Period Two Welcome to the unit & Reading —Language points
Learning Aims(学习目标)
1．Learn the following language points：convince，load，insist，panic，astonish，before引导的时间状语从句(重点难点)
2．Learn the following language points：on behalf of，dismiss，acknowledge，depart(重点)
...there is only one way to convince you.(教材P29)
?convince vt.使确信，使相信；说服，劝说
(1)convince sb.to do sth.说服某人做某事 convince sb.of sth.使某人相信某事 convince sb.that...使某人相信…… (2)convinced adj.确信的；深信的 be convinced of确信……；相信…… be convinced that...确信…… (3)convincing adj.令人信服的；有说服力的
[佳句赏读] 感悟句意·背诵
①(应用文之建议信)When you are having an interview，you need to convince the interviewers of your enthusiasm for the job.
②Owing to his hard work，we are convinced that he is bound to succeed.
③I’m convinced of your ability for the job，so just go and apply for it.
④In view of the fact that there was no convincing evidence of his guilt，he was set free.
[单句语法填空/完成句子]
①My parents have always convinced me to challenge (challenge) myself，for which I’m really grateful.
②The stories mentioned above are convincing(convince) evidence to prove that action is more vital than planning.
③Convinced(convince) that anything is possible，the captain is desperate to make an attempt.
④(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ，应用文写作)I’m convinced that Youth will become increasingly popular and hope there will be more valuable articles and wonderful contents.
我相信《青春》会越来越受欢迎，希望有更多有价值的文章和精彩的内容。
His ships were loaded with china，silk，tea and other treasures as gifts for foreign rulers，and the fleet paid friendly visits to more than 30 countries and regions.(教材P30)
?load vt.& vi.装上，装入，负担 n．负载；承载量；大量
(1)load up装载/载满货物 load...with...用……装载……；使……负担…… be loaded with装载着…… load...into/onto...把……装入(到)……；使……负担…… (2)take a load off one’s mind打消某人的顾虑，卸下心头的负担 loads of＝a load of大量的；许多的
[佳句赏读] 感悟句意·背诵
①I wish I could grow up as quickly as possible so that I can lighten my parents’ load.
②It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library，where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
对我们来说，装好东西去当地的图书馆是件大事，在那里我的孩子们可以挑选他们要读的书或他们想让我读给他们听的书。
③To get rid of trash from the ISS，the astronaut loads it into empty cargo capsules and releases it into space.
为了清除国际空间站的垃圾，宇航员将其装进空的货舱里并将其扔到太空中。
[单句语法填空/完成句子]
①The truck loaded(load) with hams and sausages arrived in the earthquake stricken area.
②(应用文写作之体育锻炼)Even though I have loads of/a load of schoolwork to do，I’ll spend some free time having sports so that I can keep fit and dynamic.
即使我有很多功课要做，我也会花一些空闲时间做运动，这样我就能保持健康和精力充沛。
③(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ，应用文写作)Youth provides us with inspiring articles，through which we can exchange our feelings with friends，and take a load off our mind.
《青春》为我们提供了鼓舞人心的文章，通过这些文章我们可以和朋友交流感情，卸下心头的负担。
Columbus insisted on searching for a direct sea route to the East Indies by sailing across the Atlantic Ocean.(教材P31)
?insist vi.& vt.坚决要求，坚持；坚持说
(1)insist(坚持说/认为) that...(从句用陈述语气) (2)insist(坚决要求/主张) that sb.(should) do...(从句用虚拟语气) (3)insist on/upon doing sth.坚持做某事
[佳句赏读] 感悟句意·背诵
①It was ridiculous that the criminal insisted that he was innocent.
②My husband and I insisted that our children (should) work hard to lay the foundation for the future.
③The man insisted on finding a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.
[单句语法填空/完成句子]
①The astronomer insists that he (should)cycle(cycle) to work no matter what the weather is like.
②(正反观点对比的议论文)Some people think it is a good thing to donate blood，for it could save somebody’s life while others insist that we should not donate blood because it may cause some illnesses.
有些人认为献血是一件好事，因为它可以挽救某人的生命，而其他人坚持认为我们不应该献血，因为这可能会导致一些疾病。
③(应用文写作之建议信)You are bound to achieve your dreams if you insist on them and try your best.
如果你坚持自己的梦想，并竭尽全力，你一定会实现自己的梦想。
The men on board were in panic.(教材P31)
?panic n．惊恐，恐慌 vi.& vt.(panicked，panicked)(使)惊慌，(使)惊慌失措
(1)in panic惊慌失措地 get into a panic陷入恐慌 (2)panic sb.into doing sth.使某人惊慌地做某事
[佳句赏读] 感悟句意·背诵
①(2020·7月浙江高考，读后续写)In a moment of panic，Elli and I decided to give him what he wanted—the garlic bread.
②(2021·1月浙江高考，读后续写)I got into a panic as I pressed firmly against the table and moved my head around trying to find the right angle，but it was no use.
③(2018·6月浙江高考，读后续写)The rabbit’s sudden appearance panicked the horse into running into the forest wildly.
[单句语法填空/完成句子]
①In any circumstances，what the government should do is to calm down the public whenever they are in panic.
②The crew got into a panic when they got lost on the sea.
③The whole class were panicked(panic) when the teacher said that there would be a quiz today.
④(应用文写作之建议信)You have been studying hard，so there’s no need for you to get into a panic about the exams.
你一直都很努力学习，所以没有必要为考试而陷入恐慌。
The records show that the visitors were astonished by how rich and technologically advanced the Ming Dynasty was.(教材P33)
?astonish vt.使十分惊讶，使吃惊
(1)astonished adj.感到惊讶的 be astonished at/by sth.因/对某事感到惊讶 be astonished to do sth.对做某事感到惊讶 (2)astonishing adj.令人感到惊讶的 (3)astonishment n．惊讶 to one’s astonishment令某人惊讶的是
[佳句赏读] 感悟句意·背诵
①We were all astonished at/by the unexpected news that the antique had been stolen.
②He was astonished to see how the glacier had changed in the past 10 years.
③It was astonishing that the camel had starved to death.
[单句语法填空/一句多译]
①He was astonished at/by what he found：a man was lying in the box.
②(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)But that’s how nature is—always leaving us astonished(astonish)．
③(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ，读后续写)妈妈真没想到双胞胎已为她做好了香甜的早餐。
→It astonished the mother that sweet breakfast had been cooked for her by the twins.(astonish)
→To the mother’s astonishment，sweet breakfast had been cooked for her by the twins.(astonishment)
It would take 500 years before a larger fleet sailed the seas.(教材P30)
?before引导的时间状语从句
before作连词，引导时间状语从句的用法： (1)before表示“在……之前；还未……就……；还没来得及……就……；趁着……”，翻译方式比较灵活。 (2)常用的句型： It will be＋时间段＋before从句 要过多久才…… It won’t be long＋before从句 过不了多久就会…… It was/took＋时间段＋before从句 过了多久才…… It wasn’t long/didn’t take long before从句 没过多久就……
[佳句赏读] 感悟句意·背诵
①(2021·1月八省联考)Before I could speak，my stomach answered in a delighted grumble.
我还没来得及说话，肚子就高兴地叫起来。
②He works hard，trying to make as much money as possible before he grows too old.
他努力工作，趁着他不太老尽可能多地赚些钱。
③I honestly hope it won’t be too long before I can put my feet on the ground below and stand in a forest that will never be logged.
我真诚地希望过不了多久我就能脚踏实地，站在永远不会被砍伐的森林里。
④(2020·浙江1月高考)It didn’t take long before the two played around the house，cheerfully running after each other.
⑤(2020·浙江7月高考)He told me a helicopter was on its way，but it would be 30 minutes before it arrived.
[完成句子]
①It will be more than one year before we graduate from high school.
要过一年多我们才能高中毕业。
②It took me/was a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.
很久以后我才能够完全领会到他们为我做的一切。
③I got up early this morning before the clock struck five.
今天早上还不到5点我就起床了。
④Before we settle down to discussing other things，I have a question to ask you.
在我们开始讨论其他事情之前，我有一个问题要问你。
Between 1405 and 1433，on behalf of the Ming Dynasty，Zheng He made a total of seven voyages.(教材P30)
?on behalf of 代表(或代替)；为帮助；为了
stand for 一般指符号，标志，字母缩写 代表…… represent 个人代表集体或别人，较为正式
①(应用文写作之演讲稿)On behalf of our school，I would like to express our warm welcome to you.
我谨代表我们学校向您表示热烈的欢迎。
②(应用文写作之传统文化)In China，these knots stand for friendship，love and good luck.
在中国，这些结代表友谊、爱情和好运。
③(应用文写作之体育运动)The competition attracted over 500 contestants representing 8 different countries.
这次比赛吸引了代表8个不同国家的500多名参赛者。
For many years，some historians dismissed the records of these voyages as legends.(教材P30)
?dismiss vt.不予考虑，对……不屑一提；去除，摒除；解雇；解散
dismiss sb./sth.as...把某人/某事当成……不予考虑 dismiss sth.from sth.去除，消除，摒除(思想、感情等) dismiss sb.from sth.解雇；免职；开除
[写出下列句子中dismiss的含义/单句写作]
①After a careful investigation，he dismissed the samples as worthless.不予考虑
②In view of the pain she caused him，he dismissed her from his mind.去除，消除，摒除
③The assistant claimed she was unfairly dismissed from her post.解雇，开除
④The boy made his way to school，only to find the class was dismissed.解散，放学
⑤(读后续写之心理描写)他试图将心中可怕的想法抹去。
He tried to dismiss the horrible thoughts from his mind.
Zheng He’s accomplishments are now widely acknowledged，and he is remembered as one of China’s most influential explorers.(教材P30)
?acknowledge vt.承认(权威、地位)；承认(属实)；(公开)感谢
(1)acknowledge...to be/as...承认……是/为…… acknowledge doing/having done sth.承认做了某事 It is (widely) acknowledged that...人们(普遍)认为…… (2)acknowledgement n．承认；答谢
①It is universally acknowledged that people cannot succeed or achieve their targets without a strong will and persistence.
众所周知，没有坚强的意志和毅力，人们就不可能成功或实现他们的目标。
②The country has acknowledged taking/having taken (take) every means to fight against any possible attack.
这个国家已承认采取了一切手段打击任何可能发生的袭击。
③(应用文写作之感谢信)The bunch of flowers and the souvenir were a small acknowledgement (acknowledge) of your kindness.
这束花和这件纪念品聊表谢意，感谢你的好心帮助。
④(应用文写作之体育运动)Tai Chi is not only an ancient martial art，but it has also been widely acknowledged as an effective health exercise.
太极拳不仅是一种古老的武术，也是一种公认的有效的健康锻炼方式。
On 3 August 1492，he departed from Spain with three ships carrying about 90 crewmen.(教材P31)
?depart vi.& vt.离开，起程
(1)depart from离开；开出；从……出发 depart for开往……；去往……；动身去…… (2)departure n．离开，起程
①The captain waited until the last crewman had departed from the fleet.
船长一直等到最后一个船员离开舰队。
②Finally，the moment of our departure(depart) arrived，and we loaded suitcases，books，games，camping equipment，and a tent into the car and bravely drove off.
终于，出发的时刻到了，我们把箱子、书籍、游戏、露营装备和帐篷装进了车里，勇敢地开车离开了。
③It is reported that the expedition is to depart for the Arctic in June.
据报道，探险队将在六月份出发去北极。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I hope these tips will help you to make more friends，and I’m convinced(convince)that you will get out of the bothering trouble.
2．Knowing that my niece had arrived safely took a load off my mind at once.
3．The mechanic’s wife insisted that the doctor who operated on her husband (should) take (take) full responsibility for this medical accident.
4．The robber panicked(panic)him into unfolding his box and handing over the valuable vase last night.
5．They had received no news of the captain since his departure(depart) from the island.
6. Occupied in playing computer games，the boy was dismissed(dismiss) from the school football team.
7．To my astonishment(astonish)，there is an acute shortage of water and food in the country.
8．(2020·1月浙江高考)It didn’t take long before they walked through the front door carrying a big box.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ，应用文写作)All of these articles in the column of Youth are loaded with positive energy.
