高考英语备考:短文改错分步练,五个关注不可少

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高考英语备考:短文改错分步练,五个关注不可少
对部分低分学生,即在全区统考中短文改错的得分低于3分的考生,就短文改错做题情况进行访谈,了解到这部分考生是语法基础较差,看不出错误。也有人反映,原来老师要求背诵“动词形,名词数,还要注意形和副,连、介、代、冠常光顾,必须记牢固”,但当他们做题时,要一下子同时注意八个方面,简直就是难如登天。
如果我们把任务拆分,每一次阅读有选择地注意一两项语法考点,将问题分批处理,分步进行,不但有利于考生集中精神运用一两项相关语法知识,也易于发现该方面的错误。
选取本人任教的30名低分学生参与以下短文改错五步法的实验,要求学生在平时训练时每次只关注一两个考点。
说明具体做法:
第一步:通读全文,关注动词与介词。
用铅笔划出所有的动词,包括谓语动词和非谓语动词,以及与动词相连的介词(如果有介词的话,注意动介搭配是否正确)。注意时态、语态、主谓一致以及非谓语动词与所修饰的词之间的关系是主动、被动,还是表目的。
During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals. Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, but he agreed.
容易發现以下两处错误:
(1)find与前后句的谓语动词went时态不一致,将find改为found;
(2)介词by后的sell是原形,应改为selling。
第二步:通读全文,关注名词。
用铅笔划出所有的名词,包括相连的介词和相连的修饰语(不定代词或冠词)。注意名词的单复数;如果名词后有介词,注意名词与介词的搭配是否正确;如果名词前有冠词,注意其后的“(形容词+)名词”是否以元音发音开头,以及注意该名词是特指还是泛指;如果名词前有不定代词或指示代词,注意其单复数、性别及前后逻辑所指关系等。
During my last winter holiday , I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents . I find a big change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs , ducks , and another animals . Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken . They also had a small pond which they raised fish . My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish . I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip , I told my father that I planned to return for every two years , but he agreed.
容易发现以下四处错误:
(1)countryside前少冠词,要加上the,这是习惯搭配;
(2)复数名词animals前不可用another(另一个),根据语境和常识another应改为other(别的);
(3)chicken 因受dozens of修饰,应改为复数chickens。
(4)因every two years这类短语前通常不用介词,故应删除for。
第三步:通读全文,关注形容词和副词。
用铅笔划出所有的形容词和副词,注意形容词可修饰名词做定语,还可在句中做表语或补语;副词修饰动词、形容词或全句做状语;还要注意是否需要用比较级或者最高级。
During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals. Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, but he agreed.
容易发现以下两种处错:
(1)因作者去农村看望爷爷是上个寒假了,也就是早就回来了,应当是“去那里”而非“去这里”,故将I went here again中的here改为there。
(2)因文中felt是系动词,其后应接形容词做表语,故将happily改为happy。
第四步:通读全文,关注连词。
用铅笔划出所有的连词,包括连接单词、短语或句子的连词。注意定语从句中连词所做的成分,注意翻译前后句子并判断前后句之间是顺连还是转折,注意该连词的意思是否符合逻辑。
During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals. Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, but he agreed.
容易发现以下两处错误:
(1)因小池塘应是养鱼的地方,即they raised fish中缺地点状语,故改which为where,引导定语从句。当然,也可在which前加介词in,相当于they raised fish in the pond。
(2)“我告诉父亲我计划每两年回一次”与“他同意了”是顺承关系,而非转折关系,故改but为and。
第五步:默读全文,关注逻辑。
通过语感和全文大意,看看是否还能找出一些逻辑不通顺或不顺眼的地方。全国Ⅰ卷答案如下:
During my last winter holiday, I went to ∧countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals. Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. They also had a small pond∧which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, but he agreed.
