【2022高分攻略】高考英语二轮复习学案(通用版)
专题六 动词的时态和语态(解析卷)
黑龙江 哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
【考纲解读】
动词的时态和语态问题是高考考查的重点之一,也是历年高考的必考点。英语的十六种时态中,常考的主要有一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时及完成进行时等。一般情况下,语态常结合时态进行综合考查,主要以语法填空、短文改错等形式进行考查,动词的语态在语法填空和短文改错中是必考点。
主要考查热点,
动词时态的考查:
1. 一般现在时和现在进行时表示将来;
2. 将来时表示计划和安排;
3. 完成时与完成进行时态;
4. 过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的假设;
5. 固定句型中的时态分布。
6. 动词语态的考查。
【考点剖析】
一、一般现在时与一般过去时及被动语态
例1:(2021年高考 全国甲卷) The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It ___41___ (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复).
【答案】was built
【解析】句意:它最初是为了保护唐代的城市而建造的,现在已经完全修复了。考查被动语态。空格处为谓语,动词build和主语之间是被动关系,要用被动语态,根据句意和时间状语the Tang dynasty可知,要用一般过去时态,主语it为第三人称单数,主谓一致,因此填was built。
例2:(2021年高考 全国甲卷)We ________ (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate. My bike was old and shaky __but_ did the job.
【答案】hired
【解析】句意:我们从南门的租赁处租了自行车。考查时态。空格处为谓语动词,根据上下文可知,此处描述过去发生的事情,用一般过去时态。所以填hired。
例3:(2021年高考 全国甲卷 改错)(Their answers also show that they dislike talking to others. )They kept very much to themselves. In my opinion, whenever in trouble, we should seek help from those we trust most.
【答案】kept改为keep
【解析】句意:(他们的回答也表明他们不喜欢与他人交谈。)他们自闭得很。在我看来,无论何时遇到困难,我们都应该向我们最信任的人寻求帮助。考查时态。结合前文可知,文章用的时态是一般现在时。所以kept改为keep。
例4:(2020年高考 新课标I卷)The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe (探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess 61 (touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin.
【答案】touched
【解析】句意:无人月球探测器嫦娥四号——名字的灵感来源于古代的中国月亮女神——上周在南极艾特肯盆地着陆。考查时态。空格处是句子的谓语,根据时间状语last week可知应使用一般过去时,故填touched。
二、现在进行时与过去进行时及被动语态
例1:(2021年高考 天津卷)Currently, about 35,000 works ________ in over 300 rooms in the Louvre, and it would take a lifetime to see everything.
A. were displaying B. are displaying
C. were being displayed D. are being displayed
【答案】D
【解析】目前,大约有35000件作品陈列在卢浮宫的300多个展室里,要看完所有的展品恐怕要花一辈子的时间。考查时态和语态。根据“Currently”可知,应该用现在进行时;display与主语works之间为被动关系,所以用现在进行时态的被动语态。故选D。
例2:(2021年高考 哈工大附中模拟卷)I ________down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
A. was driving B. have driven C. would drive D. drove
【答案】A
【解析】句意:我正开车去伦敦这时我突然发现走错路了。根据固定句型:was/ were doing sth. + when… (正在做某事,就在这时突然) 可知选A。
例3:(2020年 哈工大附中语法测试卷)He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he _______.
A. was being followed B. was following
C. had been followed D. followed
【答案】A
【解析】句意:他匆匆忙忙往家赶,从未回头看一看是否有人跟踪自己。考查动词的时态和语态。he和follow是动宾关系,即他被别人跟踪,排除B和D;根据句意“在匆忙赶回家的路上,他从未回头看是否被跟踪”,用过去进行时最合适,所以,选A。
三、现在完成时与过去完成时及被动语态
例1:(2021年高考 浙江卷) It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, ___36___ (prove)irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
【答案】has proved/has proven
【解析】句意:它不像乔治华盛顿在波托马克河畔的种植园那样给人留下深刻印象,但林肯在伊利诺伊州斯普林菲尔德市中心的家,自从向公众开放以来,就被证明对游客来说是不可抗拒的。考查动词时态。分析句子成分可知,空格处为谓语动词,Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield Illinois为主语;结合句意及空格处后的时间状语从句since it opened to the public可知,此处指过去发生的事情对现在造成的影响,要用现在完成时has/have +过去分词;主语Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield Illinois是第三人称单数,所以助动词用has,用提示词prove 的过去分词形式是proved或proven。因此,填 has proved/ has proven。
例2:(2020年高考 浙江卷)By about 6000 BC, people 61_______ (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
【答案】had discovered
【解析】句意:大约在公元前6000年,人们已经发现了最适宜种植的庄稼和最适宜饲养的牲畜。考查时态。分析句子,提示词在句中作谓语,主语和提示词之间是主动得关系。根据“by + 过去时间”(“到……为止”)可知,后面的句子要用过去完成时。因此,填had discovered。
例3:(2020年高考 哈市三中语法测试卷) I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ______ in the past two years.
A. had carried out B. has carried out
C. has been carried out D. had been carried out
【答案】D
【解析】句意:上个月我被派到村里去看看在过去的两年里发展计划是如何执行的。考查时态。the development plan与所给备选答案的动词的动作是被动关系,所以要用被动语态。根据句中时间状语last month和in the past two years可知用过去完成时的被动语态。所以选答案A。
四、几种高考中常出现的将来时态及被动语态
例1:(2020年高考 哈工大语法测试卷)
—I hear a Tibetan student in your school ________ and that you’ve raised money for him.
—Well, the doctors are considering a conservative therapy.
A. was operated on B. will be operated on
C. is being operated on D. has been operated on
【答案】B
【解析】句意:——我听说你们学校一名西藏的学生将进行手术, 你们为他募捐了。 ——哦。 医生们正在考虑一种保守治疗的方法。考查时态和语态。 根据答语可判断出手术还没有进行,所以是将来发生的动作;而且student是operate的动作承受者,因此要用将来时态的被动语态。故选B。
例2:(2019年高考 江苏卷)They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals _________ by 2022 for the Beijing Winer Olympics.
A. will install B. will have been installed
C. are installed D. have been installed
【答案】B
【解析】句意:他们正努力确保在2022年北京冬奥会之前安装5G终端。考查时态和语态。表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作,用将来完成时。“5G终端”和“安装”之间是被动关系,用被动语态,所以,选B。
例3:(2019年 哈工大附中模拟卷)People______ better access to health care in the future than they do , and they will live longer as a result.
A. will have B. have C. had D. had had
【答案】A
【解析】句意:人们将来有着比现在更好的医疗保险,结果他们会更长寿。考查时态。与现在对比是将来,所以than前一句话是用将来的时间,而且后一句用的就是将来时态,所以前面也用将来时态,所以,选A。
例4:(2020年 哈市工大附中模拟卷)Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other, for we _______ more convenient electronic communication tools by then.
A. have developed B. had developed
C. will have developed D. developed
【答案】C
【解析】句意:希望在2025年,我们不再互相发电子邮件,因为到那时候我们将开发更方便的电子通信工具。考查时态。根据时间状语in 2025,可知用将来时;再根据时间状语by then到那时,可知用完成时。结合两者可知用将来完成时。因此选C。
例5:(2018年高考 天津模拟卷)Please wear your best clothes on Monday, as your class photos ________ then.
