2022届高考英语二轮复习：语法总复习定语从句课件（58张ppt）
文档属性
| 名称 | 2022届高考英语二轮复习：语法总复习定语从句课件（58张ppt） |  | |
| 格式 | pptx | ||
| 文件大小 | 4.0MB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-01-24 11:52:49 | ||
图片预览
文档简介
(共58张PPT)
专题三 语法填空与短文改错通关
定语从句
英语
[考纲解读·定方向]
定语从句是高考考查的重点，也是必考点之一，语法填空主要考查关系代词、关系副词的选用，故分清句子结构，搞清定语从句部分缺少何种成分至关重要。
1. 语法填空考查形式均为无提示词型填空。
2. 短文改错主要考查引导词的误用。
3. 定语从句的重要性还体现在书面表达上，它属于高级句式，对提升文章的档次起着举足轻重的作用。
定语从句的概念
定
1. He is a handsome man and I never get him forever.
主 系 表
He is a handsome man that I never get forever.
主 系 表 定
2. You are the most beautiful girl.
You are the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
1．定语从句
在复合句中，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.
2．先行词
被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行词的可以是：
一个词(通常是名词，也可以是代词)
This is the place which is worth visiting.
He laughs best who laughs last.
3．关系词
引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：代指先行词，引导定语从句，在从句中充当句子成分。
Beijing, which is the capital city of China, is a very beautiful city.
4．先行词与关系词的关系
(1)关系代词who, that, which实际上是先行词的替代词
A plane is a machine that can fly.(that＝a machine)
The boy who broke the window is called Tom.(who＝the boy)
(2)关系代词whose实际上是先行词的所有格
The boy whose parents were dead was brought up by his grandfather.(whose＝the boy's)
(3)关系副词实际上是“介词＋先行词”
The school where I study is far from my home. (where＝in the school)
判断定语从句：
I know that he is an intelligent and hard working boy.
That he passed the driving test made us very happy.
This is the card which/that I’ve just received.
翻译句子：
1.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。
_______________________________________________________________
2.她再婚了，这是始料未及的。
_______________________________________________________________
关系词分类
关系代词：that、which、who、whom、whose、as
关系副词：when、where、why
一. 关系代词的用法
阅读下面句子并说明引导词指代什么并说出其在定语从句中所做的成分。
1.The people who called yesterday want to buy the house.
2.The author(whom)you criticized has written a letter in reply.
3.Do you know the girl whose father is a doctor
4.The person that you talked about just now is Mr Liu.
5.Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
6.Tom was late for work again this morning，which made the boss angry.
7.As is known to all，China is the biggest developing country in the world.
关系代词 修饰的先行词 所作成分 作宾语时可以省略，前有介词时不可省略
who
whom
that
which
whose 不可以省略
as 不可以省略
用法区别
(一)关系代词that与which的用法区别
1、 只用that的情况
(1) I can still remember the teacher and his lessons that give me a most lasting impression.
(2) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
This is the most interesting film that I have seen.
(3)Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said
(4)Who is the man that is standing there
They secretly built a small factory，which produced things that could cause pollution.
总结：
(1)当先行词既有人也有物时。
(2)先行词前有序数词，the only，the last，the very(恰恰，正好，any，few，little，no，all或有形容词的最高级修饰，或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词的最高级时。
(3)当先行词是不定代词，或先行词被不定代词修饰时。all、everything、something、anything、nothing、none、the one等。
(4)当主句是以which或who开头的疑问句，或有一个定语从句已经由which引导时。
2、只用which的情况
(1) This is the school in which I studied 10 years ago.
(2) The meeting was put off，which was actually what we wanted.
总结：
(1)“介词＋关系代词”结构中指物的关系代词只能用which(指人时用whom)。
(2)在非限制性定语从句中指物的关系代词只能用which。
[实例体验一]
1．(2018·天津卷)Kate，________sister I shared a room with when we were at college，has gone to work in Australia.
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil testing program ____________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah，____________has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
4．(2017·北京卷)The little problems____________we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
5．(四川卷)The books on the desk，____________ covers are shiny，are prizes for us.
二. 限制性和非限制性
1．限制性定语从句
它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。
Do you know the girl who just came in
Shanghai is a city (that)I've always wanted to visit.
