外研版英语中考语言基础知识梳理与训练 第12课 八年级下册 Modules 3—4

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
第12课 八下 Modules 3—4
课前预热
重点易错单词 1. model （n.）模型2. spaceship （n.）宇宙飞船3. project （n.）计划；工程4. discover （v.）发现；找到5. astronaut （n.）宇航员6. environment （n.）环境7. solar （adj.）太阳的；与太阳有关的8. system （n.）系统；体系9. group （n.）群；组10. universe （n.）宇宙11. impossible （adj.）办不到的；不可能的12. communicate （v.）联系；交流13. headache （n.）头痛14. toothache （n.）牙痛15. heart （n.）心；心脏16. member （n.）成员；会员17. condition （n.）状况；身体状况18. sleepy （adj.）困的；想睡的19. illness （n.）疾病；病20. exercise （v.）运动；锻炼21. awful （adj.）极讨厌的；极坏的
一词多义 1. earth（n.）地球；泥土2. daily（adj．）每日的；日常的 （n.）日报3. yet（adv.）然而；已经；还，尚 （conj.）然而；但是4. just（adv.）刚刚；刚才；仅仅；正好5. since（prep.）自……以来（conj.）自……以来，从……至今；因为；由于；既然6. take（v.）携带；拿走；取走；带去；引领；（用机器）测定；量取；拍摄；（尤指有规律地）吃、喝；花费；搭乘
词形变换 1. reach（v.）→ arrive （近义词）到达→ reaches （第三人称单数一般现在式）到达2. late（adj.）→ latest （最高级）最迟的3. that（pron.）→ those （pl.）那些4. communicate（v.）→ communication （n.）联系；交流5. ill（adj.）→ illness （n.）疾病→ worse （比较级）更糟的→ worst （最高级）最糟的6. this（pron.）→ these （pl.）这些7. cold（n.）→ cold （adj.）冷的8. health（n.）→ healthy （adj.）健康的9. well（adj.）→ better （比较级）更健康的10. active（adj.）→ activity （n.）活动→ more active （比较级）更积极的→ most active （最高级）最积极的11. weak（adj.）→ strong （反义词）强壮的→ poor （近义词）弱的；差的；穷的→ weaker （比较级）更弱的→ weakest （最高级）最弱的12. perhaps（adv.）→ maybe （近义词）也许；可能13. environment（n.）→ environmental （adj.）环境的
中考词组短语 1. be up to从事；正在做2. make a model spaceship做一艘宇宙飞船模型3. the latest news最新消息4. be on the news成为新闻5. discover life发现生命6. get information获得信息7. search for寻找8. on the earth在地球上9. go around... 绕着……转10. none of... ……一个都没有11. the solar system太阳系12. billions of数十亿的13. in the universe在宇宙中14. in space在太空中15. reach out伸出16. catch a cold患感冒17. take one’s temperature量体温18. go for a run去跑步19. fast food快餐20. do/take exercise锻炼21. be harmful to... 对……有害22. all over浑身；到处23. three times a day一天三次24. healthy living健康生活25. feel well感觉好26. check one’s heart检查心脏27. a girls’ football team一个女子足球队28. a member of... 一位……的成员29. take part in参加30. in excellent condition健康状况很好31. for the last few years在过去的几年中32. feel sleepy感到困倦的33. part of my life我生活的一部分34. daily exercise日常锻炼35. with a smile on my face我面带微笑
中考句型回顾 语法句型 1. I have just made a model spaceship for our school project. 我刚刚做了一个我们学校课题要求的宇宙飞船模型。2. I haven’t started yet because I am not sure how to make it.我还没有开始呢，因为我拿不准该如何做。3. —Has it arrived yet 它已经到达了吗？—Yes, it has already arrived.是的，它已经到了。4. Astronauts have already been to the moon.宇航员已经去过月球了。5. There has been life on the earth for hundreds of millions of years.地球上的生命已经存在数亿年了。6. — How long have you been like this 你像这样多长时间了？— Since Friday. I’ve been ill for about three days! 从星期五开始。我已经病了大约三天了！7. I haven’t done much exercise since I got my computer last year.自从去年有了电脑，我就很少锻炼了。8. Since then , it has become part of my life. 从那以后，它就成了我生活的一部分。