A. will take B. will be taken C. have taken D. have been taken
【答案】B
【解析】句意:星期一请穿上你们最好的衣服,因为届时你们将拍班级照。考查动词时态和语态。根据时间状语on Monday和then可知,此处指的是将来。class photos与take之间为被动关系,应用被动语态;所以用一般将来时的被动语态,因此选B。
【解题技巧】
关于时态的问题:
首先要从时间状语或状语从句入手,根据题中所有动作和行为之间的关系,是否有先后顺序。
其次,重点掌握用过去完成时的固定结构。在熟练把握时态结构构成的情况下,结合题干的含义选择正确的时态。
在时间、条件状语从句中过去将来时还可用一般过去式代替非真实的动作或状态。除一般现在时和现在进行时可用来表示按计划、安排就要发生的动作或行为以外,be going to,be to do,be about to do等结构也可以表示将来,特别要注意它们之间的区别。
关于语态的问题:
首先要搞清楚动词的逻辑主语与动词之间的关系,逻辑主语是动作的发出者,既主动的关系用主动语态;逻辑主语是动作的承受者,既被动的关系就要用被动语态。特别注意被动语态基本的结构(be动词+过去分词),要特别熟记各种时态的被动语态结构。另外,只要掌握了被动语态的基本结构,就可以用相应的时态推出各种时态的被动语态结构。
【相关知识点连接】
一、一般现在时与一般过去时
1. 一般现在时
1)一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或永久性的状态、特征。句中常用every day/year,often,usually,never,sometimes,always等时间状语。
We always care for each other and help each other.
我们一直相互关心相互照顾。
2)表示客观真理;格言、谚语;书报的标题、小说、戏剧、图、文等。
Light travels faster than sound. 光比声音传播的快。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
3)一般现在时的替代用法:在由 when,after,before,until,till,as soon as, the minute / second / moment,the next time 等引导的时间状语中或由 if,so / as long as,once, even if, although, whether…or…, in case, whatever, whenever, wherever 等引导的条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
I'll come to help you if I'm free tomorrow. 如果我明天有空的话,我将帮助你。
I'll telephone you as soon as he comes back. 他一回来我就打电话给你。
When they leave school, they will go back to the country. 他们离校将去农村。
【温馨提示】
(1)表示永恒的真理,即使出现在过去的语境中,仍用一般现在时。
I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.
(2)在make sure (certain),see to it,mind,care, matter+宾语从句,从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.
只要他努力工作,我不介意他什么时候做完试验。
(3)在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中,若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。
The harder you study, the better results you will get.
2. 一般过去时
1)一般过去时表示过去发生的事、存在的状态或反复发生的动作,常和表示过去的时间连用。
(1)yesterday及相关短语
yesterday morning/afternoon/evening. 昨天上午/下午/晚上。
(2)“last+ 时间状语”构成的短语
last night/month/spring/year. 昨晚/上个月/去年春天/去年。
(3)“一段时间+ ago”组成的短语
如:three days ago 三天以前 four years ago 四年以前。
(4)“介词+ 时间名词”组成的短语
in 1999 在1999年;on the morning of December 25th 在12月25号早上。
I went to school at 7:00 yesterday morning. 我昨天早晨七点去上学。
She was not at home last night. 她昨晚八点没在家。
2)过去发生的连惯性动作、经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态。
He often had lunch at school last month. 他上个月经常在学校吃午饭。
3)在时间、条件、让步等从句中表示“过去的将来”。
He asked me if I would stay here. 他问我是否要待在这儿。
If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Harvard University.
如果我有机会出国学习的话,我就会去哈佛大学。
二、现在进行时与过去进行时
1. 现在进行时
现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作,或现阶段一直进行的动作。但是说话时未必正在做。
They are talking about the coming weekend. 他们正在谈论即将到来的周末。
现在进行时的特殊几种用法:
1)现在进行时可用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作(这时多有一个表示将来的时间状语)用于这种情况的动词主要有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,lunch,return,dine,play,have,wear, get(to)等。
Bob is coming with me to the airport. 鲍勃将同我一道到机场来。
We're having a holiday next Monday. 我们将在下星期一放假。
2)be + dying 表示“病危”,“即将死亡”。
He is dying. 他快要死了。
3)现在进行时还可表示一个经常性动作或状态。这时,或是为了表示一种感情(如赞叹、埋怨、厌烦、批评、不满等)或是为了强调情况的暂时性。这时,可以与always, often等副词连用。
How are you feeling today (比 How do you feel today 更亲切)
你今天觉得怎么样?
She is always thinking of helping others. 她总是想着帮助别人。(表示“赞扬”)
He is always borrowing money. 他总是向别人借钱。(表示“厌烦”)
He is walking to work, because his bike is being repaired.
他现在走着上班,因为他的自行车在修理。(表示暂时情况)
4)有些表状态的动词不能用于进行时的动词。这一类通常是表示感觉、感情、存在、从属、思维等的动词。
(1)表示感觉的动词:see, hear,smell,taste,feel, notice, look, seem, appear;
(2)表示感情的动词:hate, love, fear, like, want, wish, prefer, refuse,forgive;
(3)表示存在状况:be, exist, remain,stay, obtain;
(4)表示占有与从属:have, possess, own, contain,belong, consist of,form;
(5)表示思考、理解:understand, know, believe, think, doubt, forget, remember
5)在由while引起的状语从句中,动词通常要用进行时(现在进行时、过去进行时等)。
While you are resting, I will read you today's news.
当你休息的时候,我看你今天的报纸。
While I was having my breakfast the morning post came.
当我正在吃早饭的时候,早班邮件送来了。
6)如果句中有look,listen等提示语,其后应考虑使用现在进行时。
Look! The children are flying kites over there. 看!孩子们正在那边放风筝。
Listen! Han Mei is singing an English song in the classroom.
听!韩梅正在教室里唱英语歌。
进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。常与状语:at that time,at this time,from 8 to 9等连用。
2)用于故事中情节、场面的描述。
3)go,start,come,leave,arrive 等的过去进行式常表示过去将来时。
On a cold morning.a hunter was walking through a forest when he saw abear.
他穿过森林时,看见了一只熊。
He was leaving for London the next week.
在一个寒冷的早晨。他下个星期就要去伦敦了
三、现在完成时过去完成时
1. 现在完成时
现在完成时强调过去发生的动作到现在已完成,或过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。
1)表示动作在过去发生,但其动作现已完成,但对现在仍有影响。强调对现在造成直接的影响,有完成型和延续型两种。
I have just had my breakfast.我刚刚吃过早饭。
He has left his keys in his office.So he can't enter now.(因此,他现在进不去。)
2)表示发生在过去的动作到现在为止已经完成或者一直延续到现在。常和下面的时间状语连用,如:these days,lately,recently,for a long time,for ages,since July,yet,still,ever,already,so far,up to now,in the past few years等词连用。
We haven't seen much of each other these days.这些天我们一直没见面。
I have known Li Lei for over five years.我已经认识李雷五年多了
Tom has lived in China since 2001.从2001年起汤姆一直住在中国。
Have you finished your work today 今天你已干完你的工作了吗
3)现在完成时还可用在“时间、条件”状语从句中,表示将来的,比主句的动作早完成的动作。
Don't open the door until the bus has stopped.
车停稳才开门(即:车没停稳不要开门)。
If it has stopped snowing,we'll go to the park.
4)have,has been和have/has gone的区别:前者表示“到过某地”(表示某人的经历);后者表示“去了某地”(人现在不在这儿)。
I have been to the library. 我刚从图书馆回来了。
I have gone to the library. 他到图书馆去了。(总之,现在她不在这儿。)
5)现在完成时可与 since连用,since后加时间点或一般过去时态。
He has never been to see him since he has been ill.
