【2022高分攻略】高考英语二轮复习学案(通用版)
专题七 非谓语动词（解析卷）
黑龙江 哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
【考纲解读】
非谓语动词是高考的重要考查知识点，也是必考内容之一。试卷中主要以语法填空和短文改错形式进行考查，或者放在篇章中结合语境考查。
主要考查热点：
1.不定式、现在分词和过去分词作后置定语的区别；
2.不定式的完成式、进行式和被动式的用法；
3.现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别；
4.现在分词做伴随状语、结果状语和不定式表目的和结果状语的区别；
5.动名词做主语和宾语的用法；
6.动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词作宾语补足语的区别。
【考点剖析】
一、非谓语动词用作主语
例1：It is standard practical for a company like this one a security officer.
A. employed B. being employed C. to employ D. employs
【答案】C
【解析】 句意：对于像这样的公司来说，雇佣一名安全人员是标准可行的。考查不定式作真正主语。根据句意可知，It是形式主语，而to employ a security officer是真正主语，故选C。
例2： (climb) the mountain road is hard work but to go down the hills is great fun.
【答案】To climb
【解析】句意：上山很艰难而下山却很好玩。考查动词不定式做主语。根据but to go down the hills is great fun推出此句的主语也应为to do的形式；所以填To climb。
例3：Personally speaking, _________ the grand blueprint into reality is a long process.
A. turning B. turn C. turned D. having turned
【答案】A
【解析】句意：就个人而言，实现这一宏伟蓝图是一个长期的过程。考查非谓语动词做主语。根据句子结构可知：系动词is前面，即空格处所在的短语“_________ the grand blueprint into reality”做主语，所以用动名词形式。因此选A。
例4：(2019年高考 天津卷）____________ to think critically is an important skill today's children will need for the future.
A. Learn B. Learned C. Learning D. Having learned
【答案】C
【解析】句意：学会批判性思维是当代小孩未来所必需的重要技能。考查动名词。句子缺少主语成分，而过去分词、动词都不可以做主语。此处用动名词做主语，所以选择C。
【解题技巧】
分析句子、弄清句子成分、兼顾固定句型结构、分清非谓语动词在句中所做的成分；还需注意 It 作形式主语的问题以及动名词与动词不定式做主语之间的区别。
二、非谓语动词作表语
例1：While waiting for the opportunity to get ________，Henry did his best to perform his duty.
A. promote B. promoted C. promoting D. to promote
【答案】B
【解析】句意：当等待机会升职的时候，亨利尽最大努力履行他的职责。考查非谓语动词。此处用的是get done结构，表示被动关系。所以选择答案B。
例2：For those with family members far away，the personal computer and the phone are important in staying ________.
A. connected B. connecting C. to connect D. to be connected
【答案】A
【解析】句意：对那些与家人离得比较远的人来说，个人电脑和电话在保持联系方面很重要。考查形容词化的过去分词作表语。句中的关键词stay是一个系动词，后接形容词作表语。connected可作形容词，意为“有联系的，有来往的”，符合句意。所以选择答案A。
例3：(2018年高考 天津第二次模拟试卷）The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, ________ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
【答案】B
【解析】句意：新科技的目的是使生活更容易。而不是使生活更加困难。考查非谓语动词做标语（此处是并列不定式作表语）。根据句意可知：此处为否定意义。所以要用不定式的否定形式，在不定式前加not；因此选择答案B。
例4：(2018年高考 新课标III卷）I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid 64. looking (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel____65____(challenge).
【答案】challenged
【解析】句意：我迅速俯下身子，低下了头，避免直视他的眼睛，这样他就不会感觉受到了挑战。考查非谓语做表语。feel为系动词，表示“被挑战”，所以用过去分词challenged。
三、非谓语动词作宾语
例1：(2021年高考 全国甲卷短文改错）...Their answers also show that they dislike talk to others...
【答案】 talk改为talking
【解析】句意：他们的答案也表明他们不喜欢和其他人说。考查非谓语动词。固定短语dislike doing sth. 意思为“不喜欢做某事”，doing为动名词作宾语。所以将talk改为talking。
例2：（2021年高考 全国乙卷语法填空） … Actually, a true eco-friendly trip must meet the following principles: Minimize the impact of ___67___(visit)the place.
【答案】 visiting
【解析】句意：最大限度地减少参观这个地方的影响。考查动名词，根据空格前介词of可知，空格处应填动名词形式作介词of的宾语。所以填visiting。
例3：（2021年高考 山东卷）As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine themselves (they) living at a different time in history or 43.________(walk) through a rainforest.
【答案】 walking
【解析】句意：除了观赏展品，游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏，想象自己生活在一个不同的历史时期，或者漫步在热带雨林中。考查非谓语动词。此处与living是并列成分，共同做imagine的宾语补足语，imagine sb doing sth. “想象某人做某事”。所以填walking。
例4：(2018年高考 新课标III卷）I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid 64.________ (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel challenged (challenge).
【答案】looking
【解析】句意：我迅速俯下身子，低下了头，避免直视他的眼睛，这样他就不会感觉受到了挑战。考查非谓语动词。动词avoid后要加doing。此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛，所以用looking。
四、非谓语动词作宾语补足语
例1：(2020年高考 新课标II卷）Orange tree are more than decoration, they are a symbol good fortune and wealth. They make great gifts and you see them many times 65. _______ (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
【答案】 decorated
【解析】句意：它们都是非常好的礼物，你会不止一次地看到这些桔子树上挂着红包，上面写着祝福信息。考查非谓语动词。句中them指代前句中的orange trees，与decorate之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。所以填decorated。
例2：(2018年高考 天津卷）I need a new passport so I will have to have my photographs___________.
A. taking B. taken C. being taken D. take
【答案】B
【解析】句意：我需要一个新护照，所以我将不得不拍照片。考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语，宾语my photograph与补足语之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。因此选B。
例3：(2018年高考 天津红桥区模拟卷）Claire had her luggage ________ an hour before her plane left.
A. check B. checking C. to check D. checked
【答案】D
【解析】句意：克莱尔在飞机起飞前一个小时办理了行李托运。考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语，其结构是“have +宾语+宾补”，宾语luggage与动词check之间为被动关系，要用过去分词，所以选择答案D。
例4：(2018年高考 江苏模拟卷）What you do not want ________ to yourself, do not do to others.
A. doing B. done C. being done D. having done
【答案】B
【解析】句意：己所不欲勿施于人（自己不愿承受的事情也不要强加于别人身上）。考查非谓语动词作宾补。此处为want sth. done结构。所以选择答案B。
【解题技巧】
此类题首先要确定是否符合“动词+宾语+宾补”的结构。其次找到宾补中的动词和宾语之间的关系，然后再决定应用宾语补足语的形式。
五、非谓语动词作定语
例1：(2021年高考浙江1月卷）This may be due to some disadvantages for people 36.________(live) in the countryside, including lower levels of income and education, higher costs of healthy foods, and fewer sports facilities.
【答案】 living
【解析】句意：这可能是由于生活在农村的人有一些不利条件，包括较低的收入和教育水平，较高的健康食品成本，以及较少的体育设施。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，句子已有谓语动词may be，因此live要用非谓语形式，与其逻辑主语people之间是主动关系，用现在分词形式做定语。所以填living。
例2：(2020年高考 新课标II卷）They represent the earth 63._________(come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.
【答案】coming
【解析】句意：它们代表着大地的复苏和对新开端的美好祝愿。考查非谓语动词。句中谓语动词为represent，所以此处为非谓语动词。名词earth与come back to之间为主动关系，因此用现在分词作后置定语。故用coming。
例3：(2020年高考 新课标I卷）I like eating frying tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must to be easy to cook.
【答案】 frying改为fried
【解析】句意：我喜欢吃西红柿炒鸡蛋。考查非谓语动词fry与tomatoes之间是动宾关系，此处应用过去分词作定语，所以将frying改为fried。
例4：(2019年高考 新课标II卷）When we got a call ___68___ (say) she was short-listed, we thought it was __a__ joke.
