人教版（新课程标准）必修1 Unit 4 Earthquakes单元重难点词汇课堂课件（71张ppt）
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| 名称 | 人教版（新课程标准）必修1 Unit 4 Earthquakes单元重难点词汇课堂课件（71张ppt） |  | |
| 格式 | ppt | ||
| 文件大小 | 34.8MB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（新课程标准） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-01-22 13:53:29 | ||
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(共71张PPT)
教材版本：人教
册别单元：B1U4
A word is a microcosm of human consciousness. — Vygotsky
event
ruin, damage, destroy
shock
trap
shelter
judge
express
辨析义
一词多义
一词多义
一词多义
一词多义 英语释义
一词多义
熟词生义
重难点词
辨析义
精准的汉语释义
“事儿”真多！event affair incident matter …
event
世界上时时刻刻都在发生这样那样的事情，上到国家大事，下到你我身边的琐碎小事，都是event吗？表示“事件；事情”的词还有很多，比如accident, incident, matter, affair。你清楚这些“事儿”吗？
event
1. 借助英语释义准确理解和掌握event的第一层释义；
2. 通过辨析和典型例句辨清event与其近义词的 精准释义和用法，培养精准用词的意识。
教学建议
学习建议
重大事件；(发生的) 事情 sth happens, especially sth important or unusual：
It is easy to be wise after the event. 事后诸葛亮人人都会做。
We supported each other financially and by showing up at events. 我们不仅在财力上，还通过参加重要活动来相互支持。 2017 全国
借助英语释义准确理解其内涵
n [C]
event
辨accident, incident, event
三者都含有“事件”之意。
accident 多指偶然或意外发生的不幸的事情。
a traffic accident 交通事故
incident 既可指小事件或小插曲，又可指政治上有影响的事件或事变。
He could remember every incident in great detail. 他能把每件小事的细节都记得很清楚。
the Lugouqiao Incident 卢沟桥事变
event 尤指历史上的重大事件，还可以表示国际、国内的大事以及体育比赛项目。
the chief events of 2014 2014年的大事件
The 800 metres is not his best event. 800米不是他的最强项。
辨matter, affair, event
三者都有“事情”之意。
matter 通常指客观存在的或有待处理的问题，常用于“a matter of”结构中。
It is a matter of time. 这是个时间问题。
We have several important matters to deal with at our next meeting. 下次会议我们有几件重要的事情要处理。
辨matter, affair, event
affair 可用于描述严肃认真的公共或政治“事务”；也可描述与个人生活密切相关的“小事”。
foreign affairs 外交事务
We are friends, but I don’t know much about their private affairs. 尽管我们是朋友，可我并不太了解他们的私生活。
辨matter, affair, event
event 通常指“重要事件”、“大事”。
The election was the main event of 2016. 选举是2016年的大事。
比赛项目；体育比赛：
a team event 团体赛项目
field and track events 田径赛项目
The first time Venus played in a big event was in 1996. 维纳斯首次参加大型联赛是在1996年。北师大① – 2
The 2008 Olympic Games is the biggest sporting event ever held in Beijing. 2008年奥运会是北京有史以来举办的最大规模的体育赛事。
at all events / in any event 不论怎样；无论如何：
At all events we will carry the struggle through to the end. 无论如何我们都会拼搏到底。
in the event 结果；到头来：
I got very nervous about the exam, but in the event, I needn’t have worried; it was really easy. 我对考试提心吊胆，但其实我本不必担心，这次考试的确很容易。
in the event of / that 如果……发生；倘若：
In the event of an accident, call this number.万一发生事故就打这个电话。
In the event that she has not been informed, I will tell her. 如果她还不知道，我会告诉她的。
1. During my first quarter at University of California, Riverside (UCR), I thought that I wanted to study Political Science with its focus on International __________, so that’s what I applied for (申请). (2016 浙江)
2. A boy fell down while riding a shared bike and died in Zhengzhou, Henan Province. Witnesses (目击者) said he and other boys were riding ofo bicycles on a steep (陡的) road, when the ___________ happened on Sunday.
3. Some 10,000 Baotou residents (居民) gathered at Baotou Olympic Center for a weekly walking and cycling ___________ on July 1, reports Baotou Daily.
accident, incident, event, matter, affair
选词填空。
affairs
accident
event
练一练
4. Pictures taken of both Trump’s inauguration (就职典礼) and Obama’s in 2009, seem to show the crowd was much smaller for Mr Trump’s ___________. So Trump has accused (指责) the media of not being truthful about the number of people that attended his inauguration.
5. Police said she had been in the hospital since the July 15 ___________.
6. Alia Baker is a librarian in Iraq. Her library used to be a meeting place for all who loved books and liked to share knowledge. They discussed various (各种各样的) ___________ all over the world. (2017 浙江)
event
incident
matters
辨析ruin，damage，destroy
damage和destroy可谓是形影不离的好朋友，想表达遭到破坏到底用哪个词才对呢？我们先来看一篇学生习作。
老师神点评，一针见血点出了问题：孩子你用错词啦！那如何最便捷、精准地区分damage 和destroy呢？方法就是只需牢记这两个词精准的汉语释义！
◆ damage的名词和动词都侧重“损”，表示可修复；
◆ destroy侧重“毁”，表示不可修复。
n
[U] 损害；损坏；损失 harm or injury caused when sth is broken or spoiled：
He was hit by a car and suffered serious brain damage. 他被车撞了，脑部严重损伤。
do / cause damage to:
The problem is clear: man has done great damage to his home over the years. 问题显而易见：多年来，人类已经严重破坏了自己的家园。 2008 全国
The heavy rain had caused serious damage to the roof. 大雨严重损坏了房顶。
[C] [复数] 损害赔偿金：
He was ordered to pay damages of $30,000. 他被责令支付3万美元的损害赔偿金。
damage / /
vt 损害；损坏：
Don’t damage your health for a good figure. 不要为了好身材而损害健康。
My car was badly damaged, but luckily the kids were not seriously hurt. 我的车受损严重，但庆幸的是孩子们伤得并不重。
侧重 “损”，可修复
毁坏；摧毁；毁掉 to damage sth so badly that it can no longer be used or no longer exists：
The building was completely destroyed by fire. 那座楼被火彻底烧毁了。
Everywhere they looked nearly everything was destroyed. 他们所见之处几乎一切尽毁。 人教① – 4
destroy sb’s confidence / hope / faith 毁掉某人的信心 / 希望 / 信仰
消灭；杀死：
The dog attacked a child and had to be destroyed.
