今天我们如何教语法
图片预览
文档简介
课件242张PPT。今天我们如何教语法？ Without grammar little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. — Wilkins, 1972语法与母语学习 就母语而言，语法规则是在语言的运用中习得而成的。即使不懂语法，也不学语法，大多都能正确地使用母语达到交流的目的。即使偶尔有语法错误，也不会给语言交流制造过多的障碍，中国人如此，英美人也是如此。
（这里说的不懂语法, 指的是不会用语法术语去解释语言现象。）1、习得(acquisition)与学得(learning)
习得是指幼儿在非教学条件下主动
地获得母语的过程。
学得是人习得母语之后有意识、通常是在教学环境里学得的第二外语的过程。2、母语的习得不需要语法的支撑。 1）有研究资料料表明，在美国出生的幼儿到了五岁习得了全部的英语发音，掌握了基本的语法，用于交际的词汇量也多达2200多个；还能分辨常用词语的歧义并能进行得体地交际。到了5-10岁，他们的语音和语法已无多大进展。不断地观察、试探、修正，接近完整，
最终说出正确的表达。No want some food.I no want some food.I don’t want no food.I don’t want any food. Child: Nobody don’t like me.
Mother: No, say “Nobody likes me.”
Child: Nobody don’t like me.
Mother: Now listen carefully, say
“Nobody likes me.”
Child: Oh, nobody don’t likes me.幼儿会按照自己的认识过程来习得
语言的正确表达，表层的纠错是不
起作用的。2）19世纪末，一位法国语言教师F·Guoin到德国汉堡学德语。他以为学习德语的捷径无过于掌握语法。于是，他花了10天的时间，强记了大量的语法规则和不规则动词，然后到学校去听课，结果一句话也听不懂。Practice makes perfect.Helen Keller and her teacher
Ann Sullivan Helen Keller: (1880~1968)The Story of My LifeAnn Sullivan: (1886~1936)3）海伦·凯勒（Helen Keller）的奇迹1. She was born healthy.2. When she was only 19 months
old, she became blind and deaf.3. She lived in a world of darkness
and silence.4. She was like a wild animal when
Ann Sullivan came.7. She began a new life---she was
able to communicate with other
people by writing into her hand.8. She was able to finish her college
education with her teacher.9. She even learnt to speak English
and gave speeches to college
students.2. 习得与学得的比较习得:
潜意识
无正规讲授
无计划
无教材
自然环境学得:
有意识
有讲授
有计划
有教材
无自然环境1）学得与否决定于学生的需要和动机。
幼儿习得母语的主动性和积极性来自说话的需要，这是一种本能的需要。
学习外语的中学生却难于具有同等的主动性和积极性，即使有较高的学习英语的主动性和积极性也不容易持久。所以在教英语课时，特别是在讲授英语语法的时候，我们应该采用多种不同的教学方法来激发、培养和保护学生学习英语的主动性和积极性。2）学得与否是由教学决定的。
幼儿的母语习得是直接的认识过程，它来自生活的语言环境。而我们学生的英语学得来自于英语的教学过程，其中包括教材的质量、教学思想、教师的教学水平、教学方式、教学手段等因素，当然，语法教学也包含在内。3）学得的质量取决于语言环境。
幼儿习得母语有着理想的语言环境，而外语的学得则是在非目的的语言环境中进行的。2. “习得+学得”是英语教学的关键所在。1）有计划地学得与无计划的习得相结合。 2）使英语的课堂教学交际化 3）重视感情投入，建立师生之间的平等合
作关系，提高学生的主体意识，寓乐于
学，以增强他们学习英语的目的性和主
动性。3. 在英语教学中，一些值得我们思考的现象：①把英语当作一门知识学科来讲授。 ②在教学研讨中回避英语语法。 ③学生把语法知识的学习当作学习
英语的最重要的环节。 ④交替使用汉语和英语进行英语教学 。语法是系统的语言规则，包括词法和句法规则。我们是否要教语法？答案是肯定的！But English grammar is not always very important.如何教语法？ 如何有效地教语法？ 如何把语法教得有趣？语法教学关注功能 fun_ction
形式 form
应用 use英语作为一门外语是一种交际工具，为了交际而掌握运用英语的能力才是我们英语教学的最基本的目的。
教师应有意识地突出积累在英语语法教学中的作用，给学生充分的时间和空间。 情态助动词完成时2010年5月 复旦中学教学研讨课本课的教学目标情态助动词完成式表猜测的功能
情态助动词完成时表后悔的功能I am sure that the picture was painted by Van Gogh.