【答案】saying
【解析】句意：当我们接到电话说她入围时，我们以为这就是个玩笑。考查非谓语动词。根据其后所接的宾语从句可知，此处用现在分词形式saying作后置定语，解释名词call的内容，call与say是主动关系，所以填saying。
【解题技巧】
此类试题首先要分析句子结构，找到分词中的动词同所修饰的名词的关系。表示被动完成一般要用过去分词；表示动作正在进行且为主动则用现在分词；表示动作即将发生或要发生的行为一般需要用动词的不定式形式。
六、非谓语动词作状语
例1：(2020年高考 天津卷）________in 1931, the Empire State Building, the highest skyscraper until 1954, inspired the imagination of the world.
A. Having completed B. Being completed C. Completed D. Completing
【答案】C
【解析】句意：1931年完工的帝国大厦是1954年之前最高的摩天大楼，它激发了全世界的想象力。考查非谓语动词。句中谓语动词是inspired，所以此处要用非谓语动词。主语the Empire State Building和动词complete是被动关系，用过去分词作状语。因此选择C。
例2：(2020年高考 新课标I卷）Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e-4 66.________ (find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
【答案】to find
【解析】句意：中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。考查非谓语动词。此处表示目的，应用不定式作目的状语。所以填to find。
例3：(2020年高考 江苏卷）Technological innovations, ________ good marketing, will promote the sales of these products.
A. combined with B. combining with
C. having combined with D. to be combined with
【答案】A
【解析】句意：技术创新与良好的市场营销相结合，将促进这些产品的销售。考查非谓语动词。此处是短语be combined with…“与……结合/联合”，本句中省略be动词，使用过去分词做状语。所以选A。
例4：(2020年高考 浙江卷）Later，they learned to work with the seasons (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas, 63.________(make) use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉 )their fields.
【答案】 making
【解析】句意：后来，他们学会了因地制宜，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。考查非谓语动词。分析句子，make所处的分句中无主语，此处应该用非谓语动词。make use of和逻辑主语they之间表示“主动”关系。所以用现在分词形式做状语。因此填making。
【解题技巧】
此类试题要首先分清主句和状语，并且观察句中是否有连词，确定非谓语动词和其逻辑主语之间的关系，选择该用哪种形式的分词或不定式。
七、独立主格结构、连词+分词短语、固定结构
例1：(2020年高考 新课标III卷）And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds 69.________(surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.
【答案】 surrounding
【解析】句意：当他看到雾气从河上升起，山顶上乌云环绕，他不禁流下了眼泪。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，the soft clouds 69.________ (surround) the mountain tops是独立主格结构做状语，surround在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语clouds构成主动关系，所以用现在分词。因此填surrounding。
例2：(2020年高考 新课标II卷）They are easy 68.________(care) for and make great presents.
【答案】to care
【解析】句意：它们很容易照顾，也很适合作为礼物。考查非谓语动词。这里考查“be +形容词 + to do”结构。所以填to care。
例3：(2019年高考 江苏卷）China's image is improving steadily, with more countries __________ its role in international affairs.
A. recognizing B. being recognized C. to be recognized D. recognized
【答案】A
【解析】句意：中国的形象正在稳步提升，更多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作用。考查with复合结构。“更多的国家”和“认识”之间是主动关系，用with + 名词 + 现在分词结构，所以选择A。
例4：(2018年高考 天津卷）I didn't mean ___________anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn’t help _______ it.
A. to eat；to try B. eating；trying C. eating；to try D. to eat； trying
【答案】D
【解析】句意：我不打算吃任何东西，但冰淇淋看起来如此的好以至于我忍不住的要试一试。考查固定短语mean to do（打算做）与couldn’t help doing（忍不住做）。所以选择D。
例5：When ________ to danger, men tend to increase blood pressure, ________ nervous or anxious.
A. exposed；feeling B. exposed；felt
C. exposing；felt D. exposing；feeling
【答案】A
【解析】句意：面对危险时,人们往往会血压升高,感到紧张或焦虑。考查非谓语动词中“连词＋分词短语”结构与分词做状语。第一空为When men are exposed to danger的省略, 省去了和主句相同的主语和be动词，第二空为现在分词做伴随状语。故选A。
例6：(2018年高考 江苏模拟试卷）About 10 bike-sharing companies have gone broke since last September, ________ failing to return deposits to users and their deserted bicycles crowding side-walks.
A. some of which B. some of them
C. of which some D. which of them
【答案】 B
【解析】句意：自去年9月以来,约有10家自行车共享公司破产，其中一些公司未能将押金返还给用户，它们那些被遗弃的共享单车堆放在人行道上。考查独立主格结构。逗号后面的句子缺少谓语，不构成定语从句，所以排除A、C两项；此处为带有自己逻辑主语的现在分词的独立主格结构。因此选择B。
【相关知识点连接】
一、非谓语动词作主语
1. 动名词作主语
动名词作主语常表示一种概念、习惯或经验，有时用it作其形式主语。
1）用在It’s no use /good /useless /of little use /useful /worth /a waste of time doing等句式中。
It is no use sending him over. It's too late already. 派他去没用，已经太晚了。
It's no good waiting here. Let's walk home. 在这儿等没好处，咱们走回去吧。
It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
2）用在“there is no+一ing”结构，其中一ing及其短语作主语。该句型相当于：It is impossible to do sth.
There is no accounting for his action. 无法解释他的行为。
There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
There is no knowing where they are going to conduct their research.
无法知道他们打算在何地进行研究。
上述结构常见的还有：there is no saying… (没法说出……)，here is no telling…(无可奉告……)，there is no bearing… (无法忍受……)等。
2．不定式作主语
不定式作主语常表示一个具体的动作、一种愿望、目的或未完成的事。
To say something is one thing; to do it is another. 说是一回事，做是另一回事。
To make a plan first is a good idea. 首先制定一个计划是一个好主意。
通常用形式主语it代替。常见的it代替不定式作形式主语的句型有：
1）It is＋ adj./n.(for sb.) to do sth. 常与for搭配的形容词有easy，difficult，hard，heavy，necessary，impossible，important等。
It is important for us to learn English. 学习英语对我们来说很重要。
It is not difficult to find out information about the program.
弄清这个节目的情况并不困难。
2）It is ＋adj .of sb.(to do sth.) 常与of搭配的形容词常表主语的性质、特征。这类词有good，kind，nice，clever，wise，foolish，silly，stupid，right，wrong，rude，(im)polite，careless，careful等。
It's wrong of the other children to make fun of you. 别的孩子取笑你是错误的。
It's silly of you to ask such questions. 你提出这样的问题实在太傻了。
二、非谓语动词作表语
1.不定式作表语表示主语的具体内容、目的
My goal is to be a scientist.我的目标是当一名科学家。
What strikes me most is to see him always busy.使我感到惊讶的是总看见他很忙碌。
2．动名词作表语表示笼统的、抽象的概念
My favorite sport is skiing.我最喜欢的运动是滑雪。
Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
3．现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征或性质
现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征或性质，意为“令人怎样.......”，有主动的含义。如：astonishing，disappointing，exciting，amusing，frightening，interesting，surprising，relaxing，shocking，tiring，worrying，puzzling，moving；
过去分词作表语多表示主语的状态，意为“对什么感受怎样”，有被动含义。如：astonished，disappointed，excited，amused，frightened，interested，surprised，relaxed，shocked，tired，worried，puzzled，moved。例如：
Our trip was disappointing.我们的这次旅行让人失望。
We was disappointed at our trip.我们对这次旅行感到失望。
This story is interesting.这个故事有趣。
I am interested in this story.我对这故事感兴趣。
【温馨提示】过去分词作表语和系动词连用，构成系表结构，往往表示主语所处的一种状态，有时候用于“get＋v. ed”结构中。
I got confused，even bored.我被搞得迷惑了，甚至有点烦了。
三、非谓语动词作宾语
1. 介词后常接动词 ing形式作宾语，但介词but /except后接不定式作宾语，且前面有实义动词do时，不定式要省略to。
I had no choice but to wait till the manager finished his job.
我别无选择，只好等经理完成工作。
I did nothing but write a letter this morning.
今天早晨除写了一封信外，我什么都没有做。
He wanted nothing but to have a chance to try it.
