状语从句的分类
一. 基本分类
状语从句根据其用途可分为时间状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、目的状语从句、地点状语从句等。
二、状语从句的引导词
从句的分类 从句的引导词 例句
时间状语从句 when/while/as 当……时; before 在……之前 ; after 在……之后 ; since 自从; not... until 直到……才; as soon as 一……就 I was doing my homework when my mother came in. He didn't go to bed until his father came back.
条件状语从句 if 如果; as long as 只要; unless 除非 If it doesn't rain tomorrow, I will go to the park. Unless bad weather stops me, I go for a walk every day.
原因状语从句 because 因为; since 既然; as 由于; for 由于 I like to eat apples because it's good for my health. Since everyone is here, let's begin our meeting.
目的状语从句 so that 以便,为了; in order that/to 为了 He gets up early every morning so that he can catch the first bus.
结果状语从句 so that 结果是; so... that/such... that 如此……以至于 It's so hot outside that nobody wants to go out.
让步状语从句 though/although 尽管,虽然; even if /even though即使; whatever 无论什么;wherever 无论哪里;whenever 无论何时 Wherever you go,I will go with you. Whenever you come,I will wait for you.
比较状语从句 than 比……; as……as 和……一样; not as/so……as不如…… He is as tall as Tom.
地点状语从句 Where……的地方 wherever 无论哪里 Sit wherever you like.
三、用法详解
一、时间状语从句
1) 如表将来时,从句用“一般将来时”,主句可用:祈使句,不表过去时的情态动词或者一般将来时。
I'll ring you up as soon as I get to Beijing. 我一到北京就给你打电话
You may take a rest when you finish doing your work.
Wait for your brother at the bus station until he arrives.
2)而主句若是一般过去时,从句也要用过去时,如:
I would give the money to the charity if I had a million dollars.
When he got to the park, his classmates had left.
3) till / until
都可以作连词,连接时间状语,till在口语中用的较多,句首一般用until,而不用till。not…until… 直到…才…
They walked till /until it was dark. (主句动词是持续动词)
I will read the book until/till I finish it.
Xiao Ming didn’t leave home till / until his father came back. (主句动词是瞬间动词)
4)since引导的时间状语从句,表示“自……以来”,主句用一般现在时或现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。
★特殊句型:主句(现在完成时)+since+从句(一般过去时)
It has been...since + 从句(一般过去时)
It is...since + 从句(一般过去时)
I have lived in Guangzhou since I came here.
It is five years since we met last time.= We met last time five years ago.
(5)by the time 到…为止 (主从句的时态一致;如过去时,看是否一先一后发生,如果先发生的动作,用过去完成时)
By the time I got to school, the class had already begun.
“By the time I __30__ my breakfast, it’s eight o’clock, time to leave for the office.(2011年中考)
30. A. eats B. have eaten C. ate D. was eating
(6)as / when / while的辨析
as / when / while都表示主、从句动作同时发生,三者差异如下:
1)as 表示“一边。。。一边"的意思,强调两个动作同时进行,并表示对比时用于发生时间较段时
2)when 还可以表示从句动词的动作在主从句动词的动作"之前 "或"之后"发生。
eg. When I grow up, I will travel around the world.
We were watching TV when suddenly the light went out.
3)while ①用于时间较长时
②强调两个动作同时进行,并表示对比时
eg. He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.
I was doing my homework while my father was washing his car.
有时这三个连词可以互换,有时不可以。
注意
1. It was raining hard when (as) I got there.(动作同时发生,when可换为as, 但不能换为while,因为get是瞬间动词.)
2. When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.(从句的动作发生在主句之后,只能用when, 并要注意时态)
3. She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.(表转折,对比,when, as都不能代替)
4. Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away.(此时as ,when, while可通用)
二、条件状语从句 连接词:if, unless,as long as (只要)如表将来时,采用主将从现 的原则。
(1) If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.
(2)You will be late unless you leave immediately
= If you don’t leave immediately, you will be late.
在“祈使句+and/or 引导的结果状语从句”中,祈使句在意义上相当于一个条件状语从句。
eg. Use your head, and you'll find a way. 动动脑筋,你就会想出办法来。
三、原因状语从句
原因状语从句通常用because, since 或as引导,这三个词所表示的语气由because 到as逐渐减弱。由why提出的问题用because回答。
—Why are you late 你为什么迟到?