《青春》这个栏目的所有文章都满含正能量。
2．(应用文写作之正反观点对比)Some believe that decent pay is a major concern in career choosing while others insist that interest and talents (should) be put first.
有些人认为优厚的薪酬是职业选择时主要考虑的问题，而另一些人则认为应该把兴趣和才能放在首位。
3．(应用文写作之人物描写)Yuan Longping is generally acknowledged as/to be one of the world’s greatest scientists.
袁隆平被公认为世界上最伟大的科学家之一。
4．(应用文写作之邀请信)On behalf of the Students’ Union，I’d like to express our warmest welcome to you.
我代表学生会向你们表示最热烈的欢迎。
5．He was astonished to find that all his personal information had been exposed to the public.
他吃惊地发现他所有的个人信息都被公开了。
课时跟踪练二
基础巩固
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The publication of Great Expectations，which was both widely reviewed and highly praised，strengthened(加强) Dickens’ permanent status as a leading novelist.
2．Generally speaking，harmonious(和谐的) family relationship plays an important part in one’s growth.
3．Having secured sufficient proof of her guilt，the police formally arrested her.
4．To our confusion，we don’t know how the information on the antique was leaked(泄露)．
5．What is known to us is that the astronomer is an influential figure in the field of astronomy.
6．According to his observation，the captain estimated the breadth of the lake to be 500 metres.
7．It is well known that global water shortage is becoming incredibly severe mainly due to global warming.
8．I set the log on the ground and shaved off the bark.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．Subsequently(subsequent)，the glaciers began to melt，and many polar creatures starved to death.
2．It is necessary for us to allow for his inexperience when assigning the task to him.
3．The captain tried to stay calm，thinking that if he panicked(panic)，so would the crew.
4．Many people are doing voluntary work，calling for public financial(finance) donations for the stricken area in support of its healing and recovery.
5．My husband and I insisted that our children were(be) old enough to discipline themselves.
6．The audience was extremely astonished(astonish) at the awesome performance.
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．我相信它不会辜负你的期望。(convince)
I’m convinced that it will live up to your expectations.
2．他坚信，只要他坚持不懈地努力，他就能实现成为天文学家的目标。(insist)
He holds the firm belief that only if he insists on working hard can he obtain his goal of becoming an astronomer.
3．人们普遍认为阅读能增长我们的知识，拓宽我们的视野。(acknowledge)
It is universally acknowledged that reading increases our knowledge and broadens our horizons.
4．上个星期天，不管天气炎热，我们班参观了我们市的历史博物馆。(regardless of)
Last Sunday，our class visited the history museum in our city regardless of the hot weather.
5．你可以在出发前上网查询更多关于目的地的信息。(before)
You can find out more about your destination by surfing the Internet before you set out.
能力提升
Ⅳ.阅读理解
A very rapid increase in the number of ships sailing between American and European ports began almost immediately after the end of the War of 1812 in order to meet the new need for the regular rapid transportation of mail，light cargoes(货物)，and passengers.
It was the increase in emigration(移民) to America that for the first time made the carrying of passengers across the Atlantic more profitable(可赚钱的) than the transportation of heavy cargoes.A new type of sailing ship，the packet(邮船)，appeared to meet this new demand，and the demand very soon resulted in strong competition among several packet lines.The earliest of these was the Black Ball Line set up in New York in 1816，only a year after the end of the war.The service of this famous line started with four of the new fast packets，each of 400 to 500 tons：the Pacific，the Amity，the James Cooper，and the William Thompson.
During the first twenty years of service，the average time from New York to Liverpool was 23 days and the average trip back to New York took 40 days.By the middle of the century packets had increased in size to between 900 and 1,000 tons and their speed had increased.The Red Jackel once sailed from New York to Liverpool in 13 days and 11.5 hours.The Mary Whiteridge took 4.5 hours off this record on a run from Baltimore to Liverpool.Such speeds were far greater than the average of from 19 to 21 days to Liverpool and from 30 to 35 homeward to New York，but the packets had still set a new standard for transoceanic travel.No wonder that steamships，the first of which tried to compete with the packets in 1838，only began to replace them in the 1850s.
语篇解读 1812年战争后，从欧洲去美国的人数大幅度增加，使得横渡大西洋往返于欧美的航运额急剧上升。为满足需求，赢得市场，邮船出现了并且航速也在不断提高。
1．The fastest transatlantic voyage by a packet mentioned by the author was from .
A．Liverpool to New York
B．New York to Liverpool
C．Baltimore to Liverpool
D．Liverpool to Baltimore
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The Mary Whiteridge took 4.5 hours off this record on a run from Baltimore to Liverpool.”可知答案为C。
2．According to the author，in which decade(十年) of the 19th century did a steamship first attempt to compete with the transatlantic packets
A．The 1820s. B．The 1850s.
C．The 1840s. D．The 1830s.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。由文章最后一句话中的“...the first of which tried to compete with the packets in 1838...”可知答案为D。
3．Which of the following was most important in the development of the fast packets
A．The increase in the number of people who wanted to go to America.
B．The increase in the number of people who wanted to go to Europe after the War of 1812.
C．The increased demand for the transportation of all kinds of cargoes.
D．The increased volume of mail.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。由文章第二段首句“It was the increase in emigration(移民) to America that...”可知答案为A。
4．The time of the fastest transatlantic crossing mentioned by the author was 13 days and .
A．11.5 hours B．7 hours
C．7.5 hours D．4.5 hours
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The Red Jackel once sailed from New York to Liverpool in 13 days and 11.5 hours.The Mary Whiteridge took 4.5 hours off this record on a run from Baltimore to Liverpool.”可知答案为B。
Ⅴ.完形填空
At weekends，I went to the local library to borrow books as usual.On my way there I would pass by the nursing home.This time as I walked toward the library，I saw an old woman 1 there all by herself.Today I decided to go to talk to her instead of just walking past.
The old woman was very 2 to share her life with me.She told me about her father who was a(n) 3 working at a famous hospital.She told me about the wonderful 4 she had taken when she was exploring in Africa and the 5 moments she had with her friends.She smiled while 6 her best times.We sat there for about an hour.
She told me she was 7 and that it was nice to talk to someone after such a long time.The last person she had had a(n) 8 with was a nurse but she had found another 9 and left.
It made me feel 10 that some old people are easily affected by the social 11 .And sometimes this can have a serious effect on their 12 .We should try our best to spare some time to 13 the elderly，whether they are our grandparents，neighbors or 14 a random(任意的) elderly person.The elderly woman was highly 15 and I learned so much from her in less than an hour.
语篇解读 这是一篇记叙文。本文主要讲述了作者在一次与养老院的一位老妇人交谈过后感悟到，我们应尽力抽时间陪伴老人，倾听他们的故事。
1．A.singing B．sitting
C．spinning D．sleeping
答案 B
解析 sing唱歌；sit坐；spin旋转，纺纱；sleep睡觉。根据后文“We sat there for about an hour.”可知，这位老人独自坐在那儿。故选B项。
2．A.excited B．amazed
C．exhausted D．challenged
答案 A
解析 excited兴奋的；amazed 惊讶的；exhausted筋疲力尽的；challenged有缺陷的。根据后文的内容可知，这位老人和作者分享了很多事情，结合选项可知，她应是非常兴奋地跟作者分享她的人生。故选A项。
3．A.victim B．detective
C．physician D．announcer
答案 C
解析 victim受害者；detective侦探；physician内科医生；announcer播音员。根据设空处后的“working at a famous hospital”可知，老人告诉了作者她父亲是一个医生。故选C项。
4．A.adventures B．theaters
C．places D．tournaments
答案 A
解析 adventure冒险；theater戏院；place地方；tournament比赛，锦标赛。根据空后的“she had taken when she was exploring in Africa”可知，老人给作者讲述了自己在非洲那些精彩的冒险经历。故选A项。
5．A.different B．severe
C．difficult D．amusing
答案 D
解析 different不同的；severe严重的；difficult困难的；amusing有趣的。根据空后的“moments she had with her friends”并结合常识可知，此处应指老人和她的朋友们度过的开心的时刻。故选D项。
6．A.enjoying B．describing
C．performing D．clarifying
答案 B
解析 enjoy喜欢，享受……的乐趣；describe描述；perform表演；clarify阐明。根据上文中的“She told me”可知，老人在向作者叙述以前美好的时光。故选B项。
7．A.alone B．regretful
C．popular D．harmful
答案 A
解析 alone孤独的，独自的；regretful后悔的；popular 受欢迎的；harmful 有害的。根据第一段提到一位老妇人独自坐在那里和空后的“it was nice to talk to someone”可知，老人告诉作者她是孤独的。故选A项。
8．A.party B．discussion
C．appointment D．conversation
答案 D
解析 party 聚会；discussion 讨论；appointment预约；conversation 交谈。根据前文的内容可知，老人很久没有和人说过话了，故此处指上一次与老人交谈的是养老院的一位护士。have a conversation with...意为“和……交谈”。故选D项。
9．A.friend B．patient
C．job D．destination
答案 C
解析 friend朋友；patient病人；job 工作；destination目的地。根据空后的left并结合语境可知，此处表示那位护士找了一份别的工作离开了养老院。故选C项。
10．A.sad B．proud
C．unwilling D．certain
答案 A
解析 sad 悲伤的；proud自豪的；unwilling不乐意的；certain确信的。根据后文提到的老人容易受到与社会脱节的影响，这可能对其健康造成严重影响，这种状况应让作者感到难过。故选A项。
11．A.rank B．separation
C．pressure D．discrimination
答案 B
解析 rank等级；separation分开，分离，脱节；pressure压力；discrimination歧视。前文提到的老人已经长时间独自一人，因此此处指老人们容易受到与社会脱节的影响。故选B项。
12．A.view B．ability
C．future D．health
答案 D
解析 view观点；ability能力；future将来；health健康。根据常识可知，长时间的孤独可能会严重影响老年人的健康。故选D项。
13．A.catch sight of B．make sense of
C．keep company with D．leave out
答案 C
解析 catch sight of看见；make sense of理解；keep company with陪伴；leave out不考虑。分析句意并根据前文可知，长时间的孤独可能严重影响老人的健康，故此处表示我们应尽量多抽出时间陪伴老人。故选C项。
14．A.also B．even
C．ever D．still
答案 B
解析 also也；even甚至；ever曾经；still 仍然。分析句意，此处表示我们应该找时间来陪伴老人，他们可以是祖父母、邻居，甚至是任意的一个老人。故选B项。
15．A.considerate B．royal
C．cautious D．wise
答案 D
解析 considerate考虑周到的；royal 皇家的；cautious 小心的；wise充满智慧的。分析句意，根据空后的“I learned so much from her”可知，在短短的一个小时之内作者从这位老人身上学到了很多，由此可推知，这位老人是充满智慧的。故选D项。
Ⅵ.语法填空
Qian Zhongshu was a Chinese scholar and writer，known for his wit and erudition(博学)．Despite failing in mathematics，Qian 1. (success) entered the Department of Foreign Languages under Tsinghua University in 1929 because of his 2. (excellence) performance in Chinese and English languages.In Tsinghua，he met his wife Yang Jiang，who was to become a successful playwright and translator，and 3. (marry) her in 1935.In the same year，Qian received government sponsorship 4. (promote) his studies abroad.Together with his wife，Qian headed for the University of Oxford in Britain.After 5. (spend) two years at Exeter College，he received a bachelor degree of literature.He studied for one more year in the University of Paris in France，and he didn’t return to China 6. 1938.
Qian lived in Shanghai from 1941 to 1945,7. was then under Japanese occupation.At that time he devoted 8. (he) to writing and many of his works were written or published then.A collection of short 9. (essay)，Writing in the Margins of Life，was published in 1941.His most celebrated work Fortress Besieged appeared in 1947.On the Art of Poetry，written 10. classical Chinese was issued in 1948.