除了有机会试一试外，他别无所求。
but后接不定式时，何时带to要依据前面动词是否有do而定。即：前面动词有do不带to，前面动词无do要带to。
2. 下列动词只能接不定式作宾语
intend、plan、expect/desire、pretend、would like/love/prefer、wish、decide、agree、help、manage、persuade、refuse、seem/appear、promise、attempt、choose、ask、learn、tell、fail、afford。可以编成下列顺口溜来记忆：
打算(intend)计划(plan)和期盼(expect/desire) ；
假装(pretend)喜欢(would like/love/prefer)表祝愿(wish)
决定(decide)同意(agree)来帮助(help) ；
设法(manage)说服(persuade)不拒绝(refuse)
好像(seem/appear)答应(promise)做努力(attempt)；
选择(choose)询问(ask)多学习(learn)
告诉(tell)失败(fail)也付得起(afford) 。
We want to learn some body language. 我们想学习一点身势语。
She has decided to go to Guangzhou tomorrow. 她已经决定明天去广州。
No one can afford to buy such an expensive suit.
没人能担负得起如此昂贵的服装。
3. 下列动词或词组只能接动名词作宾语
喜欢考虑不可免（enjoy，consider，escape，avoid）
停止放弃太冒险（stop，give up，risk）
承认理解很值得（admit，understand，be worth）
反对想象莫推延（mind，imagine，delay，put off）
要求完成是期望（require，finish，look forward to）
建议继续勤操练（suggest，go on，practise）
不禁原谅要坚持（can’t help，excuse，insist on）
继续注意便成功（keep on，mind，succeed in）
I advise waiting a few more days. 我建议再等几天。
He tried to escape being punished. 他设法逃避惩罚。
We do not allow/permit smoking in the kitchen. 我们不允许在厨房里吸烟。
I appreciate being given this opportunity. 非常感谢给了我这个机会。
I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.
我回避提及这个问题，以免触犯他。
注意：既可接不定式、也可接动名词作宾语的动词，二者所表达的意思不同。
mean to do sth. 打算、想要做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着、要做某事
forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事
forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事
remember to do sth. 记得去做某事
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事
regret to do sth. 对即将做的事表示遗憾
regret doing sth.对做过的事表示后悔
try to do sth. 设法做某事
try doing sth. 试着做某事
go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事
go on doing sth. 继续做原来做的事
stop to do sth. 停下正在做的事去做另一事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事
can’t help doing sth. 禁不住去做某事
Remember to turn off the lights before you go to bed. 临睡前记着关灯。
I remember reading about the earthquake in the papers.
我记得在报纸上看到过关于这次地震的消息。
Don’t forget to turn down the gas after an hour or so.
别忘了过一个小时左右把煤气关小点儿。
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.
我永不会忘记第一次看见长城的情景。
I regret to say the job has been filled.
十分抱歉，那个工作已经有人做了。
I regret saying what I said. I shouldn’t have said it.
我懊悔说了那些话。我是不应该这样说的。
4. 动词不定式与疑问词、介词的连用
1）decide，find out， forget，know，learn，remember，wonder等动词常接“疑问词+ 动词不定式”这个结构，用作宾语。疑问词一般是what，who（m），where，how，whether，why，which。
Would you teach us how to drive a car 你愿意教我们如何开车吗？
Let me tell you what to do now. 让我来告诉你现在该做什么。
2）“疑问词+to +动词不定式”结构也可以作主语或表语，注意“to+不定式”只能和whether（不能和if）连用。
How to do next is still a problem. 下一步如何做仍然是一个问题。
The trouble is whom to invite. 麻烦的是该邀请哪些人。
3）“疑问词+to+不定式”结构也可作介词宾语。
They are talking about how to do the experiment. 他们正在谈论如何做实验。
5. 宾语是不定式或不定式短语时
当宾语是不定式或不定式短语时，如其后有宾语补足语，则须用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语放在补语之后，即：“主语 +谓语 + it +宾补不定式（短语）”。常见的谓语动词有think, make, feel, find等。
I don't think it is necessary to buy a bigger computer.
我认为没有必要买那个大功能的计算机。
He found it important to study the situation in Russian.
他发现研究俄国形势非常重要。
6. 动名词作介词宾语
Look forward to，object to，be opposed to，be used to，insist on，prevent...from， depend on，feel like，be fond of，succeed in，be proud of， excuse...for，put off，give up，refer to，stick to，lead to，thanks to，pay attention to，devote oneself to，help yourself to，in addition to，be busy in，be afraid of，apologize for等。
I don't feel like walking very much today. 今天我不想走太多的路。
I insist on taking proper food for this expedition.
我坚决主张携带适合这次远征的食品。
I look forward to receiving your reply. 我期待着收到你的答复。
The Great Green will stop the wind from blowing the earth away.
绿色长城将阻止风刮走土。
注意：动名词前的介词有时可以省略。如： have difficulty (in) doing，have no trouble (in) doing，lose no time (in) doing，prevent/stop...(from) doing，there is no use (in) doing等。
I have some difficult in pronouncing some of the words in English.
我发某些英语单词的音有一些困难。
The heavy rain kept them from going out. 大雨阻止了他们外出。
We must stop them (from) making the same mistake again.
我们必须防止犯同样的错误。
7. 动词need, want, require及be worth之后动名词
动词need, want, require,以及 be worth之后动名词的主动语态含有被动的意思，相当于不定式的被动语态。
Our teacher said that the way of study needed improving.
老师说我们的这种学习方法需要改进。
These babies will require taking good care of. 这些婴儿需要细心照料。
His talk is well worth listening to. 他的报告很值得一听。
四、非谓语动词作宾语补足语
1. 动词不定式作宾语补足语
有的动词后接带to的不定式作补语；有的动词后接不带to的不定式。
1）常用的以带to的不定式作宾补的动词：
ask，allow，get，warn，tell，invite，force，oblige，beg，wish，want，like， hate，expect，encourage，advise，persuade，permit，request，order，cause，know， call on等。
Would you like me to help you 你要我帮忙吗？
Body language helps you (to) communicate with foreigners.
身势语有助于你同外国人交际。
I advise you not to eat fruit that isn't ripe in future.
我劝你以后不要吃不熟的水果。
下列动词或词组在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，但在被动语态中要加上to，它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”：
五看：look at，see，watch，notice，observe
三使：make，let，have
二听：listen to，hear
一感觉：feel
I was in the kitchen cooking something and I felt the floor move.
我在厨房，正做着饭，觉得地板动了。
It'll make the cabbage plants grow big and strong.
它将使卷心菜植物长的又大又壮。
He was seen to get on the bus. 有人看到他上了公共汽车。
The girl was made to cry. 女孩被惹哭了。
动词keep，leave，set，catch及介词with后接非谓语动词作宾语补足语。
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. 对不起，让您久等了。
We can’t leave such an important matter unfinished.
我们不能让这样一件重要的事半途而废。
I caught him smoking a cigarette. 我碰到他正在抽烟。
With a lot of work to do，he was not allowed to go out.
由于有许多工作要做，他不被允许出去。
五、非谓语动词作定语
1. 动词不定式作定语
1）动词不定式作定语时，被修饰的名词一般是它的逻辑宾语；如果动词不定武中的动词是不及物动词时，要带有必要的介词来构成及物的动词短语。
This is the best way to solve the problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好的办法。
I am glad to have the chance to learn English. 很高兴我有学习英语的机会。
The nurse has five children to look after.
=The nurse has five children whom she will look after.
这个保育员要照管五个孩子。
2）现在分词作前置定语，与所要修饰的名词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系；动名词作前置定语且只能作前置定语，则表示被修饰名词的目的、作用和用途。
running shoes(跑鞋)，a drawing board(画板)，a swimming pool(游泳池)，a waiting room(候车室)，a walking stick(手杖)等。
The swimmer ran to the side of the swimming pool and dived off.
那游泳者奔到游泳池边，纵身跳下。
Polluted air and water are harmful to people's health.
污染的空气和水是对人们的健康有害的。
the falling leaves ---- the leaves that are falling
a reading room ---- a room for reading
3）单个分词作定语常位于所要修饰的名词前；而分词短语作定语则通常置于被修饰名词的后，称后置定语。
We needed much more qualified teachers. 我们需要更多的合格的教师。
The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper. 坐在约翰和玛丽之间的那个年轻小伙子是校园报的编辑。
The young man seated between John and Mary was the editor of campus newspaper. 坐在约翰和玛丽之间的那个年轻小伙子是校园报的编辑。
4）被修饰的名词一般是现在分词的逻辑主语；过去分词则与其构成动宾关系，使其成为逻辑宾语。
5）现在分词作定语表示动作正在进行或当时的状态；过去分词则表示动作先发生或已经完成。
Those wishing to join this club should sign here.
