人教新目标中考英语复习--阅读理解课件(共71张PPT)

(共71张PPT)
第二编　题型解法指导
专题五　阅读理解
考情调研解读
归纳题型解法
考情调研解读
1.阅读理解题主要考查考生综合运用所学语言知识的能力, 包括阅读能力、理解能力、归纳概括能力、逻辑推理能力以及对阅读材料的评估能力。试题中所选的阅读文章题材广泛, 涉及政治、经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史、地理、科技等各个方面。体裁多样, 包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等各种文体。
2.中考对阅读理解的考查重点:
(1)根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义;
(2)掌握段落中句与句之间的逻辑关系;
(3)归纳文章的主题, 理解故事的情节, 预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局;
(4)根据不同的阅读目的, 运用简单的阅读策略获取主要信息, 按要求完成题目。
3.考查的主要方式: 判断正误型阅读理解、选择型阅读理解和任务型阅读理解。
4.在做此题时, 要注意以下几个方面:
(1)做好阅读预测
依据文章标题(副标题)、插图以及相关的背景知识和社会生活经验, 对文章的大致内容进行预测。然后阅读文章的第一段, 并对自己的预测进行验证、纠正, 同时抓住主题句、关键词, 从而更好地从整体上去理解和把握文章的中心。
(2)依据主题句定短文的中心
主题句通常置于段落的开头, 有时在段落末尾和中间, 其他的句子通常用来说明和阐述主题句。若把一个个主题句加以整理, 就能悟出其中心思想, 同时还可以回避、排除个别生词、难句(等困难信号)所带来的干扰。但也有一些文章的中心思想常贯穿在全文中, 因而要综观全文, 对全文有一个透彻的理解。
(3)掌握具体事实和重要细节
阅读文章时, 要培养辨认和记忆具体事实、重要细节的习惯。
(4)运用构词法、语境线索等来推测关键词义
在阅读文章的过程中, 常常会遇到一些生词, 如果不懂得这些词义就会妨碍理解。但大部分生词是可以根据上下文, 结合构词法, 或借助文章中的语境线索来帮助猜测词义。这有助于考生加快阅读速度, 提高阅读理解能力。
(5)改进阅读方式
学会扫读(scanning), 快速浏览全文, 通过把握主题句领会文章大意, 辨析文体, 掌握篇章结构, 进而抓住文章的中心。
学会跳读(skipping), 在浏览全文的基础上进行跳读, 以回答个别事实细节性的问题。有些细节性的问题不能直接在短文中找到答案, 必须进行必要的综合、归纳、转换才能获得。这些细节问题通常涉及数据、时间、人称、代词的指代、动作行为的关联、动作行为者与承受者、地点和空间、表达方式、因果、条件、内涵与外延等。
题型1
题型2
题型3
归纳题型解法
题型1
判断正误型阅读理解
典例1A farmer’s dog, Dolly, had puppies(小狗), and the farmer needed to sell them. He painted a sign and put it in his yard. As he was putting up the sign, a little boy walked up to him.
“Sir,” he said, “I want to buy one of your dogs.”
“Well,” said the farmer, “these dogs are very expensive.”
“Can I just look ” asked the boy.
“Sure,” said the farmer and whistled (吹口哨). “Here, Dolly!” he called.
Dolly ran out from the doghouse and four little dogs followed her. The boy became excited. Then, the little boy noticed another dog. This one was smaller. It moved slowly and tried to catch up with the others.
“I want that one,” the boy said, pointing to the little dog.
The farmer said, “Son, you don’t want that dog. He will never be able to run and play with you like these other dogs.”
The little boy reached down and rolled up (卷起) one leg of his trousers. He showed a cast (石膏) on his leg and a specially made shoe. He said, “You see, sir, I don’t run too well myself, and he will need someone who understands.”
The world is full of people who need someone who understands.
1.Dolly was a mother dog which had four baby dogs.
2.One of the dogs moved slowly probably because its legs were weak.
3.The farmer advised the boy not to choose the smaller dog.
4.Nothing was wrong with the boy’s leg.
5.We learn from the story that one should show love and understanding for the weak.
