2022届新高考英语二轮复习：专题十五 阅读理解讲义学案（含答案）

专题十五 阅读理解（讲义）
——2022届新高考英语二轮复习
考点一 细节理解
一、细节理解类题目常见的设问方式
1.Which of the following...
2.Which tour do you...
3.Which activity will you choose if...
4.What will you do...
5.What is special about...
6.Where can you..
7.When can you...
8.How long does...
9.How much should...
二、细节理解类题目常用的解题方法
1.直接信息题——题干定位法
（1）认真阅读题干，根据关键词明确答题方向
（2）运用略读及查读技巧迅速找到文中与问题相关的信息
（3）仔细比较所给选项与原文对应信息，直接锁定正确选项
2.间接信息题——断章取义法
（1）阅读题干，有针对性地扫读原文，锁定相关词句或信息
（2）准确理解每个选项的意义，寻找与原语言信息相关的同义词、近义词或反义词
（3）仔细比较选项和原文信息，选择正确或最佳答案
3.数字计算题——查读分析法
（1）明确题干要求，锁定原文相关信息
（2）对相关信息和数字进行分析和理解
（3）利用加、减、乘、除等运算方法进行计算，确定答案
4.细节排序题——首尾排除法
（1）找出第一个发生的动作
（2）找出最后一个发生的动作
（3）缩小选择范围，通过排除法确定正确选项
考点二 主旨要义
一、主旨要义类题目常见的设问方式
1.The main idea/key point of this passage is that
2.The passage is mainly about
3.The best title/headline for this passage is
4.The topic/ subject discussed in this passage is
5.From the passage we can learn/conclude that
6.The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with
7.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage
8.Which of the following best states the theme of the passage
二、掌握识别主题句的常用方法
段落的主题通常由被称为主题句（Topic Sentence）的句子来表示。主题句有两个功能：一是介绍段落的主题（Topic）；二是阐述控制概念（Controlling Idea），控制概念用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容。
主题句通常是一段的第一句或末尾一句，偶尔在一段中间。在非故事性文章如科普文章中，主题句尤其明显。有的文章无明显的主题句，而是把主题句隐含在段意之中。
1.主题句位于段首
主题句位于段首是由作者先立论，后摆事实讲道理的写作手法形成的。这种段落称作演绎型段落。在英语议论文或说明文中，有60%～90%的主题句是段落的第一句。这样的段落模式可用倒三角（▽）来表示。
（1）寻找主题句
有些段落有明显的引出细节的信息词，常见的信息词有for example，an example of，the most important example，first，second，next，then，last，finally，to begin with，also，besides that等。
在阅读中，应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题句的位置。从该段落中的 for example可以断定上一句是主题句。如果无明显的信息词，可先假设第一句为主题句，在第二句前面添加一个for example,看看第二句是否可以支撑第一句话，如果第二句不能支撑第一句话，便在其他地方找出主题句。
（2）选择答案
先彻底弄懂主题句的句意，然后阅读A、B、C和D四个选项，选择与主题句句意相吻合的答案，如主题句的再现，主题句句意的复述或推论等，排除与主题句句意无关的答案，如支撑细节和文章中未曾阐述的事实等。
2.主题句位于段末
主题句位于段末是作者采用了先摆事实，后作结论的手法。这种段落称作归纳型段落。这种段落的模式可用正三角（△）来表示。
3.主题句位于段落的中间
主题句偶尔也出现在段落的中间，但不一定就在正中间。有时第一句并非主题句，而是承上启下的过渡句。在这种情况下，第二句便成了主题句。此外，主题句也可能是段落的倒数第二句。这种段落模式可用菱形（◇）来表示。这种图形可看做是△和▽的合二为一（△▽）。这种段落是从支撑细节开始，发展到结论（出现主题句）。当主题句出现后，又进一步用细节支持说明，其安排顺序是：次要——重要——次要。
4.主题句隐含在段意之中
有些段落没有明显的主题句，其中心思想包含在各个句子中，这就要求读者依据已知的细节，归纳出段落的中心思想。这种段落模式可用正方形（□）来表示。
三、主旨要义类题目常用的解题方法
1.总结大意题
（1）借助段落主题句归纳——常见位置：段首、段中、段末
（2）借助主题词或关键词归纳——抓住文中出现频率较高的主题词或关键词，然后对其概括和归纳，确定文章的主旨大意
（3）借助文章主题段归纳——常见位置
首段（新闻报道、议论文、说明文）
末段（记叙文、议论文）
2. 最佳标题
方法：
中心句法——根据文章中心句，提炼主题词充当文章标题
1+1=1——将文章的写作对象和其主要特点、意义或影响整合充当文章的标题
1=1——当文章的写作对象的特点较多时，常用写作对象的名称作为文章的标题
特点：
概括性——抽象、准确、简短，常用一个短语或一句话
针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符，避免以偏概全
醒目性——新颖奇特，激发读者的阅读兴趣
考点三 推理判断
一、推理判断类题目常见的设问方式
1.It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the passage that
2.In which of the following publications(出版物) would this passage most likely be printed
3. The passage implies, but doesn't directly state that
4.The writer suggests that
5.The author probably feels that
6.The author uses the example of...to show that
7.What's the author's attitude toward
8.Which of the following can best describe the attitude of the author towards...