= Those who wish to join the club should sign here.
想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。
The man standing by the window will give us a report.
= The man who is standing by the window will give us a report.
站在窗口的那个人将给我们作报告。
The man disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.
= The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.
由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。
六、非谓语动词作状语
1. 分词作状语
分词作状语表示时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随或方式、目的等；作状语时，是用现在分词还是用过去分词，取决于该动词与句子主语之间的关系。如果是逻辑上的主谓关系，一般用现在分词；如果是逻辑上的动宾关系，一般用过去分词。分词的完成时表示动作先于谓语动词发生。
Pressed from his parents，and realizing that he has wasted too much time，the boy is determined to stop playing video games.
由于来自父母的压力，以及认识到浪费了太多的时间，这个男孩决定不玩电子游戏了。(表示原因)
Having been told many times，he finally understood it.
被告诉了许多次，他终于明白了。(表示时间)
Seen from the top of the hill，the park looks even more beautiful.
从山顶上看，这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语the park为动宾关系)
Seeing from the top of the hill，we find the park even more beautiful.
从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语we为主谓关系)
某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，此时这些过去分词表示一种状态。如：lost (迷路的)，seated (坐)，lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)，dressed in (穿着)，tired of (感到厌倦)，faced with (面对)等。
Absorbed in his book，he didn’t notice me enter the room.
专心于读书，他没注意到我进入房间。
Dressed in a red coat，he is like a girl rather than a boy.
穿着一件红色衣服，他更像一个女孩。
2．不定式作状语
不定式作状语主要表示原因、目的、结果等。表原因时常用在表情感和态度的形容词后。
如be happy/sorry/surprised/ashamed等；表目的时其前可加上in order或so as (so as to do一般不放在句首)；表结果时其前通常与only连用，往往表示出乎意料的结果。
不定式的插入结构作状语为固定短语结构。如：to be honest/to tell you the truth(老实说)，to be frank(说实话，坦率地说)，to begin with(首先)，to start with(首先)，to be more exact(更确切地说)，to sum up(总之，概括地说)等。
They were surprised to find that nobody was in the house.
发现屋子里空无一人，他们很奇怪。(表示原因)
The man has to do some part time jobs in his spare time so as to support his family. 那人为了养家不得不在业余时间做些零活。(表示目的)
Tom took a taxi to the airport，only to find his plane high up in the sky.
汤姆乘出租车去机场，却发现他要乘坐的飞机高高地飞在空中。(表示结果)
To be honest/To tell you the truth，I am a writer. 跟你说实话吧，我是个作家。
七、独立主格结构
独立主格结构由“普通格名词(或主格代词)＋分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词或介词短语”构成，在句中作状语，通常用逗号与句子的其他部分隔开。
1. 名词/主格代词＋分词
1) 名词/主格代词＋现在分词（名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系）。
The girl staring at him(＝As the girl stared at him)，he didn't know what to say.
女孩两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
2) 名词/主格代词＋过去分词（名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系）。
The problems solved (＝As the problems were solved)，the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
2. 名词 /主格代词＋不定式
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.
借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
3) with复合结构 (with＋宾语＋宾语补足语) 作状语：用现在分词、过去分词还是动词不定式作宾语补足语，关键在于宾语和宾语补足语之间的关系。
With time passing by (time和pass之间为主动关系)，he almost forgot everything in the past. 随着时间的流逝，他几乎忘记了过去所有的事情。
He sat on the chair，with his hands tied (hands和tie之间为被动关系) behind his back. 他坐在椅子上，双手在背后捆着。
3．there be句型的非谓语形式
I’ve never dreamed of there being a picture on the wall.
我从未想到墙上会有幅画。
I expect there to be many chances for her to get a job.
我希望她有很多机会找到工作。
There being ice on the road，I told the driver to slow down.
路上有冰，我让司机减速慢行。
There having been no water for two days，the travelers were all very thirsty.
已经两天都没有水了，所有游客都非常渴。
八、“连词＋分词（分词短语）”结构
分词短语作状语时，有时前面可用一个连词，表示强调或出于表达需要，常用的连词有：when，while，after，before，if，though，whether...or...，unless，as if等。有时这种结构可看成是状语从句的省略。
After taking the medicine，she felt better. 吃过药后，她感觉好些了。
You should stay where you are，unless asked to leave.
你应该呆在你现在的地方不动，除非让你动。
【强化训练】
I. 填空（题1-11）或改错（题12-13）
1. (2021年高考 全国乙卷 语法填空）Activities there range from whale watching to hiking(远足) and accommodations aim ___70____(have) a low impact on the natural environment.
【答案】 to have
【解析】句意：那里的活动范围从观鲸到徒步旅行，住宿的目的是对自然环境的影响较小。固定短语aim to do译为“旨在，目的是”。所以填to have。
2. They put the food out in their backyards and spend time in the nice weather, ________(watch) birds.
【答案】 watching
【解析】句意：他们走到后院，然后一边观鸟一边享受明媚的天气。主语They与 watch为逻辑上的主动关系，且 watch与 spend同时发生，所以填现在分词 watching做伴随状语。
3. ________ (compare) with the western medicine's high fees, TUM has a reasonable price that ordinary people can afford.
【答案】 Compared
【解析】句意：与西药的高额费用相比，传统中药的价格合理，普通人够承担得起。 compare with为固定结构，在句中作状语，意为“与……相比”。此处(compare) with与逻辑主语之间是被动的关系，所以用过去分词形式Compared。
4.（2020年高考 新课标III卷）The next morning he hired a boat and set out 67._____ (find) the well-known painter.
【答案】 to find
【解析】句意：第二天早上，他租了一条船，出发去找这位著名的画家。考查非谓语动词。结合句意可知：短语set out to do sth. 表示“出发去做某事”，后面跟不定式作目的状语。所以填to find。
5. (2020年高考 浙江卷) Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology 60.________(change) lives.
【答案】 to change
【解析】句意：农业让人们第一次体验到技术改变生活的力量。考查非谓语动词。分析句子，句中已有谓语动词gave，所以提示词部分需要用非谓语动词。分析句意，此处需用不定式表示目的。因此填to change。
6. （2019年高考 新课标II卷）A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for ___61___ (be) Britain's oldest full-time employee-still working 40 hours a week.
【答案】 being
【解析】句意：英国一名90岁的全职员工因每周工作40小时而被评为“年度女性”。考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词for可知，此处用动名词形式作宾语，所以填being。
7. （2019年高考 新课标II卷）Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared(declare) she had no plans ___65___ (retire) from her 36-year-old business.
【答案】to retire
【解析】句意：骄傲的艾琳在领取“终身成就”奖时宣布，她没有从36年的事业中退休的计划。考查不定式作定语。此处用to do sth做后置定语，用来修饰前面的名词plan,表示“……的计划”，所以填to retire。
8.（2019年高考 新课标III卷）On our way to the house，it was raining so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take ___62___ (get) there.
【答案】to get
【解析】 句意：在我们回家的路上，雨下得很大，我们不禁想知道需要花多长时间才能到那儿。考查不定式。句中的would提示我们作者还没有到达那座房子，wondering后的句子不缺谓语，此处应填非谓语动词，所以用to get。
9.（2019年高考 新课标III卷）On the last day of our week-long stay，we were invited (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，___70___ (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
【答案】listening
【解析】句意：在我们住了为期一周的最后一天，我们应邀在星光下的北岸一个美丽的农场参加了一场私人音乐会，聆听音乐家的演奏，并会见了有趣的当地人。考查现在分词。本句谓语动词为“were invited”，所以空格处动词listen应用非谓语动词形式。听音乐这个动作是由we发出的，因此选用现在分词形式。故空格处填listening。
10.（2019高考 新课标I卷）Modem methods ___of__ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive ___64___ (perform) consistently over a large area.
