2019年高考英语真题分类汇编专题12：任务型阅读
一、任务型阅读
（2019·浙江）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Rock music consists of many different styles. Even though there is a common spirit among all music groups, they make very different music. 1． At that time the Beatles entered the world of music from Liverpool.
After they were given an invitation to appear live on BBC, the Beatles quickly became famous in Britain with nationwide tours. By mid-1963, the Beatles had been extremely popular in England. 2． They held large concerts and performed at clubs. They became the hottest thing on the pop music scene in England. They began as a modestly successful musician group and ended the year as show business legends（传说）. John Lennon and Paul McCartney were named composers of the year.
3． They were not sure how the Americans would react to the new type of music. Beatlemania hit New York on February 7, 1964. Hundreds of fans jammed the airport to greet them. 4． The concert was broadcast live and attracted the largest one night audience in the history of television up to that time. The Beatles were described as a British invasion（入侵）by local and nationwide newspapers at that time. Their victory in America was still remembered as a major turning point in the history of rock and roll. Thanks to the Beatles, a lot of opportunities were opened up to new faces on the market. 5．
A. They decided on a tour to the United States in 1964.
B. Even their hairstyles became major trends at that time.
C. Rock music developed in the 1950s and the early 1960s.
D. However, their songs changed the lives of generations to come.
E. Many rock bands were able to follow in the footsteps of the Beatles.
F. They appeared in the films A Hard Day's Night（1964）and Help！（1965）.
G. They performed their first concert in America at CBS television's 53rd street studio.
【答案】1．C；2．B；3．A；4．G；5．E
【知识点】七选五
【解析】【分析】这是一篇记叙文，介绍披头士摇滚乐队的崛起和对音乐的引领。
A. 他们决定在 1964 年去美国旅行。
B. 甚至他们的发型也成为当时的主要趋势。
C. 摇滚音乐发展于 1950 年代和 1960 年代初期。
D. 然而，他们的歌曲改变了后代的生活。
E. 许多摇滚乐队能够追随披头士的脚步。
F. 他们出现在电影 A Hard Day's Night（1964）和 Help！（1965）。
G. 他们在 CBS 电视台的第 53 街演播室举行了他们在美国的第一场音乐会。
【点评】本题重在考查上下文之间的逻辑关系，答题时首先浏览文章主旨，并理解各个选项所表达的含义。然后再读短文，选出最能使上下文语义通顺的选项，注意段落大意，空格前后的关键词等信息，完成后要通读一篇，看语义是否通顺，是否符合逻辑，必要的话做适当修改。
1．段中句。根据后一句的at that time可知此处涉及时间，the Beatles entered the world of music 与developed对应，故答案为C。
2．段中句。有前后句中的they可将答案范围缩小，根据前一句中的 extremely popular 与选项B中的 Even their hairstyles became major trends 呼应，故答案为B。
3．段首句。后一句中“他们不确定how the Americans would react to the new type of music ” 是他们去美国前的态度，与选项A中的 decided on a tour to the United States 有紧密联系。故答案为A。
4．段中句。本段描述披头士乐队在美国的受欢迎程度。前一句 fans jammed the airport to greet them 描写粉丝们的热情，后一句中的 The concert was broadcast live and attracted the largest one night audience 说明他们在开演唱会，同时选项G中的 performed their first concert in America ，与前文提到的他们第一次到美国呼应，故答案为G。
5．段尾句。根据前一句 Thanks to the Beatles, a lot of opportunities were opened up to new faces on the market. 感谢披头士，市场中很多机会向新面孔打开。可知此处应举例，选项E中的Many rock bands were able to follow in the footstep就是因为披头士乐队的影响的表现。故答案为E。
6．（2019·北京）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
A. It's not a simple matter to determine the nature of talent. B. Sports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top talent C. The group interaction and its effect drew the researchers' attention. D. Stars apparently do not follow this basic principle of sportsmanship. E. Several recent studies examined the role of talent in the sports world. F. Building up a dream team is more complex than simply hiring the best talent. G. This task interdependence distinguishes baseball from football and basketball.
Much of the work in today's world is accomplished (完成) in teams. Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals. Companies spend millions hiring top business people. Is their money well spent
They focused on football, basketball and baseball. The results are mixed. For football and basketball, adding talented players to a team proves a good method, but only up to the point where 70% of the players are top talent; above that level, the team's performance begins to decline. Interestingly, this trend isn't evident in baseball, where additional individual talent keeps improving the team's performance.
To explain this phenomenon, the researchers explored the degree to which a good performance by a team requires its members to coordinate (协调) their actions. In baseball, the performance of individual players is less dependent on teammates. They conclude that when task interdependence is high, team performance will suffer when there is too much talent, while individual talent will have positive effects on team performance when task interdependence is lower. If a basketball star is, for example, trying to gain a high personal point total, he may take a shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a teammate, affecting the team's performance. Young children learning to play team sports are often told, "There is no I in TEAM."
Another possibility is that when there is a lot of talent on a team, some players may make less effort. Just as in a game of tug-of-war (拔河比赛), whenever a person is added, everyone else pulls the rope with less force.
. An A-team may require a balance-not just a players, but a few generous B players as well.
【答案】B；E；G；D；F
【知识点】七选五
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了建立一支最佳阵容球队比简单地雇佣最优秀的人才要复杂得多。一支一流球队可能需要一种平衡——不仅仅是最好球员，也需要一些有雅量的普通球员。
（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“ Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals. ”大多数人相信建立一个伟大团队的最好方法就是聚集一群最有天赋的个人；根据空后“Companies spend millions hiring top business people. ”公司花费数百万雇佣顶级商业人士。该空承上启下，也是在举例，B. Sports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top talent“运动队老板花费数百万美元吸引顶尖人才。”切题，故选B。
（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“They focused on football, basketball and baseball. The results are mixed.”他们专注于足球、篮球和篮球。结果有好有坏。这些都属于体育方面，该空引出下文，E. Several recent studies examined the role of talent in the sports world.“最近的几项研究调查了体育世界中人才的作用。”切题，故选E。
（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“ To explain this phenomenon, the researchers explored the degree to which a good performance by a team requires its members to coordinate (协调) their actions. ”为了解释这一现象，研究人员探索了一场好的表现要求队员们协调他们行动的程度，下文说明了研究结果，该空承上启下，G. This task interdependence distinguishes baseball from football and basketball.“这项任务的相互依赖性使棒球区别于足球和篮球。”切题，故选G。
（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“he may take a shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a teammate, affecting the team's performance. ”一个球星为了个人得分，而影响团队的表现”，该空承接上文，D. Stars apparently do not follow this basic principle of sportsmanship.“球星显然没有遵守运动员精神的基本原则”切题，故选D。
（5）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“An A-team may require a balance-not just a players, but a few generous B players as well.”一支一流球队可能需要一种平衡——不仅仅是最好球员，也需要一些有雅量的普通球员。该空引出下文，F. Building up a dream team is more complex than simply hiring the best talent.“建立一支最佳阵容球队比简单地雇佣最优秀的人才要复杂得多。”切题，故选F。
【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
7．（2019·江苏）请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
The
Cost of Thinking
Despite their many differences, all human beings
share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to
walk upright on two legs.