1．答案 successfully
解析 考查词性转换。此处enter“进入”是动词，副词修饰动词，故答案为successfully。
2．答案 excellent
解析 考查词性转换。此处performance“表现”是名词，形容词修饰名词，故答案为excellent。
3．答案 married
解析 考查时态。句意为：在清华大学，他遇到了后来成为成功剧作家和翻译家的妻子杨绛，并于1935年与她结婚。结合句意可知此处是并列谓语，句子用一般过去时，故答案为married。
4．答案 to promote
解析 考查非谓语动词。此处是动词不定式作后置定语，故答案为to promote。
5．答案 spending
解析 考查非谓语动词。此处after是介词，意思是“在……之后”，后面用动名词作宾语，故答案为spending。
6．答案 until
解析 考查介词。句意为：他在法国巴黎大学又学习了一年，直到1938年才回到中国。结合句意可知此处用介词until“直到……为止”，且not...until...“直到……才……”是固定句型。故答案为until。
7．答案 which
解析 考查定语从句。此处Shanghai作先行词，指物，在后面的非限制性定语从句中作主语，故答案为which。
8．答案 himself
解析 考查代词。固定搭配：devote oneself to “致力于，献身于”，此处用反身代词。故答案为himself。
9．答案 essays
解析 考查名词复数。固定搭配：a collection of＋可数名词复数“集……为一体的”，故答案为essays。
10．答案 in
解析 考查介词。句意为：《论诗歌艺术》于1948年出版，是用文言文写成的。“用……语言”应该用介词in，故答案为in。Period Five Extended reading & Other parts
Learning Aims(学习目标)
1．Grasp the main idea of the passage on P39－40(重点难点)
2．Learn the following language points：adopt，contrary to，dive，pray，shift，过去分词短语作定语(重点难点)
3．Learn the following language points：pack，meanwhile，plot(重点)
Task 1 宏观架构 整体理解
Ⅰ.Read the passage quickly and then fill in the blanks.
Ⅱ.The main idea of the passage is about the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Task 2 微观剖析 细节把握
1．When did Louis get in touch with his family
A．After his family received the message that he had been killed in the attack.
B．After he saved a lot of people who were thrown into the sea.
C．Before his family received the message that he had been killed in the attack.
D．Before he saved a lot of people who were thrown into the sea.
答案 C
2．Who did Louis think to be heroes
A．People who sacrificed that day.
B．People who saved others that day.
C．People who were injured that day.
D．People who survived that day.
答案 A
3．What does the phrase “opened up” in the fourth paragraph mean
A．To make a speech in public.
B．To be in the open air.
C．To express one’s feeling secretly.
D．To express one’s feeling directly and speak out freely.
答案 D
4．Why did the United States join the Second World War
A．To help other countries resist Japanese aggression.
B．In response to the Japanese attack and the president’s speech.
C．To show American power and influence.
D．To set a good example for other countries.
答案 B
5．Which of the following statements is NOT the purpose of people who visit the memorial
A．To learn about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
B．To show respect for those who had lost their lives in the attack and to pray for world peace.
C．To see the shadow of the ship at the bottom of Pearl Harbor.
D．To enjoy the scenery of the Pacific Ocean.
答案 D
The authors adopt a natural，chatty style of writing that opens up the subject matter to the ordinary reader.(教材P37)
?adopt vt.采用，采取；正式通过；领养，收养 vi.领养，收养
1 adopt sb.as...收养/挑选某人为…… 2 adoption n.收养；采用；通过 3 adopted son/daughter 养子/养女；义子/义女
[佳句赏读] 感悟句意·背诵
①The couple who do not have a child of their own have adopted a homeless child as their own.
②Parents who have an adopted child wonder whether they should tell the child he or she is adopted.
③The group is working to promote the adoption of broadband wireless access over long distances1.
1．该集团正在致力于推广远距离宽带无线访问的采用。
[温馨提示]
adopt与adapt在拼写上只有一个字母之差，但在意义上却大相径庭。adapt意为“(使)适应；改编”。
It took a long time before the adopted boy gradually adapted to the new surroundings.
[单句语法填空/完成句子]
①Since the adoption(adopt) of the new working method，production has gone up.
②In view of the fact that his niece is an adopted (adopt) child，he gives her much care and concern.
③In the face of great pressure，I think we should adopt an optimistic attitude.
面对巨大压力，我认为我们应该采取乐观的态度。
Contrary to popular history books，most academic books tend to adopt a more analytical and serious approach to studying history.(教材P37)
?contrary to 与……相反
1 to the contrary与此相反地 的 2 on the contrary恰恰相反
[佳句赏读] 感悟句意·背诵
①To our surprise，what he calls for is absolutely contrary to traditional codes.
②He continued to maintain that he did nothing wrong，despite clear evidence to the contrary.
③On the contrary，smartphones not only take up our valuable time but also do great harm to our health.
[单句语法填空/完成句子]
①People just can’t be happy if they are living a life that is contrary to the type of person they are.
②(应用文写作之健康)Contrary to common belief，taking a walk immediately after a meal doesn’t necessarily do good to our health.
和大家认为的相反，饭后立即散步对健康未必有好处。
③On the contrary，I like solving difficult problems because I always take them as exciting challenges.
恰恰相反，我喜欢解决难题，因为我通常会把这些难题看作令人激动的挑战。
They were diving down to drop bombs on Pearl Harbor.(教材P39)
?dive vi.俯冲；跳水；潜水 n．冲，扑，俯冲；潜水；跳水
(1)dive off/from...从……跳水 dive into 跳水；迅速将手伸入(包或口袋里) dive for...扑向……；潜水寻找…… (2)diving n．跳水；跳水运动；潜水 go diving 潜水 (3)diver n．潜水员；跳水者；跳水运动员
[佳句赏读] 感悟句意·背诵
①Children at his age are not even allowed to dive，let alone his little brother.
②The captain dived from boats into the middle of the ocean when hearing Tom’s screaming.
③I learn from a book that seagulls swim well，but they do not often dive for fish.
④The diver dived into the ocean’s depths and was amazed by its beauty.
[单句语法填空/完成句子]
①You should keep in mind that it’s dangerous to dive off/from the cliffs.
②On seeing the scene，the assistant dived into her purse and took out some money to give the homeless man.
③To the goalkeeper’s disappointment，he dived for the ball，but missed it.
④(应用文写作之邀请信) If there’s a chance that you’ll come to Qingdao，I’ll invite you to go diving and go hiking together.
如果您有机会到青岛，我将邀请您一起去潜水，一起去远足。
They come to see the shadow of the ship at the bottom of Pearl Harbor，to learn about the attack，to show respect for those who had lost their lives in the attack and to pray for world peace.
(教材P40)
?pray vi.& vt.企盼，祈求；祈祷，祷告
pray (to sb.) for sb./sth.(向某人)为……祈祷；企盼 pray that...祈祷/祷告……
[佳句赏读] 感悟句意·背诵
①If someone’s life is in trouble，do you just hope and pray that things will turn out fine
如果别人的生活陷入了困境，而你就只是希望能为他祷告等着情况有好转吗？
②It is customary for some people to pray to God for help when they are in trouble.
[单句语法填空/完成句子]
①(应用文写作之传统文化)During the Spring Festival，some people will visit temples to pray for happiness，wealth and health.
②(应用文写作之慰问信) In the circumstances，we pray (that) you would recover from your illness soon.
在这种情况下，我们祈祷你早日康复。
The shift from the cottage industry to the factory system，combined with the introduction of new machines，new energy sources and new forms of transport，promoted economic growth and expanded world trade.(教材P41)
?shift n．改变，转移；轮班 vi.& vt.(使)移动，(使)转移；改变
(1)shift...from...to... 把……从……变到…… shift responsibility/blame onto sb.推卸责任/转嫁责任给某人 (2)work shift轮岗 day/night shift日/夜班
[佳句赏读] 感悟句意·背诵
①A fair number of people advocate a large scale shift to organic farming from conventional agriculture.
相当多的人主张从传统农业向有机农业大规模转移。
②Nowadays the priority for traveling is shifted from shopping to cuisine and scenery.
③I was working the night shift in the hospital when an injured mechanic was sent to the first aid room.
[单句语法填空/完成句子]
①It is hard to shift oneself from anger to calmness in such a short time.
②(应用文写作之议论文)After getting married，most women would shift their focus from work to family.
结婚后，大多数女人会把重心从工作转移到家庭。
③(应用文写作之议论文)When we make mistakes，we shouldn’t shift blame onto others.Instead，we should apologize for our mistakes.
当我们犯了错误，我们不应该把责任推给别人。相反，我们应该为自己犯的错误而道歉。
Its location is marked with a memorial shaped like a bridge，which crosses the ship’s sunken remains.(教材P40)
?过去分词短语作定语
句中shaped like a bridge为过去分词短语作定语。 (1)一般情况下，单个的过去分词作前置定语，即放在所修饰词的前面；过去分词短语往往作后置定语，即放在所修饰词之后。 (2)及物动词的过去分词作定语时，在语态上表示被动；在时间上，常表示动作已经发生或完成，有时只表示被动。 (3)不及物动词的过去分词作定语时，不表示被动，只强调动作完成。
[佳句赏读] 感悟句意·背诵
①This mission designed to help the students in need just didn’t work out as planned.
②Earth Day，marked on 22 April，is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection.
③It is said that Australia is a developed country having wide land and abundant natural resources.
[单句语法填空/完成句子]
①The giant panda，also known(know) as panda bear or simply panda，is a bear native to south central China.
②The plan put(put) forward at the meeting will be carried out soon.
③When I woke up the next morning，I found the ground covered with fallen(fall) leaves.
④Finding Nemo，directed by Andrew Stanton，is set in the Great Barrier Reef on the northeast coast of Australia.
由安德鲁·斯坦顿(Andrew Stanton)导演的《海底总动员》以澳大利亚东北海岸的大堡礁为背景。
Packed with vivid descriptions and fun facts，this type of history book is highly readable and true to life.(教材P37)
?pack vt.& vi.塞进，挤进；装(箱)，收拾；打包；包装 n．包，包裹；小盒，小包
(1)pack up 整理；把……打包 pack...into...把……挤进…… be packed with挤满；塞满 (2)a pack of 一包；(野兽等的)一群；一盒
①The most authentic Dongpo Pork can be served in the restaurant，Building Beyond Building，beside the West Lake，which is always packed with customers.
最正宗的东坡肉能在西湖边上的楼外楼餐厅吃到，餐厅里总是挤满了顾客。
②The hiker packed up his backpack and intended to hike to a remote spot.
那个徒步旅行者收拾好背包，打算去一个偏远的地方徒步旅行。
③We were first greeted with the barking by a pack of dogs，seven to be exact.
首先迎接我们的是一群狗的叫声，确切地说是七只。
④It’s incredible to pack so many people into the small bus.
这辆小公共汽车里挤下那么多人真令人难以置信。
Louis，meanwhile，also standing on the deck，was lucky not to be thrown into the sea.(教材P39)
?meanwhile adv.同时；其间；对比之下
for the meanwhile 一会儿；暂时 in the meanwhile 在此期间；与此同时
①Meanwhile，I made up my mind to study harder rather than waste precious time on those useless things.
与此同时，我下定决心要更加努力地学习，而不是把宝贵的时间浪费在那些没用的事情上。
②I hope to go to an agricultural college eventually.In the meanwhile，I am going to study botany.
我希望最终能上一所农学院。这期间我打算学植物学。
③We need some new botanical samples，but these will do for the meanwhile.
我们需要一些新的植物样品，但这些暂时还可以用。
Japan had hatched a plot to launch a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor，so the attack began without warning and without declaring war on the United States.(教材P40)
?plot n．阴谋；故事情节vi.& vt.密谋；(在地图上)画出，标出
plot with...against...与……谋划反对…… plot...on...在……画出/标出……
①The hunter met plot with plot and trapped the fox into his trap.
猎人将计就计，把狐狸诱入了他的圈套。
②During the voyage，the two crew members plotted with each other against the captain’s leadership.
在航行中，两名船员互相密谋反对船长的领导。
③However，I was so absorbed in the plot of the movie that I forgot the time.
然而，我太专注于电影的情节，以至于忘记了时间。
④Don’t worry，the parking lots have been plotted on the tourist map.
