Unit 2 Language Grammar and usage

课件25张PPT。Grammar & Usage
Unit 1 Noun Clauses 名词性从句一。名词性从句概述：
名词性从句相当于一个名词，可以在复合句中充当主语，宾语，表语和同位语，相应地称为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。
When they will start has not been decided yet.(主语从句)
I think (that) he is right.(宾语从句)
That is where he was born.(表语从句)
We heard the news that our team had won.(同位语从句)
二。名词性从句的构成：
1。陈述型：由陈述句转化而来。由that引导，在表语从句，宾语从句中可以省略。
He is right.I think so.
→I think (that) he is right.
2.一般疑问型：由一般疑问句转化而来，由whether/if 引导，但if只用于宾语从句。
Will it rain tomorrow ? I don't know.
→ I don't know whether/if it will rain tomorrow.
3.特殊疑问型：由特殊疑问句转化而来，引导词即为它们的特殊疑问词。
When will they start ?It has not been decided yet.
→When they will start has not been decided yet.
共同特点：
全部用陈述句语序。
三。名词性从句的分类：
（一）主语从句：
1。主语从句在复合句中从当主语。
2。连接词：that ,whether是否,连接代词who(谁),what,which(哪一个) 连接副词when(何时，......的时候),where(何地，.......的地方),how(如何),why(为什么，....的原因)等。
That English is being used by more and more people is a fact.（that不做成分，只起连接作用，不可省）
What we need is more time.
Who will go there is not important.
3.主语从句放在句首时，句子显得笨重，可以用it作形式主语。
That English is being used by more and more people is a fact.
→It is a fact that English is being used by more and more people .4.主语从句不可位于句首的几种情况：
1) It doesn't matter how /whether...
It doesn't matter whether he likes or not.
2) It is said(reported ...)that...
It is said that we will have an exam next week.
3) It happens/occurs to sb. that...
It happens to him that he has forgotten to lock the door.
（二）宾语从句
1。宾语从句在复合句中充当宾语。
2。连接词：that（一般可省）,whether,if
连接代词who,what,which 连接副词when,where,how,why等。
3。作宾语的几种情况：
1）作动词的宾语
I wish (that) she could understand me.
I think (that) he is right.2)作介词的宾语
Whether we can succeed depends on how we cooperate.
?注：
?介词后的宾语从句不能由that引导，但在in,execpt后可由that引导。
The problem lies in that the mist may become
a thick fog .
?介词后的宾语从句由whether引导,不用if.
we talked about whether we would buy the TV.
3)作形容词的宾语
I am afraid that I have made a mistake .
4.it 作形式宾语
He has made it clear that he won't agree to the plan.他说得很清楚，他不会同意这个计划的。
（三）表语从句
1。表语从句在复合句中充当系动词的表语。
2。系动词：be,look,remain,seem,appear等。
3。连接词：that（一般可省）,whether,as if
连接代词who,what,which 连接副词when,where,how,why等。It seems that/as if it is going to rain.
This is why Jack got scolded.这就是杰克受训斥的原因。
That is where he was born.那就是他出生的地方。
?常用结构：
The reason ...is that(不用because)
It(this,that) is beacuse...
The reason （why he didn't come） is that he is ill.
I was late for school.That is because I got up late this morning.
（四）同位语从句
1。同位语从句在复合句中充当同位语，对名词作进一步的解释，说明名词的具体内容。
We heard the news that our team had won.
2。能接同位语从句的名词有：idea,news,fact,promise,doubt,belief,hope,
rumour,suggestion,information,conclusion,
evidence,problem,order,decision,explanation,
opinion等。
3。同位语从句一般由that 引导，that在从句中不做成分，不可省略。有时也可以用whether/if,what,which,who,when,where,
why,how引导。
They expressed the hope that they would come to China again.
You have no idea how worried I was !
你不知道我是多么地担心！
There is some doubt whether he will come.
?注：有时同位语从句，可以不跟在它所说明的名词的后面，而是被别的词隔开。
An idea came to her mind that she might go shopping this afternoon.
4.同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
?从语法的角度，定语从句的that既代替先行词，又在从句中作成分（主语/宾语/表语），that 作宾语时，可以省略；而同位语从句的that只起连接主从句的作用，不充当任何成分，且不可省。It is a fact that he has done her best.
It is a fact (that we have heard ).
?从语义的角度，定语从句相当于形容词，与先行词是所属关系；而同位语从句相当于名词，等同于前面的名词，是同位关系，对名词作补充说明。
?定语从句中的先行词可以是表示抽象概念或具体概念的词；而同位语从句中的名词表示抽象概念的词。
practice1.---I think it is going to be a big problem.
---Yes, it could be.
---I wonder ______we can do about it.
A.if B.how C.what D.that
2.______is no possibility _____Bob can win the first prize in the match.
A.There; that B.It; what
C.There; whether D.It; whether3.A computer can only do ____you have instructed it to do.
A.how B.after C.what D.when
4.Can you tell me ______?
A.who is that gentleman
B.that gentleman is who
C.who that gentleman is
D.whom is that gentleman5.He didn’t know which room______.
A.they lived B.they lived in
C.did they live D.did they live in
6.To get the job started, ____I need is from here.
A.which B./
C.what D. that
7.In some countries ________is called “equality” doesn’t really mean equal rights for all people.
A.which B.what C.that D.one
8.Go and get your coat. It’s ____you left it.
A.there B.where
C.there where D.where there9.______you don’t like him is none of my business.
A.What B.who C.That D.Whether
10.The reason____I plan to go is ___she will be disappointed ____I don’t .
A.why; because; when B.why; that; if
C.because; that; if D.why; that; whether11.---____can I do with a situation?
---Take ____ measure you consider best.
How ; whichever B.What; whatever
C. How ;whatever D.What; whichever
12. _____ she said suggested that she hadn’t decided ____ to go or not.
A.What; if B.That; whether
C.What; whether D. Whether; what13.He made a promise _____ anyone set him free he would make him very rich.
A.that B.if C.what D.that if
14. ______ would like to devote his whole life to his country should go _____ there are all kinds of difficulties.
A.Who; somewhere B.Whoever; where
C.Whatever; anywhere D.Who; there15.---Can I sit in the front row?
---Yes. You can take ____seat you like.
A.whatever B.what
C.whichever D.which
16.They lost their way in the forest and ____made matters worse was ____night began to fall.
A.what; that B.it; that
C.what; when D.which; what17.____gone is gone. _____no use talking about it any more.
A.That’s; It’s B.What’s; It’s
C.It’s; That’s D.That’s; that’s
18.I didn’t quite follow you . What was ___you just said about the place?
A.where B.which
C.that D.how