那只狗袭击了一个小孩，所以要被杀掉。
侧重 “毁”，无法修复
destroy / st /
vt
ruin也有(完全地)毁坏的意思，下面这张图里，“被雨水毁了的头发”，用哪个词呢？
The rain ruined my hair. 这场雨毁了我的头发。
头发还在，只是“美好的发型”被毁了。
在这里，理解英文释义也很重要。
◆ destroy: to damage sth so badly that it can no longer be used or no longer exists
◆ ruin: to damage sth so badly that it loses all its value, pleasure, etc.
vt
糟蹋；(完全地) 毁坏 to damage sth so badly that it loses all its value, pleasure, etc.：
Don’t let a small disagreement ruin your friendship.
不要让小小的分歧破坏你们的友谊。 译林⑤ – 1
She returned home and found all her furniture had been ruined by the flood.
她回家后发现家具全被洪水给毁了。 外研③ – 3
使破产 to make sb lose all his / her money：
If she loses the court case it will ruin her.
如果败诉，她就倾家荡产了。
英语释义帮助理解。强调“毁坏”，使美好的事物失去用途或优良特性，不能恢复
ruin / /
n
[U] 毁灭；破产：
the ruin of civilization 文明的毁灭
financial ruin 破产
fall in / into ruin 灭亡；荒废
[C] [常用复数] 废墟；遗迹；残余：
the ruins of Rome 古罗马遗迹
抽象名词具体化
in ruins 成废墟；严重受损：
When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in ruins. 当他们第二天回到罗卡韦，他们发现他们的社区已沦为一片废墟。 2016 北京
重要词块，高考中曾出现
[分词形容词，且只用于名词前]毁坏了的；严重受损的
词汇拓展
adj
ruined / /
小结
运用精准的汉语释义和英语释义区分ruin, damage和destroy。
◆ damage 的名词和动词都侧重“损”，表示可修复，常和badly、seriously等副词搭配；
◆ destroy 侧重“毁”，表示不可修复，不复存在，常和completely、entirely等副词搭配；
◆ ruin 侧重“毁坏”，使美好的事物失去用途或优良特性，尽管此 物仍然存在。
ruin damage destroy
练一练
1) The bus was badly ______________ when it hit the wall.
2) The building was completely ______________ by fire.
3) It poured with rain and my dress got ______________.
4) This illnesss has _____________ my life.
5) Ninety percent of their island was ______________ and they had nothing. (2012 山东)
6) The homeless shelter was entirely ______________ in the huge earthquake.
一、从方框中选择合适的单词填空。
damaged
destroyed
ruined
ruined
destroyed
destroyed
1) The bad weather __________________ (毁了我们的旅行).
1. Too much packaging is ______________________________ (对……造成严重损坏) the environment. (2010 山东)
2. A number of paintings in this castle are believed to ___________________ (被毁掉) in a fire in 2009. (2011 湖北完成句子)
二、根据所给汉语提示完成下列句子。
doing / causing serious damage to
have been destroyed
ruined our trip
shock
龟派气功是日本动漫《龙珠》中的主角孙悟空常用的威力强大的一种招数，龟仙人所创的绝技，使用时双手合成花萼状放在腰间，在双手掌心聚出一个光球。打出时为一个蓝光弹，通常都有一条尾巴，像流星一样。
而龟派气功其实就是一种气的冲击波shock wave，利用气的“冲击 / 撞击”给对手造成伤害。
shock
n
[C] & [U] (爆炸、地震等引起的) 剧烈震动；冲击：
the shock wave 冲击波
The shock of the earthquake was felt miles away.
地震引起的震动在数英里之外都能感觉得到。
/F k/
[C] 电击；触电 (electric shock)：
Don’t touch that wire or you’ll get a shock.
别碰那根线，否则你会触电的。
掌握词块：
get a shock
[U] & [C] [常用单数] (精神上的) 震惊；打击；令人震惊的事：
Mom hasn’t gotten over the shock of Dad’s death.
妈妈还没有从爸爸去世的打击中恢复过来。
It came as a shock to hear that the factory would have to close.
听说工厂要关闭，人们感到很震惊。
掌握词块：
shock of, come as a shock
[U] 休克：
She was taken to hospital suffering from shock.
她因休克被送往医院。
culture shock 文化冲击
小贴士：
医学中“休克”由英语shock音译而来，用以表示人体受创伤后的一种危重状态。
vt 使震惊；使气愤：
The news of Scott’s death shocked the world.
斯科特的死讯让整个世界为之震惊。 北师大③ – 8
He seems to enjoy shocking people.
他好像以冒犯他人为乐。
词汇拓展
shocked adj 震惊的；愤慨的：
a shocked look / expression
惊讶的样子 / 表情
They were deeply shocked at / by her behaviour. 她的行为让他们深感气愤。
shocking adj 令人震惊的；令人憎恶的：
shocking news
令人震惊的消息
掌握
be shocked at / by
小贴士：
shocked和shocking是动词shock的分词形容词，表示感受，注意二者的区别。
/F kt/
/5F kIN /
一、写出下列句子中shock的汉语释义。
1. Is it a shock to the industry, which fiercely fights every tax increase. (2009 山东) ____________
2. It was such a shock when they announced the winner was Cart. ____________
练一练
二、在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
They will get ____________ shock when they get this bill.