The time when I first met Mr. White was a very difficult period of my life.
2．非限制性定语从句
它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句一般不用that引导。
The old woman, who lives on her own, has a cat for company.
Beijing, which is the capital city of China, is a very beautiful city.
as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which和as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
当先行词不是主句中的某个词而是整个主句时，关系代词用which或as，但二者的用法也有区别。
（1）位置区别
which引导的非限制性定语从句一般跟在主句之后，而as引导的从句可在主句前、主句后，也可以在主句中间。
I failed again in the match，which was a great pity.
As we had expected，he opposed the plan.
（2）意思区别
which通常意为“这；这一点”，as通常表示说话人的态度、看法、解释等，意为“正如”。
He sold his bicycle，which surprised me.
As we know，smoking is harmful to our health.
＝Smoking is harmful to our health，as we know.
（3）which引导的此类定语从句，与前面的主句往往存在着“因果”逻辑关系，主句为“因”，which引导的定语从句表示“果”。
Jim is addicted to computer games，which upsets his parents very much.
关系词 从句位置 意义
as 放在主句之前、主句之后或者插在主句中间皆可 正如as be announced，as be expected，as be known，as be reported，as be said，as be shown
which 只能放在主句之后 这一点
[名师指津] 当非限制性定语从句的谓语为被动式谓语时，常用as引导。
The air quality in the city，as is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.
[实例体验二]
1．(2017·天津卷)My eldest son，____________work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment.
2．(江苏卷)The number of smokers, ____________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
I still remember the day when(on which)I first came to this school.
This is the small village where(in which)he was born.
The reason why(for which)he refused the invitation is not clear.
三.关系副词的用法
关系副词 先行词 所作成分
when＝介词＋which 时间 时间状语
where＝介词＋which 地点 地点状语
why＝for＋which 原因 原因状语
[实例体验三]
1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid 1980s，________ I was the first Western TV reporter...
2．(天津卷)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ____________ his employees enjoy their work.
3．(2019·青岛二模)The reason ____________ we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
四. 介词+关系代词
1.He was generous with his time,for which I was grateful.(be grateful for)
2.He was the man on whom you can depend.(depend on)
3.This is the factory in which he works.
4.He has written a book whose name I’ve forgotten. whose+n=n+of+which
= He has written a book the name of which I’ve forgotten.
知识是我们借以实现梦想的翅膀。(with表示用某种手段、工具)
“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句的2个考查点
(1)考查该结构中关系代词的选用
若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。
(2)考查该结构中介词的选用
一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：先行词和介词的搭配习惯；
从句中动词或形容词与介词的搭配习惯；Do you know the girl with/to whom the teacher talked just now？(talk作“交谈”讲时，常与with或to搭配)
句子意思表达的需要。Knowledge is the wings with which we realize our dreams.
2．“介词＋which＋名词”结构引导的定语从句。常见的这类结构有：
during which time在此期间 at which time在这时
at which point在这一时刻 for which reason由于这个原因
in which case在这一情况下
Mother is preparing lunch, during which time children are playing outside.妈妈在准备午餐，在此期间，孩子们在外面玩。
The newly built gym, the walls of _______ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard study.新建成的体育馆，墙被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说真是一个安静的去处，特别是在刻苦学习后。
He has ten cousins, the youngest of ______ is very clever.
他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。
[实例体验四]
1．(2017·江苏卷)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme，one of ____________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
2．(浙江卷)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of ____________ has been proved.
3．(江苏卷)Many young people，most of ____________ were well educated，headed for
1．(2017·江苏高考改编)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
2．(2016·6月浙江高考改编)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of ______ has been proved.
3．(2015·安徽高考改编)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon ________school education depends.
4．(2015·重庆高考)He wrote many children's books, nearly half of ________ were published in the 1990s.
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.________________
[实例体验五]
1．(全国卷Ⅰ)Maybe you have a habit ____________ is driving your family crazy.
2．(2019·河南、河北七所名校联考)The shelter，____________ is designed for the thousands of traders and shoppers at Bangkok's night market，has become an attraction itself.
[典例1](2018·浙江卷6月)Many westerners ____________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
[典例2](2018·江苏卷)Self driving is an area____________China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
[典例3]①They live in a small house，in front of ____________ stands an orange tree.