9.What does the author mean by saying...
10. The tone of this passage could be best described as
11.The author writes the passage in a tone of
12.The author thinks/believes/suggests that
二、推理判断类题目解题的注意事项
1.解题原则要牢记
推理判断题要求考生能够充分理解阅读文章、分析语篇特征、寻找解题依据，在领会全文的基础上做出正确的推理和判断。
首先，要理解文章的字面意思，弄清上下文的整体逻辑；
其次，在阅读过程中要注意作者遣词造句中的深层次含义；
第三，要通读题干，充分了解题目要求我们进行推理和判断的内容和方向，以免白费力气。
最后，仔细挖掘作者隐藏在文章中的一些重要含义，切勿用自己的主观判断来代替文章内容，勿用观点代替事实。
需注意：有的题目的推理即为原文具体层面的“同义变化”，所涉及的逻辑关系都是最简单的逻辑判断，一步即可推得，考生千万不能人为地把问题复杂化，推理很多步，反而得出错误的答案。推理的基础是原文内容，而不是自己的经验和主观判断。
2.有效信息会识别
推理判断题失分的一个主要原因是考生看着题目不知道去文章的什么地方找出题点，定位点找不对既浪费了解题时间，也得不出正确答案。其实，推理判断题的出题点非常稳定，通过对近几年真题命题规律的分析，不难发现，有些题型就是在考查对段落中心的理解，所以大家需要熟知段落中心的考点标记，从而快速将文章中的出题点信息和选项进行比对、匹配。吻合段落中心意思的为正确答案。
寻找段落中心方法：
（1）逻辑上出现转承关系的句子（转折、因果、递进，即有therefore，thus，but，however，in short，all in all等提示词的句子）。
（2）有明确表示观点的路标指引词（think,believe,deny, acknowledge, insist, according to, claim...）。
（3）含有情态动词的句子（should，must…）。
（4）含有特殊标点的句子（冒号、单破折号、引号、分号）。
（5）特殊句型（疑问句、倒装句、强调句、省略句）。
（6）平铺直叙段落中，注意首末句。
3.答案特征需明辨
命题人在设置选项时，正确选项和错误选项各有对应的特点和规律。考生若熟知这些特点和规律，可提升答题的正确率。
（1）正确选项的特点
1）内容的含义比较丰富，具有综合性和概括性，尤其是当四个选项都符合常识或者题目意思的时候，意义最丰富的那个选项往往是正确答案。
2）正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，不会用绝对词汇，而会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如often，usually，sometimes，some，may， might，can，could，possibly，probably等。
3）正确答案有时反而与我们通过常识判断得出的结论相反。因此，如果四个选项中有三个看上去与常识的判断相符，而余下的那一个却是反常识的，那么可考虑那个选项是否为正确答案。
4）选项与原文有同义置换的词的密度越大，成为正确答案的概率越大。
（2）干扰选项的特点
1）只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当成间接推理。
2）看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符，例如把原文的原因变成了选项中的结果，把原文的手段变成了选项中的目的。
3）根据常识判断是正确的，然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推理而得出的观点，因此，考生要注意不能根据自己的主观想法或生活经验去推理，因为命题者考查的是考生揣摩作者意图的能力。
4）虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据，但推理过头、概括过度；有部分选项的内容纯属编造。
三、推理判断类题目常用的解题方法
1.隐含推断题
（1）锁定题干中infer，conclude，suggest，imply，indicate，assume等词，明确答题方向
（2）浏览四个选项，首先排除与原文信息一样的选项
（3）立足原文，结合语境和常识，在字面意义的基础上进行合乎逻辑的推断
2.预测推断题
特点：
根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理
方法：
（1）梳理篇章结构
（2）把握写作思路：事件发展的先后顺序、因果关系、递进关系、对比关系、空间转换
（3）弄清句、段之间的逻辑关系
（4）作出科学、合理的预测
3.文章出处及语篇类型题
原则：从文章的内容或结构判断其出处及语篇类型
对号入座：
报纸：前面常会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称
广告：格式特殊，容易辨认
产品说明：常含有操作方式、使用方法等
网页：常含有网页的典型用语