功能句型 1. 太空科技：① No one has been to Mars yet because Mars is much farther away than the moon. 还是没有人去过火星，因为火星比月球距离地球远得多。②Lots of scientists are working hard in order to send astronauts to Mars one day. 为了有一天将宇航员送到火星，许多科学家正在努力工作。③The astronaut has gone to the space station. He will come back tomorrow.宇航员去太空站了，他将在明天返回。2. 身体保健：①I got a stomach ache and my head hurts .我胃疼，头也疼。②Let me take your temperature . There is no fever . 让我量一下你的体温，没有发烧。③ That’s why you’ve got a stomach ache.那就是你胃疼的原因。④You spend too much time in front of the computer, and it can be very harmful to your health .你在电脑前待太久了，这对你的健康十分有害。⑤First, stop eating fast food and have breakfast every day.首先，别再吃快餐，要每天吃早餐。⑥Second, get some exercise , such as running .其次，做一些运动，比如跑步。⑦I’ll give you some medicine . Take it three times a day.我会给你开些药，一天吃三次。
课堂突破
中考重点词汇精析
一、discover
单词解析
v. （第一个）发现；（出乎意料地）发现，找到，发觉；了解到；认识到；查明。如：
He was discovered hiding in a shed.
人们发现他原来藏在棚屋里。
辨异突破
discover, invent, find与find out
1. discover指“发现”某种本来存在，而以前未被发现的事物或未为人所知的东西。如：
①I discovered （that） she was a good cook.
我发现她是个烹饪好手/她很会烧菜。
②So have they discovered life on Mars
那么他们在火星上发现生命了吗？
2. invent指“发明”，即原来没有而后来发明创造的东西。如：
Edison didn’t discover electricity, but invented the record player.
爱迪生不是发现了电，而是发明了留声机。
3. find强调在经过“寻找”（look for）后“找的结果”（找到或找不到），又可以表示“（偶然地）发现……”。如：
①I found a watch on the road.
我在路上发现了一块手表。
②I found my cat asleep in my bed.
我发现我的猫在我的床上睡着了。
4. find out通常表示“弄明白；搞清楚（事实等）；查明（真相等）”。如：
The teacher wanted to find out who had broken the door.
老师想查明是谁弄坏了门。
活学活用
用find, invent, find out或discover的适当形式填空。
1. He_________________ a new teaching method.
2. I lost a watch. Luckily, I_________________ it this morning.
3. Columbus_________________ America in 1492.
4. We soon_________________ the truth.
5. I_________________ it hard to talk with her yesterday.
6. Please_________________ when the ship sails for New York.
7. Who_________________ the telephone
8. You will_________________ what kind of person he is some day.
二、since
单词解析
1. prep. 自……以来；从……以后。如：
She’s been off work since Tuesday.
星期二以来她一直没上班。
2. conj. 从……以后；自……以来；因为；由于；既然。如：
Cath hasn’t phoned since she went to Berlin.
卡思自从去了柏林还没有打来过电话。
3. adv. 自……以来；从……以后；此后；后来。如：
We came to the UK in 1974 and have lived here ever since.
我们在1974年来到英国，从那以后就一直住在这儿。
相关搭配：ever since从那时起；since then 从那以后。
辨异突破
since与for
1. since作介词时，意为“自……以来”。该词指以过去某一时间为起点到现在或到所提及的时间，常与现在完成时连用，其后多接时间点。如：
I’ve been here since 10 o’clock this morning.
我今天早上10点就在这儿了。
2. since作“自从”讲时还可作连词，引导一个时间状语从句，通常主句中的谓语动词用现在完成时，since引导的从句用一般过去时。如：
A lot of things have happened to me since I last wrote to you.
自从上次给你写信以来，我经历了许多事情。
3. since还有“既然；因为”的意思。如：
Since the rain has stopped, let’s go for a walk.
既然雨停了，我们出去散散步吧。
4. 句型：It is+一段时间+since+从句（一般过去时）.，意为“自……以来有多长时间了”。如：
It is half a month since he became a League member.
他成为团员已经有半个月了。
5. for表示动作从过去某个时刻开始，一直持续到现在，有可能还将持续下去。如：
I have lived in Beijing for four years.