②They live in a small house，and in front of ____________ stands an orange tree.
[典例4]①The old man has three sons，none of ____________ is a doctor.
②The old man has three sons，but none of ____________ is a doctor.
谢谢观看
专题三 语法填空与短文改错通关
定语从句
英语
[考纲解读·定方向]
定语从句是高考考查的重点，也是必考点之一，语法填空主要考查关系代词、关系副词的选用，故分清句子结构，搞清定语从句部分缺少何种成分至关重要。
1. 语法填空考查形式均为无提示词型填空。
2. 短文改错主要考查引导词的误用。
3. 定语从句的重要性还体现在书面表达上，它属于高级句式，对提升文章的档次起着举足轻重的作用。
定语从句的概念
定
1. He is a handsome man and I never get him forever.
主 系 表
He is a handsome man that I never get forever.
主 系 表 定
2. You are the most beautiful girl.
You are the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
1．定语从句
在复合句中，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.
2．先行词
被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行词的可以是：
一个词(通常是名词，也可以是代词)
This is the place which is worth visiting.
He laughs best who laughs last.
3．关系词
引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：代指先行词，引导定语从句，在从句中充当句子成分。
Beijing, which is the capital city of China, is a very beautiful city.
4．先行词与关系词的关系
(1)关系代词who, that, which实际上是先行词的替代词
A plane is a machine that can fly.(that＝a machine)
The boy who broke the window is called Tom.(who＝the boy)
(2)关系代词whose实际上是先行词的所有格
The boy whose parents were dead was brought up by his grandfather.(whose＝the boy's)
(3)关系副词实际上是“介词＋先行词”
The school where I study is far from my home. (where＝in the school)
判断定语从句：
I know that he is an intelligent and hard working boy.
That he passed the driving test made us very happy.
This is the card which/that I’ve just received.
翻译句子：
1.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。
_______________________________________________________________
2.她再婚了，这是始料未及的。
_______________________________________________________________
关系词分类
关系代词：that、which、who、whom、whose、as
关系副词：when、where、why
一. 关系代词的用法
阅读下面句子并说明引导词指代什么并说出其在定语从句中所做的成分。
1.The people who called yesterday want to buy the house.
2.The author(whom)you criticized has written a letter in reply.
3.Do you know the girl whose father is a doctor
4.The person that you talked about just now is Mr Liu.
5.Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
6.Tom was late for work again this morning，which made the boss angry.
7.As is known to all，China is the biggest developing country in the world.
关系代词 修饰的先行词 所作成分 作宾语时可以省略，前有介词时不可省略
who
whom
that
which
whose 不可以省略
as 不可以省略
用法区别
(一)关系代词that与which的用法区别
1、 只用that的情况
(1) I can still remember the teacher and his lessons that give me a most lasting impression.
(2) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
This is the most interesting film that I have seen.
(3)Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said
(4)Who is the man that is standing there
They secretly built a small factory，which produced things that could cause pollution.
总结：
(1)当先行词既有人也有物时。
(2)先行词前有序数词，the only，the last，the very(恰恰，正好，any，few，little，no，all或有形容词的最高级修饰，或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词的最高级时。
(3)当先行词是不定代词，或先行词被不定代词修饰时。all、everything、something、anything、nothing、none、the one等。
(4)当主句是以which或who开头的疑问句，或有一个定语从句已经由which引导时。
2、只用which的情况
(1) This is the school in which I studied 10 years ago.
(2) The meeting was put off，which was actually what we wanted.
总结：
(1)“介词＋关系代词”结构中指物的关系代词只能用which(指人时用whom)。
(2)在非限制性定语从句中指物的关系代词只能用which。
[实例体验一]
1．(2018·天津卷)Kate，________sister I shared a room with when we were at college，has gone to work in Australia.
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil testing program ____________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah，____________has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
4．(2017·北京卷)The little problems____________we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
5．(四川卷)The books on the desk，____________ covers are shiny，are prizes for us.
二. 限制性和非限制性
1．限制性定语从句
它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。
Do you know the girl who just came in
Shanghai is a city (that)I've always wanted to visit.
The time when I first met Mr. White was a very difficult period of my life.
2．非限制性定语从句
它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句一般不用that引导。
The old woman, who lives on her own, has a cat for company.