The first unique human characteristic is
that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It
seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains. Mammals (哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm2.
Modern man has a brain averaging 1200-1400 cm2. We are so fond of
our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more
must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case.
The fact is that a huge brain is a huge
drain—consumption of energy—on the body. I's not
easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull (倾骨). It's even harder to provides energy. In modern man, the brain
accounts for about 2-3%of total body weight but it consumes 25% of the body's
energy when the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes (类人猿) require only 8%of rest-time energy. Early humans pad for their
large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search food. Secondly,
their muscles grew smaller and weaker. It's hardly an obvious conclusion that
this is a good way to survive. A chimpanzee (黑猩猩) can't
win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag
doll.
Another unique human characteristic is that
we walk upright. Standing up, it's easier to find food or enemies. In addition,
their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes,
like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex
tasks with their hands.
Yet walking upright has its disadvantage.
The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support
a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting
to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to
support an extra-large skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful
hands backaches and painful necks.
We assume that a large brain makes huge
advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful
animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2
million years during which they remained weak and marginal creature. Thus
humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone
tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.
The
Cost of Thinking
Introduction Large
brains for their bodies and the ability to walk upright are two of human beings.
The
of
large human brains The
larger brains may not be better because of the cost. The
big brains make it harder for the body to move around and consume more
energy. The
animal brain requires less when
the body is at rest. Large
human brains consume more food, and weaken muscles.
The
of
walking upright Walking
upright makes it easy to find food or against enemies. Freed
hands can serve some
purpose and perform complex tasks.
Walking
upright challenges the human bone structure, and the size of brains. Walking
upright results in
sufferings.
Conclusion
With a large brain, human beings other beings in terms of intelligence.
Weak and marginal, human beings remained of meat-eating animals.
【答案】characteristics；disadvantages；energy；impact(s)；guard；other；limits；physical；beat；fearful/afraid
【知识点】任务型阅读
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人用大脑思考的代价。人类与动物相比有两大特点：大大的大脑和直立行走。超大的大脑使人类拥有更高的智商，但却消耗巨大的能量。直立行走让人类擅长寻找食物和抵御敌人，解放了的双手来更复杂的事。但却让人类遭受腰痛和颈部疼痛等。人类成为地球上最强大的动物，享受无与伦比的优势，却对食肉动物怀有恐惧。
（1）信息归纳题。根据第一段“all human beings share defining characteristics ,such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.”可知，大脑袋和双腿直立行走的能力是人类共有的特点(characteristics)。故填characteristics。
（2）信息归纳题。此题就是对第三段内容的总结。第三段主要叙述了人类的大脑大的缺点。因此本空格填写disadvantages。
（3）信息来源题。根据第三段中的“a huge brain is a huge drain--consumption of energy ”以及“It (the brain) consumes 25% of the body's energy when the body is at rest.By comparison the brains of apes require only 8% of rest- time energy”可知，人类巨大的大脑是一个巨大的能量消耗。 当身体处于休息时，大脑要消耗25%的身体能量。相比之下，类人猿的大脑只需要8%的休息时间能量。人类与动物相比，动物需要的能量（energy）要比人类少。故填energy。
（4）信息归纳题。分析空后的75--78小题所在的第五段和第六段的内容可知，此部分主要叙述了直立行走对人类的影响。故填impact(s)。
（5）信息转换题。根据第五段的第一句“Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it's easier to find food or enemies.”可知，另一个独特的人类特征是我们直立行走。站起来，更容易找到食物或敌人。找到敌人，就是为了防御敌人。因为or为连词，在此句中连结两个动词短语，故空格填动词。“guard against...”为固定搭配，意为“防御......”，故填guard。
（6）信息来源题。根据第五段中的”...their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes ,like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands. ”可知，解放了的双手可以用于做其它的事，即有其它的目的。故填other。
（7）信息归纳题。根据第五段“walking upright has disadvantages. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on four and a relative small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge , especially when the bones had to support an extra -large skull.” 可知，直立行走也有缺点。我们祖先进化了上百亿年，骨骼也只能支撑四肢行走和有一个相对较小的头。直立行走对人类的骨架是一个相当大的挑战，限制了人的头脑的大小。故本空填limits。
（8）信息转换题。根据第六段“..., Humankind paid for its vision and skillful hands with backaches and painful necks.” 可知，直立对人类的骨架是一个相当大的挑战，人类为自己的视力和灵巧的双手付出了代价，换来的是腰酸背痛和脖子疼痛。由此得出，直立导致身体方面的(physical)痛苦，故填physical。
（9）信息归纳题。根据最后一段“We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth.”可知，我们假设大脑越大，优势越大。很明显，这些使得人类成为地球上最强大的动物。由此可推断出我们的大脑比动物大，在智力方面人类比动物更聪明，即在智力方面击败了(beat)其他动物。故填beat。
（10）信息归纳题。根据最后一段“...humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they weak and marginal creatures. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat--eating animals.”可知，尽管人类享受着所有这些优势，但也是弱小的生物。因此尽管拥有巨大的大脑和锋利的石器，但也曾经对食肉动物仍旧害怕/恐惧。因为空前是系动词，故本空要填形容词(afraid/fearful)可知，此处要填名词，故填fearful/afraid。
【点评】本题考点涉及信息归纳，信息转换题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生准确掌握所给材料，根据上下文的逻辑关系，结合相关的语法知识和词汇知识，做出正确答案。
8．（2019·天津） 阅读短文，按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
Haze Mabry, who has worked as a school keeper for thirteen years, walks into the school building every day and empties garbage cans, wipes down bathrooms and mops wet messes in the hallways.
Last Friday, after he arrived at the school, instead of finding garbage to clean up, he found almost 800 students lining the hallways with handmade cards, blowing noisemakers and singing a full-throated happy birthday to him. It was his 80th. As he walked the long hallway, some popped out of lime to hug him. They handed him so many cards that they filled several large boxes. Touched by their enthusiastic expression of affection. Mabry thanked them all. "They're like my children," Mabry said.
On a regular day, students at the school sometimes come up to him to say they're not feeling well or other times to tell him about something that happened at break. He knows most of the kids at the school, but can't name each one. Some of them make him know them. Like Faith, who often forgets her backpack in the cafeteria, and Lucy, who just wants a hug.