It was possible that the picture was painted by Van Gogh, but I’m not sure.
I am quite sure that the picture was not painted by Van Gogh.
Van Gogh must have painted the picture.Van Gogh might have painted the picture.Van Gogh couldn’t have painted the picture . My sister laughed: “You couldn’t have seen a ghost, because there aren’t any ghosts , you must have dreamed of it.” My mother said, “Dear, you could have seen two fireflies resting closely on a branch and glowing coincidentally together.”My dad said: “You might have seen a cat with its eyes wide open, but you’d better go and have a look in day time.”Story of Mr. Peterson I could have learned singing, but I didn’t. I could have read more books when I was in primary school, but I didn’t. When I was in high school, I could have learned more, but I didn’t. I shouldn’t have smoked, but I did.When I found that she was interested in me， I should have said yes to the girl, but I didn’t. Did Mr. Peterson learn singing when he was young? Why？
Did he read a lot in primary school？ What happened？
What did he learn to do in high school?
Did he marry the pretty girl? Step 2I could have learned singing, but I didn’t. I could have read more books when I was in primary school, but I didn’t. When I was in high school, I could have learned more, but I didn’t. I shouldn’t have smoked, but I did. When I found that she was interested in me I should have said yes to the girl, but I didn’t. What feeling does Mr. Peterson have?
What feeling is the modal perfect in this story used to show?
In the model perfect here used to show the feeling of regret or to guess something that happened in the past? Step 3I could have done something, but I didn’t. Instead, I …
I shouldn’t have done something, but I did. I…
I should have done something, but I didn’t. Instead, I … Talk with your partner about your regrets by using the given structuresStep 4Change the sentences into model perfect. Follow the example below. Example:
It’s a pity that we didn’t go to the seaside last summer.
We should have gone to the seaside last summer. It wasn’t necessary that you lent me your car.
I wanted to learn how to play the piano, but I didn’t.
Lucy stood on the broken chair, so she fell down and got her arm broken.
Peter didn’t review his lesson last night. Instead, he went to the movie. Now he doesn’t know how to answer the question.
Mum told Jack to take an umbrella with him, but he didn’t. Later, he was caught in the rain and got a fever. Jane _______ to the party last Saturday, since she was sick all the weekend. You see, her illness is getting worse.couldn’t have gone B. mustn’t have gone
C. shouldn’t have gone D. might have gone 定语从句的语法功能设计 一Relative Clause The boy brings me the book which is on the teacher’s desk. The boy brings me the book which is on the teacher’s desk. 那个男孩把（老师讲桌上的）书拿给了我。 The boy gives the book to the girl who is sitting behind him. The boy gives the book to the girl who is sitting behind him. 那个男孩把书给了（坐在他后面的）女孩。The boy puts the book on the hand which I usually use to write. 这个男孩把书放在了（我通常用来写字的）手上。She gives the book to the classmate whom she likes to talk with. 她把书给了（她愿意一块儿玩的）同学。She gives the book to the girl whose hair is the longest in the class. 她把书给了（班上头发最长的）女孩。The boy brings me the book which is on the teachers’ desk. The boy puts the book on the hand which I usually use to write. The boy gives the book to the girl who is sitting behind him. She gives the book to the classmate whom she likes to talk with. She gives the book to the girl whose hair is the longest in the class. The boy brings me the book which is on the teachers’ desk. The boy puts the book on the hand which I usually use to write. The boy gives the book to the girl who is sitting behind him. She gives the book to the classmate whom she likes to talk with. She gives the book to the girl whose hair is the longest in the class. 1. The man ___ is playing guitar is my dentist. 2. I lost the book ___ I borrowed from Jane. 3. The lady ___ uncle is a lawyer is sitting in the corner. 4. The gentleman ___ you met just now is the headmaster of my school. 5. The car ___ hit the tree is a Volkswagen. 