当然,所有的方法都需要经过一定的训练时间和一定的量才显成效。所以参加训练实验的考生每天一篇,仅经过30天的训练之后,在11月的期中考试中,所有参加五步法训练的考生都提高了1~3分,他们自己也说,五步法效果好。
当学生在短文改错中实施有意注意(选择性注意)训练一段时间,对五步法的操作自然进入了熟练和系统化,之后,他们遇到短文改错的时候就会自动转换成有意注意,也就是说,他们以后每次看到短文改错就自然而然地往各类型考点方向去考虑,届时就无需再分五步或者阅读五次了。这种训练在一定程度上有助于巩固学生的语法基础,并有助于减少其书面表达的语法错误,提高他们在英语写作上的纠错能力,继而也会在一定程度上促进他们的英语写作。

高考英语备考:短文改错的命题特点与九大考点破解
短文改错考查考生在阅读理解的基础上发现并纠正包括词法、句法、行文逻辑等类型语言错误的能力。
考生在做短文改错时需要根据短文的整体语境来进行判断,而不只是零散的知识点。所以很多学生在做短文改错时会遇到以下几点困惑:第一,拿过题来不知如何下手;第二,基础薄弱的同学要么草草了事,要么丢掉不做。笔者认为弄清命题特点,掌握解题思路,这类题目就会迎刃而解,从而获得高分。
一、命题特点
1. 短文改错的文章来自学生习作,贴近高中生生活。
2. 文章長度约100词。语言易懂。
3. 体裁以记叙文为主,句子结构以简单为主,含有并列句和复合句。
4. 设置修改、增加和删除三种错误类型,其比例通常是8∶1∶1。
5. 当遇到错误无法分辨时,可以借助“修改、增加和删除三种错误类型”的分布规律来解题。
6. 短文改错全国的平均难度系数约为0.35,该题不少考生失分严重,一方面是有些考生的语法基础知识薄弱,另一方面是因为有些考生粗心。因此,同学们要练就一双“火眼金睛”,善于发现错误。
二、解题步骤
第一步:快速浏览全文,把握文章的主旨大意、主要时态及人称。
第二步:先易后难,逐个击破。
第三步:细读文章的每一句话, 结合文章的上下文和命题规律来解题。
第四步:代入已修改完成的答案通读全文,看是否行文流畅以及是否符合逻辑。
三、九大考点
高考短文改错的命题人一般会从上述十二个方面进行考点设置,但我们可将其归结为以下九大主要考点。掌握命题规律之后做题便会事半功倍!
(一)名词的数与格的误用
名词是短文改错的常考点,最近5年10套高考题中名词出现了10次。主要考名词的“数”,也考名词的“格”。
(全国Ⅱ卷)Besides,they often get some useful information’s from the Internet.
解析:因information是不可数名词,故应把information’s改为information。
要牢记常见的不可数名词。如fun, advice, information, work(工作),homework, housework, progress, luggage, baggage, time(时间),furniture, equipment, money等。
(全国Ⅰ卷)All the football player on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football.
解析:player是可数名词,根据句意,在操场上所有的足球运动员都大声地欢呼,需使用player的复数形式,故把player改成players。
思路点拨:主要依据有名词前的修饰语、主谓一致、上下文信息、生活常识和逻辑关系来找出错误所在。
(二)代词的指代一致与少用
代词是短文改错的常考点,主要考查人称代词的性别,单复数及代词格的误用;物主代词,反身代词以及不定式代词的误用;“it”一词的不当使用(包括用于从句中或作形式主语或宾语);Whose和Who’s, its和its的混淆。
(全国Ⅰ卷)We must find ways to protect your environment.
解析:根据上下文,此句提出建议我们要保护我们的环境,故your应改为our。本题考查代词的误用。
(全国Ⅰ卷)From now on, I started to play my football with classmates after school. I am a good player now.
解析:球类前面无需冠词或定冠词修饰,故删除my。本题考查的是代词的误用。
思路点拨:注意句中前后人称不一致,前后单复数不一致,前后的性别不一致和物主代词或人称代词的漏用。
(三)冠词的误用、多用与少用
重点考查定冠词the和不定冠词a/an的误用,多用或少用。
(全国Ⅱ卷)They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.
解析:表泛指, an 用于以元音音素开头的单词前,a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前。故把hour前的a改为an。本题考查冠词的误用。
(全国Ⅰ卷)Suddenly football feel just in front of me but almost hit me.