"He won't brag（夸耀）on himself, but it doesn't matter what he's doing or where he is, he will always stop what he's doing to take care of a child if that child is having a bad day. If a child approaches him, he will pause to give that child his undivided attention. He's the most loved one in this building," said Lori Gilreath, a reading teacher.
Mabry works circles around all the students, cleaning up messes others don't want to touch. He doesn't expect a lot. Mabry said he hadn't planned to do much for his milestone birthday, so he was happy the students had prepared the surprise celebration.
Over the weekend, he worked through the piles of handmade cards at his house. One card from a student stood out to him. It read: "Mr. Haze, you are my sunshine.”
（1）What is Mabry's daily work as a school
keeper？（no more than 5 words）
（2）How did the students celebrate Mabry's
birthday？（no more than 15 words）
（3）What does the underlined word in Paragraph
2 probably mean？（1 word）
（4）Why is Mabry's presence at the school
important？（no more than 10 words）
（5）Who is the "sunshine" in your
life？Please explain. （no more
than 20 words）
【答案】（1）Cleaning the（school）building.
Or:
Doing（the）cleaning.
Or:
He cleans the（school）building.
Or: He does（the）cleaning.
（2） By lining the hallways，blowing noisemakers，singing a song，handing him cards，and hugging him.
Or:
By lining the hallways with（handmade）cards，blowing noisemakers，singing a song，and hugging him.
Or:
They lined the hallways，blew noisemakers，sang a song，handed him cards，and hugged him.
Or: They lined the
hallways with（handmade）cards，blew noisemakers，sang a song，and hugged him.
（3）Love.
Or:
Liking.
Or: Fondness.
（4）（Because）he loves/cares about（the）students and works hard.
Or:
（Because）he loves（the）students and is devoted to his work.
Or:
（Because）he is kind/caring/helpful to the
students，and hard-working.
Or: （Because）he is regarded as a
kind/warm-hearted/helpful/caring and hard-working man.
（5）My father/mother. （Because）he/she loves me and encourages me when I'm faced/confronted with
difficulties.
Or:
My teacher. （Because）he/she
cares about me and prepares me for my future career.
Or: My friend. （Because）he/she brings me joy/happiness and
gives me a lot of comfort/help/encouragement.
【知识点】阅读表达；任务型阅读
【解析】【分析】
本文是一篇记叙文，清洁工Mabry的日常工作就是清扫学校大楼。Mabry 爱学生，关心学生。学生们也尊敬他，喜欢他。在他80生日那天，学生们用自己的方式祝贺他的生日，表达了对Mabry的热爱。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Haze Mabry, who has works as a school keeper for thirteen years, walks into the school building every day and empty garbage cans, wipes down bathrooms, and mops wet messes in the hallways.”可知Haze Mabry是一位清洁工，他的日常工作就是清扫学校大楼。因此本句的答案可为：Cleaning the (school) building. /Doing（the） cleaning. /He cleans the (school)building. /He does (the) cleaning.
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Last Friday,...he found almost 800 students lining the hallways with handmade cards, blowing noisemakers and singing a full-throated happy birthday to him.和some popped out of line to hug him.”可知，上个周五，他发现几乎有800名学生在走廊里排队，拿着手制卡片，吹口哨，为他唱了一首响亮的生日快乐歌，拥抱他。因此答案为：By lining the hallways, blowing noisemakers, singing a song, handing him cards, and hugging him. /By lining the hallways with (handmade) cards, blowing noisemakers, singing a song, and hugging him. / They lined the hallways, blew noisemakers, sang a song, handed him cards, and hugged him. / They lined the hallways with (handmade) card, blew noisemakers, sang a song, handed him cards, and hugged him.
（3）考查词义猜测。根据第二段学生们为Mabry庆祝生日的方式和划线词后的内容“Mabry thanked them all,”以及“They're like my children.”可知 Mabry 爱学生，把学生当作自己的孩子。那么学生们也表达了他们对Mabry的热爱。因此Mabry被学生的爱所感动，故所以的“affection”相当于“Love”，故填love /Liking /Fondness.
（4）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“...he will always stop what he's doing to take care of a child if that child is having a bad day. If a child approaches him, he will pause to give that boy his undivided attention. He's the most loved one in this building.”以及最后一段中的“Mabry works circles around all the students, cleaning up messes others don't want to touch. He doesn't expect a lot.”可知，Mabry 关心爱护孩子，帮助孩子，是一个善良、热心的人。一个不怕脏不怕累、勤奋工作的人。因此答案为：(Because) he loves/cares about（the）students and works hard. / (Because) he loves the students and devoted to his work. /(Because) he is kind/caring /helping to the students , and hard-working. / (Because) he is regarded as a kind /warm-hearted /helpful/caring and hard-working man.
（5）考查学生的观察综合表达能力。本题的题目：who is the "sunshine" in your life ”谁是你生活中的阳光？只要在生活或学习中帮助过你，关心你、爱护你的，鼓励你，安慰你的都可称为your sunshine。因此答案可为：My father/mother.(Because) he/she loves me and encouraged me when I'm faced/confronted with difficulties. Or: My teacher.(Because) he/she cares about me and prepares me for my future career. Or: My friend.(Because) he/she brings me joy/happiness and gives me a lot of comfort/ help/ encouragement.
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测以及综合表达能力等题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确掌握所给材料，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而做出正确答案。
（2019·全国卷Ⅲ）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
In an online class, developing
healthy patterns of communication with professors is very important. 9． While
I have only listed two of each, there are obviously many other situations that can
arise. Students should be able to extend the logic（逻辑）of each to their particular circumstance.
Do's
10． Questions about subject content are generally welcomed.
Before asking questions about the course design, read the syllabus（教学大纲）and learning management system information to be sure the answer isn't
hiding in plain sight.
Participate in discussion
forums（论坛）, blogs and other open-ended forums for dialogue. 11． Be
sure to stay on topic and not offer irrelevant information. Make a point, and make
it safe for others to do the same.
Don'ts
Don't share personal information
or stories. Professors are not trained nurses, financial aid experts or your best
friends. If you are in need of a deadline extension, simply explain the situation
to the professor. 12．
Don't openly express annoyance
at a professor or class. 13． When a student attacks a professor on the social
media, the language used actually says more about the student. If there is truly
a concern about a professor's professionalism or ability, be sure to use online
course evaluations to calmly offer your comments.
A.
That's what they are for.
B.
Turn to an online instructor for help.
C.
If more information is needed, they will ask.
D.
Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.
E.
Below are some common do's and don't for online learners.
F.
Everyone has taken a not-so-great class at one time or another.
G.
Ask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.
