英语个性化教学辅导教案
学生 年级 上课地点 第 次授课
授课时间 星期 学科老师 教学规划师
教学课题 特殊句式:强调句, there be 句型, 插入语,省略句
教学内容
I.强调
1.强调句型
结构:It is/was+被强调部分+that+其他部分。
如果被强调的部分是人,可用who代替that。
(1)时态的运用
强调句中的时态要依原句的时态来确定用is还是was。即原句为过去的某种时态,则强调句中就用was;若原句为现在的某种时态,强调句中就用is。
(2)句型变化
①be动词置于句首构成一般疑问句。
Was it in the park that you met him
②特殊疑问词+be+ it+ that...?构成特殊疑问句。
What was it that prevented him from coming in time
③否定疑问句需在主句上进行变化。
Couldn't it be by plane that he went to France
④反意疑问句必需和主句一致。
It was at ten last night that I knew the news,wasn't it
(3)人称和数的运用
被强调的部分如果是句子的主语,that/who之后的谓语动词在人称和数上应与句子的主语保持一致。
It is I that/who am your friend that will come to help you.
(4)对not...until...结构的强调
强调not until句型的时间状语时,要把not与until放在一起。
It was not until 10 o'clock that I finished my homework.
2.谓语动词的强调
强调句型不能强调谓语,如果需要强调谓语,用助动词do,did或does。
He did write to you last week.
【注意】
这种强调结构只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种,只对肯定的谓语动词进行强调,没有疑问和否定形式。
3.强调句型与相关句型的辨析
(1)与定语从句的辨析
①It was in the factory that they met for the first time.
②It was the factory where they met for the first time.
句①为强调句型,强调的是地点状语in the factory,该句可还原为:They met in the factory for the first time.
句②为含有一个定语从句的主从复合句,where引导的定语从句修饰先行词the factory,并在从句中作地点状语,不可用that。
(2)与主语从句的辨析
③It is the Great Wall that they are going to visit.
④It's true that they are going to visit the Great Wall.
句③为强调句型,强调的是宾语the Great Wall,该句可还原为:They are going to visit the Great Wall.
句④为含有一个主语从句的复合句,that引导的从句是句子的真正主语,it为形式主语,该句可改为;That they are going to visit the Great Wall is true.
(3)与状语从句的辨析
⑤It was at 8 o'clock that he arrived home.
⑥It was 8 o'clock when he arrived home.
句⑤为强调句型,强调的是时间状语at 8 o'clock,该句可还原为:He arrived home at 8 o'clock.
句⑥为含有时间状语从句的主从复合句。
(4)与同位语从句的辨析
⑦It is the fact that has made us unhappy.
⑧It is a fact that he has lost the game by one score.
句⑦为强调句型,强调的是主语the fact,该句可还原为:The fact has made us unhappy.
句⑧为同位语从句,that 引导的从句解释的是a fact 的内容。
Ⅱ.省略
在英语语言中,为了使语言简洁明了,重点突出或上下文紧密相连,可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子原意不变,这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下:
1. 并列复合句中的省略
在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。
The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy) handed it to a policeman.这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。
Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球,玛丽一直在写作业。
2.主从复合句中的省略
(1)状语从句中的省略
一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中:
由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;
由whether,if,unless等引导的条件状语从句;
由though,although,even if等引导的状语让步从句;
由as(so)...as...,than等引导的比较状语从句;
由as,as if,as though等引导的方式状语从句。 上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则:
①当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be。
Work hard when (you are) young,or you'll regret. 趁年轻要努力学习,要不然你会后悔的。
He looked everywhere as if (he was) in search of something.他到处看似乎在找什么东西。
The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected. 这次展览比预料的有趣的多。
②当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略。
Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.当她过马路时,父亲告诉她要当心。
③当从句的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。
Unless(it is)necessary,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要,你最好不要查词典。
(2)定语从句中的省略
①一般说来,在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词that, which, whom可以省略。
Where is the book(which) I bought this morning 今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿?
②当先行词为表示方式的the way且关系词指代the way在从句中作状语时,从句不能用how来引导,应该用that或in which,或将它们全部省略。
I don't like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你嘲笑她的方式。
(3)名词性从句中的省略
①在know,think,consider等动词后所接的宾语从句中,连词that可以省略,但只有第一个that可以省略,其余的则不可以省。
He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. 他说这篇课文非常重要,要我们一定要用心学。
②由which,when ,where,how和why引导的宾语从句,除连词外,可全部或部分省略。
She will come back,but she doesn't know when (she will come back).她快要回来了,但是她不知道什么时候。
③在与suggest,request,order,advise等词相关的名词性从句中,需用虚拟语气形式“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。
He suggested I (should)go there alone. 他建议我自己去那里。
(4)主句省略多用于句首;在答语中,主句可全部省略。
(It is a )Pity that I didn't go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遗憾,我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。
—Why were you absent from school last Friday 上周五你为什么没有上学?
