders' Survival Skills
C．Basic Methods of Genetic Research
D．The World's Best Divers
14．（2020·新课标Ⅰ）阅读理解
Returning to a book you've read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There's a welcome familiarity — but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don't change, people do. And that's what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It's true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it's all about the present. It's about the now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually The first, which I take to reading every spring is Emest Hemningway's A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it's his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的), an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard's Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar's Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author's work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it's you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
（1）Why does the author like rereading
A．It evaluates the writer-reader relationship.
B．It's a window to a whole new world.
C．It's a substitute for drinking with a friend.
D．It extends the understanding of oneself.
（2）What do we know about the book A Moveable Feas!
A．It's a brief account of a trip.
B．It's about Hemingway's life as a young man.
C．It's a record of a historic event.
D．It's about Hemingway's friends in Paris.
（3）What does the underlined word "currency" in paragraph 4 refer to
A．Debt B．Reward. C．Allowance. D．Face value.
（4）What can we infer about the author from the text
A．He loves poetry. B．He's an editor.
C．He's very ambitious. D．He teaches reading.
15．（2020·新课标Ⅰ）阅读理解
Race walking shares many
fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing
to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are
conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics
is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the
marathon. But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay
straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It's this strange form that makes
race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an
assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem,
Mass.
Like running, race
walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race
walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn
walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or
more calories per hour.
However, race walking
does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to
her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body
weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only
about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says,
some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner's knee, are
uncommon among race walkers. But the sport's strange form does place
considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such
injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone
wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or
experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
（1）Why are race walkers conditioned athletes
A．They must run long distances.
B．They are qualified for the marathon.
C．They have to follow special rules.
D．They are good at swinging their legs.
（2）What advantage does race walking have over running
A．It's more popular at the Olympics.
B．It's less challenging physically.
C．It's more effective in body building.
D．It's less likely to cause knee injuries.
（3）What is Dr. Norberg's suggestion for someone trying race walking
A．Getting experts' opinions. B．Having a medical checkup.
C．Hiring an experienced coach. D．Doing regular exercises.
（4）Which word best describes the author's attitude to race walking
A．Skeptical. B．Objective. C．Tolerant. D．Conservative.
16．（2020·新课标Ⅰ）阅读理解
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. "We're thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day," explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow (发光) in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano's team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light, about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps. in the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant's lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off" switch" where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source (电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission (传输). Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
（1）What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．A new study of different plants. B．A big fall in crime rates.
C．Employees from various workplaces. D．Benefits from green plants.
（2）What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer
A．To detect plants' lack of water B．To change compositions of plants
C．To make the life of plants longer. D．To test chemicals in plants.
（3）What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future
A．They will speed up energy production.
B．They may transmit electricity to the home.
C．They might help reduce energy consumption.
D．They could take the place of power plants.
（4）Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Can we grow more glowing plants
B．How do we live with glowing plants
C．Could glowing plants replace lamps
D．How are glowing plants made pollution-free
17．（2020·新课标Ⅱ）阅读理解
Some
parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers
said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist
Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University
of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found
to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after
controlling for differences in parents' income, education and the amount of parent
talk, Levine said.
The
researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities
at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age
have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
"The children who played with puzzles performed better
than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes," Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to
interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children
in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have
children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with
puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex
puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were
more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The
findings were published in the journal Developmental
Science.
（1）In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play
A．Building confidence. B．Developing spatial skills.
C．Learning self-control. D．Gaining high-tech knowledge.
（2）What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？
A．Parents' age. B．Children's imagination.
C．Parents' education. D．Child-parent relationship.
（3）How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play
A．They play with puzzles more often.
B．They tend to talk less during the game.
C．They prefer to use more spatial language.
D．They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
（4）What is the text mainly about
A．A mathematical method. B．A scientific study.
C．A woman psychologist D．A teaching program.