【答案】9．E；10．G；11．A；12．C；13．F
【知识点】七选五
【解析】【分析】 本文为说明文。在网络课堂上，与教授建立健康的交流模式是非常重要的，作者在文中列举了一些规矩与禁忌。
【点评】本题重在考查上下文之间的逻辑关系，答题时首先浏览文章主旨，并理解各个选项所表达的含义。然后再读短文，选出最能使上下文语义通顺的选项，注意段落大意，空格前后的关键词等信息，完成后要通读一篇，看语义是否通顺，是否符合逻辑，必要的话做适当修改。
9．段中句。根据文章段落结构和本段首句In an online class, developing healthy patterns of communication with professors is very important.可知，在网络课堂上，与教授建立健康交流模式是非常重要的，根据下文中的do's 和 don'ts可知此处此处为文章的主题句，故答案为E。
10．段首句。根据其后一句Questions about subject content are generally welcomed.（与课程内容相关的问题是受欢迎的），解释了什么样的问题是好问题，可知，与G项make sure they are good, thoughtful questions相呼应，要提一些好的令人深思的问题，故答案为G。
11．段中句。根据前一句Participate in discussion forums（论坛）, blogs and other open-ended forums for dialogue可知，要参与论坛讨论、博客和其他开放式的对话论坛。而这正是网络课堂采用的交流的途径，故答案为A。
12．段尾句。根据本段Professors are not trained nurses, financial aid experts or your best friends教授不是训练有素的护士，不是经济援助专家，也不是你最好的朋友，可知，不要分享个人信息或故事，如果他们需要更多信息的话，他们会主动问起的，故答案为C。
13．段中句。通读本段，并根据本段主题句Don't openly express annoyance at a professor or class告诫读者，每个人都可能曾经上过不太好的课，不要在社交媒体上攻击教授，不要公开表达对教授或班级的不满，要利用课程评价冷静地提出你的意见。选答案为F。
14．（2019·新课标Ⅱ卷）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question:“Should I jump This is what motivation or the lack of it can do. Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of same coin. Like the child on the diving board, you will stay undecided.
More than that, how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal First, you need to evaluate yourself , your values your strengths, your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires ,etc. Only then should your you're your goals
You also need to judge the quality and depth of your motivation. This is quite important, because it is directly related to your commitment. There are times when your heart is not in your work. So, slow down and think what you really want to do at that moment. Clarity（清晰）of thoughts can help you move forward.
Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives, keeping in mind your beliefs, values and strengths. Remember that goals are flexible. They also need to be measurable. You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals.
Your personal circumstances are equally important. For example, you may want to be a Pilot but can't become one because your eyesight is not good enough. You should reassess your goals, and motivate yourself to set a fresh goal.
You will surely need to overcome some difficulties, some planned, but most unplanned. You cannot overcome them without ample motivation. Make sure that you plan for these difficulties at the time of setting your goals.
A. This can affect your work.
B. So how should you motivate yourself
C. However, this should not discourage you.
D. So why should we try to set specific goals
E. They can change according to circumstances.
F. Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.
G. Without motivation you can neither set a goal nor reach it
【答案】G；B；A；E；C
【知识点】七选五
【解析】【分析】这是一篇议论文，谈论动机与目标设立的关系。
（1）段中句。前一句“动机和目标的设定是硬币的两面”，所以可以判断此处论述motivation与goal setting的关系，故答案为G。
（2）段首句。下文中的More than that后面的how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal 是一个特殊疑问句，所以可以判断此处的句式与后面的问句相似，都涉及到“motivate”，故答案为B。
（3）段中句。根据前一句your heart is not in your work，这就会“影响你的工作”，后一句So, slow down and think…提出应对措施，故答案为A。
（4）段中句。根据前一句goals are flexible，选项E中的they与goals对应，change according to circumstances与flexible（灵活的）对应；另外后一句中的also说明此处涉及目标的特点，故答案为E。
（5）段中句。前文提到“想当飞行员但是视力不好”，后一句说“你要重新评估你的目标，激励自己设定新的目标”，所以此处是承上启下的句子，故答案为C。
【点评】这是一篇议论文，重在考查上下文之间的逻辑关系，答题时首先浏览文章主旨，并理解各个选项所表达的含义。然后再读短文，选出最能使上下文语义通顺的选项，注意段落大意，空格前后的关键词等信息，完成后要通读一篇，看语义是否通顺，是否符合逻辑，必要的话做适当修改。
15．（2019·新课标Ⅰ卷）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Is Fresh Air Really Good for You
We all grew up hearing people tell us to "go out and get some fresh air." According to recent studies, the answer is a big YES, if the air quality in your camping area is good.
If the air you're breathing is clean-which it would be if you're away from the smog of cities-then the air is filled with life-giving, energizing oxygen. If you exercise out of doors, your body will learn to breathe more deeply, allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles(肌肉)and your brain.
Recently, people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing(治愈). In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery. It turns out that just looking at green, growing things can reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and put people into a better mood(情绪).Greenery is good for us. Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead. It gives us a great feeling of peace.
While the sun's rays can age and harm our skin, they also give is beneficial Vitamin D. To make sure you get enough Vitamin D—but still protect your skin— put on sunscreen right as you head outside. It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and that's plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day's worth of Vitamin D.
A. Fresh air cleans our lungs.
B. So what are you waiting for
C. Being in nature refreshes us.
D. Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.
E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said
F. Just as importantly, we tend to associate air with health care.
G. All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.
【答案】E；A；G；C；D
【知识点】七选五
【解析】【分析】这是一篇议论文，谈论在没有污染的环境中，新鲜空气对人体有好处，能加快病人的康复。
A. Fresh air cleans our lungs. 新鲜的空气清洁我们的肺。
B. So what are you waiting for 所以你在等待什么？
C. Being in nature refreshes us. 待在自然中可以让我们恢复精力。
D. Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight. 得到新鲜空气的另一个好处是阳光。
E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said 但是新鲜的空气真的正如你妈妈经常说的那样对你有好处吗？
F. Just as importantly, we tend to associate air with health care. 同样重要的是，我们倾向于将空气与医疗保健联系起来。
G. All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens. 全国各地的康复中心都开始建造康复花园。
（1）段中句，看前后。根据后一句the answer is a big YES可知此处是一般疑问句，故答案为E。
（2）段首句，看下文。根据后一句If the air you're breathing is clean-which it would be if you're away from the smog of cities-then the air is filled with life-giving，energizing oxygen可知干净的空气富含提神的氧气，这是在解释新鲜空气能清洁我们的肺的原因。故答案为A。
（3）段中句，看前后。根据前文的the connection between the natural world and healing和下文的these places…near nature during their recovery可知此处涉及康复中心这个关键词，故答案为G。
（4）段中句。前文中的tree branches与nature对应，后一句It gives us a great feeling of peace，指在自然中的好处，故答案为C。
（5）段首句，看下文。根据后一句中的the sun's rays可知本段涉及太阳光。故答案为D。
【点评】本题考查对文章的逻辑关系的把握，答题时紧扣上下文的关键词寻找关联信息。
1 / 12019年高考英语真题分类汇编专题12：任务型阅读
一、任务型阅读
（2019·浙江）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Rock music consists of many different styles. Even though there is a common spirit among all music groups, they make very different music. 1． At that time the Beatles entered the world of music from Liverpool.
