江西省景德镇市重点中学2021-2022学年高一上学期期末英语试题（重点班）（Word版无答案，无听力试题 ）
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| 名称 | 江西省景德镇市重点中学2021-2022学年高一上学期期末英语试题（重点班）（Word版无答案，无听力试题 ） |  | |
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景德镇一中2021～2022学年第一学期期末考试卷
第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分35分）
第一节（共10小题；每小题2.5分，满分25分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。
A
Even if the world makes it hard to relax,we all need to find a way to reset and recharge.We go through life thinking we've rested because we have gotten enough sleep―but in reality we are missing out on the other types of rest we desperately need. Saudra Dalton-Smith,a physician,outlines different types of rest that are essential for human growing.
Physical rest
This is the usual definition of rest were a familiar with.But while we know we need to spend a decent number of hours in bed to stay healthy,a steady persistent support of studies shows a large proportion of us still don't get enough physical rest.
Mental rest
Always have a tornado of thoughts spinning in your head from the moment you wake up to the moment you finally fall asleep？You need more mental rest,and even if you sleep a solid eight hours a night,you're not going to feel fully recharged until you get it.
"The good news is you don't have to quit your job or go on vacation to fix this.Schedule short breaks to occur every two hours throughout your workday these breaks can remind you to slow down.You might also keep a notepad by the bed to write down any painful thoughts that would keep you awake," suggests Dalton-smith.
Sensory rest
Staring at screens all day and all night means your eyes never get a proper rest,but this isn't the only reason many of us never give our senses a break.Noisy cites,sharp sound announcements and loud music all contribute to constant sensory stimulation.Your brain needs a rest now and again.Consciously close your eyes and give yourself the gift of silence for short periods throughout the day.
Emotional rest
This "means having the time and space to freely express your feelings and cut back on people-pleasing," Dalton-smith explains. "Emotional rest also requires the courage to be genuine.An emotionally rested person can answer the question, ‘How are you today？' with a truthful ‘I'm not okay'-and then go on to share some hard things that otherwise go unsaid."
In other words,we all need the space to stop pretending for ourselves and others and get real about our feelings.
21.Which of the following statement is true about the types of rest mentioned in the passage？ ______
A. Physical rest means lying in bed for a proper period and exercising.
B. Mental rest indicates resting every two hours when you're working.
C. Sensory rest means keeping silent frequently and staring at screens.
D. Emotional rest means pretending to share private affairs with others.
22.What type of rest do you need most if you're working with a computer in an office？ ______
A. Physical rest B. Mental rest C. Sensory rest D. Emotional rest
23.It can be concluded that if a person feels tired,he should ______ .
try to identify just what sort of rest he's lacking exactly
B. spend some time with those who can energize him
C. have the four types of rest mentioned in the passage in order
D. have a need to feel connected to something larger than himself
B
A new commodity brings about a highly profitable,fast-growing industry,urging antitrust(反垄断) regulators to step in to check those who control its flow. A century ago ,the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns ares being raised by the giants(巨头) that deal in data, the oil of the digital age. The most valuable firms are Google,Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft. All look unstoppable．
Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up. But size alone is not a crime,The giants' success has benefited consumers. Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery, Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free (users pay, in effect, by handing over yet more data).And the appearance of new-born giants suggests that newcomers can make waves,too.
But there is cause for concern. The internet has made data abundant, all-present and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies' control of data gives them enormous power.So they have a "God's eye view" of activities in their own markets and beyond．
This nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful. Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves: in time, one of them would become great again. A rethink is required—and as a new approach starts to become apparent, two ideas stand out.
The first is that antitrust authorities need to move form the industrial age into the 21st century. When considering a merger(兼并),for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms' data assets(资产) when assessing the impact of deals.The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a new-born threat. When this takes place, especially when a new-born company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.
The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of on-line services have over data and give more to those who supply panies could be forced to consumers what information they hold and how many money they make form it.Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data,with users' consent.
Restarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy But if governments don't wants a data economy by a few giants,they must act soon.
24.Why is there a call to break up giants
A. They have controlled the data market B. They collect enormous private data
C. They no longer provide free services D. They dismissed some new-born giants
25.What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate
A. Data giants' technology is very expensive
B. Google's idea is popular among data firms
C. Data can strengthen giants' controlling position
D. Data can be turned into new services or products
26.By paying attention to firms' data assets,antitrust regulators could .
