2022年中考二轮专题复习 名词课件（33张PPT)

(共33张PPT)
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2022年中考英语二轮
专题复习
名词
知识导图
考点精讲
考点1名词的数
1.可数名词
（1）可数名词变复数的规则变化
情况 构成方法 例词
一般情况下 加s desk→desks，
apple→apples
以s,x,sh,ch结尾的词 加es box→boxes，bush→bushes,class→classes，watch→watches
特例：stomach→stomachs
以辅音字母加y结尾的词 变y为i，再加es story→stories,
factory→factories
情况 构成方法 例词
部分以f/fe结尾的词 变f/fe为v，再加es leaf→leaves，knife→knives，wife→wives
以o结尾的词 有生命的加es tomato→tomatoes，
hero→heroes，
potato→potatoes
无生命的加s radio→radios，
photo→photos
续表
【方法技巧】
名词变复数用法口诀
①巧记以f/fe结尾，且复数形式变f/fe为v加es的单词：
妻子（wife）持刀（knife）去砍狼（wolf），小偷（thief）吓得发了慌，躲在架（shelf）后保己（self）命（life），半（half）片树叶（leaf）遮目光。
②巧记以o结尾，且复数形式加es的单词：
英雄（hero）爱吃土豆（potato）和西红柿（tomato）。
（2）可数名词变复数的不规则变化
情况 构成方法 例词
不规则变化 a→e man→men,Frenchman→Frenchmen
特例：German→Germans,human→humans
oo→ee foot→feet,tooth→teeth
特例：boot→boots
单复数形式相同 sheep→sheep，fish→fish，Chinese→Chinese，deer→deer，Japanese→Japanese
其他形式 mouse→mice，ox→oxen，child→children
【易错点】名词作定语，修饰另一名词时，若前面的名词是man或woman，变复数时，前后的两个名词都变为复数形式；如果是其他词，变复数时，只需将后面的名词变为复数。如：man doctor→men doctors，boy student→boy students。
（3）集体名词
河南近10年中考真题完形填空和语篇填空第一节共考查过2个集体名词：people（2014.40，2016.75）和police（2017.42）。初中阶段常见的集体名词有：
①单数形式，表复数含义，如：people，police等。通常不与a/an连用，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
The police are running after a thief.警察正在追捕一个小偷。
②单数形式，表单数或复数含义均可。如：class，family，group等。作主语且强调一个整体时，谓语动词用单数；强调构成这些集体的各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。如：
My family is a large one.我家是个大家庭。
My family are all workers.我的家人都是工人。
（4）常以复数形式出现的名词
常以复数形式出现的名词有：trousers裤子（2012.71）；glasses眼镜；chopsticks筷子；shoes鞋；scissors剪刀等。这些词常以复数形式出现，作主语时，谓语动词均用复数。但如果被a pair of之类的量词修饰，谓语动词则要用单数。如：
I wonder if these are Luke’s scissors.我想知道这是不是卢克的剪刀。
2.不可数名词
河南近10年中考真题语篇填空第一节共考查过2次不可数名词：rest（2014.68）和soup（2013.74）。
（1）初中阶段常见的不可数名词：
类别 例词
物质名词 食物 food,rice,meat,beef,bread,salt,soup（2013.74 ）, water, milk, tea, wine
材料 cotton,gold,paper,silk
自然 fire,grass,ice,rain,snow,weather,wind
类别 例词
抽象名词 情感 joy,love,happiness,surprise,excitement,pleasure,fear
学科 geography,physics,chemistry,math,music
其他 fun,trouble,information,power,knowledge,news,work,money,traffic,advice,courage
续表
（2）不可数名词“量”的表示：
不可数名词没有复数形式，不能直接用a/an或数词修饰，其“量”的
分类 方法 例子
具体的量 数词/不定冠词+量词+of+不可数名词 two cups of tea;a piece of paper
大概的量 表示量的限定词+不可数名词 a little water;the rest of money（2014.68）
表达如下：
【易错点】
①常用来修饰不可数名词的量的词组有：
a basket of一篮 a box of一盒 a bottle of一瓶 a cup/glass of一杯 a group of一群 a pair of一组/双/对 a piece of一片/张/块
②不可数名词的量化中量词的使用要根据其前的修饰语来确定。
③可数名词有时也可以用量化来表示，如：a piece of leaf,two pieces of leaves。
既可以修饰可数名词，又可以修饰不可数名词的量词有：some,any,enough,plenty of,a lot of,lots of等。
④只能修饰可数名词和只能修饰不可数名词的修饰词如下：
修饰可数名词 修饰不可数名词
few,a few,several,many,a great many,a number of,quite a few little,a little,much,a great deal of
（3）可数名词和不可数名词易混点归纳
单词 可数 不可数
chicken 鸡 鸡肉
experience 经历 经验
fish 鱼 鱼肉
glass 玻璃杯；眼镜 玻璃
orange 橙子 橙汁
paper 报纸，文件 纸
room 房间 空间
time 次数；倍数 时间
考点2 名词所有格
1.’s所有格
河南近10年中考真题语篇填空第一节共考查过3次’s所有格：boy’s（2019.73）,Jimmy’s（2017.74）和father’s（2012.75）。’s所有格多表
示有生命的名词的所属关系。其具体用法如下：
构成方法 例子
单数名词 一般在词尾加’s Lily’s father莉莉的爸爸
mother’s birthday母亲的生日
复数名词 以-s结尾的加’ girls’ school女子学校
不以-s结尾的加’s Children’s Day儿童节
多人共同拥有 只在最后一个名词后加’s Lucy and Lily’s room露西和莉莉的房间
多人各自拥有 需在每个名词后加’s Lucy’s and Lily’s rooms露西的房间和莉莉的房间
【易错点】
（1）表示某人家、店铺、诊所等地名时，所有格后面的名词常省略。如：at the barber’s在理发店，at the doctor’s在诊所。
（2）’s所有格也可用于表示时间、距离、国家等无生命的名词的所属关系。如：two days’ holiday两天的假期。
2.of所有格
表示无生命的名词的所属关系多用of所有格。如：the legs of the chair椅子的腿；the cover of the book书的封面；the name of the hill小山的名字。
3.双重所有格
双重所有格多用于表示整体中的一部分，有“of+可数名词’s格”或“of+名词性物主代词”两种形式。如：
a photo of my father’s我父亲的一张照片
a friend of mine我的一位朋友
【易错点】双重所有格与of所有格表达的含义不同。如：
a picture of mine我的一张照片（照片中的人可能是“我”，也可能是别人）
a picture of me我的一张照片（照片中是“我”本人）
精选考题测评
一、用所给单词的适当形式填空
1. （2021·常州）How many of you ever dreamed of becoming an __________（invent）
inventor
2. （2021·盘锦）Sally thinks that old things always bring back sweet ___________（memory）.
memories