—Because I'm ill. 因为我病了。
(2)如表示的原因是人们已知的事实,用since或as,为“既然”。从句一般放在主句之前。
Since / Now that everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting.表示双方已知的事实或理由,强调未发生的结果。
As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late.表示双方已知的事实或理由,强调已发生或经常发生的结果。
四、目的状语从句
1)引导目的状语从句的词或词组有:so that, so, in order that等,谓语中含有may, might, can, could, will, would 等情态动词。
He must get up early so that he can catch the first bus.
他必须早点起床以便赶上早班车。
当从句主语与主句主语一致时,so that ,in order that 可用 so as to, in order to代替。
He worked day and night in order that he could succeed.
= He worked day and night in order to succeed.
五、结果状语从句
(1) 由so...that, such...that 引导 so...that 与such...that 的区别:
so +形容词或副词+ that
such + a/an( + 形容词) + 可数名词单数 + that '
such( + 形容词) + 可数名词复数 + that .
so +形容词 + a/an + 可数名词单数 + that
eg. She is such a lovely girl that we love her very much.
= She is so lovely a girl that we love her very much.
特殊用法:当名词前有many 或much或few/ little (少的) 修饰时,用so 而不用 such
We have so much time that we can finish the work very well.我们有如此多的时间以至于我们能很好地完成工作。
(2)so...that 结构的否定形式可用too…to…或' not...enough to 结构代替
He is so young that he can't go to school.
= He is too young to go to school.
= He is not old enough to go to school.
他太小了,不能去上学。
六、让步状语从句
让步状语从句中常用连词:though, although
注:though, although都不能和but连用,但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用
Though it was raining hard, he still went out.
==It was raining hard, but he still went out.
状语从句考点链接
一、时间和条件状语从句
1. If you late tomorrow morning, you won’t catch the early bus.
A. get up B. don’t get up C. will get up
2.Ididnt know he came back I met him in the street.
A. since B. when C. until D. after
3.Hurry up! Or you will miss the train. (改为同义句)
you hurry up, you will miss the train.
二、原因状语从句
1. I keep an English diary it helps me improve my writing skill.
A. how B. when C. because D. if
2. his leg was hurt, he walked slowly.
A. Because; so B. Because; / C. Although; but D. Although; /
3. .I collect toys because they are beautiful. (对画线部分提问)
you collect toys
三、让步状语从句
( )1. I will never forget that terrible accident it happened so long ago.
A. only if B. even though
C. only when D. ever since
( )2. it is dark now, the workers go on working there.
A. Though B. Because C. As
四、比较状语从句
比较状语从句一般由as和than引导。
考题链接
( )1. Our village has changed a lot, and it becomes before.
A. so beautiful as B. as beautifully as C. more beautiful than D. much more beautiful
( )12. Don’t just believe the advertisement. That kind of camera is it says.
A. as good as B. not as good as C. as well as D. not as well as
五、结果和目的状语从句
so / such ... that(如此……以致于)引导结果状语从句;so that(以便于,为了)引导结果或目的状语从句。
考题链接
( ) 1. This exercise is difficult .
A. so; that few of us can do B. so; that few of us can do it
C. too; for anyone of us to do D. too; for anyone of us to do it
( ) 2. This math problem is so easy that I can work it out. (改为简单句)
This math problem is to work out.
( )3.You must check your paper carefully there is no mistake in it.
A. so that B. such that C. in order to D. so as to
状语从句训练
【阶梯巩固】
基础篇--- 选择填空:
1. I was listening to the music ________ there was a knock at the door.
A. while B. when C. because D. until
2. You may leave the classroom when you ________ writing.
A. will finish B. are finishing C. have finished D. had finished
3. I don’t know if he ________ tomorrow, if he _________ ,I’ll meet him.
A. will come, comes B. comes, comes C. will come, will come D. come, will come
4. ________ I read, the more I understand.