A. kill a new threat B. avoid the size trap
C. favour bigger firms D. charge higher prices
27.What is the purpose of loosening the giants' control of data
A.Big companies could relieve data security pressure．
B. Governments could relieve their financial pressure
C. Consumers could better protect their privacy.
D. Small companies could get more opportunities.
C
Old Problem, New Approaches
While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions (排放) peak. So even if emission were to begin decrease today, we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.
When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least, the US National Climate Assessment says that: "there is no 'one-size fit all' adaptation." Nevertheless, there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.
Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that server as floating libraries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipment with solar panels and other communication facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity (连体) to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds prevent starvation during the wet season.
Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Nophel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers (冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel's inspiration come from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation (灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Nophel calculates that he has stored about 200, 000m3 of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norhel's ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.
Increasing Earth's reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.
In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear, But the World Bank has included the project on its of "100 ideas to save the planet".
More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allows him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense, But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it's a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.
Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in the way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.
28.The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies ______.
A. adaptation is an ever-changing process B. the cost of adaptation varies with time
C. global warming affects adaptation forms D. adaptation to climate change is challenging
29.What is special with regard to Rezwan's project
A. The project receives government support.
B. Different organizations work with each other.
C. His organization makes the best of a bad situation.
D. The project connects flooded roads and highways.
30.What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming
A. Storing ice for future use. B. Protecting the glaciers from melting.
C. Changing the irrigation time. D. Postponing the melting of the glaciers.
31.What's the author's preferred solution to global warming
setting up a new standard. B. Reducing carbon emission.
C. Adapting to climate change. D. Monitoring polluting industries.
D
Hollywood's theory that machines with evil minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly．The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence（AI） may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want．In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener，who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论），put it this way："If we use，to achieve our purposes，a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere，we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire．"
A machine with a specific purpose has another quality，one that we usually associate with living things：a wish to preserve its own existence．For the machine，this quality is not in-born，nor is it something introduced by humans； it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead．So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee，it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task．If we are not careful，then，we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined，super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own，with the real world as the chessboard．
The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists．Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall，using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world．Unfortunately，that plan seems unlikely to work：we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans，let alone super intelligent machines．
Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy．There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines．But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand，as it has been by some AI researchers．Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams--yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans．Others say we can just"switch them off"as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility．Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen．On September 11，1933，famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated，with confidence，"Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine．"However，on September 12，1933，physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced（中子诱导） nuclear chain reaction．
32.Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ______ ．
A. run out of human control B. satisfy human's real desires
C. command armies of killer robots D. work faster than a mathematician
33.Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to ______ ．
A. prevent themselves from being destroyed B. achieve their original goals independently
C. do anything successfully with given orders D. beat humans in international chess matches
34.According to some researchers，we can use firewalls to ______ ．
A. help super intelligent machines work better B. be secure against evil human beings
C. keep machines from being harmed D. avoid robots' affecting the world
35.What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines？
It will disappear with the development of AI． B. It will get worse with human interference．
C. It will be solved but with difficulty． D. It will stay for a decade．
第二节 （共 5 小题，每小题 2 .5分，满分 12.5 分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。
When germs,such as bacteria or viruses,invade the body,they attack and multiply. (36.) The immune system uses several tools to fight infection.Blood contains red blood cells,for carrying oxygen to tissues and organs,and white or immune cells,for fighting infection.These white cells consist primarily of macrophages（巨噬细胞），B cells and T cells.
Macrophages swallow up and digest germs,plus dead and dying cells.They leave behind parts of the invading germs called antigens（抗原）. (37) B cells are defensive white blood cells which produce antibodies.T cells are also defensive white blood cells.They attack cells in the body that have already been infected.
The first time the body comes across a germ,it can take several days to make and use all the germ fighting tools needed to get over the infection.After the infection,the immune system remembers what is learned about how to protect the body against that disease.