设计二psychiatrist plumber inertia leopard A psychiatrist is a doctor who studies and treats mental illness. A plumber is a person whose job is to fit and repair things such as water pipes, toilets, etc. Inertia is a property of matter by which it continues in its existing state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless that state is changed by an external force. A leopard is an animal that looks like a large cat and has yellow fur with black spots and a long tail and that live in Africa and southern Asia. A psychiatrist is a doctor who studies and treats mental illness. A plumber is a person whose job is to fit and repair things such as water pipes, toilets, etc. Inertia is a property of matter by which it continues in its existing state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless that state is changed by an external force. A leopard is an animal that looks like a large cat and has yellow fur with black spots and a long tail and that live in Africa and southern Asia. nurse clock police black hole driver Nurse is a person ______ job is to take care of sick or injured people, usually in a hospital. Clock is an instrument ______ is used to measure and showing time in a room or on the wall of a building. Police is an official organization ______ job is to make people obey the law and prevent and solve crime; the people who work for this organization. A black hole, according to the general theory of relativity, is a region of space ______ nothing, including light, can escape. A driver is a person ______ drives a vehicle. 1. Blacksmith
2. refrigerator
3. laptop
4. kangarooA. to be artificially kept cool and used to store food and drink
B. to make and repair things made of iron, especially horseshoes and farm tools
C. lives in Australia and moves forward by jumping on its back legs
D. work with battery and be easily carried
a small computer
a person
a large animal
an appliance
倒装的复习与操练Step 1Tell the students a story and ask them to try to repeat the story.
Long time ago, there was a mountain,
On the top of the mountain lay a temple,
Before the temple was sleeping a dog,
In the temple stood a big chair,
On the chair sat an old monk,
The monk was saying, “Long time ago, there was a mountain,
On the top of the mountain lay a temple,
Before the temple was sleeping a dog,
In the temple stood a big chair,
On the chair sat an old monk,
The monk was saying, “Long time ago, there was a mountain,
…… Ask students what grammar structure appears here repeatedly. Make sure that the students firmly know the basic structure of the inversion here.
Then，
Ask one or two students to repeat the story. Step 2Before students’ writing, divide the class into three groups, Group A, B &C and ask each group to write prepositional phrases used as an adverbial of place, verbs or persons or animals in each column. Step 3Group the students again, 5-6 in each group.
Before the students’ writing, show them one or two more examples accordingly written by other students. Long time ago, there is a lake,
By the lake ran a deer,
On the lake floated a boat,
Under the boat swam some fish,
In the boat sat a girl,
An interesting story She was reading,
The Story goes that long time ago, there was a lake,
By the lake ran a deer,
On the lake floated a boat,
Under the boat swam some fish,
In the boat sat a girl,
An interesting story she was reading,
The Story goes that long time ago, there was a lake,
……In a foreign country, there is a valley,
Through the valley runs a river,
By the river spreads a forest,
In the forest stands a house,
In the house is sleeping a cat, Tom,
Near Tom is a big coach,
On the couch is watching TV a mouse, Jerry,
The TV is showing that in a foreign country, there is a valley,
Through the valley runs a river,
By the river spreads a forest,
In the forest stands a house,
In the house is sleeping a cat, Tom,
Near Tom is a big coach,
On the couch is watching TV a mouse, Jerry,
The TV is showing that in a foreign country, there is a valley,
……定语从句的复习与巩固Love Love is eternal.What is love? What do you think of love ?Some say love, it is a river
Some say love, it is a razor
It’s the heart afraid of breaking
It’s the dream afraid of waking
It’s the one who won’t be taken,
And the soul afraid of dying that leaves your soul to bleed.
who cannot seem to give.
that never learns to live.
that never takes the chance.
that never learns to dance.
that drowns the tender reed. Some say love, it is a river that drowns the tender reed.