【答案】to perform
【解析】句意：跟踪北极熊的现代方法只是在二十世纪八十年代以来开始采用，并且在如此大区域内持续采用是昂贵的。考查非谓语动词。主系表结构之后，常用不定式做原因或目的状语，故此处用to perform。
11.（2019高考 新课标I卷）Scientists have responded by ___67___ (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, …
【答案】noting
【解析】句意：科学家的回应是，饥饿的熊可能聚集在人类住区周围，…… 考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词by可知，此处用动名词，所以填noting。
12.（2019高考 新课标II卷 改错）All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football.
【答案】say改为saying
【解析】句意：操场上所有的足球运动员大声欢呼，说我有足球天赋。考查现在分词。句中谓语动词为cheered，say在这里做伴随状语，与主语players是主动关系，所有将say改为saying。
13.（2020年高考 新课标I卷 改错）My mom told me how to preparing it.
【答案】 preparing改为prepare。
【解析】句意：我妈妈告诉我如何准备这道菜。考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，“how+不定式”作told的宾语，to是不定式符号，后应接动词原形，所以将preparing改为prepare。
II. 单项选择
14. (2021年高考 天津卷）China's National Highway 318, ________ over 5,000 kilometers from Shanghai to Zhangmu, Tibet, is known as the "heavenly road“ for its amazing views.
A. to extend B. extended C. extending D. being extended
【答案】C
【解析】句意：中国的国道318号，从上海到西藏樟木，延伸出5000多公里，因为它的令人赞叹的景观，被熟知为“天堂之路”。考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知，is known as是整个句子的谓语动词，所以空格处要用非谓语动词，extend与主语China's National Highway 318之间的关系为主动，所以用extending。故选C。
15.（2020高考 天津卷) ______ us prepare for the exam, the teacher suggested reading through our notes.
A. To help B. Helped C. Helping D. Being helped
【答案】A
【解析】句意：为了帮助我们准备考试，老师建议通读我们的笔记。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，“老师建议我们诵读笔记” 是为了“帮助我们准备考试”。在此表示目的，应用动词不定式。故选A。
16.（2020高考 江苏卷） __________ the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.
A. To enjoy B. Enjoying C. To have enjoyed D. Enjoy
【答案】A
【解析】句意：为了享受数字支付的方便，很多老年市民开始使用智能手机。考查非谓语动词。此处是不定式作目的状语，所有选择A。
17.（2020高考 天津卷) The local government doesn't have to sacrifice environmental protection _________ economic growth.
A. to be promoted B. being promoted C. promoting D. to promote
【答案】D
【解析】句意：地方政府不必为了促进经济增长而牺牲环境保护。考查非谓语动词。通过分析句子成分并翻译语境可知，句中存在谓语doesn't have to sacrifice，空格中应该使用非谓语动词表示目的。因此，使用动词不定式形式。故选D项。
18.（2018高考 江苏卷）Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period, _______ the expected number of 12,000 held by market analysts.
A. having exceeded B. to exceed C. exceeded D. exceeding
【答案】D
【解析】句意：在这期间，大约创造13,500个新的工作，超过市场分析师持有的12,000的预期数量。考查非谓语动词。分析全句可知，这里指前一件事情所带来自然而然的结果，所以用现在分词作结果状语。故选D。
19.（2018高考 南京模拟试卷）White snow________ the small village after a big snowfall, tourists found themselves stepping into a fantastic fairyland.
A. blanketing B. blanketed C. being blanketed D. to blanket
【答案】A
【解析】句意：大雪过后，小村庄被白雪覆盖了，游客们发现自己踏进了一个神奇的仙境。考查独立主格结构。逗号后面是完整的句子，逗号前面需要用非谓语动词。此处为独立主格结构做原因状语；题干中White snow 和blanket 之间是主动关系，且blanket 与found所表示的动作是同时发生，故需用现在分词。所以选择答案A。
20. (2018高考 天津模拟试卷) With her attention ________ on the book, the girl sat there quietly.
A. fixing B. to be fixed C. fix D. fixed
【答案】D
【解析】句意：那个女孩静静地坐在那里，把她的注意力集中在书上。考查非谓语动词。此处为with复合结构，即“with+宾语+宾补”，在此做伴随状语；fix one’s attention on sth.为固定搭配，fix与attention之间为被动关系，因此，需用done,所以选择D。
III. 语法填空：阅读下面材料，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式
The Internet is playing a more and more important part in people’s daily life. It is an 1. (amaze) information resource. Students, teachers, and researchers use it as an investigative tool. Journalists use it 2. (find) information for stories. Doctors use it 3. (learn) more about unfamiliar diseases and the latest medical development. Ordinary people use it for shopping, banking bill paying, and 4. (communicate) with family and friends. People all over the world use it 5. (connect) with individuals from other countries and cultures. However, while there are many positive developments 6. (associate) with the Internet, there are also certain fears and concerns. One concern relates to a lack of control over what appears on the Internet. With television and radio there are editors 7._____ (check) the accuracy or appropriateness of the content of programs, and with television there are restrictions on other aspects, for example, what kinds of programs can 8.____( broadcast) and at what time of the day. With the Internet, parents cannot check a published guide 9._____(determine) what is suitable for their children 10._____(see).
【答案与解析】
1. amazing 考查doing形式作定语。句意：这是一个惊人的信息资源。amazing 令人惊异的，指事物的性质。
2. to find 考查to do形式作宾语补足语。use sth. to do sth使用……做某事”是习惯搭配，故用不定式形式做宾补。
3. to learn 考查to do形式作宾语补足语。句意：医生用它来了解更多不熟悉的疾病和最新的医疗发展。use sth. to do sth 使用……做某事”是习惯搭配，故用不定式形式做宾补。
4. communicating 考查doing形式作宾语。在介词for之后，shopping, banking bill paying, and (communicate) 是并列形式做宾语，都为doing形式。
5. to connect 考查to do形式作宾语补足语。同2，3的解释。
6. associated 考查done形式作定语。句意：然而，尽管有许多有关互联网的积极发展……语境中associate与所修饰词development是动宾关系，故用过去分词作定语。
7. to check 考查不定式形式作定语。句意：有了电视和收音机，编辑就可以检查节目内容的准确性或适宜性，而有了电视，就有了其他方面的限制…。editors与check是主动关系，在there be句式中常有there be sb to do sth的习惯搭配，所以用to do形式作定语。
8. be broadcast(ed) 考查含情态动词的谓语被动形式。broadcast与programs是动宾关系，所以programs做主语时，谓语动词用被动形式。
9. to determine 考查不定式形式作目的状语。句意：在互联网上，父母们无法查看出版的指南，以便确定什么适合他们的孩子可以看。 ( determine) what is suitable for … 表示目的，故用to do形式。
10. to see 考查特殊句式中不定式的使用。符合句式：sth. is +adj+for sb. +to do，故用to see。
19【2022高分攻略】高考英语二轮复习学案(通用版)
专题七 非谓语动词（原卷版）
黑龙江 哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
【考纲解读】
非谓语动词是高考的重要考查知识点，也是必考内容之一。试卷中主要以语法填空和短文改错形式进行考查，或者放在篇章中结合语境考查。
主要考查热点：
1.不定式、现在分词和过去分词作后置定语的区别；
2.不定式的完成式、进行式和被动式的用法；
3.现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别；
4.现在分词做伴随状语、结果状语和不定式表目的和结果状语的区别；
5.动名词做主语和宾语的用法；
6.动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词作宾语补足语的区别。
【考点剖析】
一、非谓语动词用作主语
例1：It is standard practical for a company like this one a security officer.
A. employed B. being employed C. to employ D. employs
【答案】C
例2： (climb) the mountain road is hard work but to go down the hills is great fun.
【答案】To climb
例3：Personally speaking, _________ the grand blueprint into reality is a long process.
A. turning B. turn C. turned D. having turned
【答案】A
例4：(2019年高考 天津卷）____________ to think critically is an important skill today's children will need for the future.
A. Learn B. Learned C. Learning D. Having learned
【答案】C
【解题技巧】
分析句子、弄清句子成分、兼顾固定句型结构、分清非谓语动词在句中所做的成分；还需注意 It 作形式主语的问题以及动名词与动词不定式做主语之间的区别。
二、非谓语动词作表语
例1：While waiting for the opportunity to get ________，Henry did his best to perform his duty.