(38) They help develop immunity by imitating an infection.This type of infection,however,almost never causes illness,but it does cause the immune system to produce T cells and antibodies.Sometimes,after getting a vaccine，the imitation infection can cause minor symptoms.For instance,a fever. (39)
Once the imitation infection goes away,the body is left with a supply of defensive cells that will remember how to find that disease in the future. (40) Therefore,it is possible that a person infected with the disease just before or just after vaccination could develop symptoms and get a disease,because the vaccine has not had enough time to provide protection.
A.Vaccines basically work the same way.
B.This invasion,called an infection,is what causes illness.
C.Vaccines prevent diseases that can be dangerous,or even deadly
D.Scientists take many different approaches to developing vaccines.
E.The body identifies them as dangers and excites antibodies to attack them.
F.Such minor symptoms are normal and should be expected as the body builds immunity.
G.However,it typically takes a few weeks for the body to produce those defensive cells after vaccination.
第三部分 语言运用(共两节，满分30分)
第一节(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Imagine sitting inside a windowless train that's shooting through a tube at twice the speed of an airplane.Your train has no wheels,produces no (41)， makes its own electricity,and isn't affected by bad weather.This is the hyperloop,a new vision for the world's(42)， safest,and greenest form of transportation.Many have(43) this new technology,but others say the hyper loop vision is just a bunch of hot air.
Hyperloop developers plan to use the properties of magnets to float,stabilize,and drive the capsules or pods for hundreds of mites through(44) tubes.Without air or ground to slow down the vehicles,what was once a five-hour journey would become a half-hour excursion,engineers promise.
Supporters of the technology promote additional(45) of transporting passengers and cargo by hyperloop.For example,they firmly state that unlike other city-to-city transport that's(46)， such as planes or trains,hyperloop vehicles would leave as needed,like Ubers and taxis.While the(47) would hold only 28 to 50 passengers each,developers plan for them to depart stations in groups every minute or so which they say could amount to shuttling 50，000 people an hour.That's more than twice the passenger(48) of the world's fastest trains.
Developers also say that hyperloop tubes would be(49) so they wouldn't interfere with other traffic or threaten wildlife.And tubes would be covered with solar panels to power the hyperloop's systems.(50)，advocates regard the hyperloop as the transportation choice for the future.
But not everyone is on board.Engineers have calculated that the high-speed vehicles will need to make much wider turns than currently envisioned,and otherwise they won't be(51) for passengers.This would add several miles to the proposed tube tracks,Engineers also say planners haven't included enough time for vehicles to safely brake and take off at stations.Some engineers believe it will take much longer than claimed to pump the(52)out of the tubes before each vehicle's departure.Critics thus say hyperloops can't go as fast or serve as many passengers per hour as advertised,making them(53) existing high-speed transportation options.
Hyperloop companies say they're (54) these concerns.They claim that they can safely maintain high speeds by having the vehicles bank around the turns as a plane does.And their hyperloops will rely on the split-second reaction times of a computer to(55) vehicles quickly,frequently,and safely.
41 A. pollution B. sound C. energy D. wind
42 A. cleanest B. lightest C. latest D. fastest
43 A. adapted B. explored C. embraced D. developed
44 A. totally hollow B. nearly airless C. steadily narrow D. highly flexible
45 A. advantages B. costs C. qualities D. situations
46 A. in constant demands B. on strict timetables C. in changeable D. on essential services
47 A. cabins B. lorries C. tubes D. vehicles
48 A. fare B. capacity C. speed D. comfort
49 A. underground B. parallel C. elevated D. shared
50 A. However B. Therefore C. Beside D. Otherwise
51 A. available B. economic C. easy D. safe
52 A. force B. air C. heat D. water
53 A. most popular of B. superior to C. no better than D. least profitable
54 A. addressing B. causing C. voicing D. releasing
55 A. ride B. pilot C. park D. alert
第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Du Fu: China’s Greatest Poet, a BBC one-hour documentary, (56) (launch) on April 6 this year. It was the first time to put Du’s life in a global context.
For the Chinese, Du, (57) style of poetry is called realism, is more than a poet; he has been the guardian of the moral of the nation. (58) (bear) in 712, Du lived through the violent fall of the Tang Dynasty when wars, floods and famines almost ruined the country. In his poems, he poured out his concern for his country and people as well as the importance of celebrating the few simple (59) (joy) of life.
To explore his life and discover what the poet means to China and the Chinese people, the film crew had an (60) (extreme) tough time tracking the footsteps of the eighth-century poet.