3. （2021·临沂）In 1920,the _________（world） first three-color traffic light was put to use.
world’s
4. （2021·临沂）A Christmas Carol was written to make every reader think about how they could make a ___________（different） to their society.
difference
5. （2021·常德）Look,the __________（child） are having a good time flying kites in the park.
children
6. I saw some __________（German） and Englishmen dancing in the street yesterday.
Germans
7. We had to go there on foot.After two ________（hour） walk,we were all tired out.
hours’
wolves
8. There used to be many _________（wolf）,but only a few of them remain today.
9. They have invited a __________（science） to give them a speech on space.
scientist
10. The _________（woman） teachers in our school are so patient and kind.
women
二、从方框中选择恰当的名词，并用其适当形式填空
minute, knife, chance, bottle, bridge,
love, discussion, sense, doctor, purpose
1. （2021·金华）Western people eat with ________ and forks while Chinese people use chopsticks.
knives
2. The math problem is difficult.Let’s have a ___________ about it.
discussion
3. （2021·绍兴）Tim was so thirsty that he drank up two ________ of water.
bottles
4. （2020·扬州改编）One should have a _______ of right and wrong,or a person can’t be trusted.
sense
5. As we all know,we should be thankful to those who help us when we are in trouble and spread their _______.
love
6. The Silk Road is a ________ for trade and cultural exchange between China and other countries.
bridge
7. The _________ of new inventions is to make life easier,not to make it more difficult.
purpose
8. Good _________ always hide somewhere around us and wait for us to find them,so we should never give up.
chances
9. Give me a few more _________ and I will finish doing my homework.
minutes
doctor’s
10. Maybe Mary is at the __________ for she had a headache this morning.
sheep, energy, father, friend, advice,
information, photo, interest, color, voice
11. —What _______ is that coat
—It’s black.
color
12. My pen pal developed an _________ in Yu Opera.
interest
13. I found it easy to make _________ at school.
friends
14. Mrs.Li has given me much ________ on English study.
advice
15. Uncle Wang is an excellent engineer.He is a friend of my _________.
father’s
sheep
16. My uncle raises many ________ on his farm and we often go there for a visit.
17. —I think Mary has a very sweet _______.
—Yes,I think so.She can sing songs very well.
voice
18. —Look!Here comes Cindy!She is always full of ________.
—So she is.That’s because she takes a lot of exercise every day.
energy
19. We can get much _____________ about the school camping trip on the school website.
information
20. She took lots of beautiful ________ during her stay in Europe.
photos
三、语篇训练
（2021·齐齐哈尔改编）
write, exercise, mistake, doctor, businessman, advice, happy
If you go into a bookstore,you might see lots of self-help books. What are self-help books When you feel stressed,or you want to become better,you may read some books for 1.________.We call these self-help books.
advice
In general,self-help books are written by famous writers or successful 2._____________.They teach you how to deal with problems in your life,for example,how to get on well with your classmates and friends,how to plan your time correctly and how to find the 3.___________.Besides,self-help books are useful for young readers to find their 4.__________.They want to improve themselves by reading self-help books.
How to choose a self-help book
happiness
mistakes
businessmen
Firstly,think about what your problem is.Find a book that talks about it.
Secondly,check out the 5.________.A professional writer will give you more useful suggestions.
Thirdly,try out the 6.__________ in these books.Self-help books often include exercises.Practice a few to see if they work.
Fourthly,be critical（有判断力的）.Though it’s a popular book,it might not be right about everything.
Finally,if you are very upset and feel sick,see a 7.________.
writer
exercises
doctor