2022届高中英语二轮复习语法专项07讲情态动词讲义教案

英语个性化教学辅导教案
学生 年级 上课地点 第 次授课
授课时间 星期 学科老师 教学规划师
教学课题 情态动词
教学内容
Step 1 作业检查+语法填空专练
Step 2 知识精讲
I.情态动词的定义
情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。
II.情态动词的特点
1)有一定词义；
2)不受主语人称和数的变化影响；
3)与主要动词的原形一起构成谓语（除ought to作固定词组看待）
个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去，现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词，故没有被动语态。
III.情态动词有四类
①只做情态动词：must, can(could),may(might),ought to
②可做情态动词又可做实义动词：need, dare
③可做情态动词又可做助动词：shall(should), will(would)
④具有情态动词特征：have(had, has) to, used to
IV.情态动词的基本用法
1. can
1)表示能力：can “能够”, can’t “不能够”
He can speak Spanish, but he can’t speak Russian.
2)表示请求或者允许，可以和may互换
Can I have a look at your new pen 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗？
He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading room. 他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。
3)表示推测，一般用于否定和疑问句中。
He can t (couldn t) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。
Could he have finished the task 他可能把任务完成了吗
4)表示可能、怀疑、责备的语气，可用于肯定句、否定句、和疑问句中。
He can t (couldn t) be over sixty. 他不可能超过六十岁。
How can you be so careless 你怎么这么粗心
Even experienced teachers can make mistakes.
注意:
1.be able to 和can的区别
1) be able to 和 can 均可表示能力，意义相当，但表示经过努力才有能力时，只能用be able to
The fire spread through hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.
2)将来和完成时态用be able to
He has not been able to get there before dark.
If you have a good sleep, you will be able to work out this problem
2.带can 的常用搭配
cannot do sth but do 不得不做
cannot help doing 情不自禁的做，不得不做
cannot choose but to do 只好做
cannot …too…无论……也不过分；越…越…
You can not be too careful about your study.= You can not be careful enough about your study.
2. could
1.在间接引语中，若主句为过去时，直接引语中的can要改成could
He said he could speak Chinese.
2.could have done 表示对过去能做而未能做的事感到惋惜、遗憾。
I could have passed, but I did not study hard.
3.表达请求建议时，could 语气比can 要委婉。
Could you help me do my homework
3. may
1)表许可、请求
You may take whatever you like. 你喜欢什么就拿什么。
May I smoke in your class
Yes, you can.
【注意】
can侧重于客观情况的许可，may强调说话的人许可
在回答以may引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式。
Yes, please. / Certainly.
/ Please don t ./ You d better not. / No, you mustn t.
2)表示推测
“may+动词原形”, 表示对现在和将来的推测，“may +have done” 表示对过去的推测
He may be at home. 他可能在家。
She may have been beautiful once, but she is not any longer.
3) 用在祈使句中表示祝愿
May you have a good luck!
May you return in safety. 愿你平安归来。
4)用在让步状语从句中
Whoever may say so, it is not true. 无论谁这么说，它都不会是真的。
5)带may 的习语
may / might as well=had better； may well do= be likely to do 完全能，很可能
It’s too late. You may / might as well not go. 天色已晚，你最好不要去。
Her appearance changed so much that you may well not recognize her. 她的摸样变化太大，你很可能认不出她。
4.might
(1)might 为may的过去式；
The newspaper said it might rain.
(2)might 和may 都可能表示对现在或者将来的推测，但是may的可能性大一点，might 可能性小一点。
It might rain this afternoon.
(3)might 也可以用来表示请求、许可，但比may, can, could 更加委婉礼貌。
Might I be away earlier
5. must
1)表示“必须”，多强调说话人的主观看法（表示客观需要时，用have to）
You must learn hard.
2)表示推测, 对目前状况的推测用must do /must be doing, 对过去推测用must have done
He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。
Look at the new car. He must have earned lots of money.
【注意】
表示推测时，can不用于肯定句，may不用于疑问句，must不用于疑问句和否定句。
3) must 的否定形式为 must not或者mustn’t, 意为“禁止，不许”，若要表示“不必，没必要”时，则用needn’t 或者don’t have to
You needn’t go there at once.
注意：
在回答由must引起的疑问句中，如果是否定回答时，不用mustn’t, 而用needn’t, don’t have to
--Must we hand in our exercise books now 我们现在就要交练习本吗？
--No, you needn t. / No, you don t have to. 不必。（这种情况下，一般不用mustn t）
6. have to
(1)“have to +动词原形”，表示不得不，含有客观条件使得不得不这样做，可用于多种时态
My cousin has to practice English every day.