This documentary is not (61) easy watch. To help audiences make sense of the poet’s great achievements in literature, Du is compared (62) China’s Shakespeare in this documentary. Also, the program invited McKellen, who played Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings movies, (63) (read) 15 of Du’s poems that had been translated into English. These can help foreigners (64) (well) understand what makes Du’s works so special.
In a way, the documentary is displaying the charm of traditional Chinese literature to the world, (65) (fuel) a desire to learn Chinese Tang poems.
第四部分 写作(共两节，满分40分)
第一节(满分15分)
假定你是李华，学校上周末举办了图书捐赠活动，请你为英语报纸Weekly写一篇报道，内容包括：
1.活动目的；2.活动过程；3.学生反响。
注意：
1.词数80左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：book donation activity 图书捐赠活动
第二节(满分25分)
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Whether we notice it or not,our child is a little reflection of ourselves.They grow up looking more and more like us.They even have similar personalities and hobbies.And in some cases,the standard of choosing a good friend.
One day,my 10-year-old Jane said,"Mom,I made a new friend at school today.Can she come over tomorrow？" Her words made me extremely happy because Jane was a shy girl and I wanted her to make some friends to bring her out of her shell.
"Sure,honey,that sounds great." I said,thinking back to my own childhood best friend,Susan.We lived across the street from each other in Washington Heights,New York.We met at the age of 10，too.Like my daughter,I was shy and had trouble making friends.But Susan drew me out.She was one of the friendliest people in school,with shiny black hair and a mile-wide smile.Thanks to Susan,I was happy every day.
In senior high school,Susan went on a trip to Florida.This was the first time we had to be away from each other for a few days. "I'll be back soon and I will write to you as soon as I arrive." She told me.But I didn't get her phone call nor receive any mail from her.Soon,my family moved to New Jersey,making my hope of seeing Susan impossible.
Whenever I thought of her,tears came into my eyes.
The next day Jane brought her new friend home. "Hi,Mrs.Smith," the little girl said.Her hair was so shiny and black and she gave me a big smile. "My name is Jo.My mom will pick me up two hours later."
注意：
1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Paragraph 1：
I was puzzled because my daughter's new friend looked so familiar._____________.
Paragraph 2：
Two hours passed really quickly,and there was a knock on the door._____________.
第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分35分）
第一节（共10小题；每小题2.5分，满分25分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。
A
Even if the world makes it hard to relax,we all need to find a way to reset and recharge.We go through life thinking we've rested because we have gotten enough sleep―but in reality we are missing out on the other types of rest we desperately need. Saudra Dalton-Smith,a physician,outlines different types of rest that are essential for human growing.
Physical rest
This is the usual definition of rest were a familiar with.But while we know we need to spend a decent number of hours in bed to stay healthy,a steady persistent support of studies shows a large proportion of us still don't get enough physical rest.
Mental rest
Always have a tornado of thoughts spinning in your head from the moment you wake up to the moment you finally fall asleep？You need more mental rest,and even if you sleep a solid eight hours a night,you're not going to feel fully recharged until you get it.
"The good news is you don't have to quit your job or go on vacation to fix this.Schedule short breaks to occur every two hours throughout your workday these breaks can remind you to slow down.You might also keep a notepad by the bed to write down any painful thoughts that would keep you awake," suggests Dalton-smith.
Sensory rest
Staring at screens all day and all night means your eyes never get a proper rest,but this isn't the only reason many of us never give our senses a break.Noisy cites,sharp sound announcements and loud music all contribute to constant sensory stimulation.Your brain needs a rest now and again.Consciously close your eyes and give yourself the gift of silence for short periods throughout the day.
Emotional rest
This "means having the time and space to freely express your feelings and cut back on people-pleasing," Dalton-smith explains. "Emotional rest also requires the courage to be genuine.An emotionally rested person can answer the question, ‘How are you today？' with a truthful ‘I'm not okay'-and then go on to share some hard things that otherwise go unsaid."
In other words,we all need the space to stop pretending for ourselves and others and get real about our feelings.