A. promote B. promoted C. promoting D. to promote
【答案】B
例2：For those with family members far away，the personal computer and the phone are important in staying ________.
A. connected B. connecting C. to connect D. to be connected
【答案】A
例3：(2018年高考 天津第二次模拟试卷）The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, ________ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
【答案】B
例4：(2018年高考 新课标III卷）I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid 64. looking (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel____65____(challenge).
【答案】challenged
三、非谓语动词作宾语
例1：(2021年高考 全国甲卷短文改错）...Their answers also show that they dislike talk to others...
【答案】 talk改为talking
例2：（2021年高考 全国乙卷语法填空） …. Actually, a true eco-friendly trip must meet the following principles: Minimize the impact of ___67___(visit)the place.
【答案】 visiting
例3：（2021年高考 山东卷）As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine themselves (they) living at a different time in history or 43.________(walk) through a rainforest.
【答案】 walking
例4：(2018年高考 新课标III卷）I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid 64.________ (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel challenged (challenge).
【答案】looking
。
四、非谓语动词作宾语补足语
例1：(2020年高考 新课标II卷）Orange tree are more than decoration, they are a symbol good fortune and wealth. They make great gifts and you see them many times 65. _______ (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
【答案】 decorated
例2：(2018年高考 天津卷）I need a new passport so I will have to have my photographs___________.
A. taking B. taken C. being taken D. take
【答案】B
例3：(2018年高考 天津红桥区模拟卷）Claire had her luggage ________ an hour before her plane left.
A. check B. checking C. to check D. checked
【答案】D
例4：(2018年高考 江苏模拟卷）What you do not want ________ to yourself, do not do to others.
A. doing B. done C. being done D. having done
【答案】B
【解题技巧】
此类题首先要确定是否符合“动词+宾语+宾补”的结构。其次找到宾补中的动词和宾语之间的关系，然后再决定应用宾语补足语的形式。
五、非谓语动词作定语
例1：(2021年高考浙江1月卷）This may be due to some disadvantages for people 36.________(live) in the countryside, including lower levels of income and education, higher costs of healthy foods, and fewer sports facilities.
【答案】 living
例2：(2020年高考 新课标II卷）They represent the earth 63._________(come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.
【答案】coming
例3：(2020年高考 新课标I卷）I like eating frying tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must to be easy to cook.
【答案】 frying改为fried
例4：(2019年高考 新课标II卷）When we got a call ___68___ (say) she was short-listed, we thought it was __a__ joke.
【答案】saying
【解题技巧】
此类试题首先要分析句子结构，找到分词中的动词同所修饰的名词的关系。表示被动完成一般要用过去分词；表示动作正在进行且为主动则用现在分词；表示动作即将发生或要发生的行为一般需要用动词的不定式形式。
六、非谓语动词作状语
例1：(2020年高考 天津卷）________in 1931, the Empire State Building, the highest skyscraper until 1954, inspired the imagination of the world.
A. Having completed B. Being completed C. Completed D. Completing
【答案】C
例2：(2020年高考 新课标I卷）Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e-4 66.________ (find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
【答案】to find
例3：(2020年高考 江苏卷）Technological innovations, ________ good marketing, will promote the sales of these products.
A. combined with B. combining with
C. having combined with D. to be combined with
【答案】A
例4：(2020年高考 浙江卷）Later，they learned to work with the seasons (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas, 63.________(make) use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉 )their fields.
【答案】 making
【解题技巧】
此类试题要首先分清主句和状语，并且观察句中是否有连词，确定非谓语动词和其逻辑主语之间的关系，选择该用哪种形式的分词或不定式。
七、独立主格结构、连词+分词短语、固定结构
例1：(2020年高考 新课标III卷）And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds 69.________(surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.
【答案】 surrounding
例2：(2020年高考 新课标II卷）They are easy 68.________(care) for and make great presents.
【答案】to care
例3：(2019年高考 江苏卷）China's image is improving steadily, with more countries __________ its role in international affairs.
A. recognizing B. being recognized C. to be recognized D. recognized
【答案】A
例4：(2018年高考 天津卷）I didn't mean ___________anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn’t help _______ it.
A. to eat；to try B. eating；trying C. eating；to try D. to eat； trying
【答案】D
例5：When ________ to danger, men tend to increase blood pressure, ________ nervous or anxious.
A. exposed；feeling B. exposed；felt
C. exposing；felt D. exposing；feeling
【答案】A
例6：(2018年高考 江苏模拟试卷）About 10 bike-sharing companies have gone broke since last September, ________ failing to return deposits to users and their deserted bicycles crowding side-walks.
A. some of which B. some of them
C. of which some D. which of them
【答案】 B
【相关知识点连接】
一、非谓语动词作主语
1. 动名词作主语
动名词作主语常表示一种概念、习惯或经验，有时用it作其形式主语。
1）用在It’s no use /good /useless /of little use /useful /worth /a waste of time doing等句式中。
It is no use sending him over. It's too late already. 派他去没用，已经太晚了。
It's no good waiting here. Let's walk home. 在这儿等没好处，咱们走回去吧。
It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
2）用在“there is no+一ing”结构，其中一ing及其短语作主语。该句型相当于：It is impossible to do sth.
There is no accounting for his action. 无法解释他的行为。
There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
There is no knowing where they are going to conduct their research.
无法知道他们打算在何地进行研究。
上述结构常见的还有：there is no saying… (没法说出……)，here is no telling…(无可奉告……)，there is no bearing… (无法忍受……)等。
2．不定式作主语
不定式作主语常表示一个具体的动作、一种愿望、目的或未完成的事。
To say something is one thing; to do it is another. 说是一回事，做是另一回事。
To make a plan first is a good idea. 首先制定一个计划是一个好主意。
通常用形式主语it代替。常见的it代替不定式作形式主语的句型有：
1）It is＋ adj./n.(for sb.) to do sth. 常与for搭配的形容词有easy，difficult，hard，heavy，necessary，impossible，important等。
It is important for us to learn English. 学习英语对我们来说很重要。
It is not difficult to find out information about the program.
弄清这个节目的情况并不困难。
2）It is ＋adj .of sb.(to do sth.) 常与of搭配的形容词常表主语的性质、特征。这类词有good，kind，nice，clever，wise，foolish，silly，stupid，right，wrong，rude，(im)polite，careless，careful等。
It's wrong of the other children to make fun of you. 别的孩子取笑你是错误的。
It's silly of you to ask such questions. 你提出这样的问题实在太傻了。
二、非谓语动词作表语
1.不定式作表语表示主语的具体内容、目的
My goal is to be a scientist.我的目标是当一名科学家。
What strikes me most is to see him always busy.使我感到惊讶的是总看见他很忙碌。
2．动名词作表语表示笼统的、抽象的概念
My favorite sport is skiing.我最喜欢的运动是滑雪。
Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
3．现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征或性质
现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征或性质，意为“令人怎样.......”，有主动的含义。如：astonishing，disappointing，exciting，amusing，frightening，interesting，surprising，relaxing，shocking，tiring，worrying，puzzling，moving；
过去分词作表语多表示主语的状态，意为“对什么感受怎样”，有被动含义。如：astonished，disappointed，excited，amused，frightened，interested，surprised，relaxed，shocked，tired，worried，puzzled，moved。例如：
Our trip was disappointing.我们的这次旅行让人失望。
We was disappointed at our trip.我们对这次旅行感到失望。
This story is interesting.这个故事有趣。
I am interested in this story.我对这故事感兴趣。
【温馨提示】过去分词作表语和系动词连用，构成系表结构，往往表示主语所处的一种状态，有时候用于“get＋v. ed”结构中。
I got confused，even bored.我被搞得迷惑了，甚至有点烦了。
三、非谓语动词作宾语
1. 介词后常接动词 ing形式作宾语，但介词but /except后接不定式作宾语，且前面有实义动词do时，不定式要省略to。
I had no choice but to wait till the manager finished his job.
我别无选择，只好等经理完成工作。
I did nothing but write a letter this morning.
今天早晨除写了一封信外，我什么都没有做。
He wanted nothing but to have a chance to try it.