答案:1.F　2.T　3.T　4.F　5.T
解析:1.推理判断题。由短文第六段第一句中的“... four little dogs followed her.”及第三、四、五句可知多莉除了前面提到的四只小狗之外还有一只体形更小的小狗。故此处说多莉有四只小狗是不正确的, 它有五只小狗才对。
2.推理判断题。由短文第六段第五句“It moved slowly and tried to catch up with the others.”及第八段中的“He will never be able to run and play with you ...”可以推断这只小狗行动缓慢可能是因为它的腿虚弱无力。故此处说法正确。
3.细节理解题。由短文第八段中农夫所讲的话“Son, you don’t want that dog. He will never be able to run and play with you like these other dogs.”可知, 农夫确实建议男孩不要选择那只体形小的狗。故此处正确。
4.细节理解题。由短文第九段第一句和第二句可知, 这个男孩的腿上打着石膏并且穿着特制的鞋, 并且后面男孩说“... I don’t run too well myself ...”, 可以确定他的腿是有问题的。故此处错误。
5.主旨大意题。结合短文最后五段, 特别是最后一句话“The world is full of people who need someone who understands. (这个世界上有很多需要别人理解的人。)”, 可以提炼出这篇短文的主旨是号召大家要关爱和理解弱势群体。故此处主旨归纳是正确的。
方法突破
在解答判断正误型阅读理解时要注意以下几点:
1.阅读文章时要掌握文章主旨和作者意图, 重点捕捉与题目有关的信息, 不要过分推敲某个句子或某个语言点, 否则会走入误区, 干扰判断视线。
2.判断句子的正误时切忌看过一道判断题目后, 马上就从文章中搜寻答案, 这样反反复复不仅费时, 而且由于缺乏对文章大意的全面了解, 在判断时往往会有很大的盲目性和片面性。
3.在对每一道题进行判断时, 一定要从文章的具体段落和句子中找到依据, 做到有理有据; 对于不能直接在原文中找到依据的题目, 应根据自己掌握的综合知识以及文章中的某些暗示或相关线索, 通过认真地比较分析, 准确理解作者的意图。
4.只有与文章意思完全相符的句子, 才能判定为正确; 那些基本意思相符, 却仍有某些细节与原文不相符的应判定为错误。
5.有些正误判断题涉及常识性的知识或其他学科的知识, 如: 文化背景知识、历史人物、地理知识等, 因此考生应多了解习俗和文化背景, 掌握跨学科知识, 以便提高判断的准确率。
活学活用
题型2
选择型阅读理解
典例2Many families with children spend their summer holidays in Vineyard. One of the popular places for families is the Flying Horses Carousel(旋转木马). They built the colorful horses in 1876.And one of the best places for children to swim at is the Joseph beach. The water there is warmer and calmer than that at some of the other Vineyard beaches. People can walk through more than nine kilometers of fields. They can learn about the plants and animals on the island. People can also sit on the beach to watch the sunset. As the sun goes down in the sky, it paints yellow, red, and other colors on the clouds.
Many summer visitors also travel to Nantucket. It’s another island near Massachusetts. Visitors like this island because of its beaches, its open land and its trees. Nantucket is smaller than Vineyard. The name of the only town on Nantucket Island is also Nantucket. Many visitors say the most interesting part of the town is the area of homes. The island is famous for its small gray houses with roses(玫瑰)growing on them.
Most visitors who go to both Nantucket and Vineyard enjoy almost everything about the islands. The crowds during the warm season lead to(导致)heavy traffic and long lines for services. Yet, most visitors really enjoy their holidays in Vineyard and Nantucket.
1.Why do children like to swim at the Joseph beach
A.Because the water there is warmer and calmer.
B.Because their parents like to swim there.
C.Because they can play games there.
D.Because roses are growing on it.
2.What does the underlined word “sunset” mean
A.捕鱼　　　　 B.彩虹
C.日出 D.日落
3.The most interesting part of the town of Nantucket is 　　　.
A.the Flying Horses Carousel
B.the area of homes
C.the beautiful roses
D.the beautiful beaches
4.Are there too many visitors in Nantucket and Vineyard in summer
A.No, there aren’t. B.Yes, there are.
C.We don’t know. D.We hope so.
5.What’s the main idea of this article
A.How to spend summer holidays.
B.Vineyard is a good place to visit.
C.Nantucket is famous for its small gray houses.
D.The introduction of the two islands—Vineyard and Nantucket.