21.Which of the following statement is true about the types of rest mentioned in the passage？ ______
A. Physical rest means lying in bed for a proper period and exercising.
B. Mental rest indicates resting every two hours when you're working.
C. Sensory rest means keeping silent frequently and staring at screens.
D. Emotional rest means pretending to share private affairs with others.
22.What type of rest do you need most if you're working with a computer in an office？ ______
A. Physical rest B. Mental rest C. Sensory rest D. Emotional rest
23.It can be concluded that if a person feels tired,he should ______ .
try to identify just what sort of rest he's lacking exactly
B. spend some time with those who can energize him
C. have the four types of rest mentioned in the passage in order
D. have a need to feel connected to something larger than himself
B
A new commodity brings about a highly profitable,fast-growing industry,urging antitrust(反垄断) regulators to step in to check those who control its flow. A century ago ,the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns ares being raised by the giants(巨头) that deal in data, the oil of the digital age. The most valuable firms are Google,Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft. All look unstoppable．
Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up. But size alone is not a crime,The giants' success has benefited consumers. Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery, Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free (users pay, in effect, by handing over yet more data).And the appearance of new-born giants suggests that newcomers can make waves,too.
But there is cause for concern. The internet has made data abundant, all-present and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies' control of data gives them enormous power.So they have a "God's eye view" of activities in their own markets and beyond．
This nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful. Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves: in time, one of them would become great again. A rethink is required—and as a new approach starts to become apparent, two ideas stand out.
The first is that antitrust authorities need to move form the industrial age into the 21st century. When considering a merger(兼并),for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms' data assets(资产) when assessing the impact of deals.The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a new-born threat. When this takes place, especially when a new-born company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.
The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of on-line services have over data and give more to those who supply panies could be forced to consumers what information they hold and how many money they make form it.Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data,with users' consent.
Restarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy But if governments don't wants a data economy by a few giants,they must act soon.
24.Why is there a call to break up giants
A. They have controlled the data market B. They collect enormous private data
C. They no longer provide free services D. They dismissed some new-born giants
25.What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate
A. Data giants' technology is very expensive
B. Google's idea is popular among data firms
C. Data can strengthen giants' controlling position
D. Data can be turned into new services or products
26.By paying attention to firms' data assets,antitrust regulators could .
A. kill a new threat B. avoid the size trap
C. favour bigger firms D. charge higher prices
27.What is the purpose of loosening the giants' control of data
A.Big companies could relieve data security pressure．
B. Governments could relieve their financial pressure
C. Consumers could better protect their privacy.
D. Small companies could get more opportunities.
C
Old Problem, New Approaches
While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions (排放) peak. So even if emission were to begin decrease today, we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.
When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least, the US National Climate Assessment says that: "there is no 'one-size fit all' adaptation." Nevertheless, there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.
Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that server as floating libraries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipment with solar panels and other communication facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity (连体) to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds prevent starvation during the wet season.
Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Nophel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers (冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel's inspiration come from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation (灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Nophel calculates that he has stored about 200, 000m3 of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norhel's ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.
Increasing Earth's reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.
In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear, But the World Bank has included the project on its of "100 ideas to save the planet".
More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allows him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense, But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it's a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.
Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in the way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.
28.The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies ______.
A. adaptation is an ever-changing process B. the cost of adaptation varies with time
C. global warming affects adaptation forms D. adaptation to climate change is challenging
29.What is special with regard to Rezwan's project
A. The project receives government support.
B. Different organizations work with each other.
C. His organization makes the best of a bad situation.
D. The project connects flooded roads and highways.
30.What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming
A. Storing ice for future use. B. Protecting the glaciers from melting.
C. Changing the irrigation time. D. Postponing the melting of the glaciers.
31.What's the author's preferred solution to global warming
setting up a new standard. B. Reducing carbon emission.