18．（2020·新课标Ⅱ）阅读理解
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist
on your holiday list, fur probably didn't cross your mind. But some ecologists and
fashion (时装) enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur
made from nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have（showcased）nutria
fur made into clothes in different styles. "It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free
fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year",
says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided
to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like
the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and
let go into the wild. "The ecosystem down there can't handle this non-native
species (物种) .It's destroying the environment. It's them or us."
says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check for decades, but when the
market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied
like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for
Louisiana. He says it's not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but
he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year,
so part of Mouton's job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there's Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Morgan
says," To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone
throwing paint on them—1 think that's going to be a massive thing, at least here
in New York." Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come
around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable.
She trying to come up with a lable to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
（1）What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn
A．To promote guilt-free fur. B．To expand the fashion market.
C．To introduce a new brand. D．To celebrate a winter holiday.
（2）Why are scientists concerned about nutria
A．Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.
B．Nutria are an endangered species.
C．Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.
D．Nutria are illegally hunted.
（3）What does the underlined word "collapsed" in paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Boomed. B．Became mature.
C．Remained stable. D．Crashed.
（4）What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan
A．It's formal. B．It's risky.
C．It's harmful. D．It's traditional.
答案解析部分
1．【答案】（1）D
（2）D
（3）A
（4）C
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。作者详述了这个实验的过程。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake”根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。
（2）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份）”现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier people相反，故选D。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments”为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验；以及倒数第三段可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。 然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I ”如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？ 因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法来调整影响的。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
2．【答案】（1）C
（2）C
（3）B
（4）A
（5）C
【知识点】细节理解题；说明文；社会文化类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了如何使用改造升级后的现代公共图书馆。
（1）考查细节理解。根据Check out a book部分中的“Via such networks, libraries share their books with each other through the use of delivery vehicles. Once the book you've requested is delivered to the nearest branch, they will inform you by e-mail, so you can pick it up.”通过这样 的 网络，图书馆通过运载车辆的使用彼此分享图书。一旦你要的书送到最近的书店，他们会通过电子邮件通知你，你就可以去取了。可知，合作网络连接的公共图书馆通过向附近的图书馆分支机构发送所需的书籍，使读者受益。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据 Check out other items. 部分中的“You can borrow movies on DVDs, music on CDs, and popular magazines. Some libraries even loan out toys and games.” 你可以借DVD电影、CD音乐和流行杂志。一些图书馆甚至借出玩具和游戏。可知，从公共图书馆可以外借DVD电影、CD音乐、流行杂志、玩具和游戏等物品。故选C。
（3）考查细节理解。根据Join targeted reading groups.部分中的“And you might find it relaxing to bring your small kid to a half-hour Story Time while you sit quietly in a corner with a good book. ”你可能会发现带着你的孩子去半个小时的“故事时间”是一种放松，那时你安静地坐在角落里看一本好书，可知，带孩子去半小时的“故事时间”，可以让父母享受安静的阅读。故选B。