2. The parents were ____________ (shock) by the news that their son needed an operation on his knee. (2013 重庆)
3. The ____________ (shock) news made me realize what terrible problems we would face. (2011 北京)
a
shocked
shocking
震撼 / 冲击
震惊
trap
《生活大爆炸》中Sheldon多次引用“It’s a trap!”，模仿《星球大战》中的阿克巴上将。
《星球大战6 (绝地归来)》中，阿克巴上将在一次战役归来时发现自己中了帝国伏击舰队的圈套，说出了 “It’s a trap! (这是个陷阱)”。阿克巴上将这句略带喜感的台词后来成为了经典，被广大《星球大战》的粉丝所熟知。
隐喻 (metaphor)
由于两个事物在特征上存在某一类似之处，而用指一个事物的词来指另一个事物，这种词义的演变方式叫做隐喻。隐喻是以“相似”(likeness) 和“联想”(association) 为基础的，任何两个事物只要存在着外在的、内在的、空间的相似性 (similarity)，都能够产生隐喻性语义。例如：由于梳齿的形状像牙齿，所以通过联想可以用teeth这个词来指梳子的齿：the teeth of a comb。
英语词汇中大量的语义演变是通过隐喻方式进行的。
trap
n [C]
(捕鸟兽的) 陷阱；夹子；罗网：
set / lay / place a trap for mice
设夹子捉老鼠
(陷害人的) 圈套；诡计：
fall into / get out of a trap
落入 / 摆脱圈套
基本义
由物到人
/trAp/
牢笼；困境：
the unemployment trap
失业困境
Some people feel that marriage is a trap.
有些人认为婚姻是牢笼。
由具象到抽象
vt
设陷阱捕捉；夹住；卡住：
It’s cruel to trap birds.
捕鸟是残忍的。
I trapped my coat in the car door.
我的外衣被车门夹住了。
把…困住；使陷入困境：
Having been trapped in traffic, he was late for work.
因为交通堵塞，他上班迟到了。 译林⑦ – 4
通过名词帮助理解动词释义
基本义
由物到人；由具象到抽象
留存；储存 (气体 / 水等)：
Because of the greenhouse effect the Earth is warmed
by gases trapped in the atmosphere.
由于温室效应，储存在大气层中的气体使地球变暖。
北师大⑧ – 22
由物到物
一、根据句意选出trap的最佳释义。
a. (捕捉鸟兽的) 陷阱；夹子；罗网
b. (陷害人的) 圈套；诡计
c. 牢笼；困境
_______ 1. She set a trap for him and he had walked straight into it.
_______ 2. The only way to catch mice is to set a trap.
_______ 3. I’ll describe some situations that commonly arise between teenagers and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap. (2010 湖北改)
练一练
b
a
c
二、根据句意写出下列句子中trap的汉语释义。
1. She felt trapped in her role of wife and mother. __________
2. The consequences could be serious if we don’t keep reducing emissions (排放) of CO2 and other greenhouse gases that are trapping heat in our atmosphere. (2009 福建阅读改)
__________
3. I was trapped into signing my name. _________________
使陷入困境
储存
使中计 / 使陷入圈套
《茅屋为秋风所破歌》
唐 杜甫
八月秋高风怒号，卷我屋上三重茅。 茅飞渡江洒江郊，高者挂罥长林梢，下者飘转沉塘坳。 南村群童欺我老无力，忍能对面为盗贼。 公然抱茅入竹去，唇焦口燥呼不得，归来倚杖自叹息。 俄顷风定云墨色，秋天漠漠向昏黑。 布衾多年冷似铁，娇儿恶卧踏里裂。 床头屋漏无干处，雨脚如麻未断绝。 自经丧乱少睡眠，长夜沾湿何由彻！ 安得广厦千万间，大庇天下寒士俱欢颜，风雨不动安如山！ 呜呼，何时眼前突兀见此屋，吾庐独破受冻死亦足！
shelter
《茅屋为秋风所破歌》是唐代诗人杜甫的一首古诗。此诗叙述作者的茅屋被秋风所破以致全家遭雨淋的痛苦经历，抒发了自己内心的感慨，体现了诗人忧国忧民的崇高思想境界，是杜诗中的典范之作。其中的“安得广厦千万间，大庇天下寒士俱欢颜”更是广为传颂 ，这句诗英文翻译是Oh，for a great mansion with thousands of rooms, all the poor on earth could find welcome shelter.
shelter词源
研究词源后不难发现，shelter名词的词源义是“提供保护的建筑物”。
提供保护的建筑物（基本义）
遮盖物；躲避处；避难所
居所；住处：
为人们提供长期遮风避雨的地方
为人们提供暂时的遮风避雨或避难的地方
保护；掩蔽；庇护
shelter 的语义网络
由具体到抽象
vt 掩蔽；保护；为…提供避难所（由名词 到动词）
vi 躲避；避难（由名词 到动词）
shelter
■ n
[C] 遮盖物；躲避处；避难所：
We should find a shelter from the wind. 我们应该找个避风的地方。
Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. 救援人员为那些家园被毁的幸存者盖起了避难所。 人教① – 4
/5FeltE(r)/
[U] 居所；住处：
Food, clothing, fuel and shelter are the four most basic human needs. 食品、衣物、燃料和住所是人类最基本的四种需求。2011 湖北改
[U] 保护；掩蔽；庇护：
find / take shelter from the rain 避雨
They were standing under the shelter of a huge tree. 他们站在一棵大树下躲着。
■ v
vt 掩蔽；保护；为…提供避难所：
Graduation represents moving from the sheltered life of high school into the real world. 毕业意味着从受保护的中学生活中进入到现实世界之中。
shelter ... from:
Trees were planted to shelter this area from strong sand storms.