他生病以来他从没来看过他。
I haven't seen him since I've been back. 我回来后还没有见过他。
6)It (This) is the first (second) time that… 从句常用现在完成时。
This is the first time that I've heard her sing. 这是我第一次听她唱歌。
It is the second time we've met each other. 这是我们第二次见面了。
7)It / This is the best /worst /most interesting + 名词+that... 结构中的从句要求用现在完成时。
It is the best film I've ever seen. 这是我所看过的最好的一部电影。
2. 过去完成时
1)过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或某一事件之前已经发生或完成的动作、状态(过去的过去)常用by,before等短语或when,before等从句引导。
Tom and I became friends in 2000,although we had actually met several years before. 我和汤姆在2000年成为的朋友,尽管几年前我们就见过面。
I found the lecture hard to follow because it had started when I arrived.
我发现演讲很难懂,因为当我到达时已经开始了。
By eleven o'clock they had had lunch. 他们十一点就吃了午饭。
Before she arrived at this school, she hadn't known anything about it.
在到达这所学校之前,她对这所学校的情况一无所知。
How many English words had you learned by the end of last term
到上学期末为止你们学了多少英语单词?
2)表示从过去某一时间开始持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态常由for或since引导的表示段时间的短语或从句连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
当车来时,我在车站已经等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
他说自从1949年以来,他就在那家工厂工作。
3)用于I had expected /thought /intended /meant…等结构中表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或企图。
They had wanted to help but couldn't get there in time.
他们本打算去帮忙,但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我们本来希望能看看你。
4)在hardly/scarcely…when… 和 no sooner….than… 句式中主句用过去完成时,且位于句首常用倒装(译为“……就……”)和it was the first /second,... time(that)... 等固定句型中(译为“这是首次 /第二次……”)。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲,听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.
这是他那一年第三次失业了。
5) 过去完成时此种用法常见于as if /if /if only引导的虚拟从句中以及1 wish /I’d rather的宾语从句中,表示与过去完全相反的假设。
If he had known the fact,he would not have phoned Mr. Li for it.
如果他知道这个事实,他就不会打电话给李先生。
I wish I had known him before.我真希望我以前就认识他。
四、一般将来时与过去将来时
1. 一般将来时
1)表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,常与tomorrow, next week(year,month)等表示时间的副词或副词短语连用。
Will he be back in an hour 他一小时后回来吗?
We shan't watch TV this evening.今晚我们不看电视。
2)某些终止性动词的现在进行时可表示将来。这类动词常见的有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,spent,sail,meet等这种结构常用来表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。
The train is leaving at 8:00. 火车八点开。
She is spending her holiday in China. 她将要到中国度假。
3)某些动词也可用一般现在时表示将来时。一般现在时表示将来时,通常强调已决定的、有计划的或者即将发生的行为。而且通常应与表示未来的时间状语连用。用于这种结构的动词通常为:begin,come,go,leave,sail,start,arrive, meet,return,dine等。
We meet tomorrow morning at the school gate.我们明天早上在学校门口碰头。
I leave for Shanghai on Saturday.我星期六起程去上海。
4)表示将来时的几种特殊表达方法:
(1)be about to do 表示马上或者立刻就要做的事情或发生的动作,很少与表示将来的时间
状语连用。常用来搭配的结构为be about to do…when…,意思是“正要……就在这时……”。
Many of the coal mines are about to be closed.其中许多煤矿就要被关闭了。
(2)be to do表示按照计划即将做某事或发生的动作,时间上没有be about to do那么近,
但发生的时间也不会很远;还可以表示注定、应该或表示命令、禁止和宣布决定等。也可用
于过去时,was/were to do,表示曾经计划或打算要做的事。
The meeting is to be held this afternoon.这个会将在今天下午召开。
(3)be going to do多用于口语,表示事先经过考虑甚至作了周密计划而要做某事或要发
生的动作和行为。也可以表示根据现在的迹象,对未来作出推断。
We are going to play football after school.我们放学后去踢足球。
注意:如果表示说话人的判断,不用will 代替 be going to。
Look at the dark clouds. It’s going to rain. 看那块乌云。就要下雨了。
(此处不用will代替 be going to.)但是,如果表示交谈时的临时决定,则不宜用be going to;应用will 或shall。
---I'm sorry. I forgot to post your letter. “对不起,我忘记给你寄信了。”
---That's all right. I'll post it myself. “没关系,我自己去寄。”(这里不用I'm going to post it myself。)
(4)祈使句+and /then /or+陈述句这个结构中,陈述句用一般将来时。
Watch closely and you will find how it works.
仔细观察,你会发现它是如何工作的。
2. 过去将来时
1)过去将来时主要表示从过去某时看将要发生的事或存在的状态。时间的出发点是过去。该时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。而主句的谓语动词常常是过去时间或有过去完成时。
My brother told me that he would be back on Saturday.
我哥哥告诉我他星期天回来。
He said that the meeting would begin at half past nine this morning.
他说会议将在今天早晨九点半开始。
No one knew which country would hold the next Olympic Games.
没有人知道哪个国家将举行下次奥林匹克运动会。
2)表示过去将来时的几种方法:
(1)was(were)going to do sth表示已经决定或已经安排要做的事,也可以用来表示很可能或必然发生的事。
He said he was going to start for Guangzhou next week.
他说他打算下星期动身去广州。
I was going to play volleyball on Monday, but I can't now.
我打算星期一打排球,而现在不行。
(2)was(were)about to do 表示即将做或正要做,不能与表示具体将来的时间状语连用。
They were about to start when it rained. 他们正要出发,天就下起雨来了。
(3)was(were)to do sth表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务应该在短期内将要发生的动作。
This experience was to change his life. 这个经历后来改变了他的生活道路。
He said all these things were to be answered for.
他说所有这一切都是要偿还的。
(4)某些终止性动词的过去进行时可表示过去将来时。这类动词常见的有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,spent,sail,meet等这种结构常用来表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。
I didn't know that they were coming. 我不知道他们什么时候来。
There they found a wounded boy, who was dying.
在那儿,他们发现了一个受伤的男孩,快要死了。
五、将来进行时与将来完成时
1. 将来进行时
1)表示将来某时正在进行的动作,一般不表意愿,常表示已安排好的事,给人一种期待之感,多与表示将来的时间状语连用。
2)表示“纯粹”将来,将来进行时不带感彩,而一般将来时中的will起着情态动词的作用,常表示意愿、决心等,因此,现代口语中常用此时态表示将来发生的动作或情况。
3)表示推测,will还有“大概”或“一定”的意味,即表示一种揣测和表示某种倾向或习惯性的动作,不表将来现在,常与now连用。
We will be seeing a fashion show this time tomorrow.
明天这时候我们将在看时装表演。
I’1l be taking my holidays soon.我不久将要度假了。
Will you be telephoning him tomorrow 你明天会不会给他打电话
比较:
I will go to Shanghai tomorrow.我明天要去上海 (表意愿、打算、决心等)。
I will be going to Shanghai tomorrow.我明天要去上海了(单纯表将来时间)。
I'1l be having classes tomorrow morning.明天上午我有课。
They will be watching football game now.他们现在大概在观看足球赛呢。
It's Sunday.She won't be studying now.今天是星期天,她不会在学习的。
2. 将来完成时
1)表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态,或是发生在某个将来的时间,但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。
By the middle of the century, computers that are millions of times smarter than us will have been developed.