（4）考查细节理解。根据 Start a business using the help of your local library.部分中的“Many libraries will help you with locally supplied information about business management shared through chambers of commerce（商会）and government agencies, and they will offer printing and database services you need. ”许多图书馆会通过商会和政府机构分享本地提供的商业管理信息，并提供你需要的打印和数据库服务。可知，你当地的图书馆可以通过提供相关信息和支持服务来帮助你创业。故选A。
（5）考查写作意图。根据标题“How to Use a Modern Public Library”如何使用一个现代公共图书馆；以及第一段中的“you may be surprised to learn that libraries have changed for the better. They have transformed themselves into places where you can develop your love of knowledge meet interesting people, or find out how to start a business.”你可能会惊讶地发现图书馆已经变得更好了。他们已经把自己变成了一个地方，在那里你可以发展你对知识的热爱，遇见有趣的人，或者发现如何创业。再结合几个小标题：Check out a book“借一本书”； Check out other items“借其他物品”；Join targeted reading groups“加入有针对性的阅读小组”；Start a business using the help of your local library“在当地图书馆的帮助下创业”。可知，本文介绍了在经过改善后的图书馆里，人们可以做些什么，即：经过改善后的图书馆可以给人们提供什么服务。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和写作大意两个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
3．【答案】（1）A
（2）D
（3）D
（4）C
（5）B
【知识点】主旨大意；推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一些声音技术领域的发明创造，包括声音可以用作武器的远程声学设备、用来阻止有害声音影响你的静音机以及定向音响技术。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.”它发出震耳欲聋的声音，这种声音令人如此痛苦以至于它会使人暂时丧失能力。LRAD发出的噪音像光线一样被引导，只进入那个人的耳朵，但不会致命。可推知，LRAD会导致暂时性听力损失。故选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Well, it functions by analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine on point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back.”它的功能是通过分析传入声音的波，并产生第二组传出的波。这两组波会相互抵消。只要打开机器对准目标，你的宁静就会回来。可知，静音机是一种专门设计用来阻止有害声音影响你的设备。故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly, a ‘spotsound' creates a circle of sound in one targeted area.”可知，聚光灯只能照亮舞台的一个部分；类似地，一个“spotsound”在一个目标区域创建一个声音圈。可知，spotsounds和聚光灯的共同特性是它们可以被定向到一个特定的区域，故选D。
（4）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly,”spotsound” creates a circle of sound in on targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choice on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining.”聚光灯只能照亮舞台的一个部分；类似地，一个”spotsound”在一个目标区域创建一个声音圈。这对餐馆和商店等企业很有用，因为它提供了一种吸引顾客的新方式。餐厅可以提供音乐选择与菜单上的各种食物选择，让顾客更多地控制气氛，在他们用餐。可知，定向音响可以用于不同的商业音乐选择。故选C。
（5）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today's sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.”在过去，音响工程师在录音室的后室工作，但今天的许多音响专业人士正在与其他领域的专业人士分享他们的知识和经验，以我们所谓的声音现象为基础创造新产品。以及下文可知，本文着重论述了声音技术领域的发明创造。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
4．【答案】（1）C
（2）D
（3）A
【知识点】推理判断题；日常生活类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，美国华盛顿州的Bellevue采用了能随交通状况而调节交通灯时间的适应性信号灯，大大缓解了交通压力，也表明人们对于交通阻塞问题不再只是拓宽道路，而是能够采用新方法。
（1）考查代词指代。That位于第二段句首，应是指代第一段的内容。根据第一段中的“Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.”就像交通本身一样，信号灯的时间也会变化，可知，第一段主要讲述的是信号灯的时间会灵活变化；“That is by design.”意为“那是有意为之”，由此可推知，That指代第一段中“信号灯的灵活时间”。故选C。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“...，adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways”但自适应信号并不是解决拥堵道路的万能药；以及“others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference”其他城市交通堵塞如此严重，只有减少道路上的车辆才能起有意义的作用。可推知，Kevin Balke认为适应性信号灯对于交通堵塞很严重的城市没有太大帮助。故选D。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.”这些灯，被称为适应性信号灯，已经大大减少了通勤的麻烦和花费；以及最后一段中的“In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches.”在Bellevue，对适应性信号灯的转变是一个在欢迎新方法的价值方面的榜样，可推知，从Bellevue的成功中可以得出，尝试新事物是值得的。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及代词指代和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇生活类阅读，考生需要根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
5．【答案】（1）D
（2）B
（3）C
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文；标题选择
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，《神经病学》杂志发布的一则研究显示，需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1,000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers' memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.”来自德国莱比锡大学的研究人员召集了1000多名75岁以上的退休老人，并通过一系列的测试对他们的记忆力和思维能力进行了评估。可知，科学家让志愿者做测试是为了测试他们的心智能力。故选D。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“This works just like physical exercise,“ 这就像体育锻炼一样有效；以及“After a long run, you may feel like you're in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy. ”长跑后人就会感到痛苦和疲惫，但它确实能强身健体。工作一天下来会感到劳累，但这也使你的大脑处于健康状态”可知，Francisca Then是通过与“身体锻炼”作比较来解释他的发现的。故选B。