—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill. 因为我妈妈病了。
3.简单句中的省略
(1)省略主语
①祈使句中的主语通常被省略
(You) Open the door,please.请开一下门。
②其他省略主语的情况
(I)Thank you for your help.谢谢你的帮助。
(You) Had a good time,didn't you?过得不错,是吧?
(It) Doesn't matter.没关系。
(It) Looks like rain.看上去要下雨。
(2)省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分
(There is)No smoking.禁止抽烟。
(Is there)Anything else?还有其他事吗?
(You come)This way,please.请这边走。
(Will you)Have a smoke?抽烟吗?
(3)省略宾语
—Do you know Mr.Li?你认识李先生吗?
—I don't know (him).我不认识他。
(4)省略表语
—Are you thirsty?你口渴了吗?
—Yes,I am (thirsty).是的,我是。
(5)同时省略几个成分
—Are you feeling better now?你觉得好些了吗?
—(I am feeling)Much better(now).好多了。
(I wish)Good luck(to you).祝你好运/祝你顺利。
4.动词不定式省略,只保留to的情况
(1)不定式作某些动词的宾语时,这些动词常见的有:love,like,care,wish,hope,expect,prefer,refuse,mean,try,agree,want,afford,forget,remember,manage等。
—You should have thanked her before you left. 你本该在离开前谢谢她。
—I meant to,but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.我本打算这么做,但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。
You can do it this way if you like to. 如果你喜欢做,你可以这么做。
(2)不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时,这些动词常见的有:ask,tell,advise,force,persuade,wish,allow,permit,forbid,expect,order,warn等。
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him not to. 男孩想在街上骑他的自行车,但他母亲不让。
She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to (come). 她想来,可是她父母不让。
(3)不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时,常见的形容词有:happy,glad,eager,anxious,willing,ready等。
—I will be away on a business trip .Could you mind looking after my cat 我要出差,你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗?
—Not at all. I would be happy to (look after your cat). 没关系,我很愿意。
5.动词不定式to的省略
(1)主语部分有to do,系动词是is 或was时,作表语的不定式通常省去to。
The only thing you have to do is press the button. 你必须做的唯一事情是按按钮。
(2)作介词but,expect,besides 的宾语,前面又有实义动词do的某种形式时,不定式通常省去to。
He did nothing but watch TV last night. 他昨天晚上除了看电视之外什么也没有做。
(3)主语部分暗含to do,表语中的不定式通常省去to。
All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard. 我想要( 做) 的就是上学,努力学习。
(4)当两个或多个不定式并列时,其后的不定式符号可以省略,但有对比关系时不可省略。
It is easier to say than to do.说起来容易,做起来难。
(5)在would rather...than...等结构中,不定式符号常常要省略。
I would rather stay at home than go to see a film. 我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。
(6)在see,watch,notice,observe,hear,listen to,look at,feel,have,make,let 等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to;why(not)do结构中,不定式不带to。
I saw her enter the room. 我看见她进入了房间。
Why not join us? 为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢?
6.其他一些省略结构
(1)名词所有格修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。
We spent the weekend at the Mary's.我们在玛丽家过的周末。
(2)what和how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语it和be动词。
What a wonderful victory (it is) for Tom! 这对Tom来说是个多么大的胜利呀!
How beautiful (it is )to be treated like a normal child. 被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。
III.祈使句
1.祈使句的句式特征
祈使句常常是表达说话人对对方的劝告、叮嘱、请求或命令等。因此,祈使句中一般没有主语,但根据其句意,实际上往往是省略了主语。祈使句句末用感叹号或句号,朗读时,常用降调。在表达请求或劝告时,在祈使句前或句末可加上please,以使句子的语气更加缓和或客气。祈使句一般没有时态的变化,也不能与情态动词连用。
Keep off the grass!勿踩草地!
Put the boxes in the small room. 把那些盒子放到那个小房间里。
2. 祈使句的肯定句式
祈使句的肯定句式一般分为以下三种类型:
(1)行为动词原形+其他成分。
Make sentences after the model.根据例句造句。
(2)Be动词+其他成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等)。
Be careful when crossing the street.过马路时要小心。
(3)Let+宾语+动词原形+其他成分。
Let him go back now.让他现在回去吧。
3.祈使句的否定句式
祈使句的否定句式,通常情况下在句首加上Don't 或Never,一般分为以下四种类型:
(1)在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don't,构成“Don't+行为动词原形+其他成分”。
Don't say that again!别再那样说了!
(2)在Be动词引起的肯定祈使句前加Don't,构成“ Don't be+其他成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等)”。
Don't be careless.不要粗心。
【注意】
在这种句型中be不能省略;否定副词not不可置于be之后。
(3)Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有两种:
(1)Let开头的祈使句,如果后面跟第一、第三人称名词或代词的宾格,可在Let前加Don't,也可在Let后宾格的名词或代词后面加not。
(2)如果是以Let's开头的祈使句,必须在Let's 后加not。
Don't let me go with her tomorrow.=Let me not go with her tomorrow.不要让我明天跟她一起去。
Let's not tell her the truth whenever we meet her. 无论什么时候我们碰到她,都不要告诉她真相。
(4)在公共场合的提示语中, 否定祈使句常用“No+名词/v.ing形式”结构,表示“禁止做某事”。
NO PHOTOS!禁止拍照!