答案:1.A　2.D　3.B　4.B　5.D
解析:1.细节理解题。由第一段第四、五句“And one of the best places for children to swim at is the Joseph beach. The water there is warmer and calmer than that at some of the other Vineyard beaches.” 可知答案。
2.词义猜测题。由下一句中的“As the sun goes down ... (当太阳落下去的时候……)” 可知该词义为“日落”。
3.细节理解题。由第二段倒数第二句“Many visitors say the most interesting part of the town is the area of homes.” 可知答案。
4.推理判断题。从最后一段倒数第二句可知, 在温暖的季节, 拥挤的人群造成交通堵塞并形成等待的长队, 由此可推断在夏季游客很多。
5.主旨大意题。通读全文可知, 本文主要介绍了Vineyard和Nantucket这两个适合夏天旅游的岛屿。
方法突破
1.词义猜测题: ①根据上下文内容猜测词义。如:
... most of us agreed; however, Bill dissented ... 由上文可知,大部分人同意, 从however 一词可推知dissent的意思为“不同意”。
②根据背景知识猜测词义。
③根据文章中所举的例子猜测词义。如:
... The Germans are very hard-working. They like tidiness, especially the women, who always keep their homes clean ...
A.整洁 B.安静
C.时尚 D.随意
做这个题目时, 要根据后文的内容来进行推测。由后文especially the women, who always keep their homes clean (尤其是妇女, 总是把家保持得很干净)可推知, 德国人喜欢的是干净、整洁。所以A项符合题意。
④根据语法知识猜测词义。
⑤根据构词法猜测词义。
2.细节理解题: ①把握顺序原则。
②把握定位词原则。如例文中的“... the most interesting part of the town ...” 是第3小题的解题关键词。
③把握排除法原则。
3.推理判断题: ①抓住关键信息进行正向或逆向推理。如例文中的“The crowds during the warm season lead to(导致)heavy traffic and long lines for services.” 是解答第4小题的依据, 导致交通堵塞和人们排起长队的原因, 是游客众多。
②整合全文信息进行推断。
③利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断。
4.主旨大意题: ①重点阅读语篇首尾和各段首尾, 寻找主题句。
②注意出现频率较高的词语, 文章中的关键词常常多次出现, 它常蕴含着文章的中心思想。如例文中多次出现Vineyard和Nantucket这两个词, 且全文为之展开描述。因此在第5小题中, D项就是例文的中心。
③概括性较强的选项优先, 片面选项勿选。
活学活用
3.What had the writer’s parents always warned him about
A.The wind was very strong.
B.The beach was too far away.
C.The cliffs were not a safe place.
D.Bob was difficult to get on with.
答案:C
解析:细节理解题。由第二段括号中的句子可知, 父母警告过他, 悬崖是个危险的地方。
4.Put the sentences in the right order according to the passage.
a.Some rocks came down.
b.The writer followed Bob.
c.The writer wanted to cry.
d.A man and a woman saved them.
e.The writer and Bob heard some sounds.
A.a-b-c-d-e　B.b-a-c-e-d C.a-c-b-e-d D.b-e-a-c-d
答案:B
解析:推理判断题。由第三段内容可知, 事情发生的顺序与B项一致。
5.How did the writer feel about what he had done
A.Surprised. B.Excited.
C.Glad. D.Sorry.
答案:D
解析:推理判断题。由最后一段可以推断, 作者对他所做的事情感到抱歉。
题型3
任务型阅读理解
典例3阅读下面短文, 根据短文内容完成句子。
(2018天津)
Albert Einstein(1879—1955)
Early Life
Albert Einstein was born on 14th March, 1879 in Germany. He was an extraordinary(非凡的) person since he was born. Einstein wasn’t able to speak a word until three. He was curious(好奇的) and imaginative. He loved watching things carefully and asked a lot of questions about them. His questions were often hard to answer for teachers.
Schooling
Einstein started school in 1885.Though he did well in maths and science, he failed in many subjects like history, geography and languages. He was not the teachers’ favourite. He didn’t enjoy going to school. Einstein finished high school in Switzerland and entered a university in Zurich. He graduated(大学毕业) as a teacher of maths and physics in 1900.
Scientific Work
After graduation, Einstein worked at the Patent Office. He spent much time studying physics. By 1909, Einstein had become a top scientist. Though he became successful in the field of science, he still put great effort in scientific research. Finally, he won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1921.