别担心，停车场已标在旅游地图上。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Europeans，on the contrary，talk in a straightforward manner，preferring to tell the truth in direct ways.
2．We will have our suitcases packed(pack) up ahead of schedule so that we can depart the moment we have made our decision.
3．According to his memory，the sailors plotted the exact location of the island on the chart.
4．All of the people in the world pray for peace and live in harmony with each other.
5．The contribution made(make) by the old astronaut to our country really astonished us.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．Contrary to most kids，the boy has been interested in voyage since he was a child.
和大多数孩子相反，这个男孩从小时候起就对航海感兴趣。
2．No matter what difficulties he meets，he adopts a positive attitude towards life.
无论遇到什么困难，他都采用积极的人生态度来面对生活。
3．It is typical of him to shift challenges in life from difficulties to motivation.
把生活中的挑战从困难转变成动力，是他的典型特征。
4．In the meanwhile，he works very hard and is occupied in studying and expanding his knowledge all day.
与此同时，他工作非常努力，整天忙于学习和扩大他的知识面。
课时跟踪练四
基础巩固
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The bear tore at a neighboring tent and dragged (拉) something into the darkness.
2．In most cases，you just need to wrap a clean cloth tightly around the cut if it is bleeding.
3．Hearing the astonishing news，my niece sank into a chair，burying her face in her hands.
4．When the earthquake happened，the mechanic was browsing the shelves(书架) for something interesting to read.
5．We should learn to grasp communication skills，for they can facilitate(促进) mutual understanding.
6．My favorite season is autumn because the weather is more agreeable by comparison with summer.
7．It’s reported that apart from the flight crew，the plane crash killed all 157 passengers aboard(在飞机上)．
8．On hearing the coverage，Jenny froze(呆住)there，a thrilled expression twisting her face.
Ⅱ.选词填空
1．It was exciting that my favorite astronomer would come to deliver a speech at the invitation of the principal.
2．If you apply for accommodation，you can get in touch with the school by telephone or by email.
3．In response to these gradual climatic changes，some creatures have shifted their ranges hundreds of kilometers.
4．You can discover that the discipline provides an opportunity to sort out or rethink what you want from life and how best you can get it.
5．It is widely acknowledged that high social status does not necessarily bring about happiness.
6．As is known to us all，theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．我们学校组织的这次活动不仅让我们得到了放松，而且让我们更接近了大自然。(过去分词短语作定语)
The activity organized by our school not only gave us relaxation，but also got us closer to nature.
2．学校决定采取另外一种方式解决纪律问题。 (adopt)
The school has decided to adopt a different approach to the problem of discipline.
3．他住在一个宁静的小区里，在那儿他可以不受打扰。(where引导非限制性定语从句)
He lives in a peaceful community，where he can be left alone.
4．同时，英语角开阔了我的视野，提高了我对英语的兴趣。(in the meanwhile)
In the meanwhile，the English corner broadens my horizons and improves my interest in English.
5．昨天，我代表学校宣布了我们学校足球队赢得比赛的消息。(that引导的同位语从句)
Yesterday，on behalf of my school，I announced the news that our school football team won the game.
能力提升
Ⅳ.七选五
When the cold weather hits，swimming is probably an activity that’s far from your mind. 1 .Here are some reasons why swimming in winter is great!
Work your muscles
Every time you swim，it is like doing a mini resistance workout.Each kick and pull works your muscles more than you might imagine，especially your arms，shoulders and gluteus—the muscles that are inactive all day when you’re sitting at your desk.Swimming also works your abs(腹肌) and will reduce your waistline. 2 .
Lift your spirits
Exercise gives off chemicals in your body called endorphins(内啡肽)．These cause a positive feeling into your body which makes you happy. 3 .The repetition，movement and breathing can help you to relax and that’s why swimming is also regarded as a relaxing exercise.
4
Swimming is one of the best activities you can do all year round which benefits your body and your mind.Swimming has been found to increase blood flow to the brain，which leads to more oxygen.That means you’ll experience improved alertness，better memory and cognitive(认知的) function.
Meet new people
5 .You can meet people from all walks of life when swimming.Have a chat in the lap pool，join a swimming club，or get involved in social water sports to get to know people in your community.Besides，the great thing about swimming is that you can do it—rain or shine.Although your backyard pool，the river，or beach cools down over winter，most inside swimming pools run heated pools year round，so you’ve got no excuse to stop swimming!
A．Good for your brain
B．Greatly beneficial to your body
C．These chemicals can control your thought and action
D．Swimming has been shown to reduce stress and tension
E．While swimming is an individual sport，it’s also very social
F．So，along with building fitness，it is a wonderful fullbody exercise
G．But swimming is one of the best activities everyone can undertake in winter
1．答案 G
解析 根据后文“这里有一些冬天游泳很棒的原因！”可知，作者认为冬天游泳很棒，所以选项G“但是游泳是每个人在冬天都可以进行的最好的活动之一。”切合文意。故选G。
2．答案 F
解析 根据前文“每次踢腿和拉腿对肌肉的锻炼比你想象的要多，尤其是你的手臂、肩膀和臀肌——当你坐在办公桌前的时候，这些肌肉一整天都处于不活跃状态。游泳还可以锻炼腹肌，减少腰围。”可知，此处是指游泳是一种全身锻炼，所以选项F“所以，除了健身，它还是一项很棒的全身锻炼。”切合文意。故选F。
3．答案 D
解析 根据前文“这些会给你的身体带来积极的感觉，让你快乐。”可知，此处是指游泳可以给人带来精神和身体上的放松，所以选项D“游泳已被证明可以减少压力和紧张。”切合文意。故选D。
4．答案 A
解析 根据后文“游泳是你全年都可以做得最好的活动之一，它对你的身心都有好处。人们发现游泳可以增加流向大脑的血流量，从而使大脑获得更多的氧气。”可知，此处主要是讲游泳对你的大脑有好处。所以选项A“对你的大脑有好处。”切合文意。故选A。
5．答案 E
解析 根据后文“游泳时你会遇到各行各业的人。”可知，此处是指游泳是一种社交运动。所以选项E“游泳是一项个人运动，同时也是一项社交运动。”切合文意。故选E。
Ⅴ.完形填空
Sometimes people come into your life.They teach you a lesson or help you 1 who you are or who you want to become.
You never know who these people may be，but when you 2 your eyes with them，you know at that very moment they will 3 your life in some way.
Sometimes things that happen to you may seem horrible and 4 at first，but in reflection you find that without 5 those difficulties you’d never have realized your potential and 6 .
Illness，injury，lost moments of true greatness，and stupidity all occur to break the limits of your soul.
The people you meet affect your life，and the success and 7 you experience help to shape who you are. 8 the worst experiences can be learned from.They are， 9 ，the most important ones.
If someone loves you，reward them with love，not only because they love you，but because they are teaching you to open your heart to 10 around.If someone hurts you，or breaks your heart， 11 them，for they have helped you learn about trust and the importance of being sensitive
12 whom you open your heart to.
Make every day valuable. 13 every moment and take from those moments everything that you possibly can.Set your 14 high.Hold your head up.Tell yourself you are a great individual and 15 yourself.
语篇解读 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了生活中遇到的人会影响你的生活，生活中经历的一切困难都会让你从中学到东西。对于爱你的人要回报他们，对于伤害你的人要原谅他们。要珍惜生活中的每一刻，要相信自己。
1．A.put out B．figure out
C．carry out D．pull out
答案 B
解析 put out伸出，扑灭；figure out弄清楚，弄明白；carry out执行；pull out退出，撤离。根据“who you are or who you want to become”可知，他们会给你一个教训或帮你弄清楚你是什么样的人，或想成为什么样的人。故选B项。
2．A.contact B．raise
C．open D．lock
答案 D
解析 contact接触；raise抬起；open打开；lock锁。短语 lock eyes with sb.意为“凝视某人”。故选D项。
3．A.disturb B．ruin
C．affect D．enrich
答案 C
解析 disturb打扰；ruin毁坏；affect影响；enrich使丰富。根据上文的“They teach you a lesson or help you...”可知，这些人会影响你的生活。故选C项。
4．A.enjoyable B．strange
C．painful D．wonderful
答案 C
解析 enjoyable令人愉快的；strange奇怪的；painful痛苦的；wonderful美妙的。and 是并列连词；根据“horrible”可知，所填词与horrible在语义上并列，在感彩上相关，应是“painful”。故选C项。
5．A.challenging B．escaping
C．avoiding D．preventing
答案 A
解析 challenge挑战；escape逃避；avoid避免；prevent阻止。根据下文“you’d never have realized your potential and...”可知，只有挑战了这些困难后，你才能知道自己的潜力。故选A项。
6．A.weakness B．strength
C．moral D．skill
答案 B
解析 weakness弱点；strength优势；moral道德；skill技能。根据“potential”可知，所填词与potential(潜力)在语义上应该相关，应是“strength”。故选B项。
7．A.achievement B．honor
C．disappointment D．failure
答案 D
解析 achievement成就；honor荣誉；disappointment失望；failure失败。根据“success”和“you experience”可知，应该是“你所经历的成功与失败”。故选D项。
8．A.Ever B．Even
C．Again D．Also
答案 B
解析 ever曾经；even甚至；again再，又；also也。句意为：甚至是最糟糕的经历，你也能从中学到东西。此处用even表示加强语气。故选B项。
9．A.in fact B．in brief
C．in general D．in addition
答案 A
解析 in fact事实上；in brief简言之；in general一般地；in addition此外。此处in fact用于引出后面的观点“它们是最重要的”。故选A项。
10．A.something B．somebody
C．everything D．everybody
答案 D
解析 something某物；somebody某人；everything一切事物；everybody每个人。根据“open your heart”可知，应该是“对周围的每一个人敞开心扉”。故选D项。
11．A.forgive B．blame
C．attack D．please
答案 A
解析 forgive原谅；blame责备；attack攻击；please使高兴，使满意。根据下文“for they have helped you learn about trust and the importance of...”可知，作者认为伤害你的人也帮助你懂得了很多东西，因此应该原谅他们。故选A项。
12．A.with B．on
C．to D．over
答案 C
解析 with和……在一起；on在……上面；to对于；over在……上面。此处是短语be sensitive to“对……敏感的”。故选C项。
13．A.Spend B．Value
C．Pass D．Count
答案 B
解析 spend度过；value重视，珍惜；pass传递，经过；count计数，重要。根据下文“take from those moments everything that you possibly can”可知，作者建议要珍惜每一时刻，并尽你所能从中获取一切。故选B项。
14．A.record B．background
C．standard D．example
答案 C
解析 record记录；background背景；standard标准；example例子。根据下文“you are a great individual”可知，作者认为要相信自己是优秀的，为自己设定高标准。故选C项。
15．A.worry about B．focus on
C．look after D．believe in
答案 D
解析 worry about担心；focus on关注；look after照顾；believe in相信。根据上文“Tell yourself you are a great individual”可知，作者认为要自信，要相信自己是了不起的。故选D项。
Ⅵ.读后续写
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
A man came home from work late，tired and irritated(不耐烦的)，to find his 5 year old son waiting for him at the door.
“Daddy，may I ask you a question？”
“Yeah sure，what is it？” replied the man.
“Daddy，how much do you make an hour？”
“That’s none of your business.Why do you ask such a thing？” the man said angrily.
“I just want to know.Please tell me，how much do you make an hour？” pleaded the little boy.
“If you must know，I make $20 an hour.”
“Oh，” the little boy replied，with his head down.Looking up，he said，“Daddy，may I borrow $10？”
The father was angry，“If you asked that just because you can borrow some money to buy a silly toy or some other nonsense，then you march yourself straight to your room and go to bed.Think about why you are being so selfish.I work hard every day for such childish behavior.” The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and，started to get even angrier about the little boy’s questions.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money After about an hour or so，the man calmed down，and started to think：Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10 and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.“Are you asleep，son？” He asked.
“No，Daddy，I’m awake，” replied the boy.
“I’ve been thinking，maybe I was too hard on you earlier，” said the man.“It’s been a long day and I took out my anger on you.Here’s the $10 you asked for.”