4.推断写作意图题
故事类 to entertain readers
广告、议论文 to inform/show/convince/advise/propose/encourage readers
科普类、新闻类、社会文化类 to inform/show/present/explain/analyze
5.观点态度题
熟悉常用词汇：
objective/neutral/indifferent/unclearpositive/approval/optimistic/hopeful/negative/disapproval/critical/pessimistic/doubtful/skeptical
抓住关键词句：
（1）全面理解文章的内容和中心思想
（2）抓住体现人物观点态度的关键句或列举的事例，注意流露作者思想倾向或感彩的形容词、副词、动词
考点四 猜测词义
一、猜测词义类题目常见的设问方式
1.The word "…" refers to/probably means
2.The underlined word "…" could best be replaced by
3.What do you think the expression "…"stands for
4.By saying “…” we mean
5."…" as used in the passage can best be defined as
6.Which of the following words can take the place of the word "…"
二、猜测词义类题目常用的解题方法
1. 猜测代词指代意义
（1）方法：
宏观把握——充分把握代词指代所在的段落或前面段落的整体意义
微观入手——抓住关键词或关键句，弄清逻辑关系
（2）不定代词——something, anything, someone,anyone等
（3）指示代词——this, that,these, those等
（4）人称代词——it, they, them, he, she等
2.猜测画线单词或短语含义
（1）依据定义推测词义
在许多情况下，文章的作者估计某个词一般读者不熟悉，则会在文章中给出该词的定义或解释。这种解释可能是一种重复说明或定义。通过阅读定义和解释部分，读者便可理解该词的基本含义。线索词有that,which,is等。
（2）依据同位语推测词义
通常引出该词同位语的词或短语有or,that is,in otherwords等，还有的同位语出现在括号中或破折号后。在这些标记词后考生可较容易找到同画线词意义相同或相近的词。
（3）依据文章中的举例推测词义
在阅读理解中，考生可以根据文章所举的例子，从具体到一般，推断出该生词的意思。
（4）依据对比关系或比较关系的词语推测词义
当作者强调的事物之间有区别或对立时，往往会运用对比的手法，即运用有对比关系的词语，例如反义词，也可以暗示出生词的含义。能体现对比关系或比较关系的词汇很多，主要有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead，like，similarly，on the contrary，in contrast to等。标点符号中的分号也可表示对比。
（5）依据构词法推测词义
分析复合词：如果一个生词是由两个或两个以上的单词构成的复合词，可以从该词的各个部分的特定意思及联系上下文推测出该词的意思。考生同时要了解其他构词法知识。
（6）依据上下文语境，通过对应结构或平行结构中的同义词、反义词推测词义
（7）依据因果关系推测词义
因果关系是一种常见的、行之有效的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系。一定的原因会导致一定的结果，某一结果总是由某种或某些原因引起的。作者在叙述原因的过程中就必然会把词或句子置于因果关系中。常见的表示因果关系的词汇有since，as，because，for，so，thus，consequently，therefore，hence，due to，result in，result from，as a result，for this reason，accordingly，so that，so...that，such...that等。
（8）利用上下文来推测词义
3.句意猜测题
（1）根据上下文，利用顺向或反向关系推测句子的含义
（2）结合主语，寻找对应结构来推测句子的含义
练习：
Life on the International Space Station (ISS)---the place where astronauts dwell( 居住)in space ---differs from that on Earth. For example, astronauts have to rely on the ISS’ life support system, which provides oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide. But sometimes astronauts need to deal with unusual air leaks.