Some say love, it is a razor that leaves your soul to bleed.
Some say love, it is a hunger, an endless aching need.
I say love, it is a flower, and you, it’s only seed.
It’s the heart afraid of breaking that never learns to dance.
It’s the dream afraid of waking that never takes the chance.
It’s the one who won’t be taken, who cannot seem to give,
And the soul afraid of dying that never learns to live. Some say love is a moon that gives hope to life like a _____ .
Some say love is joke that brings readers ______.
Some say love is a way that belongs to people who dare to _____.
I say love is a handful of sand that loses more easily if held too _____. lightdelightfighttightGroup WorkWork in groups to think of a couple of sentences about love with rhythm. Then share the lyrics about love, and find out the most beautiful one. Some say love, it is the crystal shoes that bring a true Cinderella to the prince.
Some say love, it is seven dwarfs who help Snow White find her true happiness.
Some say love, it is the kiss that awakes the sleeping Beauty from the peace.
I say love, it is the spell that makes Mermaid, in forever silence.
It’s the Prince Frog who won’t be released until he gets a kiss.
It’s the Black Swan who has to stay in the darkness before love arrives.
It’s the tear that Prince Happiness sheds for his citizens,
And the song that the Nightingale sings for the kiss she never gets. Group WorkWork in groups to write something about what “mother/friend/hero” is, using the following pattern. Mother/Friend/Hero is … that/ which/ who … 定语从句操练和巩固 2 Step 1Mother’s story When you came to this world, she held you in her arms and thought to herself that she would give you ____________________（她所拥有的一切。）
When you were 1 year old, she was busy doing housework. Then the moment came __________________________________(你第一次叫妈妈), and you made her cry with joy. everything/all (that) she had When you called her Mama for the first time When you were 2 years old, she stood by the side of your little bed __________________________ (你正在睡觉的), singing songs softly.
When you were 3 years old, she celebrated your birthday and sent you the first birthday present ____________________ (传递着她浓浓爱意的第一份生日礼物)
When you were 4 years old, she gave you some crayons ___________________________ (一些你可以用来画画的那笔). But instead, you coloured your dining room with them. Where/on which you were sleeping that delivered her deep love with which you can draw picturesWhen you were 6 years old, she walked you to school and left you at a school ________________________________ (社区内最好的一所学校).
When you were 12 years old, she warned you not to watch those meaningless TV shows, but you didn’t understand the reason ___________________ (她这么做的理由) and closed your door in her face.
which is the best in your neighbourhood for which/why she did so When you were 18 years old, she drove you to the railway station, but you got on the train excitedly, and didn’t even notice the woman behind you _______________________ (你身后那个眼里噙满泪水的女人).
When you were 30 years old, she called you, asking about her grandbaby and offering the help ________________ (你正需要的帮助), but you didn’t even ask about HER help.
whose eyes were filled with tears (that) you just needed When you were 40 years old, she fell ill and needed your care, but you were busy with your work, complaining about the burden __________________________________(父母为孩子增加的负担).
And one day, she left you forever. Gone are the days _________________(她在你身边的日子一去不复返了).
___________________________________(你唯一能做的就是记住她曾经为你带来的幸福).
that/which parents had added to their children When she is with you The only thing that you can do is to remember the happiness (that/which) she brought to you Step 2Read the story again to appreciate Mother’s love.