The little boy sat straight up，smiling.“Oh.Thank you，Daddy！” He yelled.Then，reaching under his pillow he pulled out some crumpled(皱皱巴巴的) bills.
注意：续写词数应为150左右。
The man，seeing that the boy already had money，started to get angry again.
Not knowing what his son meant，the father just stood there，waiting for his boy’s explanation.
参考范文
The man，seeing that the boy already had money，started to get angry again.“How can you be so selfish Why do you want more money since you already have these bills？” The father could hardly hold his anger back and inquired with two eyebrows knitted into one.With held back tears in his eyes，the little boy slowly and carefully counted out his money，and then looked up at his father，replying，“Because I didn’t have enough before，but now I do.”
Not knowing what his son meant，the father just stood there，waiting for his boy’s explanation.Wiping away his tears and an innocent smile appearing on his face，the boy requested in a relieved voice，“Daddy，I have $ 20 now.Can I buy an hour from you Please come home early tomorrow.I want to have dinner with you.”Hearing the boy’s small but sincere request，the father couldn’t help shedding tears.Realizing he was too busy with his business to spare some time with his beloved ones，he gathered his son into his arms and apologized again and again，“Sorry...and I promise I’ll be back early tomorrow.”Period Four Integrated skills
Learning Aims(学习目标)
1．Listening (重点难点)
2．Writing (重点难点)
策略指导
英语听力测试不只是考查学生的英语听力，同时还会考查学生的临场应变能力、猜测能力、记忆能力等。平时要多积累一些常见的话题词汇和话题句式。本单元的话题是介绍通俗历史读物并表达对通俗历史读物的观点。在听力过程中，要培养识别释义的能力。题目中的陈述措辞可能与听力文本中具体信息的措辞不同。在听力之前，首先阅读题目中的陈述说明，找出关键词，这有助于听力信息的获取。在听的过程中，注意这些关键词的同义词。
常见话题词汇：
1．popular history books 通俗历史读物
2．factual accuracy 事实准确性
3．trend 趋势
4．comparison 比较；对比
5．historical figures 历史人物
6．historical events 历史事件
7．refer to 提及
8．phrase 成语，习语；短语
9．adopt 采用
10．contrary to 与……相反
常见话题句式：
1．Popular history books are becoming more and more common on our shelves.
通俗历史读物在我们的书架上越来越普遍了。
2．The language of popular history books is interesting and easy to understand.
通俗历史读物的语言有趣，且容易理解。
3．The author describes the historical figures and events in a more natural and chatty way.
作者以一种更自然、更轻松的方式描述了历史人物和事件。
4．Popular history books are helpful for young people to study history.
通俗历史读物对年轻人学习历史是有帮助的。
5．More and more people are eager to read popular history books，which is a trend.
越来越多的人渴望阅读通俗历史读物，这是一个趋势。
听力集训
Do listening exercises in the book.
Alan is introducing his favourite popular history book.Listen and finish the exercises below.
1．Listen to the introduction and decide whether the following statements are true(T) or false(F)．(教材P36)
2．Listen to the introduction again and complete the notes below.(教材P36)
Activity 1
Alan has found an article about popular history books.Read the article and answer the questions below.
1．What’s Alan’s attitude to popular history books
Favourable.
2．What’s Alan’s view about academic history books
He thinks academic history books are difficult for general readers to understand.
3．According to Alan，why are so many people interested in popular history books
Because the authors adopt a natural，chatty style of writing that opens up the subject matter to the ordinary reader.Also，they often use stories and interesting comparisons to describe historical figures or events vividly，thus engaging the readers’ interest.
Activity 2
Using the ideas from part C and the information in parts A and B，we can write an article on popular history books according to the following outline.(写作模板)
Nowadays，there is a trend that popular history books .As far as I’m concerned， .The reasons are as follows. First of all， .In addition， .Furthermore， . To conclude， .
本单元的写作任务是写一篇现象类说明文，在此类文章写作过程中，有效的开头段落是很重要的，好的导入告诉读者将要发生的事情并鼓励他们进行进一步的阅读。你可以用一个反问句或一句著名的谚语来吸引读者的注意力。
常用表达
开头：
1．Nowadays more and more...is widely and commonly...in everyday life.
2．In recent years...is gaining growing popularity with...
3．Nowadays...has become a very common matter in...
4．Recently，...has been brought into focus.
5．Nowadays，there is a growing tendency in...
中间：
1．There are several reasons for...，but in general，they come down to three major ones...
2．There are many factors that may account for...，but the following are the most typical ones.
3．Many ways can contribute to solving this problem，but the following ones may be the most effective.
4．Generally，the advantages can be listed as follows.
5．The reasons are as follows.
结尾：
1．In a word，I’m in favor of...
2．In conclusion，I think...is favourable to...
随着通俗历史读物的兴起，人们可以用一种比较轻松易懂的方式掌握历史信息。请你以“popular history books”为话题写一篇短文，向历史杂志社投稿，内容包括：
1．介绍通俗历史读物的兴起这一现象，并说明你对这一现象的看法；
2．阐述自己支持通俗历史读物的原因并举例来支持你的观点；
3．做出强有力的总结。
注意：适当增加细节以使行文连贯。
第一步 审题谋篇
[审题]
本单元的写作任务是写一篇关于通俗历史读物的文章，写作时应注意下面几点：
1．确定文体：这是一篇现象类说明文，写作时注意这类文章的写作特点。
2．主体时态：文章应以一般现在时为主。
3．主体人称：人称以第一、三人称为主。
[谋篇]
第一段：介绍通俗历史读物的兴起这一现象，并说明你对这一现象的看法。
第二段：阐述自己支持通俗历史读物的原因并举例来支持你的观点。
第三段：做出强有力的总结。
第二步 遣词造句
[核心词汇]
1．流行，受欢迎popularity
2．关于，至于as for/to
3．喜欢，赞成in favour of
4．非正式的informal
5．描述历史人物或事件describe historical figures or events
6．生动地vividly
7．打下坚实的基础lay the solid foundation
8．基本规律basics
9．精通，擅长have a good command of
10．学术的academic
[连词成句]
1．现在，有一种趋势。
Nowadays，there is a trend.
2．通俗的历史书在人们的书架上很受欢迎。
Popular history books enjoy great popularity on people’s shelves.
3．就我而言，我喜欢读通俗的历史书。
As for/to me，I am in favour of reading popular history books.
4．作者采用一种自然的、非正式的写作风格。
The authors adopt a natural，informal style of writing.
5．这让读者更容易理解。
This makes it easier for the readers to understand.
6．它们经常用故事和有趣的比较生动地描述历史人物或事件，这极大地吸引了读者的兴趣。
They often use stories and interesting comparisons to describe historical figures or events vividly，which greatly attracts the readers’ interest.
7．它们也可以为那些想要学习历史的人打下坚实的基础。
They can also lay the solid foundation for those who want to study history.
8．如果你想掌握好历史，你需要借助于学术性历史书籍。
If you want to have a good command of history，you need to turn to academic history books.
第三步 句式升级
1．用同位语从句合并句1和句2
Nowadays，there is a trend that popular history books enjoy great popularity on people’s shelves.
2．用which引导的非限制性定语从句合并句4和句5
The authors adopt a natural，informal style of writing，which makes it easier for the readers to understand.
3．用现在分词作结果状语改写句6
They often use stories and interesting comparisons to describe historical figures or events vividly，greatly attracting the readers’ interest.
第四步 组句成篇
用适当的过渡词语，把以上词汇和句式，再加上联想内容，组成一篇英语短文。
参考范文
Nowadays，there is a trend that popular history books enjoy great popularity on people’s shelves.As for/to me，I am in favour of reading popular history books.The reasons are as follows.
First of all，the authors adopt a natural，informal style of writing，which makes it easier for the readers to understand.In addition，they often use stories and interesting comparisons to describe historical figures or events vividly，greatly attracting the readers’ interest.Furthermore，they can also lay the solid foundation for those who want to study history.
To conclude，reading popular history books is an excellent way for people to learn the basics of history. But if you want to have a good command of history，you need to turn to academic history books.类文赏读 话题导入
FAN ZHONGYAN
Perhaps one of the most famous sayings in China is，“To be the first to feel concern for the troubles of the world，and the last to enjoy its pleasures.”Written by Fan Zhongyan，this 11th century proverb provides a goal for all Chinese government officials to aspire1 to.
Fan Zhongyan (989－1052) himself was a good example of someone who lived by these words.Fan was born in Suzhou in 989 CE.When he was just one or two years old，his father died and his mother married another man.From a very young age，he was very diligent2 in his schoolwork.Later，he left his stepfather’s family and had to stay in a temple，where he was only able to eat porridge each day.In the winter，he had to cut frozen porridge into pieces for his meals.It is said that one day one of his friends noticed that he was not eating well，so he sent over some tasty food.Fan refused to touch it，saying that he wanted to be content with what he had.
In 1015，Fan passed the imperial examination and became a government official.While he served in Taizhou，he always had the people’s best interest at heart，and so he proposed building a sea wall to protect homes from flooding.This sea wall was later called “Lord Fan’s Embankment”．Serving with distinction3，he helped build up defenses when the country was threatened by war.Then，once the country was at peace again，he was promoted to a high level position in the capital，where he was able to advise the emperor on government policy.
As an advisor to the emperor，Fan then tried to institute government reforms，known as the Qingli reforms.However，many conservative4 bureaucrats5 opposed him，and so the reforms were stopped and Fan was forced to leave the capital and go into exile6.
While in exile in 1045，Fan wrote an essay entitled Memorial to Yueyang Tower.In the essay，he wondered if it was possible to find government officials who would be firm in their desire to look after the needs of the common people，and not worry about their own personal welfare. Of such a man，Fan said，“When serving in a high office at court，he will be concerned for the people；if living on distant rivers and lakes，he will be concerned for his sovereign7. When serving，he worries；while in retirement，he worries.And when does he enjoy himself？One must say：To be the first to feel concern for the troubles of the world，and the last to enjoy its pleasures.”
(选自人教版新教材选择性必修第三册 UNIT 4)
1．aspire / 'spa (r)/ v．渴望(成就)；有志(成为)
2．diligent /'d l d nt/ adj.孜孜不倦的；勤勉的；刻苦的
3．distinction /d 'st ?k n/ n．区别，差别；特性；荣誉，奖赏
4．conservative /k n's ∶v t v/ adj.保守的；守旧的
5．bureaucrat /'bj r kr t/ n．官僚主义者；官僚
6．exile /'eksa l；'eɡza l/ v．& n．流放；流亡；放逐
7．sovereign /'s vr n/ n．君主；元首
1．Fan refused to touch it，saying that he wanted to be content with what he had.
范拒绝碰它，说他想满足于他所拥有的。
[句式分析] saying为现在分词作伴随状语；that引导宾语从句；what引导宾语从句。
2．In the essay，he wondered if it was possible to find government officials who would be firm in their desire to look after the needs of the common people，and not worry about their own personal welfare.
在这篇文章中，他想知道是否有可能找到这样的政府官员，他们会坚定地照顾百姓的需要，而不为自己的个人福利担忧。
[句式分析] if 引导宾语从句；在宾语从句中it充当形式主语，动词不定式短语为真正的主语；who引导定语从句。
3．When serving in a high office at court，he will be concerned for the people；if living on distant rivers and lakes，he will be concerned for his sovereign.
居庙堂之高则忧其民，处江湖之远则忧其君。
[句式分析] When serving in a high office at court和if living on distant rivers and lakes都是状语从句的省略。
Period One Welcome to the unit & Reading —Comprehending
Learning Aims(学习目标)
1．Learn some new words
2．Grasp the general idea of the passage(重点难点)
3．Learn some important sentences(重点难点)
阅读下列课文原句，写出句中加黑词汇的汉语意思
1．As they sailed，the navigators took compass readings，kept logs of their voyages and charted the coast.指南针 航海日志
2．Zheng He’s efforts helped develop and strengthen harmonious relations with these countries and regions，exposing foreign people to Chinese culture，and allowing the Chinese to better understand overseas lands.加强，增强 友好和睦的
3．Zheng He’s accomplishments are now widely acknowledged，and he is remembered as one of China’s most influential explorers.承认(权威、地位) 有很大影响力的
4．Columbus insisted on searching for a direct sea route to the East Indies by sailing across the Atlantic Ocean.坚决要求，坚持 路线，路径
5．The journey was full of challenges：it took longer than expected，they faced a shortage of food，and one of the ships was leaking badly，which put everyone on this ship in grave danger.