Normally, the ISS releases a small amount of air each day to rid the harmful gases. But recently, the air seemed to be leaking at a slightly higher rate than usual, which became a cause for concern, according to MSN. The three crew members currently on board are staying in the Russian segment(舱段) of the ISS temporarily while NASA tries to find the origin of the leak in the US segment.
This isn’t the first time that an air leak has occurred on the ISS. On Aug 29, 2018, an air leak was discovered on the ISS. Fortunately, six people on board found a hole measuring 2 millimeters in diameter on Soyuz MS-09, a Russian spacecraft temporarily docked with the ISS. The astronauts patched the hole with tape. But the question remains: What can cause holes in the hard surface of spacecrafts Space debris(碎片) can.
In low orbit, space debris circles around Earth at speeds between 7 to 8 kilometers per second. Because of the high speed, it can penetrate the surface of the ISS. A NASA report submitted to the US Congress said the ISS has a 55-percent chance of being penetrated by some sort of space debris, according to the website New Scientist. However, finding a tiny hole is not easy.
The ISS measures some 109 meters by about 73 meters, roughly the size of a soccer field. So how do astronauts find a tiny hole in such a large area
When air leaks occur, astronauts seal off various sections of the ISS to narrow down the area. Once the location of the leak is found, it is closed and the pressure on each side is checked.
This is exactly what NASA is doing now. The US space agency has been trying to find the hole, which is equivalent to “finding pinholes in a large airliner”, Xinhua News Agency noted.
1.What can we know about the recent air leak
A.It has exposed astronauts to harmful gases.
B.More gas than usual is leaking in the ISS.
C.It is happening in the Russian segment.
D.NASA has already found the origin of the leak.
2.What can we learn from the text about the air leak in 2018
A.It was due to the docking of spacecrafts.
B.The hole was found on the surface of the ISS .
C.It was repaired with tape by crew members.
D.Space debris was found in the spacecraft .
3.What is the main idea of paragraph 4
A.What causes space debris.
B.What the surface of the ISS is like.
C.Why space debris can cause air leaks.
D.How to find holes made by space debris.
4.It can be inferred from the text that the biggest challenge in repairing the leak is_______.
A.finding the origin of the leak.
B.closing various segments of the ISS.
C.patching the hole with tape
D.checking the pressure of the sections
Butter coffee, also sometimes referred to as bulletproof coffee, is almost exactly what it sounds like. Take a cup of black coffee and drop a bit of butter into it. Though the name doesn’t indicate this, you also need to add a little coconut oil. Upon hearing about butter coffee, people generally fall into one of two camps. Either you are disgusted at the notion and determine never to try it or you are more laid-back and think “Sure, why not ”
If you are still puzzled about why this drink exists, here’s a bit of backstory. In 2009, Dave Asprey, a businessman, launched and trademarked Bulletproof coffee. He got the idea during his travels in Tibet, where yak butter(酥油) tea is common. He marketed and sold the concept as a low-carbon, high-fat breakfast alternative that would help people lose weight and be energized.
Despite all of Asprey's claims, there are not many benefits to butter coffee, especially if anyone skips meals and replaces them with the drink. While cutting out carbohydrates(碳水化合物) may be good for people with type 2 diabetes, a low-carbon diet is usually only recommended for a short period of time. And though the fat from the butter may keep you feeling full for a while, there are a number of downsides to adding a couple of tablespoons to your morning coffee.
Doctors point out that the amount of fat in butter coffee is higher than most recommended daily amounts. Additionally, a breakfast of butter and coffee does not contain nutrients that are essential to a healthy diet.
1.What does the author mean by “two camps” in the first paragraph
A.The campsites where Asprey tried yak butter tea.
B.The areas where one can buy fresh butter coffee.
C.The two versions of butter coffee that are popular.
D.The opposing views people have about butter coffee.