到本世纪中叶,比我们聪明数百万倍的计算机将被开发出来。
六、被动语态用法与常用的被动语态结构
1. 被动语态用法
当不知道动作的执行者或没有必要指出动作的执行者以及强调动作的承受者时常使用被动态。主动语态变为被动语态时,谓语动词的时态不变;主动句中作宾语的人称代词须变为主格,作主语的人称代词放在介词by之后,变为宾格;by短语常省略。
The research was reported by the government. 这项研究得到了政府的支持。
A new computer was bought for me. 有人给我买了一台新电脑
The trip is organized by a well-known tourist company with a good reputation.
这次出游是由一家声誉很好的旅游公司组织的。
2. 常用的被动语态结构
被动语态由be + 过去分词构成,不同时态的被动语态的差别在于be的不同时态。
时 态 助动词 be 过去分词
一般现在时 am /is /are done
一般过去时 was/ were done
现在进行时 am/ is/ are being done
过去进行时 was/ were being done
现在完成时 have/ has been done
过去完成时 had / been done
一般将来时 will/ shall beam /is/ are going to be done
过去将来时 would/ should bewas/ were going to be done
情态动词 情态动词 + be done
【强化训练】
I. 填空(题1-12)或改错(题13-15)
1. (2021年高考 全国I卷)What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it ____61____ (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
【答案】 was
【解析】句意:你不禁会想,对当时的人们来说,把这些石头都安置好有多难。考查一般过去时。分析句子可知,“how hard it ____61____ for the people then to put all those rocks into place”作wonder的宾语,it是从句的形式主语,不定式为真正主语,谓语动词用单数形式,安置台阶的石头为陈述过去的事情,应用一般过去时。所用was。
2.(2021年高考 浙江卷)When the house was built, it was much smaller than it is today. Mary's niece wrote, The little home ___40___ (paint)white.
【答案】has been
【解析】句意:这个小房子被漆成了白色。考查被动语态。分析句子结构可知,设空处作谓语动词,The little home作主语。房子是“被漆”的,主语和谓语动词之间是被动关系,用被动语态;根据上文的was built可知为一般过去时态;一般过去时的被动语态结构是was/were+过去分词;主语The little home是单数第三人称,所以要用was,提示词paint的过去分词形式是painted。因此,填was painted。
3. (2020年高考 浙江卷)And,as more children were born,more food 59 (need).
【答案】was needed
【解析】句意:随着越多的小孩出生,越多的食物被需要。考查时态语态。分析句子,逻辑主语和need之间是被动的关系,此处描述的是过去的时间,所以此处应用过去时态的被动语态。food为不可数名词。因此填was needed。
4. (2020年高考 新课标I卷)"This really excites scientists," Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, "because it 67 (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon 68 (construct) ."
【答案】67. means; 68. is constructed
【解析】句意:“这真的使科学家们激动,”布朗大学的一位科学家Carle Pieters说:“因为它意味着我们有机会获得月球是如何构造的信息。” 空67:根据上文“This really excites scientists”可知,此处用一般现在时,主语是it,所以空处谓语动词,用第三人称单数形式means,所以填means。空68:是宾语从句中的谓语动词,谓语construct与主语the moon之间是被动关系,要用被动语态,再根据上下文可知,此处用一般现在时,主语the moon是单数,所以填is constructed。这两个空考查的是考查时态和主谓一致;空68还考查了语态。
5. (2020年高考 浙江卷)New methods 65 (mean) that fewer people worked in farming.
【答案】meant
【解析】句意:新方法意味着更少的人从事农业。考查时态。分析句子,主句部分无其他动词,所以此处需根据时态填空。文章的整体时态是过去时,根据时态一致原则,也应用过去时。逻辑主语和动词之间表示主动关系。所以此处填过去时的主动形式。因此填meant。
6. (2020年高考 新课标III卷)The artist was sure he would 63________(choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister, the old man laughed.
【答案】be chosen
【解析】句意:画家确信他会被选中,但是当他把他的杰作送给皇帝的宰相时,这位老人笑了。考查动词语态。该句主语he与谓语动词choose构成被动关系,而且would后跟动词原形。所有填be chosen。
7. (2020年高考 新课标III卷)65(When /As)he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary artist, they smiled and 66 (point) down the river.
【答案】pointed
【解析】句意:当他问河岸上的村民,他在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时,他们笑着指着河的下游。考查动词时态。根据上文they smiled and可知此处应用一般过去时。所有填pointed。
8. (2020年高考 山东卷)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, 38 (form) the core collection of the British Museum 39(which/that) opened in 1759.
【答案】formed
【解析】句意:例如,汉斯 斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。考查动词时态。空格38处是谓语动词,根据时间状语in1759可知,应使用一般过去时。所有填formed。
9. (2020年高考 山东卷)The parts of a museum open to the public 40 (call) galleries or rooms.
【答案】are called
【解析】句意:博物馆对公众开放的部分被称为画廊或展厅。考查动词时态及语态。此处描述的是客观事实,要用一般现在时;主语与call是逻辑动宾关系,应使用被动语态,且主语是复数概念。所以填are called。
10. (2019年高考 新课标II卷)I don't see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ___66___(make) over the years
【答案】have made
【解析】句意:我喜欢到这里来看看我的家人和我这些年来交到的朋友们。考查动词的时态。根据该定语从句中的时间状语“over the years”可知,此处用现在完成时态,所有,填have made。
11. (2021年高考 新课标III卷)Our hosts shared many of their experiences and ___65___(recommend)wonderful places to eat, shop,and visit. For breakfast,we were able to eat papaya (木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in the backyard.
【答案】recommended。
【解析】句意:我们的主人跟我们分享了很多他们的经历并推荐了一些很好的吃饭、购物和参观的地方。考查一般过去时。and前后动作shared与recommended是并列关系,时态一致。所有填recommended。
12. (2019高考 新课标III卷)On the last day of our week-long stay, we 69 (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars
【答案】were invited
【解析】句意:在我们为期一周的逗留的最后一天,我们应邀在星光下北岸一个美丽的农场参加了一场私人音乐会。考查动词的时态和语态。由“on the last day of our week-long stay”可知,句子时态为一般过去时。根据we和invite之间是被动的关系(我们被邀请……),用被动语态。主语为we,所以填were invited。
13. (2020年高考 新课标II卷 改错)Actually, I start to learn kung fu when I was seven years old, ...
【答案】start改为started
【解析】句意:事实上,我七岁时就开始学功夫了,…… 考查时态。分析句子可知,此处动词start讲述的是7岁的时候,动词应该用过去时。故将start改为started。
14. (2019年高考 新课标II卷 改错) And the other is that I wanted to help people in need.
【答案】 is改为was
【解析】 句意:另一个原因是我想帮助有需要的人。考查一般过去时。本篇文章使用的全是一般过去时,且与最后一句并列的“one was that…”用的也是一般过去时,所以最后一句话时态应为一般过去时。讲述当时做决定时的原因。因此将is改为was。
15. (2018年高考 新课标I卷 改错)During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there.
【答案】find改成found
【解析】句意:去年寒假期间,我和父亲去乡下看望我的祖父母。我发现那里发生了很大的变化。考查动词时态。根据文章中的During my last winter holiday可知,事件发生在过去,用一个过去时态。所以将find改成found。
II. 单项选择
16. (2021年高考 天津卷)We ________ quite enough work for the morning; now let's take a break.
A. have done B. will do C. had done D. were doing
【答案】A
【解析】句意:今天上午我们做的工作够多的了,现在让我们休息一下吧。考查时态。根据后半句“now let's take a break”可知,做很多工作这件事情是从过去某个时间开始一直到现在,应该用现在完成时。所以选A。
17. (2020年高考 江苏卷)Instead of getting down to a new task as I _____, he examined the previous work again.