4. 祈使句的反意问句
祈使句的反意疑问句需按其句子结构及讲话人的语气来决定其疑问部分。通常有以下三种形式:
(1)祈使句为肯定句式,其反意疑问句表示请求时,通常用will you;表示邀请、劝说时,用won't you。
Be sure to write to us, will you 你一定要给我们写信,好吗
Come to have dinner with us this evening, won't you 今晚来和我们一起吃饭,好吗?
(2)祈使句为否定句式,其反意疑问句通常只用will you。
Don't smoke in the meeting room, will you 不要在会议室抽烟,好吗
(3)Let开头的祈使句构成反意疑问句时,除Let's用shall we外,其他均用will you。
Let the boy go first,will you?让那个男孩先走,好吗?
Let's take a walk after supper,shall we 晚饭后我们去散步,好吗
5.祈使句与陈述句的并列使用
祈使句后接陈述句时,需用连接词连接。如果祈使句与陈述句表示的是一种顺承关系时,要用并列连词and来连接;如果祈使句与陈述句存在一种否定条件关系时,要用并列连词or来连接。
Leave it with me and I will see what I can do. 把它留给我吧,我想想有没有办法。
Hurry up, or we'll be late.快点,否则我们要迟到了。
6. 特殊形式的祈使句
在英语中,有些祈使句不是以动词原形来引起一个祈使句,而是以一个名词短语来充当,且后接一个带有并列连接词的分句。实际上,这个充当祈使句的名词短语相当于一个条件状语从句。
More water and the young trees couldn't have died.=If you had given them more water, the young trees couldn't have died.如果你给那些小树多浇点水,他们就不会死了。
IV.感叹句
感叹句用来表示强烈的感情,常用what和how引出强调部分并放在句首(what修饰名词,how修饰形容词、副词)。
1.what引导的感叹句
(1)What +a/an(+adj.)+单数名词+主语+谓语!
What a beautiful picture it is!多美的图画呀!
(2)What(+adj.)+不可数名词+主语+谓语!
What terrible weather we met! 我们遇到了多么可怕的天气呀!
(3)What(+adj.)+复数名词+主语+谓语!
What terrible mistakes they have made! 他们犯了多么严重的错误呀!
2.how引导的感叹句
(1)How+adj.+主语+谓语!
How excited he felt when he heard the good news! 当他听到那个好消息时,他感到无比激动!
(2)How+adj.+a (an) +可数名词单数!
How beautiful a girl!多漂亮的女孩呀!
(3)How+副词+主语+谓语!
How slowly he walks!他走得太慢了!
(4)How+many/much/few/ little+名词+主语+谓语!
How many books they have!他们的书真多呀!
3.省略形式的感叹句
(1)How+主语+谓语!
How they cried!他们哭得多伤心啊!
(2)省略主语和谓语
How cold!多冷啊!
4.其他形式的感叹句
单词、短语和陈述句、疑问句等可以表示感叹。
Excellent!好极了!
The design and the colours!多美的图案和色彩!
To sell such a suit to a millionaire! 竟然把这样一套衣服卖给一个百万富翁!
V.插入语
英语句子中(尤其在口语中)常插入一些单词、短语或者句子,用来补充某些含义。语法上称他们为“插入语”。
㈠插入语的类型:
1.单词(多是副词),如:besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。
She is looking fit, though. 他看起来倒是健康。
I can, however, discuss this when I see you.
2.短语]
China and India, for example, are neighbors.
By the way, where are you from
3.句子
He is an honest man, I believe.
Jack, as far as I know, isn’t clever.
㈡插入语的位置
通常插入语位于句中,并用逗号隔开。但有时,也可位于句首或句末(见上面例句)。也有时,并不用逗号隔开。
You know that I think you are wrong. 我认为,你明白你错了。
What on earth do you mean 你究竟是什么意思?
㈢插入语在句中的作用
一般来说,插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去,句子的含义不大受影响。但是,有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。
He got the news from nobody knows where. 他这消息谁也不知道是从哪儿得来的。
㈣插入语的特殊用法
下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句,也可认为包含有“插入语”。这种疑问句(有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句”)常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高。常用动词有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等。
How long did you say she would stay here
When do you suppose they’ll be back
How old did you think she was
㈤大纲中要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语
by the way 顺便说,顺便问一下; so far 到目前为止;
and so on 等等; on the contrary 相反;
no wonder 不足为奇; as a matter of fact 事实上;
come along 快点,来吧; in other words 换句话说;
as usual 如同以往; as a result 因此,结果。