I shall have to work there next week.
(2) 口语中，I have got to, you have got to 相当于I have to, you have to
【注意】
have to / must
have to 表示“不得不，必须”表示客观上需要如此, 而且可用于不同时态；
must 强调主观看法。
The TV set is broken. I have to buy a new one.
7.dare
做情态动词，一般用于疑问句和否定句中。
疑问句：
dare +主语+do =do / does / did +主语+ dare to do
daren’t do=don’t / doesn’t / didn’t dare to do
She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一个人出去。
How dare you say I m unfair 你竟敢说我不公平？
注意：
dare 作为及物动词，表示“挑战”和“（使）敢于冒险”，常用于dare sb to do sth
I dare him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow.
8. need
(1)用作情态动词，常用于否定和疑问句
疑问句： need +主语+do = do / does / did+主语+to do
否定句： needn’t do=don’t / doesn’t / didn’t need to do
(2)在反义疑问句中：
He doesn’t need to finish the homework, does he
He needn’t finish the homework, need he
(3)指过去不需要，有两种情况：
①“ didn’t need to +动词原形”，表示过去不必做而实际上也没有做，相当于didn’t have to
We had plenty of bread, so didn’t need to buy a loaf.
②“needn’t have +过去分词”， 表示过去不必做而实际上已经做了
We had plenty of bread, so I needn’t have bought a loaf.
(4)need 其他用法
need doing =need to be done
require / want / be worth 用法一样
但是be worthy of 后只能接being doing后者be worthy to be done
9. used to
1.用于肯定句中，表示过去经常发生的动作后者存在的状态，但现在已经不存在了
I don’t smoke these days, but I used to.
2.疑问句或者否定句有两种形式
Used he to go to church every Sunday
No, he used not/ usedn’t.
Did he use to go to church on Sunday
No, he didn’t.
3.be used to doing 对……变得习惯，适应
=be accustomed to= get used to =become accustomed to
He is used to getting up early.
be used to do 被用来……
4.would / used to
would 指过去动作的反复；used to用于指状况，也可指习惯。
used to 用以说明过去和现在对比，现在不再重复这一动作。
would常与时间状语every day, often, frequently连用, used to不必every day, often, frequently连用。
There used to be a hotel here.
10 .ought to
1.ought to do 指现在或者将来应该做某事情，表示“有义务”或者“必要”。含劝告或推测之意。
Your new suit ought to be ready on Tuesday.
You ought to write to her as soon as you can.
2. ought to have done 的肯定式表示“应该做而未做”， 否定式表示“不该做的事情确做了”，常含谴责之意。
You ought to have done the exercise carefully.
ought to 与should
should 多表示自己主观看法；ought to 多表示客观情况，在谈到法律，义务，和规定等要求应该做某事
ought to have done 和should have done 可以替代，表示应该做而没有做，含有谴责之意。
11. shall
1.用于第一人称陈述句中，表示决心
I shall never forget that bad treatment.
2. 用于第二、第三人称陈述句，表示“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思。
You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。（命令）
You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。（允诺）
He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 有一天他会后悔的，我告诉你。（警告）
Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划（决心）
3. 用于第一、第三人称疑问句，表征询意见。
Shall I get you some tea 我给你点茶好吗？
Shall the boy wait outside 让那男孩在外面等吗？
【注意】
回答:Yes, please. / No, thanks.
4.表示规章、法令语言，主要用于第三人称。
All payment shall be made by the end of this month.
12. should
1.should 作为shall 的过去式，用于第一三人称，多用于间接引语当中，以征求对方意见
Mr Lin asked if he should get his visa the next day.
2.表示责任、义务，意为“应当，应该”
We should respect our parents.
3.表示有一定根据的推测，意为“可能，大概”（肯定语气没有must强）
He should be 60 years old.
4.表示惊讶、难以置信、或不应该发生的事情，意为“竟然”。
The gentleman should be so rude to a lady.
5.should +have done 表示本来应该做而没有做
should not have + done 表示本来不应该做而做了
You should have finished your homework.
13. will
⑴表意愿、意图和决心，意为“要，愿”，用于各种人称。
I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。
【注意】
will表示将来时，不用于条件状语从句中，但是情态动词表示意愿则可以。
If you will read the book, I ll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。
⑵表“邀请，请求”，用于第二人称疑问句中。
Will you close the window It s a bit cold. 请你把窗户关上好吗？有点冷。
Won t you drink some more coffee 再来一点咖啡好吗？
⑶表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性等动作，意思为“经常，习惯于，总是”
Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。
The door won t open. 这门打不开。

14. would
1.做为will 的过去式，用于间接引语中，表示意志。
She said that she would do it.