A. had expected B. have expected C. would expect D. expect
【答案】A
【解析】句意:他没有像我所期望的那样着手做新工作,而是又检查了一遍以前的工作。考查动词时态。此处描述的动作发生在examined之前,属于“过去的过去”,要用过去完成时。故选A。
18. (2020年高考 江苏卷)If you look at all sides of the situation, you’ll find probably a solution that ______ everyone.
A. suit B. suited C. suits D. has suited
【答案】C
【解析】句意:如果你从各个方面看问题,你可能会找到一个适合每个人的解决方案。考查动词时态。句子描述的客观事实,要用一般现在时;此处是定语从句中的谓语动词,先行词是a solution,从句谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式。所有选C。
19. (2020年高考 天津卷)The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and ______ around that level since.
A.are remaining B.have remained
C.is remaining D.has remained
【答案】D
【解析】句意:20世纪90年代初,医学院的数量达到了18所,此后一直保持在这个水平。考查时态和主谓一致。ever since“从那以后”作时间状语,句子用现在完成时态。主语为the number of medical schools,the number of表示“……的数目”,中心词是number,所以是单数,其作主语时,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。因此选D。
20. (2020年高考 天津卷)
—You are a great swimmer.
—Thanks. It’s because I ______ a lot these days.
A. have been practicing B. was practicing C. would practice D. had practiced
【答案】A
【解析】句意:——你游泳很棒。——谢谢。这是因为这些天我一直在练习。考查时态。根据时间状语these days可知,“练习游泳”从数天前开始,一直持续到现在,因此,该句用现在完成进行时态。所有选A。
21. (2019年高考 江苏卷)The musician along with his band members ___________ ten performances in the last three months.
A. gives B. has given C. have given D. give
【答案】B
【解析】句意:在过去的三个月里,这名音乐家与他的乐队成员已经完成了十场演出。考查现在完成时与主谓一致。根据in the last three months可知,时态为现在完成时,排除A和D选项。本句主语为the musician,为第三人称单数形式,句中的along with his band members是附加成分,所以,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。因此选B。
22. (2019年高考 天津卷)I ______ to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn't manage it.
A. had hoped B. am hoping C. have hoped D. would hope
【答案】A
【解析】句意:我本来计划在Peter结婚时送他一个礼物的,可是我没有做到。考查过去完成时。第二个分句中couldn’t用的是一般过去时,其之前的动作用过去完成时。所有选A。
23. (2019年高考 天津卷)Amy, as well as her brothers, ____________ a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
A. is given B. are given C. was given D. were given
【答案】C
【解析】句意:艾米和他的兄弟们当上周回到村里时,受到了热烈的欢迎。考查时态和语态。根据last week可知用过去时,排除选项A和B。as well as连接并列主语,谓语动词就前原则。真正的主语是Amy,她受到热烈欢迎,所以用过去时的被动语态。因此选C。
24. (2018年高考 天津卷)My washing machine ___________this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
A. was repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repaired
【答案】C
【解析】句意:这周我的洗衣机正在修,所以我不得不手洗衣服。考查时态。根据后句so I have to wash my clothes by hand可知,洗衣机正在修,所有用现在进行时态的被动语态。故选C。
25. (2018年高考 北京卷)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________ in the mountains for two days.
A. are trapping B. have been trapped
C. were trapping D. had been trapped
【答案】D
【解析】。句意:一个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。考查语态和时态。who ___ in the mountains for two days是定语从句,修饰two tourists;two tourists和trap之间是被动关系,要用被动语态。由risked可知,是过去的事情,被困两天发生在营救人员救了他们之前,即“过去的过去”,所以用过去完成时态。因此选D。
III. 语法填空
阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
Chinese-American community groups are preparing to hold their second annual International Confucius Cultural Festival(孔子文化节)on Sept, 8 in Flushing Queens, New York City's easternmost borough.
The event serves not only ___1___ a spectacular ceremony to memorize the world-famous Chinese philosopher, but a chance ___2___celebrate) Chinese culture together with other local communities, said Wang Lizhi, president of America East Shandong Association ( AESA).
Co-sponsored by AESA, America East Shandong Chamber of Commerce and Confucius Education Foundation Inc, the festival ___3___ (feature) recitation of the “Di Zi Gui,”literally translated as “Standards for being a Good Pupil and Child,” a book ___4___ (write) based on Confucius' teachings that emphasize the ___5___ (base) necessities for being a good person and guidelines for ___6___ (live)in harmony with others, as well as Chinese traditional dances, Shan- dong folk music and photo exhibitions.
The groups hosted the___7___ (one) International Confucius Cultural Festival in flushing on Sept. 8 Last year to celebrate the 2,18th anniversary of the birth of Confucius (511 BC -79 BC).
Confucius was ___8___ extraordinary educator and philosopher, and founded Confucianism. It was he ___9___ first set up private schools and received students from every walk of life without ___10___ (consider) of their social status.
【答案与解析】
1. as 考查介词。此处指庆祝孔子文化节活动不仅是作为一个壮观的仪式来纪念世界著名的中国哲学家,表示“作为”用介词as,所以填as。
2. to celebrate 考查动词不定式。此处指这个活动还是与其他当地社区一起庆祝中国文化的机会,此处是不定式作chance的定语,所以填to celebrate。
3. features 考查动词形式。此处指这个节目以背诵弟子规为特色,与上下文时态一致用一般现在时,主语是the festival是单数,动词也用第三人称单数。所以填features。
4. written 考查过去分词。句中a book与动词write是被动关系,指书被写,用过去分词作定语表被动,所以填written。
5. basic 考查形容词。此处修饰名词necessities用形容词,指基本的需要。所以填basic。
6. living 考查动词形式。句中介词for后用动词-ing形式作宾语,所以填living。
7. first 考查序数词。此处由the限制,根据开头hold their second annual International Confucius Cultural Festival on Sept, 8可知今年是第二届,去年是第一届。所以填first
8. an 考查冠词。此处指孔子是一位杰出的教育家和哲学家,表示“一个”且extraordinary开头音标是元音音标。所以填冠词an。
9. that/who 考查关系代词。句中包含定语从句,先行词是he指人,在定语从句中做主语,用关系代词that/who引导。所以填that/who。
10. consideration 考查名词。此处指孔子接收来自各行各业的学生,而不考虑他们的社会地位。介词without后加名词作宾语,所以填consideration。
19【2022高分攻略】高考英语二轮复习学案(通用版)
专题六 动词的时态和语态(原卷版)
黑龙江 哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
【考纲解读】
动词的时态和语态问题是高考考查的重点之一,也是历年高考的必考点。英语的十六种时态中,常考的主要有一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时及完成进行时等。一般情况下,语态常结合时态进行综合考查,主要以语法填空、短文改错等形式进行考查,动词的语态在语法填空和短文改错中是必考点。
主要考查热点,
动词时态的考查:
1. 一般现在时和现在进行时表示将来;
2. 将来时表示计划和安排;
3. 完成时与完成进行时态;
4. 过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的假设;
5. 固定句型中的时态分布。
6. 动词语态的考查。
【考点剖析】
一、一般现在时与一般过去时及被动语态
例1:(2021年高考 全国甲卷) The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It ___41___ (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复).
【答案】was built
例2:(2021年高考 全国甲卷)We ________ (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate. My bike was old and shaky __but_ did the job.