我已经在北京住了四年。（“居住”这个动作从四年前一直持续到现在，也有可能还会持续下去）
用于现在完成时的单词或短语有：recently（近来）, since+时间点, for+时间段, in the past... years, in the last... years, up to now, so far, since then, ever, never, yet, already, just等。如：
So far, I have learnt 1,200 words.
到目前为止，我已经学了1 200个单词。
活学活用
填入适当的词或用所给词的适当形式填空。
1. Great changes_________________ （take） place since you left.
2. I have been here since five months_________________ .
3._________________ is 10 years since he died.
4._________________ we are young, we shouldn’t be too afraid of making mistakes.
5. It’s a long time_________________ he began to study Chinese.
6. She has lived in China_________________ 2 years.
7. Peter has been waiting for Tony_________________
four o’clock.
8. I left Shanghai in 1980._________________ then, it has changed a lot.
9. I’ve never seen her_________________ we got separated in 2010.
10. I_________________ （not see） my grandma since last year.
三、exercise
单词解析
1. n. 锻炼；体操；练习；习题。如：
Do you do any exercise 你做锻炼吗？
2. vi. 锻炼。如：
How often do you exercise
你多长时间锻炼一次？
注意：exercise作不可数名词时，意为“锻炼”；exercise作可数名词时，意为“练习（题）”；exercise表示“早操；眼保健操”时，要用复数形式。
活学活用
用exercise的适当形式填空。
1. Tony, please do eye_________________ carefully.
2. Many old people do_________________ in the park every morning.
3. Doing morning_________________ is good for students’ health.
4. I did some maths_________________ this morning.
5. She_________________ two or three times a week.
四、none
单词解析
pron. 没有一个；毫无。如：
We have three sons but none of them lives nearby.
我们有三个儿子，但他们都不住在附近。
辨异突破
none, no one与neither
1. 不定代词none表示“没有一个；毫无”，既可指人也可指物，常用于回答how many开头的特殊疑问句。常和of连用，表示“三者或三者以上当中一个都没有”。后面可以接可数名词，谓语动词单复数都可以；也可接不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。如：
①None of us have/has been abroad.
我们没人去过国外。
②—How many students are there in the room 房间里有几个学生？
—None. 一个也没有。
2. no one也表示“一个都没有”。从所指代的名词来看，no one=nobody，两者均只能指人不指物，且不可与of连用。作主语时，谓语动词用单数。no one常用于回答who开头的特殊疑问句。如：
①Almost no one believed her.
几乎没有人相信她。
②—Who is in the classroom
谁在教室里？
—No one. 没人。
3. neither用法如下：
（1）neither作形容词时，表示“（两者）都不”，置于单数名词之前。如：
Neither article is made in Beijing.
这两种物品都不是北京制造的。
（2）neither作代词时，表示“两者都不；双方均不”。如：
①Neither of us likes it.
我们两个都不喜欢它。
②—Which one would you like
你喜欢哪一个？
—Neither. 两个都不喜欢。
（3）neither作连词时，常用短语为neither...nor...，意为“既不……也不……”，谓语遵循“就近原则”。如：
Neither he nor I am well educated.
他和我都没受过良好教育。
（4）neither作副词时，作“也不”解释，放在句首，表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一个人或物，句子须采用部分倒装。此时也可用nor替换neither使用。如：
—I don’t like this dress.
我不喜欢这条连衣裙。
—Neither/Nor do I. 我也不喜欢。
活学活用
用none, no one或neither的适当形式填空。
1. He is so rude that_________________ likes him.
2. —How many people are there
—_________________.
3. —Who is absent
—_________________.
4._________________ of my friends are interested in the film.
5. I wanted some more coffee but there was_________________ left.
6. —I won’t go shopping tomorrow.
—_________________ will I.
7. She bought two toys, but_________________ could please the child.
8. He likes his tea_________________ too hot nor too cold.
五、yet
单词解析
adv. 尚；还；仍然。如：
I haven’t received a letter from him yet.
我还没有收到他的信呢。
辨异突破
already与yet
现在完成时中，already和yet都可意为“已经”。两者区别主要如下：
1. already用于肯定句，放在句中或句尾。如：
I’ve already been there twice.