解析: football 是一个可数名词,这里表泛指,故在football前面加a。
思路点拨:理清定冠词the、不定冠词a/an的区别以及冠词的惯用法。
(四)介词的误用、多用与少用
重点考查介词的搭配、惯用法,介词的误用多用和少用等。
(全国Ⅰ卷)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.
解析:固定词组长积累,成就火眼金睛。in the middle of 是一个固定搭配,故把on改成of。本题考查介词的误用。
(全国Ⅱ卷)When I studied chemistry high school, I reconsidered my goal or decided to be a doctor.
解析:high school 是一个地点状语,故应该在其前面增加介词at或in。本题考查介词的少用。
思路点拨:(1)平时的学习中注意积累固定搭配;(2)分清连词、副词和介词之间的区别和句法功能。
(五)连词的误用、多用和少用
重点考查表示并列、选择、递进和转折的连词以及从句连词。
(全国Ⅰ卷)Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area.
解析:though不能与but连用,故应删除but。
(全国Ⅰ卷)Suddenly football feel just in front of me but almost hit me.
解析:前后为并列关系,故but应改为and。
(六)谓语动词的错误
谓语动词的错误不仅每年必考,而且考得最多,每套题平均有两处错。到目前为止,仅考查了以下几点。
a. 前后谓语时态不一致。
b. 主动语态中已有行为动词时却多用了be。
c. 被动语态中或者完成时态中,过去分词拼写错误。
d. 并列谓语的时态形式应当一致却没有一致。
e. 主语与谓语在人称和数方面应该一致却没有一致。
f. 情态动词后本应该接动词原形却接了过去时,或者根本没有动词。
g. 命题人有时也会利用某些动词的过去式与过去分词拼写相同,将一般过去时故意误写成现在完成时,要求考生删除have或has。
(全国Ⅰ卷)Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem.
解析:“研究表明”是主动关系,故have been shown 应改为主动语态,删除been。本题考查主动语态中多用了be。
(全国Ⅱ卷)And the other is that I wanted to help people in need.
解析:由wanted可知是過去时。故把主句is改为was。本题考查前后谓语时态要一致。
思路点拨:(1)通读全文,搞清文中动词时态的主线;(2)结合语境,灵活运用时态形式;(3)认真推敲,准确把握主动语态和被动语态。
(七)非谓语动词的误用。
重点考查非谓语动词和谓语动词的混用;非谓语动词的混用和不定式to的遗漏或多用。
(全国Ⅱ卷)In their spare time, they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden, which is on the rooftop of their house.
解析:表示“对……感兴趣”,应用interested。
(全国Ⅰ卷)All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football.
解析:句中已有谓语cheered,say应为非谓语动词;又因players与say是主动关系,故用saying作伴随状语。
(八)词性误用
重点考查形容词和副词的混用,比较级和最高级的运用等。
(全国Ⅰ卷)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.
解析:修饰名词stop应用形容词。suddenly是副词,故应改为sudden。本题考查形容词和副词的混用。
(全国Ⅰ卷)I stopped the ball and kicked it hardly back to the playground.
解析:修饰动词kicked应该用副词。但副词hardly的意思是“几乎不,简直不”。而副词hard表示“努力地;猛烈地”。根据句意,“我接住了球然后用力地踢回操场”,故改hardly为hard。
(九)常用词语辨析错误和其他
重点考查习惯用法,逻辑意义不通,不定代词的混用和基数词和序数词的误用。
(全国Ⅰ卷)I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.
解析:so与very均可修饰形容词或副词的原级,如so good, very good, so well, very well,但so与very一般只能用一个而不同时用,如不能说so very good, so very well。又根据so ... that句式,可知删除much。
(全国Ⅱ卷)Then, when I was in the five grade, I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher too much.
解析:我上五年级的时候,应理解为第五年上学,需使用序数词,故把five改为fifth。本题考查基数词和序数词的误用。
综上所述,“梅花香自苦寒来”,要想短文改错得高分,学生首先要注意日常基本知识的积累,其次要重视词法句法知识,培养良好的语感。