After they were given an invitation to appear live on BBC, the Beatles quickly became famous in Britain with nationwide tours. By mid-1963, the Beatles had been extremely popular in England. 2． They held large concerts and performed at clubs. They became the hottest thing on the pop music scene in England. They began as a modestly successful musician group and ended the year as show business legends（传说）. John Lennon and Paul McCartney were named composers of the year.
3． They were not sure how the Americans would react to the new type of music. Beatlemania hit New York on February 7, 1964. Hundreds of fans jammed the airport to greet them. 4． The concert was broadcast live and attracted the largest one night audience in the history of television up to that time. The Beatles were described as a British invasion（入侵）by local and nationwide newspapers at that time. Their victory in America was still remembered as a major turning point in the history of rock and roll. Thanks to the Beatles, a lot of opportunities were opened up to new faces on the market. 5．
A. They decided on a tour to the United States in 1964.
B. Even their hairstyles became major trends at that time.
C. Rock music developed in the 1950s and the early 1960s.
D. However, their songs changed the lives of generations to come.
E. Many rock bands were able to follow in the footsteps of the Beatles.
F. They appeared in the films A Hard Day's Night（1964）and Help！（1965）.
G. They performed their first concert in America at CBS television's 53rd street studio.
6．（2019·北京）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
A. It's not a simple matter to determine the nature of talent. B. Sports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top talent C. The group interaction and its effect drew the researchers' attention. D. Stars apparently do not follow this basic principle of sportsmanship. E. Several recent studies examined the role of talent in the sports world. F. Building up a dream team is more complex than simply hiring the best talent. G. This task interdependence distinguishes baseball from football and basketball.
Much of the work in today's world is accomplished (完成) in teams. Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals. Companies spend millions hiring top business people. Is their money well spent
They focused on football, basketball and baseball. The results are mixed. For football and basketball, adding talented players to a team proves a good method, but only up to the point where 70% of the players are top talent; above that level, the team's performance begins to decline. Interestingly, this trend isn't evident in baseball, where additional individual talent keeps improving the team's performance.
To explain this phenomenon, the researchers explored the degree to which a good performance by a team requires its members to coordinate (协调) their actions. In baseball, the performance of individual players is less dependent on teammates. They conclude that when task interdependence is high, team performance will suffer when there is too much talent, while individual talent will have positive effects on team performance when task interdependence is lower. If a basketball star is, for example, trying to gain a high personal point total, he may take a shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a teammate, affecting the team's performance. Young children learning to play team sports are often told, "There is no I in TEAM."
Another possibility is that when there is a lot of talent on a team, some players may make less effort. Just as in a game of tug-of-war (拔河比赛), whenever a person is added, everyone else pulls the rope with less force.
. An A-team may require a balance-not just a players, but a few generous B players as well.
7．（2019·江苏）请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
The
Cost of Thinking
Despite their many differences, all human beings
share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to
walk upright on two legs.
The first unique human characteristic is
that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It
seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains. Mammals (哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm2.
Modern man has a brain averaging 1200-1400 cm2. We are so fond of
our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more
must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case.
The fact is that a huge brain is a huge
drain—consumption of energy—on the body. I's not
easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull (倾骨). It's even harder to provides energy. In modern man, the brain
accounts for about 2-3%of total body weight but it consumes 25% of the body's
energy when the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes (类人猿) require only 8%of rest-time energy. Early humans pad for their
large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search food. Secondly,
their muscles grew smaller and weaker. It's hardly an obvious conclusion that
this is a good way to survive. A chimpanzee (黑猩猩) can't
win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag
doll.
Another unique human characteristic is that
we walk upright. Standing up, it's easier to find food or enemies. In addition,
their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes,
like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex
tasks with their hands.
Yet walking upright has its disadvantage.
The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support
a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting
to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to
support an extra-large skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful
hands backaches and painful necks.
We assume that a large brain makes huge
advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful
animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2
million years during which they remained weak and marginal creature. Thus
humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone
tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.
The
Cost of Thinking
Introduction Large
brains for their bodies and the ability to walk upright are two of human beings.
The
of
large human brains The
larger brains may not be better because of the cost. The
big brains make it harder for the body to move around and consume more
energy. The
animal brain requires less when
the body is at rest. Large
human brains consume more food, and weaken muscles.
The
of
walking upright Walking
upright makes it easy to find food or against enemies. Freed
hands can serve some
purpose and perform complex tasks.
Walking
upright challenges the human bone structure, and the size of brains. Walking
upright results in
sufferings.
Conclusion
With a large brain, human beings other beings in terms of intelligence.
Weak and marginal, human beings remained of meat-eating animals.
8．（2019·天津） 阅读短文，按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
Haze Mabry, who has worked as a school keeper for thirteen years, walks into the school building every day and empties garbage cans, wipes down bathrooms and mops wet messes in the hallways.
Last Friday, after he arrived at the school, instead of finding garbage to clean up, he found almost 800 students lining the hallways with handmade cards, blowing noisemakers and singing a full-throated happy birthday to him. It was his 80th. As he walked the long hallway, some popped out of lime to hug him. They handed him so many cards that they filled several large boxes. Touched by their enthusiastic expression of affection. Mabry thanked them all. "They're like my children," Mabry said.
On a regular day, students at the school sometimes come up to him to say they're not feeling well or other times to tell him about something that happened at break. He knows most of the kids at the school, but can't name each one. Some of them make him know them. Like Faith, who often forgets her backpack in the cafeteria, and Lucy, who just wants a hug.
"He won't brag（夸耀）on himself, but it doesn't matter what he's doing or where he is, he will always stop what he's doing to take care of a child if that child is having a bad day. If a child approaches him, he will pause to give that child his undivided attention. He's the most loved one in this building," said Lori Gilreath, a reading teacher.
Mabry works circles around all the students, cleaning up messes others don't want to touch. He doesn't expect a lot. Mabry said he hadn't planned to do much for his milestone birthday, so he was happy the students had prepared the surprise celebration.
Over the weekend, he worked through the piles of handmade cards at his house. One card from a student stood out to him. It read: "Mr. Haze, you are my sunshine.”
（1）What is Mabry's daily work as a school
keeper？（no more than 5 words）
（2）How did the students celebrate Mabry's
birthday？（no more than 15 words）
（3）What does the underlined word in Paragraph
2 probably mean？（1 word）
（4）Why is Mabry's presence at the school
important？（no more than 10 words）
（5）Who is the "sunshine" in your
life？Please explain. （no more
than 20 words）
（2019·全国卷Ⅲ）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
In an online class, developing
healthy patterns of communication with professors is very important. 9． While
I have only listed two of each, there are obviously many other situations that can
arise. Students should be able to extend the logic（逻辑）of each to their particular circumstance.