（3）考查主旨大意。第一段中的“Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age”需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。是本文的主题句，再结合全文内容可知，本文介绍了有挑战性的工作可能会使大脑保持敏捷，故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇医学类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
6．【答案】（1）C
（2）D
（3）C
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；说明文；社会现象类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，在英国，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始停止使用。后来，一些商人使电话亭的角色和功能发生了变化，电话亭又变得流行起来。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段“Sometimes it's hard to let go. For many British people, that can apply to institutions and objects that represent their country's past-age-old castles, splendid homes.. and red phone boxes.”有时候真的很难放手。对许多英国人来说，这可以适用于代表他们国家过去历史的机构和物品--古老的城堡、辉煌的住宅……还有红色的电话亭；以及最后一段中的“Inglis said phone boxes called to mind an age when things were built to last.”Inglis 说，电话亭让人想起了一个东西经久耐用的时代，可知，电话亭正在卷土重来，以提醒人们一个历史时期。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“After becoming an important part of many British streets, the phone boxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to the junkyards.”在成为英国许多街道的重要组成部分后，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始消失，随着移动电话的兴起，大部分电话亭被扔到了垃圾场，可知，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始停止使用是因为它们输给了新技术。故选D。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第五段“As Inglis and, later other businessmen, got to work, repurposed phone boxes began reappearing in cities and villages as people found new uses for them. Today, they are once again a familiar sight, playing roles that are often just as important for the community as their original purpose.”随着Inglis和后来的其他商人开始工作，改装后的电话亭开始在城市和乡村重新出现，人们发现了它们的新用途。今天，它们再次成为人们熟悉的景象，扮演着与它们最初的目的同样重要的角色；第六段中的“In rural areas, where ambulances can take a relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on a lifesaving role.”在农村地区，救护车要花相当长的时间才能到达，电话亭就起到了拯救生命的作用；以及第七段中的“Others also looked at the phone boxes and saw business opportunities.”其他人也在电话亭寻找商机)可推断出，电话亭之所以变得流行，主要是因为它们的角色和功能发生了变化。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
【答案】7．B
8．A
9．B
10．D
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，一项研究表明对于那些能忍受的人来说，不吃早餐锻炼可能对健康更有益。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
7．考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first”可知，早餐前锻炼可能比先吃饭再锻炼对健康更有益，因此推断这里说的是那些不吃早饭先锻炼的人，因此推断划线词与B项“不吃早饭能应付”意思相近。故选B。
8．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are far better and worse, representative of those of most of us.”他们首先找到了10个超重的，不活跃但健康的年轻人，他们的生活方式可以说更好，也可以说更糟，代表了我们大多数人。可知，实验时选择的10个人的生活方式代表了普通人。故选A。
9．考查细节理解。根据第六段中的“As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand. they burned slightly more calories(卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.”结果，他们空腹散步时燃烧的脂肪比他们首先吃东西时所燃烧的脂肪要多。 另一方面。平均而言，他们在早餐后锻炼时燃烧的卡路里略多于禁食后。可知，锻炼前吃早饭消耗更多一点的热量。故选B。
10．考查推理判断。根据最后一段“The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.”这些结果的暗示，为了从运动中获得最大的健康益处，先不吃东西可能更明智。因此推断早饭前的体育锻炼对健康更有益。故选D。
11．【答案】（1）A
（2）C
（3）B
（4）A
（5）D
（6）B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文；标题选择
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。作者和妻子来到了亚马逊，妻子是一名医学研究者。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在生物多样性发现的过程中，作者意识到，很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“We did not speak the local language, did not know the customs and more often than not, didn't entirely recognize the food. We couldn't have felt more foreign.”我们不会说当地的语言，不了解当地的风俗习惯，而且往往我们不能完全认识食物，我们感觉非常陌生。可知，作者一到达亚马逊感觉格格不入。故选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly.”每个人都知道规则，在传球和射门方面，我们说着同样的语言，彼此非常了解。可知，踢球时他们的彼此理解使得他们的亚马逊夜晚很美好。故选C。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第四段“In Juan's world, the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous.”在 Juan的世界里，未知的东西和未被发现的东西是浩瀚而神奇的。可判断， Juan对这个世界知之甚少。故选B。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第七段中的“I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new monkey, new spider…, and on and on they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system discovered with dozens of nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the human stomach. The second drawer began to fill and as it did I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just species, but life that depends on things thought to be useless, life even without DNA. I started a third drawer for these big discoveries. ”我开始收集报纸上关于新物种、新蜘蛛的文章……它们源源不断地出现，我的抽屉很快就填满了。我开始用第二个抽屉来储存更普遍的发现:在新的洞穴系统发现了几十个无名的物种……我还为这些重大发现准备了第三个抽屉。可判断，作者收集报纸文章的初始目的是为了分类我们所知道的事情。故选A。