A. The more B. So much C. How much D. For all
5. She was busy, ________ she couldn’t go to your birthday party last night.
A. and B. so C. or D. but
6. English is ________ a useful language ________ it is spoken in many countries of the world.
A. so…that B. such…that C. so…because D. such…because
7. You will not succeed unless you ________ harder.
A. will work B. won’t work C. work D. don’t work
8. Write clearly ________ your teacher can understand you correctly.
A. since B. for C. because D. so that
9. ________ he failed, he went on doing the experiment.
A. Even B. Yet C. Although D. in spite of
10. The light went out while we ________ supper.
A. had B. had had C. were having D. would have
11. His brother has worked there ________ he left school.
A. when B. after C. since D. until
12. The boy didn’t stop talking ________ the second bell rang.
A. when B. until C. after D. because
13. ________ I came into the office, the teacher were having a meeting.
A. While B. When C. Once D. Since
14. I was about to leave my house ________ the telephone rang.
A. while B. as C. when D. since
15. It is at least ten years ________ these trees were planted.
A. when B. before C. since D. as soon as
16. He will come to call on you the moment he ________ his painting.
A. finished B. will finished C. has finished D. had finished
17. The teacher understands that _______ Maths had always been easy for him, it is not easy for the students
A. since B. unless C. although D. when
18. He ran as fast as possible ________ he could reach school on time.
A. in order to B. so as to C. when D. so that
提高篇----选择最佳答案
1. We'll go for a picnic if it ________ this Sunday.
— Wish you a lovely weekend.
A. rain B. doesn't rain C. won't rain
2. Teresa is ________ nervous ________ she can't talk in front of the class.
A. such, that B. too, to C. so, that
3. -- What's your plan for the summer holidays
--I'll go to Beijing_____ the school term ends.
A. in order that B. so that C. as soon as D. even though
4. — We'll go for a picnic if it ____ this Sunday.
— Wish you a lovely weekend.
A. rain B. doesn't rain C. won't rain
5.I think _____ not difficult _____ English every morning.
A. that; keep reading B.it's; keep reading C. that; to keep reading D.it; to keep reading
6. -- We'll go for a picnic if it _______ this Sunday.
-- Wish you a lovely weekend.
A. rain B. doesn't rain C. won't rain
7. There will be a flower show in the park________ we visited last week.
A. who B. when C. what D. which
8. — If our government _____attention to controlling food safety now, our health _____in danger.
A. won't pay, is B. doesn't pay, is C. won't pay, will be D. doesn't pay, will be
9. —Excuse me Could you wake me up when my friend____ here
—Of course. But we still don't know when your friend _____ here.
A. comes; will come B. comes; comes C. will come; comes D. will come; will come
10. —Do you have Jay's CDs
—Sorry, they are _____. But we'll get some more next week because they _____.
A. sold well; are on sale B. sold out; sell well C. selling well; sell well D. for sale; sell well
11. —Why is Harvey's mother so happy
—Because only three students _____, _____ his son Harvey.
A. failed the exam; besides B. made progress; except C. made progress; including D. passed the exam; without
12. —I want to know when Mr. Brown will arrive.
—When he ________ , I will tell you.
A. will arrive B. arrived C. arrives
13. —I like drinking wine. But people who drink wine aren't allowed to drive.
—If I ________ you, I would give up ________ wine.
A. were; drinking B. am; drinking C. were; drink D. was; to drink
14. ________ I was in the US, I made a lot of American friends.
A. While B. Although C. Unless D. Until
15. What would happen if he ______ back home
A. go B. goes C. went
16. If a polar bear _____, it _____fish from the water.
A. will be hungry; catches B. is hungry; will catch
C. is going to be hungry; catches D. is hungry; won't catch
17. We Will go for a picnic if it _______tomorrow.
A. doesn't rain B. wasn't rainy C. won't rain D. wasn't raining
18.--Do you know if we will go for a picnic this Saturday
--I think we will if we ________ any classes.
A. won ' t have B. didn't' t have C. don't have D. aren ' t having
19.The bus driver always says to us ,“Don't get off________ the bus stops.”
A. when B. while C .until D. if
20. ________ he has little knowledge, the old worker has a lot of experience.
A. Although. B. Because. C. If
21. —Do you have any problems if you ________ five minutes to read
—Well, I'm thinking about the new words. There are too many.