Later Life
Einstein kept at his research until he died in 1955.Scientists studied his brain(脑) after his death to see if there was anything special about it. However, there was no conclusion(结论).
Today, many famous scientists still think Einstein is the smartest man in the world.
1.Einstein loved watching things carefully and 　 　about them.
2.Though Einstein 　　　　　　　　　　　　, he failed in many subjects.
3.Finally, Einstein won the Nobel Prize 　　　　　　in 1921.
4.Scientists studied Einstein’s brain after he died so that 　　　　　　　　　.
5.Many famous scientists still think Einstein is 　　　　.
答案:1.asked a lot of questions　2.did well in maths and science　3.for physics　4.they could see if there was anything special about it　5.the smartest man in the world
解析:1.由第一段倒数第二句可知答案。
2.由第二段第二句可知答案。
3.由第三段最后一句可知答案。
4.由第四段第二句可知答案。
5.由文章最后一句话可知答案。
方法突破
做此类阅读题时, 要注意:
(1)在充分阅读并理解全文的基础上, 注意题目中的重点单词或句型出现在短文中的位置, 弄清句子是否为短文中该句的同义句或近义句。
(2)所设空是否为某个重要短语或句型, 同时要注意所填内容是否和短文的时态和人称一致等。
活学活用
1.It gets 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　to travel to all corners of the world.
答案:easier and easier
2.An American usually shakes your hand and 　　　　at the same time.
答案:looks into your eyes
3.In Japan, the more respect you want to show, the deeper 　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
答案:you should bow
4.In Korea, you should 　　　　　　　　　　　　when entering a house.
答案:take off your shoes
5.　　　　　　　　　　, people hold a business meeting over breakfast.
答案:In Britain
典例4Katie Spotz is a 22-year-old girl from America. She wants to cross the Atlantic Ocean by boat. If she succeeds, she’ll be the youngest and the first American to finish the 2,500-mile trip.
Spotz began sailing when she was at university, but she has never tried to sail such a long way before. It will be a great challenge for her. In recent years, she has swum all the way down the 325-mile Allegheny River and traveled by bike from Seattle to Washington. Spotz knows that she may see some dangerous things during the trip. It will be very dangerous if she meets very bad weather in the middle of the sea. But she believes that she can deal with all the difficulties.
“I never thought I could run 26 miles,”she said. “But once I finished it, I realized that maybe I could do something even more difficult.”
Spotz wants to collect money by going on this trip. She wants to collect money for an organization called “Blue Planet Run”. The organization offers free, safe drinking water to people who need it.
It’ll take her about three months to finish this trip. Good luck to this brave girl and best wishes to her!
答案:1.22　2.2,500　3.bad　4.money　5.3/three
解析:1.由句子“Katie Spotz is a 22-year-old girl from America.”可知她二十二岁了。
2.由句子“If she succeeds, she’ll be the youngest and the first American to finish the 2,500-mile trip.”可知旅行的距离是2,500英里。
3.由句子“It will be very dangerous if she meets very bad weather in the middle of the sea.”可知糟糕的天气在旅行中是危险的事情。
4.由句子“Spotz wants to collect money by going on this trip.”可知旅行的目的是筹钱。
5.由句子“It’ll take her about three months to finish this trip.”可知旅行大约需要三个月。
方法突破
做此类阅读题时要注意以下几点:
(1)所填的词以实词为主, 有些要填的词可以直接从原文中找到。
(2)所填的词必须首先符合语义适用原则, 所以不能看一空就填一空, 那样可能所填的词符合本句话的意思, 但不符合全文的内容。因此要纵观全文, 围绕中心意思, 全盘综合考虑来确定词义。
(3)所填的词要符合语法规则, 必须从词句搭配、句型结构以及人称、时态、语态上来判定所填词的正确形式。
(4)寻读有关的段落或词句时应仔细对照留有空格的句子, 精确理解并找出充足的依据来确定该空格应填的词义。
(5)要把握原短文的中心意思, 必须注重对短文首段和末段的阅读和理解, 学会在段落中找准主题句, 这样才有助于挖掘全文的中心意思。
活学活用
Soccer Enters School
is taking action
Improve
spirit
plenty of
dangerous
不要为这个世界而惊叹，
要让这个世界为你而惊叹！