（5）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“but they pay more attention to them ,and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion ,and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers.”但他们更多地关注这些发现，他们把注意力集中在这些发现上直到精疲力竭的地步，冒着被同龄人嘲笑的风险。可知，杰出的科学家进行深入细致的研究，做出重大的发现。故选D。
（6）考查主旨大意。纵观全文可知，作者和妻子来到了亚马逊。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解到一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在对这里的风土人情和多样化生物的研究过程中，作者提高了认识，意识到很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。所以短文的最佳标题为“已知和未知的事物”。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
12．【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）C
（4）D
【知识点】主旨大意；推理判断题；细节理解题；说明文；社会现象类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，在英国，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起，出现了多世同堂的现象。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“...， but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.”但Rita在一楼有自己的厨房、浴室、卧室和客厅。可知，Rita 在布里斯托尔的维多利亚式住宅中使用一楼。故选B。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第五段“And what does Nick think ‘From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it Yes, I think I would.'”Nick是怎么想的 “从我的角度来看，一切都很顺利。我推荐它吗 是的，我想我会推荐在一起居住的。”可推知Nick对和和岳母合住房子的态度是积极的。故选A。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第六段中的“ Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013.”官方报告显示，三代同堂的家庭数量从2002年的32.5万户增加到2013年的41.9万户；第七段中的“It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.”据说，25-34岁的年轻人中有20%和父母住在一起，而1991年这一比例为16%。据估计，英国多代同堂的家庭总数约为180万。可知，作者关于多世同堂家庭的论述基于发布的统计数据。故选C。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第一段“With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together.”由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。所以短文主要是关于英国生活方式的一种上升趋势。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。
13．【答案】（1）B
（2）D
（3）C
（4）A
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文；标题选择
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.”我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子。可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。故选B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters.”这些人被称为Bajau，在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和菲律宾有数十万人。他们一直住在船屋上；最近他们也把房子建在沿海水域的吊脚楼上，可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海区域。故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“we were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders.”我们很惊讶，他们在水下待的时间比我们当地的岛民要长的多，可知，让Jubilado感到吃惊的是Bajau人能在水下待更长的时间。故选C。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的“On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaption-not to air or to food, but to the ocean.”周四，在《细胞》杂志上发表的一篇文章中，一群研究人员报道了一种新的适应——不是空气也不是食物，而是海洋，可知，本文讲述了一种新的进化，即长期生活在海边，靠海为生的生活方式，让Bajau人的身体进化成更适应海洋生活。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
14．【答案】（1）D
（2）B
（3）B
（4）A
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；说明文；学习教育类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作者鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“But books don't change, people do. And that's what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.”但是书没变，人变了。那就是使重新阅读行为如此丰富和富于变化之处；以及第二段中的“The beauty of rereading lies in that our bond with the work is based on our present register. It is true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings.”重新阅读的美妙之处在于我们与作品的联系是基于我们现在的心理状态。真的，我年纪越大，就越觉得时光飞逝。可推知，作者喜欢重新阅读是因为重新阅读可以扩展对自己的理解。故选D。
（2）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“Published in 1964, it's his classic memoir of 1920s Paris.”及“an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time”可知，这本书出版于1964年，这是他关于20世纪20年代在巴黎的经典回忆录，是他老年时对那些野心勃勃