【答案】hired
例3:(2021年高考 全国甲卷 改错)(Their answers also show that they dislike talking to others. )They kept very much to themselves. In my opinion, whenever in trouble, we should seek help from those we trust most.
【答案】kept改为keep
例4:(2020年高考 新课标I卷)The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe (探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess 61 (touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin.
【答案】touched
二、现在进行时与过去进行时及被动语态
例1:(2021年高考 天津卷)Currently, about 35,000 works ________ in over 300 rooms in the Louvre, and it would take a lifetime to see everything.
A. were displaying B. are displaying
C. were being displayed D. are being displayed
【答案】D
例2:(2021年高考 哈工大附中模拟卷)I ________down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
A. was driving B. have driven C. would drive D. drove
【答案】A
例3:(2020年 哈工大附中语法测试卷)He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he _______.
A. was being followed B. was following
C. had been followed D. followed
【答案】A
三、现在完成时与过去完成时及被动语态
例1:(2021年高考 浙江卷) It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, ___36___ (prove)irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
【答案】has proved/has proven
例2:(2020年高考 浙江卷)By about 6000 BC, people 61_______ (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
【答案】had discovered
例3:(2020年高考 哈市三中语法测试卷) I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ______ in the past two years.
A. had carried out B. has carried out
C. has been carried out D. had been carried out
【答案】D
四、几种高考中常出现的将来时态及被动语态
例1:(2020年高考 哈工大语法测试卷)
—I hear a Tibetan student in your school ________ and that you’ve raised money for him.
—Well, the doctors are considering a conservative therapy.
A. was operated on B. will be operated on
C. is being operated on D. has been operated on
【答案】B
例2:(2019年高考 江苏卷)They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals _________ by 2022 for the Beijing Winer Olympics.
A. will install B. will have been installed
C. are installed D. have been installed
【答案】B
例3:(2019年 哈工大附中模拟卷)People______ better access to health care in the future than they do , and they will live longer as a result.
A. will have B. have C. had D. had had
【答案】A
例4:(2020年 哈市工大附中模拟卷)Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other, for we _______ more convenient electronic communication tools by then.
A. have developed B. had developed
C. will have developed D. developed
【答案】C
例5:(2018年高考 天津模拟卷)Please wear your best clothes on Monday, as your class photos ________ then.
A. will take B. will be taken C. have taken D. have been taken
【答案】B
【解题技巧】
关于时态的问题:
首先要从时间状语或状语从句入手,根据题中所有动作和行为之间的关系,是否有先后顺序。
其次,重点掌握用过去完成时的固定结构。在熟练把握时态结构构成的情况下,结合题干的含义选择正确的时态。
在时间、条件状语从句中过去将来时还可用一般过去式代替非真实的动作或状态。除一般现在时和现在进行时可用来表示按计划、安排就要发生的动作或行为以外,be going to,be to do,be about to do等结构也可以表示将来,特别要注意它们之间的区别。
关于语态的问题:
首先要搞清楚动词的逻辑主语与动词之间的关系,逻辑主语是动作的发出者,既主动的关系用主动语态;逻辑主语是动作的承受者,既被动的关系就要用被动语态。特别注意被动语态基本的结构(be动词+过去分词),要特别熟记各种时态的被动语态结构。另外,只要掌握了被动语态的基本结构,就可以用相应的时态推出各种时态的被动语态结构。
【相关知识点连接】
一、一般现在时与一般过去时
1. 一般现在时
1)一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或永久性的状态、特征。句中常用every day/year,often,usually,never,sometimes,always等时间状语。
We always care for each other and help each other.
我们一直相互关心相互照顾。
2)表示客观真理;格言、谚语;书报的标题、小说、戏剧、图、文等。
Light travels faster than sound. 光比声音传播的快。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
3)一般现在时的替代用法:在由 when,after,before,until,till,as soon as, the minute / second / moment,the next time 等引导的时间状语中或由 if,so / as long as,once, even if, although, whether…or…, in case, whatever, whenever, wherever 等引导的条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
I'll come to help you if I'm free tomorrow. 如果我明天有空的话,我将帮助你。
I'll telephone you as soon as he comes back. 他一回来我就打电话给你。
When they leave school, they will go back to the country. 他们离校将去农村。
【温馨提示】
(1)表示永恒的真理,即使出现在过去的语境中,仍用一般现在时。
I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.
(2)在make sure (certain),see to it,mind,care, matter+宾语从句,从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.
只要他努力工作,我不介意他什么时候做完试验。
(3)在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中,若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。
The harder you study, the better results you will get.
2. 一般过去时
1)一般过去时表示过去发生的事、存在的状态或反复发生的动作,常和表示过去的时间连用。
(1)yesterday及相关短语
yesterday morning/afternoon/evening. 昨天上午/下午/晚上。
(2)“last+ 时间状语”构成的短语
last night/month/spring/year. 昨晚/上个月/去年春天/去年。
(3)“一段时间+ ago”组成的短语
如:three days ago 三天以前 four years ago 四年以前。
(4)“介词+ 时间名词”组成的短语
in 1999 在1999年;on the morning of December 25th 在12月25号早上。
I went to school at 7:00 yesterday morning. 我昨天早晨七点去上学。
She was not at home last night. 她昨晚八点没在家。
2)过去发生的连惯性动作、经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态。
He often had lunch at school last month. 他上个月经常在学校吃午饭。
3)在时间、条件、让步等从句中表示“过去的将来”。
He asked me if I would stay here. 他问我是否要待在这儿。
If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Harvard University.
如果我有机会出国学习的话,我就会去哈佛大学。
二、现在进行时与过去进行时
1. 现在进行时
现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作,或现阶段一直进行的动作。但是说话时未必正在做。
They are talking about the coming weekend. 他们正在谈论即将到来的周末。
现在进行时的特殊几种用法:
1)现在进行时可用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作(这时多有一个表示将来的时间状语)用于这种情况的动词主要有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,lunch,return,dine,play,have,wear, get(to)等。
Bob is coming with me to the airport. 鲍勃将同我一道到机场来。
We're having a holiday next Monday. 我们将在下星期一放假。
2)be + dying 表示“病危”,“即将死亡”。
He is dying. 他快要死了。
3)现在进行时还可表示一个经常性动作或状态。这时,或是为了表示一种感情(如赞叹、埋怨、厌烦、批评、不满等)或是为了强调情况的暂时性。这时,可以与always, often等副词连用。
How are you feeling today (比 How do you feel today 更亲切)
你今天觉得怎么样?
She is always thinking of helping others. 她总是想着帮助别人。(表示“赞扬”)
He is always borrowing money. 他总是向别人借钱。(表示“厌烦”)
He is walking to work, because his bike is being repaired.
他现在走着上班,因为他的自行车在修理。(表示暂时情况)
4)有些表状态的动词不能用于进行时的动词。这一类通常是表示感觉、感情、存在、从属、思维等的动词。
(1)表示感觉的动词:see, hear,smell,taste,feel, notice, look, seem, appear;
(2)表示感情的动词:hate, love, fear, like, want, wish, prefer, refuse,forgive;
(3)表示存在状况:be, exist, remain,stay, obtain;
(4)表示占有与从属:have, possess, own, contain,belong, consist of,form;
(5)表示思考、理解:understand, know, believe, think, doubt, forget, remember
5)在由while引起的状语从句中,动词通常要用进行时(现在进行时、过去进行时等)。
While you are resting, I will read you today's news.
当你休息的时候,我看你今天的报纸。
While I was having my breakfast the morning post came.