除了有机会试一试外，他别无所求。
but后接不定式时，何时带to要依据前面动词是否有do而定。即：前面动词有do不带to，前面动词无do要带to。
2. 下列动词只能接不定式作宾语
intend、plan、expect/desire、pretend、would like/love/prefer、wish、decide、agree、help、manage、persuade、refuse、seem/appear、promise、attempt、choose、ask、learn、tell、fail、afford。可以编成下列顺口溜来记忆：
打算(intend)计划(plan)和期盼(expect/desire) ；
假装(pretend)喜欢(would like/love/prefer)表祝愿(wish)
决定(decide)同意(agree)来帮助(help) ；
设法(manage)说服(persuade)不拒绝(refuse)
好像(seem/appear)答应(promise)做努力(attempt)；
选择(choose)询问(ask)多学习(learn)
告诉(tell)失败(fail)也付得起(afford) 。
We want to learn some body language. 我们想学习一点身势语。
She has decided to go to Guangzhou tomorrow. 她已经决定明天去广州。
No one can afford to buy such an expensive suit.
没人能担负得起如此昂贵的服装。
3. 下列动词或词组只能接动名词作宾语
喜欢考虑不可免（enjoy，consider，escape，avoid）
停止放弃太冒险（stop，give up，risk）
承认理解很值得（admit，understand，be worth）
反对想象莫推延（mind，imagine，delay，put off）
要求完成是期望（require，finish，look forward to）
建议继续勤操练（suggest，go on，practise）
不禁原谅要坚持（can’t help，excuse，insist on）
继续注意便成功（keep on，mind，succeed in）
I advise waiting a few more days. 我建议再等几天。
He tried to escape being punished. 他设法逃避惩罚。
We do not allow/permit smoking in the kitchen. 我们不允许在厨房里吸烟。
I appreciate being given this opportunity. 非常感谢给了我这个机会。
I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.
我回避提及这个问题，以免触犯他。
注意：既可接不定式、也可接动名词作宾语的动词，二者所表达的意思不同。
mean to do sth. 打算、想要做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着、要做某事
forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事
forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事
remember to do sth. 记得去做某事
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事
regret to do sth. 对即将做的事表示遗憾
regret doing sth.对做过的事表示后悔
try to do sth. 设法做某事
try doing sth. 试着做某事
go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事
go on doing sth. 继续做原来做的事
stop to do sth. 停下正在做的事去做另一事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事
can’t help doing sth. 禁不住去做某事
Remember to turn off the lights before you go to bed. 临睡前记着关灯。
I remember reading about the earthquake in the papers.
我记得在报纸上看到过关于这次地震的消息。
Don’t forget to turn down the gas after an hour or so.
别忘了过一个小时左右把煤气关小点儿。
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.
我永不会忘记第一次看见长城的情景。
I regret to say the job has been filled.
十分抱歉，那个工作已经有人做了。
I regret saying what I said. I shouldn’t have said it.
我懊悔说了那些话。我是不应该这样说的。
4. 动词不定式与疑问词、介词的连用
1）decide，find out， forget，know，learn，remember，wonder等动词常接“疑问词+ 动词不定式”这个结构，用作宾语。疑问词一般是what，who（m），where，how，whether，why，which。
Would you teach us how to drive a car 你愿意教我们如何开车吗？
Let me tell you what to do now. 让我来告诉你现在该做什么。
2）“疑问词+to +动词不定式”结构也可以作主语或表语，注意“to+不定式”只能和whether（不能和if）连用。
How to do next is still a problem. 下一步如何做仍然是一个问题。
The trouble is whom to invite. 麻烦的是该邀请哪些人。
3）“疑问词+to+不定式”结构也可作介词宾语。
They are talking about how to do the experiment. 他们正在谈论如何做实验。
5. 宾语是不定式或不定式短语时
当宾语是不定式或不定式短语时，如其后有宾语补足语，则须用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语放在补语之后，即：“主语 +谓语 + it +宾补不定式（短语）”。常见的谓语动词有think, make, feel, find等。
I don't think it is necessary to buy a bigger computer.
我认为没有必要买那个大功能的计算机。
He found it important to study the situation in Russian.
他发现研究俄国形势非常重要。
6. 动名词作介词宾语
Look forward to，object to，be opposed to，be used to，insist on，prevent...from， depend on，feel like，be fond of，succeed in，be proud of， excuse...for，put off，give up，refer to，stick to，lead to，thanks to，pay attention to，devote oneself to，help yourself to，in addition to，be busy in，be afraid of，apologize for等。
I don't feel like walking very much today. 今天我不想走太多的路。
I insist on taking proper food for this expedition.
我坚决主张携带适合这次远征的食品。
I look forward to receiving your reply. 我期待着收到你的答复。
The Great Green will stop the wind from blowing the earth away.
绿色长城将阻止风刮走土。
注意：动名词前的介词有时可以省略。如： have difficulty (in) doing，have no trouble (in) doing，lose no time (in) doing，prevent/stop...(from) doing，there is no use (in) doing等。
I have some difficult in pronouncing some of the words in English.
我发某些英语单词的音有一些困难。
The heavy rain kept them from going out. 大雨阻止了他们外出。
We must stop them (from) making the same mistake again.
我们必须防止犯同样的错误。
7. 动词need, want, require及be worth之后动名词
动词need, want, require,以及 be worth之后动名词的主动语态含有被动的意思，相当于不定式的被动语态。
Our teacher said that the way of study needed improving.
老师说我们的这种学习方法需要改进。
These babies will require taking good care of. 这些婴儿需要细心照料。
His talk is well worth listening to. 他的报告很值得一听。
四、非谓语动词作宾语补足语
1. 动词不定式作宾语补足语
有的动词后接带to的不定式作补语；有的动词后接不带to的不定式。
1）常用的以带to的不定式作宾补的动词：
ask，allow，get，warn，tell，invite，force，oblige，beg，wish，want，like， hate，expect，encourage，advise，persuade，permit，request，order，cause，know， call on等。
Would you like me to help you 你要我帮忙吗？
Body language helps you (to) communicate with foreigners.
身势语有助于你同外国人交际。
I advise you not to eat fruit that isn't ripe in future.
我劝你以后不要吃不熟的水果。
下列动词或词组在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，但在被动语态中要加上to，它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”：
五看：look at，see，watch，notice，observe
三使：make，let，have
二听：listen to，hear
一感觉：feel
I was in the kitchen cooking something and I felt the floor move.
我在厨房，正做着饭，觉得地板动了。
It'll make the cabbage plants grow big and strong.
它将使卷心菜植物长的又大又壮。
He was seen to get on the bus. 有人看到他上了公共汽车。
The girl was made to cry. 女孩被惹哭了。
动词keep，leave，set，catch及介词with后接非谓语动词作宾语补足语。
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. 对不起，让您久等了。
We can’t leave such an important matter unfinished.
我们不能让这样一件重要的事半途而废。
I caught him smoking a cigarette. 我碰到他正在抽烟。
With a lot of work to do，he was not allowed to go out.
由于有许多工作要做，他不被允许出去。
五、非谓语动词作定语
1. 动词不定式作定语
1）动词不定式作定语时，被修饰的名词一般是它的逻辑宾语；如果动词不定武中的动词是不及物动词时，要带有必要的介词来构成及物的动词短语。
This is the best way to solve the problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好的办法。
I am glad to have the chance to learn English. 很高兴我有学习英语的机会。
The nurse has five children to look after.
=The nurse has five children whom she will look after.
这个保育员要照管五个孩子。
2）现在分词作前置定语，与所要修饰的名词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系；动名词作前置定语且只能作前置定语，则表示被修饰名词的目的、作用和用途。
running shoes(跑鞋)，a drawing board(画板)，a swimming pool(游泳池)，a waiting room(候车室)，a walking stick(手杖)等。
The swimmer ran to the side of the swimming pool and dived off.
那游泳者奔到游泳池边，纵身跳下。
Polluted air and water are harmful to people's health.