=I’ve been there twice already.
我已经去过那里两次了。
2. yet用于否定句或疑问句中，放在句尾。如：
①I haven’t finished reading the book yet.
我还没有读完那本书。
②Have the children come back home yet
孩子们回家了吗？
活学活用
用already或yet填空。
1. Have you seen the film_________________
2. I have_________________ finished my homework.
3. He has had the exam_________________ .
4. Astronauts have_________________ been to the moon.
5. The scientists haven’t heard from it_________________.
中考重点句型精析
That’s why he failed.
那就是他失败的原因。
句型解析
That’s why... 意为“这就是……的原因”，其中why... 是一个表示原因的表语从句。如：
①That’s why it’s on the news.
这就是它成为新闻报道的原因。
②He helped an old granny go to hospital. That’s why he was late yesterday morning.
他帮助一个老太太去医院，这就是他昨天早上迟到的原因。
活学活用
根据汉语提示完成句子。
1. His mother is ill. That’s_________________ （为什么） he is unhappy today.
2._________________ （这就是……的原因） you have succeeded.
当堂检测
一、选词填空
用方框中所给词语的适当形式填空。每词限用一次。
member all over day exercise perhaps
1. The storm swept across the island and left damage_________________ .
2. We plan to travel to Europe—to Spain or Italy,_________________.
3. There are_________________ flights from Beijing to Hangzhou.
4. My grandfather_________________ most evenings usually by running.
5. The lion is a_________________ of the cat family.
二、单词拼写
1. Have you ever had any serious_________________（疾病）
2. The warmth from the fire made her feel_________________（困的）.
3. It is_________________ （不可能的） to get the fridge through the door.
4. I haven’t played rugby_________________ （自……以来） I left university.
5. His_________________ （最近的） film is one of the funniest he’s ever made.
6. The meeting has not been cancelled________________（还；尚）.
7. Although these were good students,_________________（无一人） had a score above 60.
8. The book has won the_______________ （心） of young people though it came out last week.
9. People use more than words when they_________________（交流） with each other.
10. In the past, Forest Service workers often_________________（发现） campfires that had not been put out completely.
三、语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的词，或填入括号中所给单词的正确形式。
A man got lost in a desert. He walked for two 1_________________（day） but he still couldn’t find his way out. Dying for water, he found 2_________________empty house in the desert. There was a water pump（泵）in the house!
The man was so happy 3_________________ he ran to draw water. But no matter how hard he tried, no water came out.
He 4_________________（sit） sadly on the ground when he saw a little bottle with a cork（软木塞） in it. On the bottle, there was an old note saying: You must add the water into the pump before you can draw water! Don’t forget 5_________________（fill） it with water again before you leave! The man took the cork out and 6_________________（happy） found the bottle was full of water!
“If I’m selfish, as long as I drink the water, I can go out 7_________________ this room alive,” he thought. “If I do as the note says, I might die of thirst. Should I take the risk or not ”
At last, he decided to do as the note said8_________________ began to draw water. Lots of water started coming out from the pump! 9_________________ a big surprise!
After he 10_________________（drink） enough, he filled the bottle with water and added his words after the note.
“Believe me, do as the note tells you!” he wrote.
参考答案
第12课 八下 Modules 3—4
课堂突破
【中考重点词汇精析】
一、1. discovered 2. found 3. discovered 4. found out
5. found 6. find out 7. invented 8. find out
二、1. have taken 2. ago 3. It 4. Since 5. since 6. for
7. since 8. Since 9. since 10. haven’t seen/have not seen
三、1. exercises 2. exercise 3. exercises 4. exercises
5. exercises
四、1. no one 2. None 3. No one 4. None 5. none
6. Neither 7. neither 8. neither
五、1. yet 2. already 3. already 4. already 5. yet
【中考重点句型精析】
1. why 2. That’s why
当堂检测
一、1. all over 2. perhaps 3. daily 4. exercises 5. member
二、1. illnesses 2. sleepy 3. impossible 4. since 5. latest
6. yet 7. none 8. hearts 9. communicate 10. discovered
三、1. days 2. an 3. that 4. was sitting/sat 5. to fill
6. happily 7. of 8. and 9. What 10. drank/had drunk
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