当我正在吃早饭的时候,早班邮件送来了。
6)如果句中有look,listen等提示语,其后应考虑使用现在进行时。
Look! The children are flying kites over there. 看!孩子们正在那边放风筝。
Listen! Han Mei is singing an English song in the classroom.
听!韩梅正在教室里唱英语歌。
进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。常与状语:at that time,at this time,from 8 to 9等连用。
2)用于故事中情节、场面的描述。
3)go,start,come,leave,arrive 等的过去进行式常表示过去将来时。
On a cold morning.a hunter was walking through a forest when he saw abear.
他穿过森林时,看见了一只熊。
He was leaving for London the next week.
在一个寒冷的早晨。他下个星期就要去伦敦了
三、现在完成时过去完成时
1. 现在完成时
现在完成时强调过去发生的动作到现在已完成,或过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。
1)表示动作在过去发生,但其动作现已完成,但对现在仍有影响。强调对现在造成直接的影响,有完成型和延续型两种。
I have just had my breakfast.我刚刚吃过早饭。
He has left his keys in his office.So he can't enter now.(因此,他现在进不去。)
2)表示发生在过去的动作到现在为止已经完成或者一直延续到现在。常和下面的时间状语连用,如:these days,lately,recently,for a long time,for ages,since July,yet,still,ever,already,so far,up to now,in the past few years等词连用。
We haven't seen much of each other these days.这些天我们一直没见面。
I have known Li Lei for over five years.我已经认识李雷五年多了
Tom has lived in China since 2001.从2001年起汤姆一直住在中国。
Have you finished your work today 今天你已干完你的工作了吗
3)现在完成时还可用在“时间、条件”状语从句中,表示将来的,比主句的动作早完成的动作。
Don't open the door until the bus has stopped.
车停稳才开门(即:车没停稳不要开门)。
If it has stopped snowing,we'll go to the park.
4)have,has been和have/has gone的区别:前者表示“到过某地”(表示某人的经历);后者表示“去了某地”(人现在不在这儿)。
I have been to the library. 我刚从图书馆回来了。
I have gone to the library. 他到图书馆去了。(总之,现在她不在这儿。)
5)现在完成时可与 since连用,since后加时间点或一般过去时态。
He has never been to see him since he has been ill.
他生病以来他从没来看过他。
I haven't seen him since I've been back. 我回来后还没有见过他。
6)It (This) is the first (second) time that… 从句常用现在完成时。
This is the first time that I've heard her sing. 这是我第一次听她唱歌。
It is the second time we've met each other. 这是我们第二次见面了。
7)It / This is the best /worst /most interesting + 名词+that... 结构中的从句要求用现在完成时。
It is the best film I've ever seen. 这是我所看过的最好的一部电影。
2. 过去完成时
1)过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或某一事件之前已经发生或完成的动作、状态(过去的过去)常用by,before等短语或when,before等从句引导。
Tom and I became friends in 2000,although we had actually met several years before. 我和汤姆在2000年成为的朋友,尽管几年前我们就见过面。
I found the lecture hard to follow because it had started when I arrived.
我发现演讲很难懂,因为当我到达时已经开始了。
By eleven o'clock they had had lunch. 他们十一点就吃了午饭。
Before she arrived at this school, she hadn't known anything about it.
在到达这所学校之前,她对这所学校的情况一无所知。
How many English words had you learned by the end of last term
到上学期末为止你们学了多少英语单词?
2)表示从过去某一时间开始持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态常由for或since引导的表示段时间的短语或从句连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
当车来时,我在车站已经等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
他说自从1949年以来,他就在那家工厂工作。
3)用于I had expected /thought /intended /meant…等结构中表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或企图。
They had wanted to help but couldn't get there in time.
他们本打算去帮忙,但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我们本来希望能看看你。
4)在hardly/scarcely…when… 和 no sooner….than… 句式中主句用过去完成时,且位于句首常用倒装(译为“……就……”)和it was the first /second,... time(that)... 等固定句型中(译为“这是首次 /第二次……”)。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲,听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.
这是他那一年第三次失业了。
5) 过去完成时此种用法常见于as if /if /if only引导的虚拟从句中以及1 wish /I’d rather的宾语从句中,表示与过去完全相反的假设。
If he had known the fact,he would not have phoned Mr. Li for it.
如果他知道这个事实,他就不会打电话给李先生。
I wish I had known him before.我真希望我以前就认识他。
四、一般将来时与过去将来时
1. 一般将来时
1)表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,常与tomorrow, next week(year,month)等表示时间的副词或副词短语连用。
Will he be back in an hour 他一小时后回来吗?
We shan't watch TV this evening.今晚我们不看电视。
2)某些终止性动词的现在进行时可表示将来。这类动词常见的有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,spent,sail,meet等这种结构常用来表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。
The train is leaving at 8:00. 火车八点开。
She is spending her holiday in China. 她将要到中国度假。
3)某些动词也可用一般现在时表示将来时。一般现在时表示将来时,通常强调已决定的、有计划的或者即将发生的行为。而且通常应与表示未来的时间状语连用。用于这种结构的动词通常为:begin,come,go,leave,sail,start,arrive, meet,return,dine等。
We meet tomorrow morning at the school gate.我们明天早上在学校门口碰头。
I leave for Shanghai on Saturday.我星期六起程去上海。
4)表示将来时的几种特殊表达方法:
(1)be about to do 表示马上或者立刻就要做的事情或发生的动作,很少与表示将来的时间
状语连用。常用来搭配的结构为be about to do…when…,意思是“正要……就在这时……”。
Many of the coal mines are about to be closed.其中许多煤矿就要被关闭了。
(2)be to do表示按照计划即将做某事或发生的动作,时间上没有be about to do那么近,
但发生的时间也不会很远;还可以表示注定、应该或表示命令、禁止和宣布决定等。也可用
于过去时,was/were to do,表示曾经计划或打算要做的事。
The meeting is to be held this afternoon.这个会将在今天下午召开。
(3)be going to do多用于口语,表示事先经过考虑甚至作了周密计划而要做某事或要发
生的动作和行为。也可以表示根据现在的迹象,对未来作出推断。
We are going to play football after school.我们放学后去踢足球。
注意:如果表示说话人的判断,不用will 代替 be going to。
Look at the dark clouds. It’s going to rain. 看那块乌云。就要下雨了。
(此处不用will代替 be going to.)但是,如果表示交谈时的临时决定,则不宜用be going to;应用will 或shall。
---I'm sorry. I forgot to post your letter. “对不起,我忘记给你寄信了。”
---That's all right. I'll post it myself. “没关系,我自己去寄。”(这里不用I'm going to post it myself。)
(4)祈使句+and /then /or+陈述句这个结构中,陈述句用一般将来时。
Watch closely and you will find how it works.
仔细观察,你会发现它是如何工作的。
2. 过去将来时
1)过去将来时主要表示从过去某时看将要发生的事或存在的状态。时间的出发点是过去。该时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。而主句的谓语动词常常是过去时间或有过去完成时。
My brother told me that he would be back on Saturday.
我哥哥告诉我他星期天回来。
He said that the meeting would begin at half past nine this morning.
他说会议将在今天早晨九点半开始。
No one knew which country would hold the next Olympic Games.
没有人知道哪个国家将举行下次奥林匹克运动会。
2)表示过去将来时的几种方法:
(1)was(were)going to do sth表示已经决定或已经安排要做的事,也可以用来表示很可能或必然发生的事。
He said he was going to start for Guangzhou next week.