污染的空气和水是对人们的健康有害的。
the falling leaves ---- the leaves that are falling
a reading room ---- a room for reading
3）单个分词作定语常位于所要修饰的名词前；而分词短语作定语则通常置于被修饰名词的后，称后置定语。
We needed much more qualified teachers. 我们需要更多的合格的教师。
The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper. 坐在约翰和玛丽之间的那个年轻小伙子是校园报的编辑。
The young man seated between John and Mary was the editor of campus newspaper. 坐在约翰和玛丽之间的那个年轻小伙子是校园报的编辑。
4）被修饰的名词一般是现在分词的逻辑主语；过去分词则与其构成动宾关系，使其成为逻辑宾语。
5）现在分词作定语表示动作正在进行或当时的状态；过去分词则表示动作先发生或已经完成。
Those wishing to join this club should sign here.
= Those who wish to join the club should sign here.
想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。
The man standing by the window will give us a report.
= The man who is standing by the window will give us a report.
站在窗口的那个人将给我们作报告。
The man disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.
= The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.
由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。
六、非谓语动词作状语
1. 分词作状语
分词作状语表示时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随或方式、目的等；作状语时，是用现在分词还是用过去分词，取决于该动词与句子主语之间的关系。如果是逻辑上的主谓关系，一般用现在分词；如果是逻辑上的动宾关系，一般用过去分词。分词的完成时表示动作先于谓语动词发生。
Pressed from his parents，and realizing that he has wasted too much time，the boy is determined to stop playing video games.
由于来自父母的压力，以及认识到浪费了太多的时间，这个男孩决定不玩电子游戏了。(表示原因)
Having been told many times，he finally understood it.
被告诉了许多次，他终于明白了。(表示时间)
Seen from the top of the hill，the park looks even more beautiful.
从山顶上看，这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语the park为动宾关系)
Seeing from the top of the hill，we find the park even more beautiful.
从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语we为主谓关系)
某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，此时这些过去分词表示一种状态。如：lost (迷路的)，seated (坐)，lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)，dressed in (穿着)，tired of (感到厌倦)，faced with (面对)等。
Absorbed in his book，he didn’t notice me enter the room.
专心于读书，他没注意到我进入房间。
Dressed in a red coat，he is like a girl rather than a boy.
穿着一件红色衣服，他更像一个女孩。
2．不定式作状语
不定式作状语主要表示原因、目的、结果等。表原因时常用在表情感和态度的形容词后。
如be happy/sorry/surprised/ashamed等；表目的时其前可加上in order或so as (so as to do一般不放在句首)；表结果时其前通常与only连用，往往表示出乎意料的结果。
不定式的插入结构作状语为固定短语结构。如：to be honest/to tell you the truth(老实说)，to be frank(说实话，坦率地说)，to begin with(首先)，to start with(首先)，to be more exact(更确切地说)，to sum up(总之，概括地说)等。
They were surprised to find that nobody was in the house.
发现屋子里空无一人，他们很奇怪。(表示原因)
The man has to do some part time jobs in his spare time so as to support his family. 那人为了养家不得不在业余时间做些零活。(表示目的)
Tom took a taxi to the airport，only to find his plane high up in the sky.
汤姆乘出租车去机场，却发现他要乘坐的飞机高高地飞在空中。(表示结果)
To be honest/To tell you the truth，I am a writer. 跟你说实话吧，我是个作家。
七、独立主格结构
独立主格结构由“普通格名词(或主格代词)＋分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词或介词短语”构成，在句中作状语，通常用逗号与句子的其他部分隔开。
1. 名词/主格代词＋分词
1) 名词/主格代词＋现在分词（名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系）。
The girl staring at him(＝As the girl stared at him)，he didn't know what to say.
女孩两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
2) 名词/主格代词＋过去分词（名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系）。
The problems solved (＝As the problems were solved)，the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
2. 名词 /主格代词＋不定式
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.
借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
3) with复合结构 (with＋宾语＋宾语补足语) 作状语：用现在分词、过去分词还是动词不定式作宾语补足语，关键在于宾语和宾语补足语之间的关系。
With time passing by (time和pass之间为主动关系)，he almost forgot everything in the past. 随着时间的流逝，他几乎忘记了过去所有的事情。
He sat on the chair，with his hands tied (hands和tie之间为被动关系) behind his back. 他坐在椅子上，双手在背后捆着。
3．there be句型的非谓语形式
I’ve never dreamed of there being a picture on the wall.
我从未想到墙上会有幅画。
I expect there to be many chances for her to get a job.
我希望她有很多机会找到工作。
There being ice on the road，I told the driver to slow down.
路上有冰，我让司机减速慢行。
There having been no water for two days，the travelers were all very thirsty.
已经两天都没有水了，所有游客都非常渴。
八、“连词＋分词（分词短语）”结构
分词短语作状语时，有时前面可用一个连词，表示强调或出于表达需要，常用的连词有：when，while，after，before，if，though，whether...or...，unless，as if等。有时这种结构可看成是状语从句的省略。
After taking the medicine，she felt better. 吃过药后，她感觉好些了。
You should stay where you are，unless asked to leave.
你应该呆在你现在的地方不动，除非让你动。
【强化训练】
I. 填空（题1-11）或改错（题12-13）
1. (2021年高考 全国乙卷 语法填空）Activities there range from whale watching to hiking(远足) and accommodations aim ___70____(have) a low impact on the natural environment.
2. They put the food out in their backyards and spend time in the nice weather, ________(watch) birds.
3. ________ (compare) with the western medicine's high fees, TUM has a reasonable price that ordinary people can afford.
4.（2020年高考 新课标III卷）The next morning he hired a boat and set out 67._____ (find) the well-known painter.
5. (2020年高考 浙江卷) Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology 60.________(change) lives.
6. （2019年高考 新课标II卷）A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for ___61___ (be) Britain's oldest full-time employee-still working 40 hours a week.
7. （2019年高考 新课标II卷）Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared(declare) she had no plans ___65___ (retire) from her 36-year-old business.
8.（2019年高考 新课标III卷）On our way to the house，it was raining so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take ___62___ (get) there.
9.（2019年高考 新课标III卷）On the last day of our week-long stay，we were invited (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，___70___ (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
10.（2019高考 新课标I卷）Modem methods ___of__ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive ___64___ (perform) consistently over a large area.
11.（2019高考 新课标I卷）Scientists have responded by ___67___ (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, …
12.（2019高考 新课标II卷 改错）All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football.
13.（2020年高考 新课标I卷 改错）My mom told me how to preparing it.
II. 单项选择
14. (2021年高考 天津卷）China's National Highway 318, ________ over 5,000 kilometers from Shanghai to Zhangmu, Tibet, is known as the "heavenly road“ for its amazing views.
A. to extend B. extended C. extending D. being extended
15.（2020高考 天津卷) ______ us prepare for the exam, the teacher suggested reading through our notes.
A. To help B. Helped C. Helping D. Being helped
16.（2020高考 江苏卷） __________ the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.
A. To enjoy B. Enjoying C. To have enjoyed D. Enjoy
17.（2020高考 天津卷) The local government doesn't have to sacrifice environmental protection _________ economic growth.
A. to be promoted B. being promoted C. promoting D. to promote
18.（2018高考 江苏卷）Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period, _______ the expected number of 12,000 held by market analysts.
A. having exceeded B. to exceed C. exceeded D. exceeding
19.（2018高考 南京模拟试卷）White snow________ the small village after a big snowfall, tourists found themselves stepping into a fantastic fairyland.
A. blanketing B. blanketed C. being blanketed D. to blanket
20. (2018高考 天津模拟试卷) With her attention ________ on the book, the girl sat there quietly.
A. fixing B. to be fixed C. fix D. fixed
III. 语法填空：阅读下面材料，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式
The Internet is playing a more and more important part in people’s daily life. It is an 1. (amaze) information resource. Students, teachers, and researchers use it as an investigative tool. Journalists use it 2. (find) information for stories. Doctors use it 3. (learn) more about unfamiliar diseases and the latest medical development. Ordinary people use it for shopping, banking bill paying, and 4. (communicate) with family and friends. People all over the world use it 5. (connect) with individuals from other countries and cultures. However, while there are many positive developments 6. (associate) with the Internet, there are also certain fears and concerns. One concern relates to a lack of control over what appears on the Internet. With television and radio there are editors 7._____ (check) the accuracy or appropriateness of the content of programs, and with television there are restrictions on other aspects, for example, what kinds of programs can 8.____( broadcast) and at what time of the day. With the Internet, parents cannot check a published guide 9._____(determine) what is suitable for their children 10._____(see).
19