A. give B. are given C. will be given
真题链接
题型一:单项选择和语法填空。
( )___30___ we continue making too much rubbish, the problem will only get worse.
30. A. When B. Whether C. Why D. If
( )23.He has to earn lots of money he can buy his children nice food and clothes.
the holiday 26 differently in different countries 27 each culture has its own
Valentine's Day customs.
( ) 26. A.celebrates B.is celebrating C.celebrate D.is celebrated
( ) 27. A.although B.where C.because D.if
( ) 17. _________ they are very tired, they feel happy because they’ve finally finished their project.
A. So B. Although C. If D. But
“Now tell me what would happen __34__ you woke up in the middle of the night and wanted to know the time.”
( )34. A. if B. that C. why D. how
1. _______ all the passengers are here, why don’t we start at once
A. As soon as B. After C. Now that D. When
2. Bob spends a lot of money on books ______ he is not rich.
A. if B. though C. when D. because
3. You will be able to get good marks ________.
A. while you are doing your homework by yourself. B. if you do some revision every day.
C. before you begin to study hard D. until you follow your teachers’ advice
Some passengers were walking through one of the big halls at Paris’ Charles De Gaulle Airport ______ the whole roof(屋顶) fell down.
A. while B. as soon as C. when D. after
5. A good friend always gives you a helping hand ______ you’re in trouble.
A) when B) before C) until D) though
Step 4:知识点回顾与总结
状语从句的种类有哪一些?引导词有哪一些?_______________________________________
2. 时间状语从句及条件状语从句,在表将来时的时候,主从句的时态应采用______________.
3. 让步状从though与but,原因状从because 与so能否同时用于一个句中?
4. such…that…; so…that..引导的结果状从,so与such的用法区别是___________.
课 后 作 业
一、单项选择题
( )1.---I'm going to Hangzhou for a holiday this weekend.
--- _____ you are there, could you buy me some green tea
A. Because B. While . C. After D. Though
( )2.The train had left the station ______ I got there.
A. as soon as B. by the time C. since D. after
( )3. ______ you go, ______ you do, l will be right here waiting for you.
. A. If; if B. Where; what C. Wherever; whatever
( )4. ______she was tired, ______ she didn't stop to have a rest.
A. /; so B. Although;/ C. Although ; but D. Because; so
( )5.The teacher must speak clearly ______ his students understand him well.
so that B. for C. or D. but
( )6. I won't watch Cartoon World ______ I have finished my dinner.
since B. as C. but D. until
( )7.We'll visit Expo 2010 Shanghai this Sunday _____it rains or it's very hot.
A. since B. if C. unless D. until
( )8. —Your French is so good. How long have you been in France
—_____I was five.
A. Until B. Since C. When D. Before
( )9. ______ time went on, l got to know more and more about him.
Though B.As C. Because D. While
( )10. Work hard, ______you'll pass the English exam this time.
A. or B. but C. because D. and
( )11.Some drivers drive______ fast that they make People______ are trying to cross the street afraid. ,
A. such; that B. even; which C. so; who D. too; whom
( )12.Hurry up, Jack. We have to get to the station before 11 :45 ______we can catch the 12:00 train.
A. since B. after C. as soon as D. so that
( )13.We will have no water to drink ______ we don't protect the earth.
if B. before C. though D. until
( )14.Jane, please turn off the lights ______ you leave the classroom.
A. after B. before C. until D. but
( )15. ______we deal with our problems, we can easily become unhappy.
Unless B. Until C. Though D. Whether
( )16.-Where was your brother at this time last night
-He was writing an e-mail ______ I was watching TV at home.
A. as soon as B. after C. until D. while
( )17.I'm waiting for my friend. _______ ,I'll go shopping alone.
A. If she comes B. If she will come C. If she doesn't come D. If she didn't come
( )18.-What would some students like to do after finishing their education
-They would like to start to work ______they needn't depend on their parents completely.
A. as soon as B. so that C. before D. while
二. 完成句子
1. 只要我们竭尽全力,父母就会满意我们的表现。
Our parents will be pleased with our performance _____ _____ ______ we try our best.
2. 你一到上海就给我打个电话好吗?
Will you please call me ______ ______ ______ you get to Shanghai.