C. Adapting to climate change. D. Monitoring polluting industries.
D
Hollywood's theory that machines with evil minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly．The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence（AI） may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want．In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener，who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论），put it this way："If we use，to achieve our purposes，a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere，we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire．"
A machine with a specific purpose has another quality，one that we usually associate with living things：a wish to preserve its own existence．For the machine，this quality is not in-born，nor is it something introduced by humans； it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead．So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee，it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task．If we are not careful，then，we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined，super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own，with the real world as the chessboard．
The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists．Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall，using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world．Unfortunately，that plan seems unlikely to work：we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans，let alone super intelligent machines．
Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy．There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines．But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand，as it has been by some AI researchers．Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams--yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans．Others say we can just"switch them off"as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility．Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen．On September 11，1933，famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated，with confidence，"Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine．"However，on September 12，1933，physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced（中子诱导） nuclear chain reaction．
32.Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ______ ．
A. run out of human control B. satisfy human's real desires
C. command armies of killer robots D. work faster than a mathematician
33.Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to ______ ．
A. prevent themselves from being destroyed B. achieve their original goals independently
C. do anything successfully with given orders D. beat humans in international chess matches
34.According to some researchers，we can use firewalls to ______ ．
A. help super intelligent machines work better B. be secure against evil human beings
C. keep machines from being harmed D. avoid robots' affecting the world
35.What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines？
It will disappear with the development of AI． B. It will get worse with human interference．
C. It will be solved but with difficulty． D. It will stay for a decade．
第二节 （共 5 小题，每小题 2 .5分，满分 12.5 分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。
When germs,such as bacteria or viruses,invade the body,they attack and multiply. (36.) The immune system uses several tools to fight infection.Blood contains red blood cells,for carrying oxygen to tissues and organs,and white or immune cells,for fighting infection.These white cells consist primarily of macrophages（巨噬细胞），B cells and T cells.
Macrophages swallow up and digest germs,plus dead and dying cells.They leave behind parts of the invading germs called antigens（抗原）. (37) B cells are defensive white blood cells which produce antibodies.T cells are also defensive white blood cells.They attack cells in the body that have already been infected.
The first time the body comes across a germ,it can take several days to make and use all the germ fighting tools needed to get over the infection.After the infection,the immune system remembers what is learned about how to protect the body against that disease.
(38) They help develop immunity by imitating an infection.This type of infection,however,almost never causes illness,but it does cause the immune system to produce T cells and antibodies.Sometimes,after getting a vaccine，the imitation infection can cause minor symptoms.For instance,a fever. (39)
Once the imitation infection goes away,the body is left with a supply of defensive cells that will remember how to find that disease in the future. (40) Therefore,it is possible that a person infected with the disease just before or just after vaccination could develop symptoms and get a disease,because the vaccine has not had enough time to provide protection.
A.Vaccines basically work the same way.
B.This invasion,called an infection,is what causes illness.
C.Vaccines prevent diseases that can be dangerous,or even deadly
D.Scientists take many different approaches to developing vaccines.
E.The body identifies them as dangers and excites antibodies to attack them.
F.Such minor symptoms are normal and should be expected as the body builds immunity.
G.However,it typically takes a few weeks for the body to produce those defensive cells after vaccination.
第三部分 语言运用(共两节，满分30分)
第一节(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Imagine sitting inside a windowless train that's shooting through a tube at twice the speed of an airplane.Your train has no wheels,produces no (41)， makes its own electricity,and isn't affected by bad weather.This is the hyperloop,a new vision for the world's(42)， safest,and greenest form of transportation.Many have(43) this new technology,but others say the hyper loop vision is just a bunch of hot air.
Hyperloop developers plan to use the properties of magnets to float,stabilize,and drive the capsules or pods for hundreds of mites through(44) tubes.Without air or ground to slow down the vehicles,what was once a five-hour journey would become a half-hour excursion,engineers promise.
Supporters of the technology promote additional(45) of transporting passengers and cargo by hyperloop.For example,they firmly state that unlike other city-to-city transport that's(46)， such as planes or trains,hyperloop vehicles would leave as needed,like Ubers and taxis.While the(47) would hold only 28 to 50 passengers each,developers plan for them to depart stations in groups every minute or so which they say could amount to shuttling 50，000 people an hour.That's more than twice the passenger(48) of the world's fastest trains.
Developers also say that hyperloop tubes would be(49) so they wouldn't interfere with other traffic or threaten wildlife.And tubes would be covered with solar panels to power the hyperloop's systems.(50)，advocates regard the hyperloop as the transportation choice for the future.
But not everyone is on board.Engineers have calculated that the high-speed vehicles will need to make much wider turns than currently envisioned,and otherwise they won't be(51) for passengers.This would add several miles to the proposed tube tracks,Engineers also say planners haven't included enough time for vehicles to safely brake and take off at stations.Some engineers believe it will take much longer than claimed to pump the(52)out of the tubes before each vehicle's departure.Critics thus say hyperloops can't go as fast or serve as many passengers per hour as advertised,making them(53) existing high-speed transportation options.