Do's
10． Questions about subject content are generally welcomed.
Before asking questions about the course design, read the syllabus（教学大纲）and learning management system information to be sure the answer isn't
hiding in plain sight.
Participate in discussion
forums（论坛）, blogs and other open-ended forums for dialogue. 11． Be
sure to stay on topic and not offer irrelevant information. Make a point, and make
it safe for others to do the same.
Don'ts
Don't share personal information
or stories. Professors are not trained nurses, financial aid experts or your best
friends. If you are in need of a deadline extension, simply explain the situation
to the professor. 12．
Don't openly express annoyance
at a professor or class. 13． When a student attacks a professor on the social
media, the language used actually says more about the student. If there is truly
a concern about a professor's professionalism or ability, be sure to use online
course evaluations to calmly offer your comments.
A.
That's what they are for.
B.
Turn to an online instructor for help.
C.
If more information is needed, they will ask.
D.
Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.
E.
Below are some common do's and don't for online learners.
F.
Everyone has taken a not-so-great class at one time or another.
G.
Ask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.
14．（2019·新课标Ⅱ卷）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question:“Should I jump This is what motivation or the lack of it can do. Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of same coin. Like the child on the diving board, you will stay undecided.
More than that, how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal First, you need to evaluate yourself , your values your strengths, your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires ,etc. Only then should your you're your goals
You also need to judge the quality and depth of your motivation. This is quite important, because it is directly related to your commitment. There are times when your heart is not in your work. So, slow down and think what you really want to do at that moment. Clarity（清晰）of thoughts can help you move forward.
Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives, keeping in mind your beliefs, values and strengths. Remember that goals are flexible. They also need to be measurable. You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals.
Your personal circumstances are equally important. For example, you may want to be a Pilot but can't become one because your eyesight is not good enough. You should reassess your goals, and motivate yourself to set a fresh goal.
You will surely need to overcome some difficulties, some planned, but most unplanned. You cannot overcome them without ample motivation. Make sure that you plan for these difficulties at the time of setting your goals.
A. This can affect your work.
B. So how should you motivate yourself
C. However, this should not discourage you.
D. So why should we try to set specific goals
E. They can change according to circumstances.
F. Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.
G. Without motivation you can neither set a goal nor reach it
15．（2019·新课标Ⅰ卷）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Is Fresh Air Really Good for You
We all grew up hearing people tell us to "go out and get some fresh air." According to recent studies, the answer is a big YES, if the air quality in your camping area is good.
If the air you're breathing is clean-which it would be if you're away from the smog of cities-then the air is filled with life-giving, energizing oxygen. If you exercise out of doors, your body will learn to breathe more deeply, allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles(肌肉)and your brain.
Recently, people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing(治愈). In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery. It turns out that just looking at green, growing things can reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and put people into a better mood(情绪).Greenery is good for us. Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead. It gives us a great feeling of peace.
While the sun's rays can age and harm our skin, they also give is beneficial Vitamin D. To make sure you get enough Vitamin D—but still protect your skin— put on sunscreen right as you head outside. It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and that's plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day's worth of Vitamin D.
A. Fresh air cleans our lungs.
B. So what are you waiting for
C. Being in nature refreshes us.
D. Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.
E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said
F. Just as importantly, we tend to associate air with health care.
G. All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.
答案解析部分
【答案】1．C；2．B；3．A；4．G；5．E
【知识点】七选五
【解析】【分析】这是一篇记叙文，介绍披头士摇滚乐队的崛起和对音乐的引领。
A. 他们决定在 1964 年去美国旅行。
B. 甚至他们的发型也成为当时的主要趋势。
C. 摇滚音乐发展于 1950 年代和 1960 年代初期。
D. 然而，他们的歌曲改变了后代的生活。
E. 许多摇滚乐队能够追随披头士的脚步。
F. 他们出现在电影 A Hard Day's Night（1964）和 Help！（1965）。
G. 他们在 CBS 电视台的第 53 街演播室举行了他们在美国的第一场音乐会。
【点评】本题重在考查上下文之间的逻辑关系，答题时首先浏览文章主旨，并理解各个选项所表达的含义。然后再读短文，选出最能使上下文语义通顺的选项，注意段落大意，空格前后的关键词等信息，完成后要通读一篇，看语义是否通顺，是否符合逻辑，必要的话做适当修改。
1．段中句。根据后一句的at that time可知此处涉及时间，the Beatles entered the world of music 与developed对应，故答案为C。
2．段中句。有前后句中的they可将答案范围缩小，根据前一句中的 extremely popular 与选项B中的 Even their hairstyles became major trends 呼应，故答案为B。
3．段首句。后一句中“他们不确定how the Americans would react to the new type of music ” 是他们去美国前的态度，与选项A中的 decided on a tour to the United States 有紧密联系。故答案为A。
4．段中句。本段描述披头士乐队在美国的受欢迎程度。前一句 fans jammed the airport to greet them 描写粉丝们的热情，后一句中的 The concert was broadcast live and attracted the largest one night audience 说明他们在开演唱会，同时选项G中的 performed their first concert in America ，与前文提到的他们第一次到美国呼应，故答案为G。
5．段尾句。根据前一句 Thanks to the Beatles, a lot of opportunities were opened up to new faces on the market. 感谢披头士，市场中很多机会向新面孔打开。可知此处应举例，选项E中的Many rock bands were able to follow in the footstep就是因为披头士乐队的影响的表现。故答案为E。
6．【答案】B；E；G；D；F
【知识点】七选五
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了建立一支最佳阵容球队比简单地雇佣最优秀的人才要复杂得多。一支一流球队可能需要一种平衡——不仅仅是最好球员，也需要一些有雅量的普通球员。