种植树木以使这个地区免受强沙的侵袭。
vi 躲避；避难：
We sat in the shade, sheltering from the sun.
我们坐在阴凉处躲避日晒。
一、英译汉。
to take shelter from the storm ______________________
2. food and shelter______________________
3. a homeless shelter ______________________
二、汉译英。
1. 备受呵护的生活______________________
2. 动物收容所 ______________________
3. 在……的庇护下______________________
4. 躲避…… (n) ______________________
躲避暴风雨
under the shelter of
take shelter from
an sheltered life
食物和住处
无家可归者的收容所
an animal shelter
练一练
三、根据提示完成下列句子。
1. He is trying to __________________________ (庇护他弟弟不受责备). (v)
2. I was dressed heavily and _________________________(在寒风凛冽的天气里受到了很好的庇护). (freezing and blowing) (2014 四川阅读改)
3. He ____________________________ (避雨) under a bridge.
shelter his brother from blame
well sheltered from the freezing and blowing weather
found / took shelter from the rain / sheltered from the rain
judge
词源解读
judge
V
vi & vt 判断 to form an opinion about sb / sth：
Judging from her accent, she must be from Sichuan.
听口音，她准是四川人。
Judging by his last letter, they are having a wonderful time.
从他上次的来信看，他们过得很不错。
vt 估计 to guess the size, amount, etc. of sth：
It’s difficult to judge how long the journey will take.
很难估计这段旅程要花多长时间。
vt & vi 评价 to be critical about sb, to decide
whether sb is good or bad：
I’ve learnt a good lesson: not to judge people.
我吸取了有益的教训：不要对他人品头论足。 2010 北京
I’m in no position to judge whether what she is doing is right or wrong. 我无权评价她正在做的事是对还是错。
vt & vi 裁判；评判：
She was asked to judge the English speech
contest. 她应邀担任英语演讲比赛的裁判。
vt 审判；判决：
judge a case / judge sb guilty 判案 / 判某人有罪
n [C] 法官；裁判员；鉴定人：
The prisoner was taken before the judge.
犯人被带到法官面前。
Two hours later, the judge read a list of the girls for a second tryout.
两小时后，裁判宣读了参加第二轮选拔的女孩的名单。 2008 天津
judg(e)ment
n
[U] 判断力；辨别力 the ability to form opinions or to make sensible decisions：
He showed excellent judgement in choosing a friend. 他在择友方面表现出了敏锐的判断力。
[C] & [U] 意见；看法；评价 an opinion that
you form after thinking carefully：
make a judgement on / about 对……作出评价
In her judgment, it was a wrong thing to give
children so much pocket money.
在她看来，给孩子们这么多零花钱是不对的。
[C] & [U] 审判
词汇拓展
一、根据句意写出画线部分的汉语释义。
__________ 1. As far as I can judge, all of them are to blame.
__________ 2. I had the difficult task of judging the competition.
__________ 3. He just accepts people for what they are and he doesn’t
judge them.
__________ 4. I judged him to be about 50.
__________ 5. The judge sentenced him to five years in prison.
判断
裁判
评价
估计
法官
二、在空白处填入1个适当的单词或用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空。
In the special class, they showed little ability to use their own
___________ (judge), relying heavily on their teachers’ directions.
2. The crowd around me were obviously enjoying their day, ___________
(judge) by their happy faces and the sense of excitement.
3. He refused to make a judgment ___________ the situation.
judg(e)ment
judging
about / on
随着网购的普及，快递行业遍地开花，随处可见快递小哥开着电动三轮的身影。快递公司名字五花八门，比如顺丰、韵达、圆通、申通等等，你知道它们的英文名字吗？
express
快递公司英文名字中都含有“Express”一词。“express”在本单元中是“表示；表达”之意，它还有“快递”之意！
SF Express 顺丰速运
EMS (Express Mail Service)
邮政快递(邮政特快专递服务)
ZJS Express 宅急送
STO Express 申通快递
Yunda Express 韵达快递
YTO Express 圆通快递
ZTO Express 中通快递
express词源及语义发展
ex- (out 出来) + press (挤) express把 (思想) 挤出来 → 表达
当我们明确想到达某一个地方，我们不会选择每一站都停的汽车/火车，我们会选择目的指向明确的汽车/火车 → express 直达列车；快车
我们所表达的每一点都指向某一个目的 → express 特别的，为了某种目的
express词源
快件是从寄信人直达收信人，不经过转手的信件 → express 快递服务
express
vt
表达；表示：
Words can’t express how excited I was! 我当时激动的心情难以言表。 译林② – 3
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. 表达观点的能力和观点本身同样重要。2011 湖南
He cannot express himself clearly in English. 他不能用英语清楚地表达自己的意思。
On behalf of our school, I would like to express our warm welcome to you. 我代表我校，向您表示热烈的欢迎。 2014 陕西书面表达
(AmE) 特快发送：
express a package 把包裹特快发送
express oneself 表达自己的思想
这个表达很形象，对应汉语中的“难以言表”、“语言无法表达”。
生义，着重记忆
/Ik5spres/
adj
[只用于名词前] 特快的；快递的：
an express train 特快 / 直达列车
Here is your express mail from New York.
这是你来自纽约的快件。
n
[C] 特快列车：
the 8:00 am express to Edinburgh
早上8点开往爱丁堡的快车
travel by express 乘快车旅行
[U] 快送；快递服务：
I sent the letter by express.
我这封信寄的是快递。
同族词
express, expression, expressionless (无表情的), expressive, expressiveness (表情丰富)
根据汉语提示，完成下列句子。
1. My life improved greatly when I discovered art. The art world gave me a chance to _______________ (表达自己的思想) without words. (2016 天津改)
2. There are many ways to _______________________ (表达想法和意见) — music, acting, drawing, building, photography. (2014 全国)
3. _________________ (无法言表) how we felt. We were all very excited. There were cheers and tears, hugs and kisses.