不足，短缺 漏，渗漏
6．Regardless of all the challenges，Columbus managed to keep everyone out of danger with his knowledge and bravery across the ocean.不管，不顾
7．This period also allowed for an international exchange of ideas and cultures.使成为可能
Task 1 宏观架构 整体理解
Ⅰ.Read the passage quickly and then fill in the blanks.
Ⅱ.The passage mainly introduces two great explorers’ explorations/the voyages of two famous explorers.
Task 2 微观剖析 细节把握
1．When did a larger fleet sail the seas after Zheng He’s voyages
A．In the 17th century. B．In the 18th century.
C．In the 19th century. D．In the 20th century.
答案 D
2．Which of the following statements is RIGHT
A．Zheng He’s ships were loaded with china，silk，tea and other treasures in order to show how strong China was.
B．The enormous shipyard discovered in Nanjing could prove the authenticity of Zheng He’s voyages.
C．Zheng He’s fleet visited more than 30 countries and regions and even sailed as far as the west coast of Africa.
D．Zheng He took compass readings，kept logs of their voyages and charted the coast.
答案 B
3．What is some historians’ attitude towards the records of Zheng He’s voyages
A．Convinced. B．Objective.
C．Skeptical. D．Optimistic.
答案 C
4．What’s the purpose of the third paragraph in the first part
A．To emphasize the significance of Zheng He’s voyages.
B．To show the size of the fleet.
C．To show the countries and regions where Zheng He set foot.
D．To show Zheng He’s efforts made in the voyages.
答案 A
5．How many voyages did Columbus make between 1492 and 1504
A．3. B．4. C．2. D．5.
答案 B
6．Which was NOT the challenge Columbus and his crew met during the journey in 1492
A．The journey took longer than expected.
B．They faced short of food.
C．They got lost during the journey.
D．One of their ships was leaking badly.
答案 C
7．We can conclude from the story of Christopher Columbus that .
A．one is never too old to learn
B．the longest journey begins with the first step
C．one minute on the stage needs ten years practice off stage
D．nothing is impossible to a willing heart
答案 D
Task 3 读后升华 思维品质
Activity 1 词汇学习——航海词汇
这篇历史文章使用了很多与航海相关的单词和短语。在文章中找到这些单词和短语，并且自己再多想一些。
Words or phrases related to people explorer，captain，crewman，crew，seaman，chief officer，deck boy，engineer，mechanic，pilot，radio officer
Words or phrases related to things ship，fleet，cabin，compass，log，chart，sea，coast，map，lighthouse，life jacket，lifeboat，chain
Words or phrases related to actions set sail，sail，load，chart，navigate，voyage，depart，set foot，discover，alert，collide，drain
Activity 2 美句欣赏——多样的表达方式
这篇历史文章用事实来证明观点。在文章中找到例子，并自己列举一个观点然后用事实证明。
答案
1．Zheng He’s seven voyages had a far reaching impact on China and its neighbours.(观点)
In the countries and regions where Zheng He set foot，legends have been passed on about this great explorer.Zheng He’s efforts helped develop and strengthen harmonious relations with these countries and regions，exposing foreign people to Chinese culture，and allowing the Chinese to better understand overseas lands.(事实)
2．Those who make great discoveries must often overcome many challenges along the way (观点)—as was the case with the explorer Christopher Columbus (事实)．
举例：Strong team spirit is more important than skills.(观点)
For example，teamwork contributed to the Chinese women’s volleyball team’s success.(事实)
Activity 3 文本讨论
1．What factors made the voyages of Zheng He and Columbus so successful？Use the information in the articles to support your opinion.
2．What have you learnt about the spirit of exploration from the articles
3．How might explorers have changed the course of history
译文：根据一些记录，最大的船长度超过140米，显示了在船舶制造方面使用的先进的技术和专业技能。
译文：郑和的努力有助于发展和加强与这些国家和地区的和谐关系，让外国人了解中国文化，让中国人更好地了解海外的国家。
译文：当在南京发现了一个巨大的造船厂时，最后的证据出现了，舰队就是在那里建造的。
译文：那些做出伟大发现的人必须在途中经常克服许多挑战——就像探险家克里斯托弗·哥伦布那样。
译文：哥伦布把住在这些岛上的土著人称为印第安人，因为他确信自己是在东印度群岛。
译文：他的航行开创了探险时代的新篇章，一个见证了许多重要的地理发现的时期。
课文语法填空
There are lots of explorers who have played 1.a significant part in world history；take Zheng He for example.He 2.made(make) a total of seven voyages on behalf of the Ming Dynasty between 1405 and 1433.His first voyage was 3.particularly(particular) spectacular with a fleet of over 200 ships and almost 28,000 people.The fleet paid friendly visits 4.to more than 30 countries and regions.He even sailed as far as the east coast of Africa.The seven voyages had a far reaching impact on China and its neighbours,5.which helped develop and strengthen harmonious relations with these countries and regions,6.exposing(expose) foreign people to Chinese culture.
Another great explorer is Christopher Columbus.He insisted that he 7.(should)search(search) for a direct sea route to the East Indies by sailing across the Atlantic Ocean.With the aid of the King and Queen of Spain，he departed from Spain and began his first voyage with three ships carrying about 90 crewmen in 1492.With many challenges 8.overcome (overcome)，they succeeded in landing in the Caribbean，which Columbus had thought as the East Indies.Between 1493 and 1504，Columbus completed his three subsequent voyages，finding more land，especially the New World.His voyages opened a new chapter of the Age of Exploration，a period which witnessed many important geographical 9.findings (finding)．
Both of their accomplishments are now widely acknowledged，and either of 10.them(they) is remembered as one of the most influential explorers.
课时跟踪练一
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Christopher Columbus，who is one of several historical persons regarded as the first European to discover the Americas，was born in 1451 in Italy.His father was a wool businessman.When he was young，Columbus loved sailing adventure very much.When he was 26 years old，he began to make business voyages.The farthest countries he reached were Iceland and Guinea.
At that time，many European countries became stronger and stronger.Their ships reached Africa and Asia.They got gold，silver，silk，tea and other things from the countries of Asia.The book The Travels of Marco Polo greatly influenced him，in which China and India were written perfectly.Columbus wanted to make another way to these two countries.Since he didn’t have enough money，he asked some countries for help，for example，Portugal，Spain，the UK and France.He told the leaders the earth was round and if they helped him，he could easily get to China.Nobody believed his words and he was regarded as a cheat.Of course he didn’t succeed.
It was not until 1492 that his dream came true.The queen of Spain persuaded the King to support Columbus.On August 3,1492，Columbus left Spain and began his voyage.He had three ships.After two months’ hard sailing，on October 12，they got to an island in the Bahamas.On October 29，they reached Cuba.But a few days later，one of his ships left them.And on December 25，his flagship sunk.Luckily，the ship that left them joined him again.They went back to Lisbon on March 4,1493.
Although they didn’t get to rich Asian countries and take back wealth，they found a new place that nobody had gone to.Columbus thought it was India and called the islands the West Indies.
From 1493 to 1504，he sailed to America three times.He reached most of the coast of southern America and set up many colonies(殖民地)．
On May 20,1506，Columbus died of a disease.
1．What was Columbus’ dream according to the passage
A．To be a rich man.
B．To reach Africa and Asia.
C．To make another way to China and India.
D．To get gold，silver，silk，tea and other things.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第四、五两句可知，哥伦布想找到去印度和中国的另一条路。故选C。
2．How long did it take Columbus to take his voyage from Spain to Lisbon
A．2 months. B．8 months.
C．11 years. D．26 years.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“On August 3,1492，Columbus left Spain and began his voyage.”和“They went back to Lisbon on March 4,1493.”可知，他从西班牙到里斯本花了大约8个月的时间。故选B。
3．In what order did the following take place in Columbus’ life
a．He sailed to America three times.
b．In 1477，he began to make business voyages.
c．He began his voyage with the help of the queen of Spain.
d．He found a new place that nobody had gone to.
e．He tried to get support from some countries.
A．b－e－d－a－c B．b－e－c－d－a
C．c－b－e－a－d D．c－d－e－a－b
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段可知，哥伦布生于1451年，26岁的时候开始了商业航海，即1477年开始商业航海；根据第二段中的“Since he didn’t have enough money...and France.”可知，接下来哥伦布向一些国家寻求帮助；根据第三段的第二、三两句可知，1492年在西班牙王后的帮助下他开始航行；根据第四段第一句可知，哥伦布发现了一个没有人去过的新地方；根据第五段首句可知，哥伦布航行至美洲三次。因此判断正确的顺序是b－e－c－d－a，故选B。
4．What is the best title of the passage
A．Columbus and His Voyages
B．How Columbus Found India
C．Columbus Loved Sailing Adventure
D．How Columbus Got the Sailing Support
答案 A
解析 标题归纳题。根据第一段内容以及全文可知，本文主要讲了哥伦布的生平及航海经历，因此本文的最佳标题为“哥伦布和他的航行”。故选A。
B
Have you ever heard about Black Friday and Cyber Monday？Surely，they are all about finding the best deals on holiday gifts for yourself and family members.And have you heard about GivingTuesday？Here is something about it!
GivingTuesday is observed annually on the Tuesday after Thanksgiving，which encourages people to help those in need by making financial donations or doing good in their local community.The “Global Day of Giving” was started in 2012 by New York City non profit 92nd Street Y and the United Nations Foundation.
Unlike Black Friday，GivingTuesday serves a more altruistic purpose.In its first year，the movement brought in almost $10 million for charities，and things have only improved since.In 2019，many GivingTuesday social media campaigns worldwide helped raise an amazing $1.9 billion from 27 million donors！Over the past five years，many higher education institutions have also been using the Tuesday after Thanksgiving to ask alumni (毕业生) for donations.In 2019，the University of Michigan，which calls it Blueday，received 5,887 gifts totaling over $4 million，while Pennsylvania State University raised $710,000 to benefit over 85 University programs.
Though donating money certainly helps，there are many other ways to support the great cause，especially during the COVID 19 pandemic.You can tutor kids struggling with online learning，or team up with an adult to get groceries or medications for an elderly neighbor.Alternatively，call on your peers(同龄人) to help you with a service project that addresses an issue close to your heart，or pick one from the several ideas suggested on the GivingTuesday website.You can also donate your gently used clothes and toys to local shelters，or mail a handwritten note to a grandparent or a friend you miss seeing.
What are you going to do to make a positive difference in your community on GivingTuesday？Let us know by adding your comments below!
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了GivingTuesday的起源、发展以及在这一天人们做的慈善活动。
5．Why does the author mention Black Friday and Cyber Monday in Paragraph 1
A．To make a comparison.
B．To lead to the topic.
C．To arouse readers’ interest.
D．To express his doubt.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。 通读第一段内容可推知，作者在第一段提及Black Friday和Cyber Monday这两个节日是为了更好地引出文章的主题——GivingTuesday。故选B。
6．What’s the aim of GivingTuesday
A．To promote the development of economy.
B．To attract people to buy more holiday gifts.
C．To call on more universities to donate money.
D．To encourage people to help those in need.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“GivingTuesday is observed annually on the Tuesday after Thanksgiving，which encourages people to help those in need by making financial donations or doing good in their local community.”可知，GivingTuesday旨在鼓励人们通过捐款或为他们所在的社区做好事的途径来帮助那些需要帮助的人。故选D。
7．What does the underlined word “altruistic” in Paragraph 3 mean
A．Selfless. B．General.
C．Specific. D．Complex.
答案 A
解析 词义猜测题。根据第二段第一句及第三段第二句中的“In its first year，the movement brought in almost $ 10 million for charities”可知，GivingTuesday的目的是帮助别人，所以画线词所在句表示GivingTuesday服务于一个更无私的目的。由此可推知，画线词altruistic应意为“无私的”，与A项意思相近。故选A。
8．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about
A．Where people can offer their kind help.