Beijing, which is the capital city of China, is a very beautiful city.
as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which和as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
当先行词不是主句中的某个词而是整个主句时，关系代词用which或as，但二者的用法也有区别。
（1）位置区别
which引导的非限制性定语从句一般跟在主句之后，而as引导的从句可在主句前、主句后，也可以在主句中间。
I failed again in the match，which was a great pity.
As we had expected，he opposed the plan.
（2）意思区别
which通常意为“这；这一点”，as通常表示说话人的态度、看法、解释等，意为“正如”。
He sold his bicycle，which surprised me.
As we know，smoking is harmful to our health.
＝Smoking is harmful to our health，as we know.
（3）which引导的此类定语从句，与前面的主句往往存在着“因果”逻辑关系，主句为“因”，which引导的定语从句表示“果”。
Jim is addicted to computer games，which upsets his parents very much.
关系词 从句位置 意义
as 放在主句之前、主句之后或者插在主句中间皆可 正如as be announced，as be expected，as be known，as be reported，as be said，as be shown
which 只能放在主句之后 这一点
[名师指津] 当非限制性定语从句的谓语为被动式谓语时，常用as引导。
The air quality in the city，as is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.
[实例体验二]
1．(2017·天津卷)My eldest son，____________work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment.
2．(江苏卷)The number of smokers, ____________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
I still remember the day when(on which)I first came to this school.
This is the small village where(in which)he was born.
The reason why(for which)he refused the invitation is not clear.
三.关系副词的用法
关系副词 先行词 所作成分
when＝介词＋which 时间 时间状语
where＝介词＋which 地点 地点状语
why＝for＋which 原因 原因状语
[实例体验三]
1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid 1980s，________ I was the first Western TV reporter...
2．(天津卷)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ____________ his employees enjoy their work.
3．(2019·青岛二模)The reason ____________ we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
四. 介词+关系代词
1.He was generous with his time,for which I was grateful.(be grateful for)
2.He was the man on whom you can depend.(depend on)
3.This is the factory in which he works.
4.He has written a book whose name I’ve forgotten. whose+n=n+of+which
= He has written a book the name of which I’ve forgotten.
知识是我们借以实现梦想的翅膀。(with表示用某种手段、工具)
“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句的2个考查点
(1)考查该结构中关系代词的选用
若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。
(2)考查该结构中介词的选用
一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：先行词和介词的搭配习惯；
从句中动词或形容词与介词的搭配习惯；Do you know the girl with/to whom the teacher talked just now？(talk作“交谈”讲时，常与with或to搭配)
句子意思表达的需要。Knowledge is the wings with which we realize our dreams.
2．“介词＋which＋名词”结构引导的定语从句。常见的这类结构有：
during which time在此期间 at which time在这时
at which point在这一时刻 for which reason由于这个原因
in which case在这一情况下
Mother is preparing lunch, during which time children are playing outside.妈妈在准备午餐，在此期间，孩子们在外面玩。
The newly built gym, the walls of _______ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard study.新建成的体育馆，墙被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说真是一个安静的去处，特别是在刻苦学习后。
He has ten cousins, the youngest of ______ is very clever.
他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。
[实例体验四]
1．(2017·江苏卷)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme，one of ____________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
2．(浙江卷)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of ____________ has been proved.
3．(江苏卷)Many young people，most of ____________ were well educated，headed for
1．(2017·江苏高考改编)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
2．(2016·6月浙江高考改编)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of ______ has been proved.
3．(2015·安徽高考改编)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon ________school education depends.
4．(2015·重庆高考)He wrote many children's books, nearly half of ________ were published in the 1990s.
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.________________
[实例体验五]
1．(全国卷Ⅰ)Maybe you have a habit ____________ is driving your family crazy.
2．(2019·河南、河北七所名校联考)The shelter，____________ is designed for the thousands of traders and shoppers at Bangkok's night market，has become an attraction itself.
[典例1](2018·浙江卷6月)Many westerners ____________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
[典例2](2018·江苏卷)Self driving is an area____________China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
[典例3]①They live in a small house，in front of ____________ stands an orange tree.
②They live in a small house，and in front of ____________ stands an orange tree.
[典例4]①The old man has three sons，none of ____________ is a doctor.
②The old man has three sons，but none of ____________ is a doctor.
谢谢观看