3. 这个七岁的女孩酷爱钢琴,以至于他已经坚持练习两年了。
The seven-year-old girl likes playing the piano ______ ______ ______ she has kept practicing for two years.
4. 虽然她很忙,他还坚持自学英语。
_______ _______ ______ _______, she kept on learning English by herself.
5. 他长大后相当一名记者。
He wants to be a journalist ______ _______ _______ _______.
6. 他完成了作业才会回家。
He __________ ____________ home ___________ he ___________ his homework.
阅读理解
一、语法选择(共15小题,每小题1分,满分15分)
I know a little girl called Lucy. I used to watch her ____1____ basketball every day from my kitchen window. One day I asked her why she practiced so ____2____. She said: “I would like to go to college. The only way is ____3____ a scholarship. I like basketball and I want to be the ____4____ player in the college. And my dad told me if there is a will, there is a way.” She never changed ____5____ mind to be a basketball player.
I watched her through those junior high years and into senior high school. One day before she graduated ____6____ high school, I saw her sitting on the grass ____7____.
I asked her what was wrong. Here was the story. Her coach said she was ____8____ a short girl that she couldn’t be a good basketball player and she should stop ____9____ about going to college. She was heartbroken and ____10____ also made me feel sad.
However, after a while, she smiled and ____11____ me her father thought the coach was wrong. He did not understand the power of dream. Her father said to her: “If you really want to play for the scholarship of a good college, nothing but you yourself can ____12____ your dream.”
The next year, she and her team joined in a big game. She ____13____ by a coach of a famous college team and was offered a scholarship to the ____14____ basketball team of their college. She was about to get the college education ____15____ she had dreamed of and worked towards for all those years.
“If your dream is big enough, the facts don’t count.” It is true.
1. A. to play B. plays C. play D. played
2. A. many B. much C. most D. more
3. A. to get B. get C. got D. gets
4. A. better B. good C. well D. best
5. A. her B. hers C. herself. D. she
6. A. in B. to C. from D. at
7. A. sad B. sadly C. sadness D. sadder
8. A. too B. such C. so D. very
9. A. dream B. to dream C. dreams D. dreaming
10. A. it B. its C. it’s D. these
11. A. tell B. tells C. had told D. told
12. A. stopped B. stop C. stops D. stopping
13. A. saw B. was seeing C. was seen D. see
14. A. women’s B. woman’s C. womans’ D. womens’
15. A. whom B. who C. that D .where
二、完形填空(共10小题,每小题1.5分,满分15分)
Once, in a small village, lived a family with eight children. Two of the children loved ____16____very much. But the family was so poor that it was ____17____to send both of them to study at the art university at the same time. After many discussions, the two boys finally worked out a plan. They would toss(抛) a coin. The loser would go down into the mines (煤矿) with his ____18____ and pay for his brother's fee for the university. And, when the brother who won the toss finished his studies, after four years, he would ____19____ the other brother to study at the university.
James____20____ the toss and Jack went down into the mines. James worked with all his heart and his paintings were even better than those of most of his teachers, and by the time he____21____, he began to make a lot of money.
James ____22____home. When he told Jack to go to the art university, Jack said____23____, "Brother, the four years in the mines has done too much to my hands, so it’s too ____24____.Now I can’t even hold a pen. "
To show his great love and respect, James drew his brother's ____25____with fingers pointing towards the sky. He called his drawing "The Praying Hands", which became very famous later.
16. A. swimming B. skating C. painting D. dancing
17. A. important B. possible C. unimportant D. impossible
18. A. family B. money C. art D. college
19. A. pay B. support C. provide D. feed
20. A.won B. lost C. liked D. accepted
21. A. waited B. graduated C. studied D. worked
22. A. returned B. left C. came D. gathered
23. A. happily B. bravely C. sadly D. angrily
24. A. late B. early C. good D. old
25. A. legs B. feet C. arms D. hands
三、阅读理解(共两题,满分45分)
第一节阅读理解(共20小题,每小题2分,满分40分)
(A)
There’re many rich people in this part of the country because gold was once found here. I was only a small child at that time. Men came from everywhere to look for gold. They bought all the ground near the banks of the river. They made big holes in it, trying to find more gold. Some men found a lot, and others could not find anything at all.