B．What people can do on GivingTuesday.
C．How people can stay safe during COVID 19.
D．Why people need to support the great cause.
答案 B
解析 段落大意题。通读第四段内容可知，第四段主要介绍了在新冠疫情期间，人们在GivingTuesday这一天，除了捐款还可以做的事情。故选B。
C
(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America，the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife.Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.Unfortunately，it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources.Millions of waterfowl(水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen.Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever increasing populations，greatly reducing waterfowl habitat(栖息地)．
In 1934，with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act)，an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory(迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival.Under this Act，all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp.The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J．N.“Ding” Darling，a political cartoonist from Des Moines，Lowa，who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey.Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come.Since 1934，better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat.Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
语篇解读 本文介绍了美国政府创造性地将邮票和狩猎凭证联系在一起以保护水禽及其栖息地。
9．What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America
A．Loss of wetlands.
B．Popularity of water sports.
C．Pollution of rivers.
D．Arrival of other wild animals.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever increasing populations，greatly reducing waterfowl habitat(栖息地)．”可知，湿地丧失是水禽数量减少的原因之一，故A项正确。
10．What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph
A．Acquire. B．Export.
C．Destroy. D．Distribute.
答案 C
解析 词义猜测题。根据语境可知，画线词所在句与上文形成转折，上文讲到了探险者抵达北美洲时，这片大陆上充满了各种各样的野生物种，整个大陆生机勃勃。美洲土著居民明智地照顾着这些宝贵的自然资源，因此画线词所在句应讲述这些资源受到的破坏——探险者及随之而来的殖民者只用了几十年就将大部分资源破坏，故画线词与C项的意义最接近。
11．What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934
A．The stamp price has gone down.
B．The migratory birds have flown away.
C．The hunters have stopped hunting.
D．The government has collected money.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund...Since 1934，better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund”可知，《候鸟狩猎印花税法案》带来的一个直接结果是政府筹到了钱，故D项正确。
12．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．The Federal Duck Stamp Story
B．The National Wildlife Refuge System
C．The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl
D．The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
答案 A
解析 标题归纳题。阅读文章内容可知，本文主要讲述了《候鸟狩猎印花税法案》出台的背景、联邦鸭邮票的设计、用途及其作用和影响，故A项正确。
Ⅱ.七选五
(2021·湖南娄底高二下期中)
The Ways to Avoid Fighting with Your Mom
Life is a struggle，but if you have a bad relationship with your mother，you should cool your passion，because mother children relationships are very important. 1
Don’t give her the silent treatment.
If you think that the silent treatment will always help you achieve a desirable result，then you’re mistaken. 2 By all means，you should take immediate action to stop this cold war.
Avoid deeply rude words.
If you’re quarreling with your mother，you should be careful with what you say to her.
3 Although you’ll apologize for your bad behavior，the words you’ve expressed and the feeling of hate will live in her heart forever.
Don’t draw other family members into a conflict.
Say that you have a terrible habit of drawing your brother and dad into conflicsts between you and your mother. 4 As a result，small and unimportant mother child fights will grow into long lasting family conflicts.You’ll learn a big lesson and realize your bad temper makes your family suffer.
5
Lack of communication between mothers and children can create emotional obstacles and even cause frequent quarrels.When you finally find the reason，you’ll be able to overcome misunderstanding in communication with your mother and bridge the generation gap in a quite short period of time.
A．Refuse to get crazy.
B．Improve your communication.
C．You shouldn’t burst into tears in front of your mother.
D．Sure，your mom will refuse to communicate with you as well.
E．Here are some ways that will help you avoid fighting with your mother.
F．You want them to support you and help you find a beneficial solution for each other.
G．Sometimes your words can be either a perfect pain reliever or a terrible sharp sword.
1．答案 E
解析 空前句提到“生活是一场斗争，但是如果你和母亲的关系不好，你应该冷静下来，因为母子关系非常重要。”接着后文介绍了四种避免与母亲发生争执的方法，故E项“这里有一些方法将帮助你避免与你的母亲发生争执”承上启下，切题。此项中的“some ways”呼应下文的各个小标题。故选E项。
2．答案 D
解析 空前句“如果你认为这样的沉默对待总是能够帮助你实现自己想要的结果，那你就错了”说明与母亲吵架后冷战是一种错误决定；再结合后文“无论如何，你们应该立即采取行动停止这场冷战”可知，设空处指出冷战的一种后果，D项“当然，你的母亲也会拒绝与你交流”符合文意。故选D项。
3．答案 G
解析 根据空后的“尽管你会为你的不良行为道歉，但你所说的话和仇恨的感觉将永远留在她的心里”可知，吵架时说的粗鲁的话会使母亲受到伤害。G项“有时候你的话可能是完美的止痛药或者是可怕的利剑”符合此处语境，此选项中“a terrible sharp sword”呼应“the words you’ve expressed and the feeling of hate will live in her heart forever”。故选G项。
4．答案 F
解析 空前的“假设你习惯把哥哥或父亲牵涉进你和母亲之间的冲突中”与F项“你想让他们支持和帮助你找到有利双方的解决办法”语义衔接，且F项中“them”指代的是上文的“brother and dad”。故选F项。
5．答案 B
解析 根据设空处下面第一句“母亲与孩子之间缺乏交流可能会引起情感上的障碍甚至引起不断地争吵”可知，B项“加强你们之间的沟通”对本段的概括最为准确，且B项中的“communication”与下文中的“communication”呼应。故选B项。Period Three Grammar and usage
Learning Aims(学习目标)
1．Learn grammar—Predicative clauses(重点难点)
2．Learn the following language point：available(重点难点)
Activity 1 读文探究
阅读下列句子，认真感悟加黑部分，并完成方框下的小题
1．Learning and travelling were exactly what helped him in his later career as a historian. 2．His father’s dream was that one day he could write a great masterpiece recording what had happened in history. 3．His chief concern was whether he could do his job more effectively and efficiently.
1．我们可以使用名词性从句作为句子的表语。
2．当从句是陈述句时，我们可以用that引导表语从句，如句2；
当从句是一般疑问句时，我们可以用whether引导表语从句，如句3；
当从句是特殊疑问句时，我们可以用what，why，when，where等疑问词引导表语从句，如句1。
Activity 2 语法精析
一、定义
在主从复合句中充当表语的从句，叫作表语从句。它常位于系动词之后，用来说明主语是什么或怎么样。
China is no longer what she used to be.
今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。
二、连接词的用法
连接词：that/whether/as if/as though/because
连接代词：who/whom/whose/which/what
连接副词：when/where/why/how
1．连接词
当名词性从句主干齐全，又不缺少状语时，用连接词引导。
(1)that引导的表语从句
that引导表语从句本身没有词义，在句中只起连接作用，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。
The fact is that more than seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water.
事实是，超过70%的地球表面被水覆盖着。
The drawback of the popularity of cars is that it brings about so much air pollution.
汽车流行的缺点是它造成了太多的空气污染。
(2)whether引导的表语从句
whether引导表语从句意为“是否”，但不充当句子成分；if不可引导表语从句。
The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.
问题是我们能否在明晚以前完成我们的工作。
What the doctor really doubts is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
医生真正怀疑的是我母亲的重病是否能很快康复。
(3)as if/though引导的表语从句
as if/though引导表语从句意为“好像”，引导表语从句时要注意时态。
如果句中的情况与事实不相符，从句多用虚拟语气。
如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；
如果从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词要用“had＋过去分词”；
如果从句表示将来发生的可能性不大，用would/might/could＋动词原形。
Li Lei is now in a new jacket.He looks as if he were an American boy.(与现在事实相反)
李雷现在穿着一件新夹克。他看起来像个美国男孩。
The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon.It seems as if she had been to the moon many times.(与过去事实相反)
那个女孩正在给我们生动地描述月亮。就好像她去过月球很多次。
He looks very sad as if he would depart for another world.(与将来事实相反)
他看起来很伤心，好像要到另一个世界去了。
但是，如果as if/though引导的表语从句所述与事实相符，那么从句用陈述语气。
The clouds are gathering.It looks as if it is going to rain.
乌云密布。看来要下雨了。
2．连接代词
连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which等不但起连接作用，也在从句中作名词或代词所作的成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语等。缺少连接代词，从句不完整。
What worries us most is who let out the secret.
最令我们担忧的是谁泄漏了秘密。
The problem is whose work is the best among the mechanics.
问题是在这些技工中间谁的工作最好。
I read about it in some book or another，but what I don’t know is which (book) it is.
我在某本书或另一本书上看到过这件事，但我不知道是哪一本了。
温馨提示： what 在表语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，表示“什么，什么样子，或所……的 人或事 ”。
The question is what caused the accident.
问题是是什么造成了这次事故。
To my surprise，the church is no longer what it used to be.
令我惊讶的是，这座教堂已经不是以前的样子了。
Patience is a good virtue and that’s what it takes to do anything well.
耐心是一种美德，这是做好任何事情所需要的。
A ship in harbor is safe，but that’s not what ships are built for.
船停放在海港里是安全的，但这并非造船的目的。
3．连接副词
连接副词when，where，why，how等不但起连接作用，也在从句中作状语，表示时间、地点、原因和方式等。
Grandma pointed to the hospital and said，“That’s where I was born.”
奶奶指着医院说：“那是我出生的地方。”
With the number of cars increasing rapidly in cities，a major problem is where the cars can be parked.
随着城市中汽车数量的快速增长，一个主要问题是汽车可以停在哪里。
What puzzles Lily’s friends is why she always has so many crazy ideas.
使莉莉的朋友们困惑的是她为什么总有那么多疯狂的想法。
温馨提示： 1 That’s why...那就是为什么…… why 从句表示结果 2 That’s because...那是因为…… because 从句表示原因 3 The reason why...is /was that...……的原因是…… 表语从句常用that引导，而不用because
English has many borrowed words；that’s why it is rather confusing to learners.
英语有很多外来词；那就是为什么它会让学习者感到非常困惑。
—I called your office at about ten this morning，but there was no reply.
—Oh，that was probably because I was paying a visit to a friend in hospital.
——我今天上午10点左右给你办公室打电话，但是没有人接。
——噢，那可能是因为我去探望一位住院的朋友了。
The reason why Tom came late for the meeting was that he was ill.
汤姆开会迟到的原因是他病了。
三、表语从句中应注意的问题
1．当句子的主语是：advice，demand，desire，idea，instruction，order，proposal，recommendation，request，requirement，suggestion，wish等名词时，表语从句须用虚拟语气，即：should do，should可省掉。
My advice is that you (should) go to apologize to him.
我的建议是你应该去向他道歉。
The students’ request is that the school library (should) provide more books on popular science.
学生们的请求是学校的图书馆应该提供更多关于大众科学的书。
2．表语从句一定要用陈述语序。
What I want to know is which road we should take.( √ )
What I want to know is which road should we take.( × )
我想知道的是我们应走哪条路。
However，his work proved difficult，because sorting out all the available resources and checking facts of historical materials required painstaking efforts(教材P34)
?available adj.可获得的，可找到的；有空的
(1)available的基本含义是在一定的时间或场合是“可以使用的”。修饰物时，可指“现成可用的；在手边的；闲着的”，也可指“可获得的；易得到的；可找到的；可购得的”；修饰人时，意为“有空的”，即“可会见的，可与之交谈的”。 (2)available用作表语时，其后可接动词不定式，即： be available to do sth.可用来做某事；可提供给某事 (3)available用作定语时，放在被修饰的词前或词后均可。
[佳句赏读] 感悟句意·背诵
①(应用文写作之运动方式)In conclusion，walking is a cheap，safe，enjoyable and readily available form of exercise.
总之，散步是一种廉价、安全、有趣而又随时可以开展的运动形式。
②Funds are available to assist students who want to attend the competition.
想参加比赛的学生可获得资助。
[写出下列句子中available的含义/单句语法填空/单句写作]
①(应用文写作之邀请信)With the Dragon Boat Festival approaching，I’d like to invite you to my family get together on 14th June if you are available.有空的
②We live in an age when more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
易得到的
③Worried about the time available，the crew had made a list of the sites they wanted to see in London.可以使用的
④Leave the door open when you’re available to talk (talk) and close it when you’re not.