Words can’t express
express thoughts and ideas
express myself
教材版本：人教
册别单元：B1U4
A word is a microcosm of human consciousness. — Vygotsky
event
ruin, damage, destroy
shock
trap
shelter
judge
express
辨析义
一词多义
一词多义
一词多义
一词多义 英语释义
一词多义
熟词生义
重难点词
辨析义
精准的汉语释义
“事儿”真多！event affair incident matter …
event
世界上时时刻刻都在发生这样那样的事情，上到国家大事，下到你我身边的琐碎小事，都是event吗？表示“事件；事情”的词还有很多，比如accident, incident, matter, affair。你清楚这些“事儿”吗？
event
1. 借助英语释义准确理解和掌握event的第一层释义；
2. 通过辨析和典型例句辨清event与其近义词的 精准释义和用法，培养精准用词的意识。
教学建议
学习建议
重大事件；(发生的) 事情 sth happens, especially sth important or unusual：
It is easy to be wise after the event. 事后诸葛亮人人都会做。
We supported each other financially and by showing up at events. 我们不仅在财力上，还通过参加重要活动来相互支持。 2017 全国
借助英语释义准确理解其内涵
n [C]
event
辨accident, incident, event
三者都含有“事件”之意。
accident 多指偶然或意外发生的不幸的事情。
a traffic accident 交通事故
incident 既可指小事件或小插曲，又可指政治上有影响的事件或事变。
He could remember every incident in great detail. 他能把每件小事的细节都记得很清楚。
the Lugouqiao Incident 卢沟桥事变
event 尤指历史上的重大事件，还可以表示国际、国内的大事以及体育比赛项目。
the chief events of 2014 2014年的大事件
The 800 metres is not his best event. 800米不是他的最强项。
辨matter, affair, event
三者都有“事情”之意。
matter 通常指客观存在的或有待处理的问题，常用于“a matter of”结构中。
It is a matter of time. 这是个时间问题。
We have several important matters to deal with at our next meeting. 下次会议我们有几件重要的事情要处理。
辨matter, affair, event
affair 可用于描述严肃认真的公共或政治“事务”；也可描述与个人生活密切相关的“小事”。
foreign affairs 外交事务
We are friends, but I don’t know much about their private affairs. 尽管我们是朋友，可我并不太了解他们的私生活。
辨matter, affair, event
event 通常指“重要事件”、“大事”。
The election was the main event of 2016. 选举是2016年的大事。
比赛项目；体育比赛：
a team event 团体赛项目
field and track events 田径赛项目
The first time Venus played in a big event was in 1996. 维纳斯首次参加大型联赛是在1996年。北师大① – 2
The 2008 Olympic Games is the biggest sporting event ever held in Beijing. 2008年奥运会是北京有史以来举办的最大规模的体育赛事。
at all events / in any event 不论怎样；无论如何：
At all events we will carry the struggle through to the end. 无论如何我们都会拼搏到底。
in the event 结果；到头来：
I got very nervous about the exam, but in the event, I needn’t have worried; it was really easy. 我对考试提心吊胆，但其实我本不必担心，这次考试的确很容易。
in the event of / that 如果……发生；倘若：
In the event of an accident, call this number.万一发生事故就打这个电话。
In the event that she has not been informed, I will tell her. 如果她还不知道，我会告诉她的。
1. During my first quarter at University of California, Riverside (UCR), I thought that I wanted to study Political Science with its focus on International __________, so that’s what I applied for (申请). (2016 浙江)
2. A boy fell down while riding a shared bike and died in Zhengzhou, Henan Province. Witnesses (目击者) said he and other boys were riding ofo bicycles on a steep (陡的) road, when the ___________ happened on Sunday.
3. Some 10,000 Baotou residents (居民) gathered at Baotou Olympic Center for a weekly walking and cycling ___________ on July 1, reports Baotou Daily.
accident, incident, event, matter, affair
选词填空。
affairs
accident
event
练一练
4. Pictures taken of both Trump’s inauguration (就职典礼) and Obama’s in 2009, seem to show the crowd was much smaller for Mr Trump’s ___________. So Trump has accused (指责) the media of not being truthful about the number of people that attended his inauguration.
5. Police said she had been in the hospital since the July 15 ___________.
6. Alia Baker is a librarian in Iraq. Her library used to be a meeting place for all who loved books and liked to share knowledge. They discussed various (各种各样的) ___________ all over the world. (2017 浙江)
event
incident
matters
辨析ruin，damage，destroy
damage和destroy可谓是形影不离的好朋友，想表达遭到破坏到底用哪个词才对呢？我们先来看一篇学生习作。
老师神点评，一针见血点出了问题：孩子你用错词啦！那如何最便捷、精准地区分damage 和destroy呢？方法就是只需牢记这两个词精准的汉语释义！
◆ damage的名词和动词都侧重“损”，表示可修复；
◆ destroy侧重“毁”，表示不可修复。
n
[U] 损害；损坏；损失 harm or injury caused when sth is broken or spoiled：
He was hit by a car and suffered serious brain damage. 他被车撞了，脑部严重损伤。
do / cause damage to:
The problem is clear: man has done great damage to his home over the years. 问题显而易见：多年来，人类已经严重破坏了自己的家园。 2008 全国
The heavy rain had caused serious damage to the roof. 大雨严重损坏了房顶。
[C] [复数] 损害赔偿金：
He was ordered to pay damages of $30,000. 他被责令支付3万美元的损害赔偿金。
damage / /
vt 损害；损坏：
Don’t damage your health for a good figure. 不要为了好身材而损害健康。
My car was badly damaged, but luckily the kids were not seriously hurt. 我的车受损严重，但庆幸的是孩子们伤得并不重。
侧重 “损”，可修复
毁坏；摧毁；毁掉 to damage sth so badly that it can no longer be used or no longer exists：
The building was completely destroyed by fire. 那座楼被火彻底烧毁了。
Everywhere they looked nearly everything was destroyed. 他们所见之处几乎一切尽毁。 人教① – 4
destroy sb’s confidence / hope / faith 毁掉某人的信心 / 希望 / 信仰
消灭；杀死：
The dog attacked a child and had to be destroyed.