他说他打算下星期动身去广州。
I was going to play volleyball on Monday, but I can't now.
我打算星期一打排球,而现在不行。
(2)was(were)about to do 表示即将做或正要做,不能与表示具体将来的时间状语连用。
They were about to start when it rained. 他们正要出发,天就下起雨来了。
(3)was(were)to do sth表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务应该在短期内将要发生的动作。
This experience was to change his life. 这个经历后来改变了他的生活道路。
He said all these things were to be answered for.
他说所有这一切都是要偿还的。
(4)某些终止性动词的过去进行时可表示过去将来时。这类动词常见的有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,spent,sail,meet等这种结构常用来表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。
I didn't know that they were coming. 我不知道他们什么时候来。
There they found a wounded boy, who was dying.
在那儿,他们发现了一个受伤的男孩,快要死了。
五、将来进行时与将来完成时
1. 将来进行时
1)表示将来某时正在进行的动作,一般不表意愿,常表示已安排好的事,给人一种期待之感,多与表示将来的时间状语连用。
2)表示“纯粹”将来,将来进行时不带感彩,而一般将来时中的will起着情态动词的作用,常表示意愿、决心等,因此,现代口语中常用此时态表示将来发生的动作或情况。
3)表示推测,will还有“大概”或“一定”的意味,即表示一种揣测和表示某种倾向或习惯性的动作,不表将来现在,常与now连用。
We will be seeing a fashion show this time tomorrow.
明天这时候我们将在看时装表演。
I’1l be taking my holidays soon.我不久将要度假了。
Will you be telephoning him tomorrow 你明天会不会给他打电话
比较:
I will go to Shanghai tomorrow.我明天要去上海 (表意愿、打算、决心等)。
I will be going to Shanghai tomorrow.我明天要去上海了(单纯表将来时间)。
I'1l be having classes tomorrow morning.明天上午我有课。
They will be watching football game now.他们现在大概在观看足球赛呢。
It's Sunday.She won't be studying now.今天是星期天,她不会在学习的。
2. 将来完成时
1)表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态,或是发生在某个将来的时间,但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。
By the middle of the century, computers that are millions of times smarter than us will have been developed.
到本世纪中叶,比我们聪明数百万倍的计算机将被开发出来。
六、被动语态用法与常用的被动语态结构
1. 被动语态用法
当不知道动作的执行者或没有必要指出动作的执行者以及强调动作的承受者时常使用被动态。主动语态变为被动语态时,谓语动词的时态不变;主动句中作宾语的人称代词须变为主格,作主语的人称代词放在介词by之后,变为宾格;by短语常省略。
The research was reported by the government. 这项研究得到了政府的支持。
A new computer was bought for me. 有人给我买了一台新电脑
The trip is organized by a well-known tourist company with a good reputation.
这次出游是由一家声誉很好的旅游公司组织的。
2. 常用的被动语态结构
被动语态由be + 过去分词构成,不同时态的被动语态的差别在于be的不同时态。
时 态 助动词 be 过去分词
一般现在时 am /is /are done
一般过去时 was/ were done
现在进行时 am/ is/ are being done
过去进行时 was/ were being done
现在完成时 have/ has been done
过去完成时 had / been done
一般将来时 will/ shall beam /is/ are going to be done
过去将来时 would/ should bewas/ were going to be done
情态动词 情态动词 + be done
【强化训练】
I. 填空(题1-12)或改错(题13-15)
1. (2021年高考 全国I卷)What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it ____61____ (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
2.(2021年高考 浙江卷)When the house was built, it was much smaller than it is today. Mary's niece wrote, The little home ___40___ (paint)white.
3. (2020年高考 浙江卷)And,as more children were born,more food 59 (need).
4. (2020年高考 新课标I卷)"This really excites scientists," Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, "because it 67 (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon 68 (construct) ."
5. (2020年高考 浙江卷)New methods 65 (mean) that fewer people worked in farming.
6. (2020年高考 新课标III卷)The artist was sure he would 63________(choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister, the old man laughed.
7. (2020年高考 新课标III卷)65(When /As)he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary artist, they smiled and 66 (point) down the river.
8. (2020年高考 山东卷)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, 38 (form) the core collection of the British Museum 39(which/that) opened in 1759.
9. (2020年高考 山东卷)The parts of a museum open to the public 40 (call) galleries or rooms.
10. (2019年高考 新课标II卷)I don't see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ___66___(make) over the years
11. (2021年高考 新课标III卷)Our hosts shared many of their experiences and ___65___(recommend)wonderful places to eat, shop,and visit. For breakfast,we were able to eat papaya (木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in the backyard.
12. (2019高考 新课标III卷)On the last day of our week-long stay, we 69 (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars
13. (2020年高考 新课标II卷 改错)Actually, I start to learn kung fu when I was seven years old, ...
14. (2019年高考 新课标II卷 改错) And the other is that I wanted to help people in need.
15. (2018年高考 新课标I卷 改错)During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there.
II. 单项选择
16. (2021年高考 天津卷)We ________ quite enough work for the morning; now let's take a break.
A. have done B. will do C. had done D. were doing
17. (2020年高考 江苏卷)Instead of getting down to a new task as I _____, he examined the previous work again.
A. had expected B. have expected C. would expect D. expect
18. (2020年高考 江苏卷)If you look at all sides of the situation, you’ll find probably a solution that ______ everyone.
A. suit B. suited C. suits D. has suited
19. (2020年高考 天津卷)The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and ______ around that level since.
A.are remaining B.have remained
C.is remaining D.has remained
20. (2020年高考 天津卷)
—You are a great swimmer.
—Thanks. It’s because I ______ a lot these days.
A. have been practicing B. was practicing C. would practice D. had practiced
21. (2019年高考 江苏卷)The musician along with his band members ___________ ten performances in the last three months.
A. gives B. has given C. have given D. give
22. (2019年高考 天津卷)I ______ to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn't manage it.
A. had hoped B. am hoping C. have hoped D. would hope
23. (2019年高考 天津卷)Amy, as well as her brothers, ____________ a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
A. is given B. are given C. was given D. were given
24. (2018年高考 天津卷)My washing machine ___________this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
A. was repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repaired
25. (2018年高考 北京卷)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________ in the mountains for two days.
A. are trapping B. have been trapped
C. were trapping D. had been trapped
III. 语法填空
阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
Chinese-American community groups are preparing to hold their second annual International Confucius Cultural Festival(孔子文化节)on Sept, 8 in Flushing Queens, New York City's easternmost borough.
The event serves not only ___1___ a spectacular ceremony to memorize the world-famous Chinese philosopher, but a chance ___2___celebrate) Chinese culture together with other local communities, said Wang Lizhi, president of America East Shandong Association ( AESA).
Co-sponsored by AESA, America East Shandong Chamber of Commerce and Confucius Education Foundation Inc, the festival ___3___ (feature) recitation of the “Di Zi Gui,”literally translated as “Standards for being a Good Pupil and Child,” a book ___4___ (write) based on Confucius' teachings that emphasize the ___5___ (base) necessities for being a good person and guidelines for ___6___ (live)in harmony with others, as well as Chinese traditional dances, Shan- dong folk music and photo exhibitions.
The groups hosted the___7___ (one) International Confucius Cultural Festival in flushing on Sept. 8 Last year to celebrate the 2,18th anniversary of the birth of Confucius (511 BC -79 BC).
Confucius was ___8___ extraordinary educator and philosopher, and founded Confucianism. It was he ___9___ first set up private schools and received students from every walk of life without ___10___ (consider) of their social status.
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