2.Asprey got the inspiration for Bulletproof coffee when he was __________.
A.vacationing in Tibet B.suffering from diabetes
C.starting his business D.selling coffee beans overseas
3.Which of the following is mentioned as a supposed benefit of butter coffee
A.It will help cure diabetes.
B.It serves as a meal replacement.
C.It may make people feel energetic.
D.It is good for those who need to put on weight.
4.What do doctors think of butter coffee
A.The drink offers sufficient nutrients.
B.It is recommended as part of breakfast.
C.The drink is not fully healthy for people.
D.It should be avoided because of deadly chemicals.
答案及解析
答案：1-4 BCCA
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第二段中的Normally, the ISS releases a small amount of air each day to rid the harmful gases. But recently the air seemed to be leaking at a slightly higher rate than usual, which became a cause for concern, according to MSN（通常情况下，国际空间站每天都会释放少量的空气来清除有害气体。但据MSN报道，最近，空气泄漏的速度似乎比平时略高，这引起了人们的关注）可知在最近的空气泄漏事件中，国际空间站泄漏的气体比平常多，故选B。
2.细节理解题。根据第三段中的Fortunately, six people on board found a hole measuring 2 millimeters in diameter on Soyuz MS-09，a Russian spacecraft temporarily docked（对接）with the ISS. The astronauts patched（修补）the hole with tape（幸运的是，机上6人在与国际空间站临时对接的俄罗斯航天器"联盟MS-09"上发现了一个直径为2毫米的洞。宇航员们用胶带修补了这个洞）可知机组人员用胶带修补了漏洞，故选C。
3.段落大意题。根据第四段中的In low orbit, space debris circles around Earth at speeds between 7 to 8 kilometers per second. Because of the high speed, it can penetrate（穿透）the surface of the ISS.（在低轨道上，空间碎片以每秒7到8公里的速度围绕地球旋转。由于速度快，它能穿透国际空间站的表面）可知本段主要讲的是为什么太空垃圾会导致空气泄漏，故选C。
4.推理判断题。根据第五段内容The ISS measures some 109 meters by about 73 meters, roughly the size of a soccer field. So how do astronauts find a tiny hole in such a large area？（国际空间站的尺寸约为109米乘73米，大致相当于一个足球场的大小。那么宇航员是如何在这么大的区域找到一个小孔的呢？）可推断出修复泄漏的最大挑战是找到泄漏源，故选A。
答案：1.D; 2.A; 3.C; 4.C
解析： 1.词义指代题。根据第一段中的"Upon hearing about butter coffee, people generally all into one of two camps. Either you are disgusted at the notion and determine never to try it or you are more laid-back and think "Sure, why not？"说黄油咖啡，人们通常会分成两个阵营。要么你讨厌这个想法，决定永远不去尝试，要么你更悠闲，想"当然，为什么不呢？"）"可知，在第一段中提到的"两个阵营"是指人们对黄油咖啡的相反观点。故选D。
2.细节理解题。根据第二段中的"in 2009, Dave Asprey, a businessman, launched and trademarked Bulletproof coffee. He got the idea during his travels in Tibet, where yak butter油）tea is common.（2009年，商人Dave Asprey推出了防弹咖啡，并注册了商标。他在西藏旅行时产生了这个想法，那里牦牛酥油茶很常见）"可知，Asprey在去西藏度假时获得了防弹咖啡的灵感。故选A。
3.细节理解题。根据第二段中的"He marketed and sold the concept as a low-carbon, high-fat breakfast alternative that would help people lose weight and be energized.（他把这种低碳、高脂肪的早餐作为一种可以帮助人们减肥和获得能量的替代品来推销）"可知，黄油咖啡的好处之一是它可以使人感到精力充沛。故选C。
4.推理判断题。根据最后一段"Doctors point out that the amount of fat in butter coffee is higher than most recommended daily amounts Additionally, a breakfast of butter and coffee does not contain nutrients that are essential to a healthy diet..（医生指出，黄油咖啡中的脂肪含量高于大多数推荐的每日摄入量。此外，一份黄油和咖啡的早餐并不包含健康饮食所必需的营养物质）"可知，医生们认为黄油咖啡对人们并不完全健康。故选C。