那只狗袭击了一个小孩，所以要被杀掉。
侧重 “毁”，无法修复
destroy / st /
vt
ruin也有(完全地)毁坏的意思，下面这张图里，“被雨水毁了的头发”，用哪个词呢？
The rain ruined my hair. 这场雨毁了我的头发。
头发还在，只是“美好的发型”被毁了。
在这里，理解英文释义也很重要。
◆ destroy: to damage sth so badly that it can no longer be used or no longer exists
◆ ruin: to damage sth so badly that it loses all its value, pleasure, etc.
vt
糟蹋；(完全地) 毁坏 to damage sth so badly that it loses all its value, pleasure, etc.：
Don’t let a small disagreement ruin your friendship.
不要让小小的分歧破坏你们的友谊。 译林⑤ – 1
She returned home and found all her furniture had been ruined by the flood.
她回家后发现家具全被洪水给毁了。 外研③ – 3
使破产 to make sb lose all his / her money：
If she loses the court case it will ruin her.
如果败诉，她就倾家荡产了。
英语释义帮助理解。强调“毁坏”，使美好的事物失去用途或优良特性，不能恢复
ruin / /
n
[U] 毁灭；破产：
the ruin of civilization 文明的毁灭
financial ruin 破产
fall in / into ruin 灭亡；荒废
[C] [常用复数] 废墟；遗迹；残余：
the ruins of Rome 古罗马遗迹
抽象名词具体化
in ruins 成废墟；严重受损：
When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in ruins. 当他们第二天回到罗卡韦，他们发现他们的社区已沦为一片废墟。 2016 北京
重要词块，高考中曾出现
[分词形容词，且只用于名词前]毁坏了的；严重受损的
词汇拓展
adj
ruined / /
小结
运用精准的汉语释义和英语释义区分ruin, damage和destroy。
◆ damage 的名词和动词都侧重“损”，表示可修复，常和badly、seriously等副词搭配；
◆ destroy 侧重“毁”，表示不可修复，不复存在，常和completely、entirely等副词搭配；
◆ ruin 侧重“毁坏”，使美好的事物失去用途或优良特性，尽管此 物仍然存在。
ruin damage destroy
练一练
1) The bus was badly ______________ when it hit the wall.
2) The building was completely ______________ by fire.
3) It poured with rain and my dress got ______________.
4) This illnesss has _____________ my life.
5) Ninety percent of their island was ______________ and they had nothing. (2012 山东)
6) The homeless shelter was entirely ______________ in the huge earthquake.
一、从方框中选择合适的单词填空。
damaged
destroyed
ruined
ruined
destroyed
destroyed
1) The bad weather __________________ (毁了我们的旅行).
1. Too much packaging is ______________________________ (对……造成严重损坏) the environment. (2010 山东)
2. A number of paintings in this castle are believed to ___________________ (被毁掉) in a fire in 2009. (2011 湖北完成句子)
二、根据所给汉语提示完成下列句子。
doing / causing serious damage to
have been destroyed
ruined our trip
shock
龟派气功是日本动漫《龙珠》中的主角孙悟空常用的威力强大的一种招数，龟仙人所创的绝技，使用时双手合成花萼状放在腰间，在双手掌心聚出一个光球。打出时为一个蓝光弹，通常都有一条尾巴，像流星一样。
而龟派气功其实就是一种气的冲击波shock wave，利用气的“冲击 / 撞击”给对手造成伤害。
shock
n
[C] & [U] (爆炸、地震等引起的) 剧烈震动；冲击：
the shock wave 冲击波
The shock of the earthquake was felt miles away.
地震引起的震动在数英里之外都能感觉得到。
/F k/
[C] 电击；触电 (electric shock)：
Don’t touch that wire or you’ll get a shock.
别碰那根线，否则你会触电的。
掌握词块：
get a shock
[U] & [C] [常用单数] (精神上的) 震惊；打击；令人震惊的事：
Mom hasn’t gotten over the shock of Dad’s death.
妈妈还没有从爸爸去世的打击中恢复过来。
It came as a shock to hear that the factory would have to close.
听说工厂要关闭，人们感到很震惊。
掌握词块：
shock of, come as a shock
[U] 休克：
She was taken to hospital suffering from shock.
她因休克被送往医院。
culture shock 文化冲击
小贴士：
医学中“休克”由英语shock音译而来，用以表示人体受创伤后的一种危重状态。
vt 使震惊；使气愤：
The news of Scott’s death shocked the world.
斯科特的死讯让整个世界为之震惊。 北师大③ – 8
He seems to enjoy shocking people.
他好像以冒犯他人为乐。
词汇拓展
shocked adj 震惊的；愤慨的：
a shocked look / expression
惊讶的样子 / 表情
They were deeply shocked at / by her behaviour. 她的行为让他们深感气愤。
shocking adj 令人震惊的；令人憎恶的：
shocking news
令人震惊的消息
掌握
be shocked at / by
小贴士：
shocked和shocking是动词shock的分词形容词，表示感受，注意二者的区别。
/F kt/
/5F kIN /
一、写出下列句子中shock的汉语释义。
1. Is it a shock to the industry, which fiercely fights every tax increase. (2009 山东) ____________
2. It was such a shock when they announced the winner was Cart. ____________
练一练
二、在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
They will get ____________ shock when they get this bill.