Hyperloop companies say they're (54) these concerns.They claim that they can safely maintain high speeds by having the vehicles bank around the turns as a plane does.And their hyperloops will rely on the split-second reaction times of a computer to(55) vehicles quickly,frequently,and safely.
41 A. pollution B. sound C. energy D. wind
42 A. cleanest B. lightest C. latest D. fastest
43 A. adapted B. explored C. embraced D. developed
44 A. totally hollow B. nearly airless C. steadily narrow D. highly flexible
45 A. advantages B. costs C. qualities D. situations
46 A. in constant demands B. on strict timetables C. in changeable D. on essential services
47 A. cabins B. lorries C. tubes D. vehicles
48 A. fare B. capacity C. speed D. comfort
49 A. underground B. parallel C. elevated D. shared
50 A. However B. Therefore C. Beside D. Otherwise
51 A. available B. economic C. easy D. safe
52 A. force B. air C. heat D. water
53 A. most popular of B. superior to C. no better than D. least profitable
54 A. addressing B. causing C. voicing D. releasing
55 A. ride B. pilot C. park D. alert
第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Du Fu: China’s Greatest Poet, a BBC one-hour documentary, (56) (launch) on April 6 this year. It was the first time to put Du’s life in a global context.
For the Chinese, Du, (57) style of poetry is called realism, is more than a poet; he has been the guardian of the moral of the nation. (58) (bear) in 712, Du lived through the violent fall of the Tang Dynasty when wars, floods and famines almost ruined the country. In his poems, he poured out his concern for his country and people as well as the importance of celebrating the few simple (59) (joy) of life.
To explore his life and discover what the poet means to China and the Chinese people, the film crew had an (60) (extreme) tough time tracking the footsteps of the eighth-century poet.
This documentary is not (61) easy watch. To help audiences make sense of the poet’s great achievements in literature, Du is compared (62) China’s Shakespeare in this documentary. Also, the program invited McKellen, who played Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings movies, (63) (read) 15 of Du’s poems that had been translated into English. These can help foreigners (64) (well) understand what makes Du’s works so special.
In a way, the documentary is displaying the charm of traditional Chinese literature to the world, (65) (fuel) a desire to learn Chinese Tang poems.
第四部分 写作(共两节，满分40分)
第一节(满分15分)
假定你是李华，学校上周末举办了图书捐赠活动，请你为英语报纸Weekly写一篇报道，内容包括：
1.活动目的；2.活动过程；3.学生反响。
注意：
1.词数80左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：book donation activity 图书捐赠活动
第二节(满分25分)
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Whether we notice it or not,our child is a little reflection of ourselves.They grow up looking more and more like us.They even have similar personalities and hobbies.And in some cases,the standard of choosing a good friend.
One day,my 10-year-old Jane said,"Mom,I made a new friend at school today.Can she come over tomorrow？" Her words made me extremely happy because Jane was a shy girl and I wanted her to make some friends to bring her out of her shell.
"Sure,honey,that sounds great." I said,thinking back to my own childhood best friend,Susan.We lived across the street from each other in Washington Heights,New York.We met at the age of 10，too.Like my daughter,I was shy and had trouble making friends.But Susan drew me out.She was one of the friendliest people in school,with shiny black hair and a mile-wide smile.Thanks to Susan,I was happy every day.
In senior high school,Susan went on a trip to Florida.This was the first time we had to be away from each other for a few days. "I'll be back soon and I will write to you as soon as I arrive." She told me.But I didn't get her phone call nor receive any mail from her.Soon,my family moved to New Jersey,making my hope of seeing Susan impossible.
Whenever I thought of her,tears came into my eyes.
The next day Jane brought her new friend home. "Hi,Mrs.Smith," the little girl said.Her hair was so shiny and black and she gave me a big smile. "My name is Jo.My mom will pick me up two hours later."
注意：
1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Paragraph 1：
I was puzzled because my daughter's new friend looked so familiar._____________.
Paragraph 2：
Two hours passed really quickly,and there was a knock on the door._____________.
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