2.用在第二人称疑问句中，提出请求或征求意见，比will 更客气。
Would you like another glass of beer 再来杯啤酒好吗？
【注意】
否定句中，would not 表示坚决地拒绝。
He would not let me enter the classroom. 他拒绝让我进教室。
3.表示过去的习惯动作或某种倾向。
On Sundays he would sit for hours saying nothing.
4.带would 的习惯用语。
would rather (=would sooner) 宁愿
would / should prefer 较喜欢，宁愿
would rather (sooner) + than+动词原形，表示宁可…而不愿意…
would rather (sooner) + have +过去分词，表示宁愿过去…
would like +sth / to do sth 表示喜欢某物或愿意做某事。
【注意】
would you like / do you like
Do you like music
Yes, I do.
Would you like some tea
Yes, please.
15.情态动词表推测的用法小结
①情态动词表推测的三种句式 (can不肯, may不问 must 肯定不否问)
1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定)，may（可能），might（也许，或许）。
(1)The photo must be Lu’s, those must be their parents.
(2)The policeman may know the way to that school.
(3)The notebook may belong to Jim, it’s on his desk.
(4)If you have any idea where it might be, please call me.
2.否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。
(1)It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America. 这不可能是校长，他去美国了。
(2)The doctor may not/might not be in the hospital now, It’s nearly six o’clock.
3.疑问句中用can/could (能…… )。
(1)Could he have finished the task 他可能把任务完成了吗
(2)Can he be at home now 他现在能在家吗
注：以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。might, could并非may, can的过去式，而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。
②情态动词表推测的三种时态
1.对现在正在进行的动作推测时，用“情态动词+ be +doing”。
He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。
2.对一般情况的推测，“情态动词 + 动词原形”。
(1)He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。
(2)Mr. Bush is on time for everything，he can’t (couldn’t) be late for the meeting布什先生一向准时，这次会议他不可能迟到。
3.对过去情况的推测，用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。
(1)It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet. 地湿了，昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。
(2)The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home . 门锁着，他不可能/可能不在家。
(3)Can / Could he have gotten the book 难道他找到书了吗
16.情态动词+ have+ done
1.must have done表示主观上对过去已经发生的行为进行推测，意为“想必，准是，一定做了某事”
She must have gone through a lot.
He must have visited the White House during his stay in the United States.
2.may/might have done表示对过去已发生行为的推测，意为“也许/或许已经（没有）……“。一般用于肯定句或否定句中，不用于疑问句。用might则表示语气更加不肯定。
You may have learnt the news.
He may not have heard his name called.
Sorry I’m late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
3.can…have done
cannot have done 表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句和疑问句中。（can换成could时语气委婉）
Where can she have gone
Could he have done such a foolish thing
The boy can’t have finished reading the book so soon because it is difficult even to an adult.
4.could have done可用于肯定句中，表示“可能已经……”之意，此外，还可以表示过去能做而没做的事，有一种对过去为付诸实施的事情的惋惜。
He could have killed himself driving at a dangerous speed.
You could have been more considerate.
5.might have done表示“本来可能……，但实际上没有发生的事情”。另外，还可以表示“本来应该或可以做某事”之意，含有轻微的责备语气。
You should not swim in that sea. You might have been eaten by a shark.
He might have given him more help, thought he was busy.
6.should/ought to have done用于肯定句时，表示本该做某事，而实际上未做；用于否定句时，则表示不该做的事反而做了。
He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing.
You shouldn’t have done it so carelessly.
You ought to have returned the book earlier.
You ought not to have refused his offer.
7.needn’t have done表示做了本来不必去做的事。注意：didn’t need to do表示“没必要做而实际上也没有做某事”
You needn’t have watered the plants, for it is going to rain.
I didn’t need to buy the dictionary. I had a copy at home.
8.had better have done 用于事后的建议，含轻微责备的口吻，意为“当时最好做了某事”，其否定式had better not have done表示相反的含义。
You had better have started earlier.
You had better not have scolded her.
9.would rather have done 表示“当时宁愿做了某事”，其否定式would rather not have done表示相反的含义，两者都表示“后悔”之意。
I would rather have taken his advice.
I would rather not have told him the truth.