2. The parents were ____________ (shock) by the news that their son needed an operation on his knee. (2013 重庆)
3. The ____________ (shock) news made me realize what terrible problems we would face. (2011 北京)
a
shocked
shocking
震撼 / 冲击
震惊
trap
《生活大爆炸》中Sheldon多次引用“It’s a trap!”，模仿《星球大战》中的阿克巴上将。
《星球大战6 (绝地归来)》中，阿克巴上将在一次战役归来时发现自己中了帝国伏击舰队的圈套，说出了 “It’s a trap! (这是个陷阱)”。阿克巴上将这句略带喜感的台词后来成为了经典，被广大《星球大战》的粉丝所熟知。
隐喻 (metaphor)
由于两个事物在特征上存在某一类似之处，而用指一个事物的词来指另一个事物，这种词义的演变方式叫做隐喻。隐喻是以“相似”(likeness) 和“联想”(association) 为基础的，任何两个事物只要存在着外在的、内在的、空间的相似性 (similarity)，都能够产生隐喻性语义。例如：由于梳齿的形状像牙齿，所以通过联想可以用teeth这个词来指梳子的齿：the teeth of a comb。
英语词汇中大量的语义演变是通过隐喻方式进行的。
trap
n [C]
(捕鸟兽的) 陷阱；夹子；罗网：
set / lay / place a trap for mice
设夹子捉老鼠
(陷害人的) 圈套；诡计：
fall into / get out of a trap
落入 / 摆脱圈套
基本义
由物到人
/trAp/
牢笼；困境：
the unemployment trap
失业困境
Some people feel that marriage is a trap.
有些人认为婚姻是牢笼。
由具象到抽象
vt
设陷阱捕捉；夹住；卡住：
It’s cruel to trap birds.
捕鸟是残忍的。
I trapped my coat in the car door.
我的外衣被车门夹住了。
把…困住；使陷入困境：
Having been trapped in traffic, he was late for work.
因为交通堵塞，他上班迟到了。 译林⑦ – 4
通过名词帮助理解动词释义
基本义
由物到人；由具象到抽象
留存；储存 (气体 / 水等)：
Because of the greenhouse effect the Earth is warmed
by gases trapped in the atmosphere.
由于温室效应，储存在大气层中的气体使地球变暖。
北师大⑧ – 22
由物到物
一、根据句意选出trap的最佳释义。
a. (捕捉鸟兽的) 陷阱；夹子；罗网
b. (陷害人的) 圈套；诡计
c. 牢笼；困境
_______ 1. She set a trap for him and he had walked straight into it.
_______ 2. The only way to catch mice is to set a trap.
_______ 3. I’ll describe some situations that commonly arise between teenagers and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap. (2010 湖北改)
练一练
b
a
c
二、根据句意写出下列句子中trap的汉语释义。
1. She felt trapped in her role of wife and mother. __________
2. The consequences could be serious if we don’t keep reducing emissions (排放) of CO2 and other greenhouse gases that are trapping heat in our atmosphere. (2009 福建阅读改)
__________
3. I was trapped into signing my name. _________________
使陷入困境
储存
使中计 / 使陷入圈套
《茅屋为秋风所破歌》
唐 杜甫
八月秋高风怒号，卷我屋上三重茅。 茅飞渡江洒江郊，高者挂罥长林梢，下者飘转沉塘坳。 南村群童欺我老无力，忍能对面为盗贼。 公然抱茅入竹去，唇焦口燥呼不得，归来倚杖自叹息。 俄顷风定云墨色，秋天漠漠向昏黑。 布衾多年冷似铁，娇儿恶卧踏里裂。 床头屋漏无干处，雨脚如麻未断绝。 自经丧乱少睡眠，长夜沾湿何由彻！ 安得广厦千万间，大庇天下寒士俱欢颜，风雨不动安如山！ 呜呼，何时眼前突兀见此屋，吾庐独破受冻死亦足！
shelter
《茅屋为秋风所破歌》是唐代诗人杜甫的一首古诗。此诗叙述作者的茅屋被秋风所破以致全家遭雨淋的痛苦经历，抒发了自己内心的感慨，体现了诗人忧国忧民的崇高思想境界，是杜诗中的典范之作。其中的“安得广厦千万间，大庇天下寒士俱欢颜”更是广为传颂 ，这句诗英文翻译是Oh，for a great mansion with thousands of rooms, all the poor on earth could find welcome shelter.
shelter词源
研究词源后不难发现，shelter名词的词源义是“提供保护的建筑物”。
提供保护的建筑物（基本义）
遮盖物；躲避处；避难所
居所；住处：
为人们提供长期遮风避雨的地方
为人们提供暂时的遮风避雨或避难的地方
保护；掩蔽；庇护
shelter 的语义网络
由具体到抽象
vt 掩蔽；保护；为…提供避难所（由名词 到动词）
vi 躲避；避难（由名词 到动词）
shelter
■ n
[C] 遮盖物；躲避处；避难所：
We should find a shelter from the wind. 我们应该找个避风的地方。
Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. 救援人员为那些家园被毁的幸存者盖起了避难所。 人教① – 4
/5FeltE(r)/
[U] 居所；住处：
Food, clothing, fuel and shelter are the four most basic human needs. 食品、衣物、燃料和住所是人类最基本的四种需求。2011 湖北改
[U] 保护；掩蔽；庇护：
find / take shelter from the rain 避雨
They were standing under the shelter of a huge tree. 他们站在一棵大树下躲着。
■ v
vt 掩蔽；保护；为…提供避难所：
Graduation represents moving from the sheltered life of high school into the real world. 毕业意味着从受保护的中学生活中进入到现实世界之中。
shelter ... from:
Trees were planted to shelter this area from strong sand storms.
种植树木以使这个地区免受强沙的侵袭。
vi 躲避；避难：
We sat in the shade, sheltering from the sun.