（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“ Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals. ”大多数人相信建立一个伟大团队的最好方法就是聚集一群最有天赋的个人；根据空后“Companies spend millions hiring top business people. ”公司花费数百万雇佣顶级商业人士。该空承上启下，也是在举例，B. Sports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top talent“运动队老板花费数百万美元吸引顶尖人才。”切题，故选B。
（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“They focused on football, basketball and baseball. The results are mixed.”他们专注于足球、篮球和篮球。结果有好有坏。这些都属于体育方面，该空引出下文，E. Several recent studies examined the role of talent in the sports world.“最近的几项研究调查了体育世界中人才的作用。”切题，故选E。
（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“ To explain this phenomenon, the researchers explored the degree to which a good performance by a team requires its members to coordinate (协调) their actions. ”为了解释这一现象，研究人员探索了一场好的表现要求队员们协调他们行动的程度，下文说明了研究结果，该空承上启下，G. This task interdependence distinguishes baseball from football and basketball.“这项任务的相互依赖性使棒球区别于足球和篮球。”切题，故选G。
（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“he may take a shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a teammate, affecting the team's performance. ”一个球星为了个人得分，而影响团队的表现”，该空承接上文，D. Stars apparently do not follow this basic principle of sportsmanship.“球星显然没有遵守运动员精神的基本原则”切题，故选D。
（5）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“An A-team may require a balance-not just a players, but a few generous B players as well.”一支一流球队可能需要一种平衡——不仅仅是最好球员，也需要一些有雅量的普通球员。该空引出下文，F. Building up a dream team is more complex than simply hiring the best talent.“建立一支最佳阵容球队比简单地雇佣最优秀的人才要复杂得多。”切题，故选F。
【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
7．【答案】characteristics；disadvantages；energy；impact(s)；guard；other；limits；physical；beat；fearful/afraid
【知识点】任务型阅读
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人用大脑思考的代价。人类与动物相比有两大特点：大大的大脑和直立行走。超大的大脑使人类拥有更高的智商，但却消耗巨大的能量。直立行走让人类擅长寻找食物和抵御敌人，解放了的双手来更复杂的事。但却让人类遭受腰痛和颈部疼痛等。人类成为地球上最强大的动物，享受无与伦比的优势，却对食肉动物怀有恐惧。
（1）信息归纳题。根据第一段“all human beings share defining characteristics ,such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.”可知，大脑袋和双腿直立行走的能力是人类共有的特点(characteristics)。故填characteristics。
（2）信息归纳题。此题就是对第三段内容的总结。第三段主要叙述了人类的大脑大的缺点。因此本空格填写disadvantages。
（3）信息来源题。根据第三段中的“a huge brain is a huge drain--consumption of energy ”以及“It (the brain) consumes 25% of the body's energy when the body is at rest.By comparison the brains of apes require only 8% of rest- time energy”可知，人类巨大的大脑是一个巨大的能量消耗。 当身体处于休息时，大脑要消耗25%的身体能量。相比之下，类人猿的大脑只需要8%的休息时间能量。人类与动物相比，动物需要的能量（energy）要比人类少。故填energy。
（4）信息归纳题。分析空后的75--78小题所在的第五段和第六段的内容可知，此部分主要叙述了直立行走对人类的影响。故填impact(s)。
（5）信息转换题。根据第五段的第一句“Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it's easier to find food or enemies.”可知，另一个独特的人类特征是我们直立行走。站起来，更容易找到食物或敌人。找到敌人，就是为了防御敌人。因为or为连词，在此句中连结两个动词短语，故空格填动词。“guard against...”为固定搭配，意为“防御......”，故填guard。
（6）信息来源题。根据第五段中的”...their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes ,like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands. ”可知，解放了的双手可以用于做其它的事，即有其它的目的。故填other。
（7）信息归纳题。根据第五段“walking upright has disadvantages. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on four and a relative small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge , especially when the bones had to support an extra -large skull.” 可知，直立行走也有缺点。我们祖先进化了上百亿年，骨骼也只能支撑四肢行走和有一个相对较小的头。直立行走对人类的骨架是一个相当大的挑战，限制了人的头脑的大小。故本空填limits。
（8）信息转换题。根据第六段“..., Humankind paid for its vision and skillful hands with backaches and painful necks.” 可知，直立对人类的骨架是一个相当大的挑战，人类为自己的视力和灵巧的双手付出了代价，换来的是腰酸背痛和脖子疼痛。由此得出，直立导致身体方面的(physical)痛苦，故填physical。
（9）信息归纳题。根据最后一段“We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth.”可知，我们假设大脑越大，优势越大。很明显，这些使得人类成为地球上最强大的动物。由此可推断出我们的大脑比动物大，在智力方面人类比动物更聪明，即在智力方面击败了(beat)其他动物。故填beat。
（10）信息归纳题。根据最后一段“...humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they weak and marginal creatures. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat--eating animals.”可知，尽管人类享受着所有这些优势，但也是弱小的生物。因此尽管拥有巨大的大脑和锋利的石器，但也曾经对食肉动物仍旧害怕/恐惧。因为空前是系动词，故本空要填形容词(afraid/fearful)可知，此处要填名词，故填fearful/afraid。
【点评】本题考点涉及信息归纳，信息转换题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生准确掌握所给材料，根据上下文的逻辑关系，结合相关的语法知识和词汇知识，做出正确答案。
8．【答案】（1）Cleaning the（school）building.
Or:
Doing（the）cleaning.
Or:
He cleans the（school）building.
Or: He does（the）cleaning.
（2） By lining the hallways，blowing noisemakers，singing a song，handing him cards，and hugging him.
Or:
By lining the hallways with（handmade）cards，blowing noisemakers，singing a song，and hugging him.
Or:
They lined the hallways，blew noisemakers，sang a song，handed him cards，and hugged him.
Or: They lined the
hallways with（handmade）cards，blew noisemakers，sang a song，and hugged him.
（3）Love.
Or:
Liking.
Or: Fondness.
（4）（Because）he loves/cares about（the）students and works hard.
Or:
（Because）he loves（the）students and is devoted to his work.
Or:
（Because）he is kind/caring/helpful to the
students，and hard-working.
Or: （Because）he is regarded as a
kind/warm-hearted/helpful/caring and hard-working man.
（5）My father/mother. （Because）he/she loves me and encourages me when I'm faced/confronted with
difficulties.
Or:
My teacher. （Because）he/she
cares about me and prepares me for my future career.
Or: My friend. （Because）he/she brings me joy/happiness and
gives me a lot of comfort/help/encouragement.
【知识点】阅读表达；任务型阅读
【解析】【分析】
本文是一篇记叙文，清洁工Mabry的日常工作就是清扫学校大楼。Mabry 爱学生，关心学生。学生们也尊敬他，喜欢他。在他80生日那天，学生们用自己的方式祝贺他的生日，表达了对Mabry的热爱。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Haze Mabry, who has works as a school keeper for thirteen years, walks into the school building every day and empty garbage cans, wipes down bathrooms, and mops wet messes in the hallways.”可知Haze Mabry是一位清洁工，他的日常工作就是清扫学校大楼。因此本句的答案可为：Cleaning the (school) building. /Doing（the） cleaning. /He cleans the (school)building. /He does (the) cleaning.
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Last Friday,...he found almost 800 students lining the hallways with handmade cards, blowing noisemakers and singing a full-throated happy birthday to him.和some popped out of line to hug him.”可知，上个周五，他发现几乎有800名学生在走廊里排队，拿着手制卡片，吹口哨，为他唱了一首响亮的生日快乐歌，拥抱他。因此答案为：By lining the hallways, blowing noisemakers, singing a song, handing him cards, and hugging him. /By lining the hallways with (handmade) cards, blowing noisemakers, singing a song, and hugging him. / They lined the hallways, blew noisemakers, sang a song, handed him cards, and hugged him. / They lined the hallways with (handmade) card, blew noisemakers, sang a song, handed him cards, and hugged him.