Peter Fullerton was one of those who came to find gold. He bought nearly the last piece of the ground. It was a long way from the river so no one else wanted to buy it. But Peter paid all his money for it. He worked hard month after month until the ground was full of holes. But Peter found nothing.
Then one night, just before he was going to leave, it began to rain. It rained for three days and three nights. When at last the rain stopped, Peter came out of his small wooden house and looked at his piece of ground. It didn't look the same now. The holes were not there anymore. But there were small plants everywhere.
“There may be no gold here,” Peter said, “but this ground is rich. I can grow things here.
I can grow flowers and I can sell them. The women in this town have money now. They have beautiful houses and they will want to put flowers in their houses. If I can grow good flowers here, I will make money, too.” So he did. And soon his piece of ground was covered with beautiful flowers. Later he was able to buy more fields until he owned all the ground near the river.
“I was the only man who found true gold here, ” he often said, “ The others took their gold out of the ground and went away. But my gold is still here.”
26.Why did many people come to this part of the country
A. To buy the wooden houses. B. To sell gold.
C. To dig for gold. D. To buy and sell gold.
27. What was the difference between Peter's ground and the other people's grounds
A. It was near the bank of the river. B. There was only a little gold in it.
C. It was covered by holes. D. It was far away from the river.
28.________ stopped Peter from leaving the ground.
A. The small wooden house B. A new idea of growing flowers
C. The small plants after the rain D. The heavy rain
29. What did Peter mean when he said, "But my gold is still here"
A. He became the richest man. B. He could stay here forever.
C. He enjoyed flowers. D. He made money from flowers year after year.
30. What does the writer want to tell us in this passage
A. Peter was successful in planting flowers. B. Peter became richer than any other people here.
C. Peter owned a lot of fields at last. D. Peter found the best way to grow flowers
(B)
John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California on February 27, 1902. He attended Salinas High School between 1915 and 1919. At the age of 18, he studied marine (海洋的) biology at Stanford University but he left in 1925 without finishing his degree.
He began to write. And in his books, Steinbeck wrote about the hard lives of migrant(移居的) workers and the strength of the human spirit. At various times, during his early years of writing, Steinbeck also did various jobs to make a living. Hard lives could be read in his novels here and there.
Over his lifetime he wrote a lot of fiction and non-fiction. Of Mice and Men (1937) became Steinbeck’s first big success. His novel The Grapes of Wrath, which was published in 1939, brought him even greater success. A year later he won the Pulitzer Prize for this novel. It is also for this novel that he is best remembered. Many of his books have been put on films and theatres. The latest film version(版本) of one of his stories is Of Mice and Men, which was made in 1992.
Steinbeck was first married to Carol Henning in 1930. The marriage lasted for 12 years. In 1943 Steinbeck moved to New York City and he lived there for the rest of his life. He married the singer Gwyndonlyn Conger in 1943 and had two sons, Tom, born in 1944, and John, born in 1946. Steinbeck and his second wife divorced in 1948 and two years later he married his third wife, Elaine Scott.
In 1962 Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. And in 1964 President Lyndon B. Johnson presented him with the United States Medal of Freedom.
Steinbeck died of a heart attack in New York on December 20, 1968.
31. The passage tells us mainly about________.
A. Steinbeck’s life B. Steinbeck’s marriage
C. Steinbeck’s success D. Steinbeck’s novels.
32. Steinbeck achieved his first success in ________.
A. 1929 B. 1937 C. 1939 D. 1964
33. In paragraph 3, the underlined word “which” refers to“________”.
A. the latest film B. his stories
C. Of Mice and Men D. The Grapes of Wrath
34. In what order did the following things take place
a. Steinbeck lived in New York City. b. Steinbeck married Carol Henning.
c. Steinbeck received the United States Medal of Freedom. d. Steinbeck left Stanford University.
e. Steinbeck won the Pulitzer Prize.
A. a-d-b-e-c B. d-b-e-a-c C. d-c-b-e-a D. d-e-b-a-c
35. What can we infer from the passage
A. Steinbeck became very famous as a writer when he was still a university student.
B. Steinbeck divorced three times during his life.
C. Steinbeck cared a lot for the lives of workers.
D. Steinbeck won the Nobel Prize in Literature after he died.
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