我们坐在阴凉处躲避日晒。
一、英译汉。
to take shelter from the storm ______________________
2. food and shelter______________________
3. a homeless shelter ______________________
二、汉译英。
1. 备受呵护的生活______________________
2. 动物收容所 ______________________
3. 在……的庇护下______________________
4. 躲避…… (n) ______________________
躲避暴风雨
under the shelter of
take shelter from
an sheltered life
食物和住处
无家可归者的收容所
an animal shelter
练一练
三、根据提示完成下列句子。
1. He is trying to __________________________ (庇护他弟弟不受责备). (v)
2. I was dressed heavily and _________________________(在寒风凛冽的天气里受到了很好的庇护). (freezing and blowing) (2014 四川阅读改)
3. He ____________________________ (避雨) under a bridge.
shelter his brother from blame
well sheltered from the freezing and blowing weather
found / took shelter from the rain / sheltered from the rain
judge
词源解读
judge
V
vi & vt 判断 to form an opinion about sb / sth：
Judging from her accent, she must be from Sichuan.
听口音，她准是四川人。
Judging by his last letter, they are having a wonderful time.
从他上次的来信看，他们过得很不错。
vt 估计 to guess the size, amount, etc. of sth：
It’s difficult to judge how long the journey will take.
很难估计这段旅程要花多长时间。
vt & vi 评价 to be critical about sb, to decide
whether sb is good or bad：
I’ve learnt a good lesson: not to judge people.
我吸取了有益的教训：不要对他人品头论足。 2010 北京
I’m in no position to judge whether what she is doing is right or wrong. 我无权评价她正在做的事是对还是错。
vt & vi 裁判；评判：
She was asked to judge the English speech
contest. 她应邀担任英语演讲比赛的裁判。
vt 审判；判决：
judge a case / judge sb guilty 判案 / 判某人有罪
n [C] 法官；裁判员；鉴定人：
The prisoner was taken before the judge.
犯人被带到法官面前。
Two hours later, the judge read a list of the girls for a second tryout.
两小时后，裁判宣读了参加第二轮选拔的女孩的名单。 2008 天津
judg(e)ment
n
[U] 判断力；辨别力 the ability to form opinions or to make sensible decisions：
He showed excellent judgement in choosing a friend. 他在择友方面表现出了敏锐的判断力。
[C] & [U] 意见；看法；评价 an opinion that
you form after thinking carefully：
make a judgement on / about 对……作出评价
In her judgment, it was a wrong thing to give
children so much pocket money.
在她看来，给孩子们这么多零花钱是不对的。
[C] & [U] 审判
词汇拓展
一、根据句意写出画线部分的汉语释义。
__________ 1. As far as I can judge, all of them are to blame.
__________ 2. I had the difficult task of judging the competition.
__________ 3. He just accepts people for what they are and he doesn’t
judge them.
__________ 4. I judged him to be about 50.
__________ 5. The judge sentenced him to five years in prison.
判断
裁判
评价
估计
法官
二、在空白处填入1个适当的单词或用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空。
In the special class, they showed little ability to use their own
___________ (judge), relying heavily on their teachers’ directions.
2. The crowd around me were obviously enjoying their day, ___________
(judge) by their happy faces and the sense of excitement.
3. He refused to make a judgment ___________ the situation.
judg(e)ment
judging
about / on
随着网购的普及，快递行业遍地开花，随处可见快递小哥开着电动三轮的身影。快递公司名字五花八门，比如顺丰、韵达、圆通、申通等等，你知道它们的英文名字吗？
express
快递公司英文名字中都含有“Express”一词。“express”在本单元中是“表示；表达”之意，它还有“快递”之意！
SF Express 顺丰速运
EMS (Express Mail Service)
邮政快递(邮政特快专递服务)
ZJS Express 宅急送
STO Express 申通快递
Yunda Express 韵达快递
YTO Express 圆通快递
ZTO Express 中通快递
express词源及语义发展
ex- (out 出来) + press (挤) express把 (思想) 挤出来 → 表达
当我们明确想到达某一个地方，我们不会选择每一站都停的汽车/火车，我们会选择目的指向明确的汽车/火车 → express 直达列车；快车
我们所表达的每一点都指向某一个目的 → express 特别的，为了某种目的
express词源
快件是从寄信人直达收信人，不经过转手的信件 → express 快递服务
express
vt
表达；表示：
Words can’t express how excited I was! 我当时激动的心情难以言表。 译林② – 3
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. 表达观点的能力和观点本身同样重要。2011 湖南
He cannot express himself clearly in English. 他不能用英语清楚地表达自己的意思。
On behalf of our school, I would like to express our warm welcome to you. 我代表我校，向您表示热烈的欢迎。 2014 陕西书面表达
(AmE) 特快发送：
express a package 把包裹特快发送
express oneself 表达自己的思想
这个表达很形象，对应汉语中的“难以言表”、“语言无法表达”。
生义，着重记忆
/Ik5spres/
adj
[只用于名词前] 特快的；快递的：
an express train 特快 / 直达列车
Here is your express mail from New York.
这是你来自纽约的快件。
n
[C] 特快列车：
the 8:00 am express to Edinburgh
早上8点开往爱丁堡的快车
travel by express 乘快车旅行
[U] 快送；快递服务：
I sent the letter by express.
我这封信寄的是快递。
同族词
express, expression, expressionless (无表情的), expressive, expressiveness (表情丰富)
根据汉语提示，完成下列句子。
1. My life improved greatly when I discovered art. The art world gave me a chance to _______________ (表达自己的思想) without words. (2016 天津改)
2. There are many ways to _______________________ (表达想法和意见) — music, acting, drawing, building, photography. (2014 全国)
3. _________________ (无法言表) how we felt. We were all very excited. There were cheers and tears, hugs and kisses.
Words can’t express
express thoughts and ideas
express myself