（3）考查词义猜测。根据第二段学生们为Mabry庆祝生日的方式和划线词后的内容“Mabry thanked them all,”以及“They're like my children.”可知 Mabry 爱学生，把学生当作自己的孩子。那么学生们也表达了他们对Mabry的热爱。因此Mabry被学生的爱所感动，故所以的“affection”相当于“Love”，故填love /Liking /Fondness.
（4）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“...he will always stop what he's doing to take care of a child if that child is having a bad day. If a child approaches him, he will pause to give that boy his undivided attention. He's the most loved one in this building.”以及最后一段中的“Mabry works circles around all the students, cleaning up messes others don't want to touch. He doesn't expect a lot.”可知，Mabry 关心爱护孩子，帮助孩子，是一个善良、热心的人。一个不怕脏不怕累、勤奋工作的人。因此答案为：(Because) he loves/cares about（the）students and works hard. / (Because) he loves the students and devoted to his work. /(Because) he is kind/caring /helping to the students , and hard-working. / (Because) he is regarded as a kind /warm-hearted /helpful/caring and hard-working man.
（5）考查学生的观察综合表达能力。本题的题目：who is the "sunshine" in your life ”谁是你生活中的阳光？只要在生活或学习中帮助过你，关心你、爱护你的，鼓励你，安慰你的都可称为your sunshine。因此答案可为：My father/mother.(Because) he/she loves me and encouraged me when I'm faced/confronted with difficulties. Or: My teacher.(Because) he/she cares about me and prepares me for my future career. Or: My friend.(Because) he/she brings me joy/happiness and gives me a lot of comfort/ help/ encouragement.
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测以及综合表达能力等题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确掌握所给材料，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而做出正确答案。
【答案】9．E；10．G；11．A；12．C；13．F
【知识点】七选五
【解析】【分析】 本文为说明文。在网络课堂上，与教授建立健康的交流模式是非常重要的，作者在文中列举了一些规矩与禁忌。
【点评】本题重在考查上下文之间的逻辑关系，答题时首先浏览文章主旨，并理解各个选项所表达的含义。然后再读短文，选出最能使上下文语义通顺的选项，注意段落大意，空格前后的关键词等信息，完成后要通读一篇，看语义是否通顺，是否符合逻辑，必要的话做适当修改。
9．段中句。根据文章段落结构和本段首句In an online class, developing healthy patterns of communication with professors is very important.可知，在网络课堂上，与教授建立健康交流模式是非常重要的，根据下文中的do's 和 don'ts可知此处此处为文章的主题句，故答案为E。
10．段首句。根据其后一句Questions about subject content are generally welcomed.（与课程内容相关的问题是受欢迎的），解释了什么样的问题是好问题，可知，与G项make sure they are good, thoughtful questions相呼应，要提一些好的令人深思的问题，故答案为G。
11．段中句。根据前一句Participate in discussion forums（论坛）, blogs and other open-ended forums for dialogue可知，要参与论坛讨论、博客和其他开放式的对话论坛。而这正是网络课堂采用的交流的途径，故答案为A。
12．段尾句。根据本段Professors are not trained nurses, financial aid experts or your best friends教授不是训练有素的护士，不是经济援助专家，也不是你最好的朋友，可知，不要分享个人信息或故事，如果他们需要更多信息的话，他们会主动问起的，故答案为C。
13．段中句。通读本段，并根据本段主题句Don't openly express annoyance at a professor or class告诫读者，每个人都可能曾经上过不太好的课，不要在社交媒体上攻击教授，不要公开表达对教授或班级的不满，要利用课程评价冷静地提出你的意见。选答案为F。
14．【答案】G；B；A；E；C
【知识点】七选五
【解析】【分析】这是一篇议论文，谈论动机与目标设立的关系。
（1）段中句。前一句“动机和目标的设定是硬币的两面”，所以可以判断此处论述motivation与goal setting的关系，故答案为G。
（2）段首句。下文中的More than that后面的how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal 是一个特殊疑问句，所以可以判断此处的句式与后面的问句相似，都涉及到“motivate”，故答案为B。
（3）段中句。根据前一句your heart is not in your work，这就会“影响你的工作”，后一句So, slow down and think…提出应对措施，故答案为A。
（4）段中句。根据前一句goals are flexible，选项E中的they与goals对应，change according to circumstances与flexible（灵活的）对应；另外后一句中的also说明此处涉及目标的特点，故答案为E。
（5）段中句。前文提到“想当飞行员但是视力不好”，后一句说“你要重新评估你的目标，激励自己设定新的目标”，所以此处是承上启下的句子，故答案为C。
【点评】这是一篇议论文，重在考查上下文之间的逻辑关系，答题时首先浏览文章主旨，并理解各个选项所表达的含义。然后再读短文，选出最能使上下文语义通顺的选项，注意段落大意，空格前后的关键词等信息，完成后要通读一篇，看语义是否通顺，是否符合逻辑，必要的话做适当修改。
15．【答案】E；A；G；C；D
【知识点】七选五
【解析】【分析】这是一篇议论文，谈论在没有污染的环境中，新鲜空气对人体有好处，能加快病人的康复。
A. Fresh air cleans our lungs. 新鲜的空气清洁我们的肺。
B. So what are you waiting for 所以你在等待什么？
C. Being in nature refreshes us. 待在自然中可以让我们恢复精力。
D. Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight. 得到新鲜空气的另一个好处是阳光。
E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said 但是新鲜的空气真的正如你妈妈经常说的那样对你有好处吗？
F. Just as importantly, we tend to associate air with health care. 同样重要的是，我们倾向于将空气与医疗保健联系起来。
G. All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens. 全国各地的康复中心都开始建造康复花园。
（1）段中句，看前后。根据后一句the answer is a big YES可知此处是一般疑问句，故答案为E。
（2）段首句，看下文。根据后一句If the air you're breathing is clean-which it would be if you're away from the smog of cities-then the air is filled with life-giving，energizing oxygen可知干净的空气富含提神的氧气，这是在解释新鲜空气能清洁我们的肺的原因。故答案为A。
（3）段中句，看前后。根据前文的the connection between the natural world and healing和下文的these places…near nature during their recovery可知此处涉及康复中心这个关键词，故答案为G。
（4）段中句。前文中的tree branches与nature对应，后一句It gives us a great feeling of peace，指在自然中的好处，故答案为C。
（5）段首句，看下文。根据后一句中的the sun's rays可知本段涉及太阳光。故答案为D。
【点评】本题考查对文章的逻辑关系的把握，答题时紧扣上下文的关键词寻找关联信息。
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