⑤(应用文写作之社会发展)几乎每个地区的人们都可以乘坐便捷的交通工具。
Convenient transportation is available to people from nearly every district.
Ⅰ.用适当的连词填空
1．However，the fact is that forests play a vital role in keeping a balanced ecosystem.
2．This is what my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
3．I have a good command of English and am easy to get along with.That’s why I’m writing to apply for the job.
4．He didn’t attend the meeting and that’s because he had an urgent thing to deal with.
5．I got wet all through；that’s because I didn’t take an umbrella.
6．He told us his request was that his complaint should be dealt with as soon as possible.
7．The reason why she couldn’t have come to the meeting was that she had not been invited.
8．There is no doubt about her ability but the question is whether she has such experience as a tutor.
9．With wonderful views of mountains and beaches，Lovers Point Park is where many people get married.
10．Compared to other forms of sharing bike，the greatest advantage of Mobike is that you can easily find one and never worry about where to park it.
11．If you are passionate about something，pursue it no matter what anyone else thinks.That’s how dreams are achieved.
12．If you often feel tired and can’t focus your attention，that is when you have to stop working too hard and to have a rest.
Ⅱ.完成教材P35 B 部分
课时跟踪练三
基础巩固
Ⅰ.用适当的连接词填空
1．The best moment for the football star was when he scored the winning goal.
2．Don’t be sad.The most important thing is that we must learn from our mistakes and move on.
3．It is estimated that 12.79 million new urban jobs have been created this year，which almost doubles what it was last year.
4．I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella；that was why I got wet through.
5．What your father wants to know is how you are getting on with your studies.
6．The question is where/whether we will have our sports meeting next week.
7．The reason why he failed was that he was too careless.
8．The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.
9．I know that you are now having trouble communicating with others，and you may feel lonely.That’s because you are new here and people don’t know about you.
10．Here you are.This is what you were asking for.
Ⅱ.单句写作
1．找个合适的机会和你的同班同学交流，那是因为它是消除你们之间误会的一个好办法。
Finding a proper chance to communicate with your classmates；that’s because it is a great way to clear up the misunderstanding between you and your classmates.
2．我精通英语口语，那就是我能够与游客顺利交流的原因。
I have a good command of spoken English and that’s why I can communicate with visitors smoothly.
3．重要的是广泛的阅读可以开阔我们的视野，丰富我们的生活。
What’s important is that a wide range of reading can broaden our horizons and enrich our life.
4．这个太极拳俱乐部是我们可以享受运动和了解中国文化的地方。
The Tai Chi Club is where we can enjoy sports and learn about Chinese culture.
5．问题是你是否能腾出时间考虑这个建议。
The question is whether you can spare time to consider the suggestion.
能力提升
Ⅲ.阅读理解
A
Born in Philadelphia the youngest of five children，Ruiz grew up in a loving household in suburban South Jersey.But that is not her full story.Ruiz’s father passed away when she was three，leaving her mother to raise the five children.The family moved more than she’d like to remember—three times when she was in the 5th grade alone.
Though her mother was a working single parent trying to support her own family，she didn’t hesitate to help others.Friends arrived needing a temporary place to crash and stayed indefinitely.Ruiz’s aunt，diagnosed with cancer，moved in with the family after her graduation from high school and they cared for her through the end.
Ruiz became an EMT and worked nights in Philadelphia，eventually enrolling in Rowan College at Gloucester County，where she sought to develop her skills as a storyteller.Ruiz got such good grades at RCGC that she was offered a partial scholarship to study journalism at the University of Miami but realizing she could not get enough to cover everything the scholarship wouldn’t，so she didn’t go to Miami.She applied to Rowan.She graduated with two degrees—Journalism and Radio，Television & Film—from the College of Communication & Creative Arts.
Last fall，Ruiz joined the staff of Rowan Radio 89.7 WGLS FM where she quickly became news director and this spring began an internship with the Elvis Duran and the Morning Show，a nationally syndicated radio program in New York City.The Duran program exposed her to a world of career possibilities，from behind the scenes production to on air talent.
“I know what it’s like to feel isolated，to feel like your story is not getting heard，”she said.“Rowan provided me the tools to give a voice to the voiceless.My goal is to share powerful stories so that I can inspire as many people as possible to love themselves and to follow their dreams.”
语篇解读 本文为一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Ruiz的成长、求学经历以及她鼓励他人去追寻梦想的事迹。
1．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs
A．Ruiz had a happy childhood.
B．The family enjoyed moving around.
C．It was hard for her mother to raise them.
D．Ruiz’s childhood was not easy but full of love.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。由第一段中的“Ruiz’s father passed away when she was three，leaving her mother to raise the five children.”可知，Ruiz的童年生活不易；由第二段中的“Though her mother was a working single parent trying to support her own family，she didn’t hesitate to help others.”可知，她们家是充满爱的。由此可知，Ruiz的童年虽然不容易，但充满了爱。故选D。
2．Why didn’t Ruiz go to the University of Miami
A．It was too far away.
B．Her aunt needed her care.
C．She couldn’t afford the fee.
D．Her mother didn’t want her to go.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。由第三段中的“Ruiz got such good grades at RCGC that she was offered a partial scholarship to study journalism at the University of Miami but realizing she could not get enough to cover everything the scholarship wouldn’t，so she didn’t go to Miami.”可知，Ruiz 没有去迈阿密上大学是因为她负担不起费用。故选 C。
3．Which of the following best describe Ruiz
A．Brave and kind.
B．Generous and helpful.
C．Determined and modest.
D．Strong willed and caring.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可知，Ruiz 的求学经历体现了她有坚定的信念和强大的毅力；由最后一段她说的话“My goal is to share powerful stories so that I can inspire as many people as possible to love themselves and to follow their dreams.”可以看出她关爱他人。由此可知，Ruiz意志坚强，关爱他人。故选D。
4．What can be the best title for the text
A．Ruiz—a Famous Woman
B．Ruiz—an Inspiring Woman
C．Ruiz—a Woman of Achievements
D．Ruiz—a Woman with Two Degrees
答案 B
解析 标题归纳题。根据文章内容，特别是最后一段中的“Rowan provided me the tools to give a voice to the voiceless.My goal is to share powerful stories so that I can inspire as many people as possible to love themselves and to follow their dreams.”可知，文章讲述了Ruiz希望通过她自己的成长、求学经历来鼓励他人去追寻梦想，所以她是个鼓舞人心的女性。故选B。
B
Singapore researchers say they have developed a form of electronic skin that can create a sense of touch.They hope their invention will give people with prosthetic(假体的) hands the ability to identify different objects.
The skin device measures 1 square centimeter.The system contains 100 small sensors that attempt to recreate things like texture(质地)，temperature and even pain.The researchers call the device Asynchronous Coded Electronic Skin(ACES)，which can process information faster than the human’s nervous system.Machine learning methods trained the device to recognize 20 to 30 different textures.It can even correctly read Braille letters(布莱叶盲文) most of the time.
The system does not require the users’ movement to work.They just need to slide to feel texture.But in this case the skin，with just a single touch，is able to detect textures of different roughness.
A demonstration showed that the device could identify the difference between a soft ball and a solid plastic one.“When you lose your sense of touch，you essentially become numb and prosthetic limb users face that problem，”said Benjamin Tee，leader of the research team.“So by recreating an artificial version of the skin for their prosthetic devices，they can hold a hand and feel the warmth and feel that it is soft.”
Tee said his idea for the device came from the movie Star Wars，when character Luke Skywalker loses his right hand and it is replaced with a robotic one.In the film，the new hand is able to experience touch sensations just like the real one.
The artificial skin technology is still going through experiments and development.But Tee said there had already been a lot of interest in the system，especially from the medical community.Tee said similar inventions that his team has developed include see through skin that can repair itself when torn and a material for wearable electronic devices that gives off light.
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了新加坡研究人员已经开发出一种可以产生触觉的电子皮肤。这种人造皮肤就像真的皮肤一样。
5．What can we learn about the artificial skin in Paragraph 2
A．It is sensitive to high temperature.
B．It reacts faster than our nervous system.
C．It can recognize different objects.
D．It helps the users memorize Braille letters.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“...which can process information faster than the human’s nervous system.”可知，人造皮肤的反应速度比我们的神经系统快。故选B。
6．What can be inferred from Benjamin Tee’s words
A．The artificial skin feels like a real thing.
B．People with the artificial skin feel warm.
C．People don’t want to lose the sense of touch.
D．He is sympathetic towards the prosthetic limb users.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据第四段尤其是最后一句话“So by recreating an artificial version of the skin for their prosthetic devices，they can hold a hand and feel the warmth and feel that it is soft.”可推知，这种人造皮肤就像真的皮肤一样。故选A。
7．What inspired Benjamin Tee to create the artificial skin
A．The desire to help those in need.
B．The life of the disabled.
C．A dream of earning more money.
D．A scene from a famous movie.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Tee said his idea for the device came from the movie Star Wars，when character Luke Skywalker loses his right hand and it is replaced with a robotic one.”可知，这个装置的想法来自电影《星球大战》中的场景。故选D。
8．Which word can best describe the artificial skin technology
A．Profitable. B．Stable.
C．Promising. D．Challenging.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句“But Tee said there had already been a lot of interest in the system，especially from the medical community.”可知，已经有很多人对该系统感兴趣，尤其是医学界。所以说人造皮肤这项技术是很有前途的。故选C。
Ⅳ.语法填空
If you have ever seen an alpaca(羊驼)，you might 1. (simple) be fascinated with their furry and cute appearance.But now chances are that these animals might help scientists find a vaccine for COVID 19.
As the Australian scientists studying alpacas report，these animals have 2. unique immune response.Scientists used to use them to do research on viruses like HIV.Up to now they 3._____ (find) that when infected with COVID 19，alpacas react in a special way.
“Alpacas actually create two different types of antibodies.One bears striking similarities 4.______ the type we humans make，and the other is 5. is called nanobodies(纳米抗体)，” said Michael James，a researcher 6. (involve) in the study.
The alpacas produced these nanobodies after researchers put a COVID 19 viral spike protein(棘突蛋白) into their 7. (body)．It is this protein that allows COVID 19 to infect our cells.The nanobodies，however，stop 8. (infect) from happening by blocking the protein.
Although the results look good，it will take some time 9. (produce) a vaccine based on the findings.Since the nanobodies are new，more research is required to make sure they are both 10. (effect) and safe when they are tried on humans，according to James.
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。据研究羊驼的澳大利亚科学家报告，这些动物有一种独特的免疫反应。这些发现可能会帮助科学家找到COVID 19的疫苗。
1．答案 simply
解析 考查副词。修饰动词fascinate应用副词。故填simply。
2．答案 a
解析 考查冠词。“unique immune response”在此处第一次提及，所以是泛指，应用不定冠词，且unique的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
3．答案 have found
解析 考查动词的时态。根据“Up to now”可知，此处应用现在完成时，主语they是复数。故填have found。
4．答案 to
解析 考查介词。名词similarity应与介词to搭配，表示“与……的相似性”。故填to。
5．答案 what
解析 考查表语从句。表语从句中缺少主语，且是指事物，所以应用what引导。故填what。
6．答案 involved
解析 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，设空处在句中作定语修饰researcher，动词involve意为“使参与”，和逻辑主语researcher构成被动关系，所以应用过去分词作后置定语。故填involved。
7．答案 bodies
解析 考查名词的复数。body意为“身体”，为可数名词，在their后应用复数形式。故填bodies。
8．答案 infection
解析 考查名词。在动词stop后应用名词作宾语，stop...from doing意为“阻止……做某事”，名词infection意为“感染”，是抽象概念，不可数。故填infection。
9．答案 to produce
解析 考查非谓语动词。It takes...to do sth.意为“做某事需要花费……”，为固定句式，此处to do不定式为真正的主语，it为形式主语。故填to produce。
10．答案 effective
解析 考查形容词。根据空后的“and safe”可知，此处应用形容词effective(有效的)作表语。故填effective。