Talk about your own unforgettable memories, beginning with sentence “When I was … years old, …”
Present you story to your partner. Step 3Write a letter to your mother. Start like this:Dear mother,
In the whole process of my growing up, you’ve devoted all your love to me. Today I want to take this opportunity to … Sentence structures for reference:
I still remember the day(s) …
I will never forget …
The reason (why…) is that …
All that I want to say is … Present Perfect TenseSince the present perfect is used to talk about experiences, the possibility for activities is as endless as that of experiences that human beings can have. Have you ever… ? questionnaires Cinema experiences Have you ever met a movie star? Have you cried in a cinema? Have you left the cinema before the movie ended? etc.
Computer experiences Have you ever been in a video conference? Have you ever had a computer virus? Have you ever used an Internet chat? etc.
Health experiences Have you ever spent a night in hospital? Have you ever broken a bone? Have you ever had an operation? etc.
School experiences Have you ever cheated on an exam? Have you ever had a crush on a teacher? Have you ever played truant? Have you ever copied homework from someone else? etc.
Why not? questionnairesTo talk about an action that happened in the past but that has relevance now Because I’ve seen it a hundred times!
Because I’ve read it!
Because I’ve finished my work!
Because I’ve never met him!
Why don’t you want to see Mission Impossible 2?
Why don’t you have your book today?
Why are you sitting there doing nothing?
Why don’t you ask him out?
Because I’ve …
Because I haven’t.. Timeline1971 – Harry is born in London.
1976 – Harry and his family move to Kuwait.
1988 – Harry finishes school and starts working for an Cleanoil, an American oil company.
1996 – Harry is promoted to manager at Cleanoil.
1997 – Harry meets Amina.
2000 – Harry and Amina get married.
2001 – Harry Jr. is born.Make sentences about Harry’s life up to now. Use the words.
Harry/live/in Kuwait. Harry has lived in Kuwait for 28 years.Past Perfect TensebornTimeLine1999came to ShanghaiWWII endedbornWhen you were born, I had already stayed in Shanghai for 5 years. When I was born, the 2nd World War had ended 25 years earlier. 创设情境展开引导。
在情境中应用，在情境中感悟。定语从句的复习与操练 3Step 1Complete the following letter from your penfriend, using relative pronouns. Dear Lin
I received the letter ____ you sent me last week. Thank you for sending me the photos _____ remind me of the Chinese Spring Festival. How are those friends _____ I came to know at Sue’s party? I still remember the tall girl _____ umbrella I mistook and how I was allowed to keep it as a gift.
Last time you asked about the meaning of buffalo wings. Actually, buffalo wings are chicken wings and drumsticks _____ are fried on oil. After being fried, they are covered in a red hot pepper sauce and butter. The usual places _____ sell buffalo wings are bars. I especially like the buffalo wings from “farmer’s Arms”, _____ sauce is so hot and spicy that I must drink cold beer to cool off my mouth.
By the way, I have bought the English book _____ you want. My father has asked his colleague, _____ is leaving for Shanghai next week, to bring it to you. How I wish we could meet again soon!
Best wishes
VivianStep 21. In pairs, discuss what kind of penfriend you would like to have by substituting the underlined part in the given dialogue.
A: What kind of person would you like to have as a penfriend?
B: I would like to have one whose native language is English, so we can communicate in English. How about you?
C: I prefer to have one who has the same interests and hobbies as I do, so we will have a lot to share.
2. Suppose you are talking with your penfriend about where to go during his/her visit. In pairs, complete the following dialogue.
A: I am going to show you around the city. Any place you would particularly like to see?
B: I would like to go to those small towns __________________________.
A: That’s just what I am thinking of. Anything else?
B: Places which ______________ are also a good choice at this time of year.
A: Oh, yes. We can take nice photos there. Step 3Describe the places of interest in Shanghai by combining the sentences with either phrases or relative clauses as attributes. Yu Garden
Yu Garden is located in the centre of Shanghai’s old city.
It has a history of more than 400 years.
It covers an area of 20,000 square metres.
“Yu” means peace and health in Chinese. ExamplesMetro Line No. 1
Metro Line No. 1 is the first underground in Shanghai.
It was started in 1993.
It is 37 kilometers long.
There are 28 stations along the way. The Bund
The Bund is the first stop for most travellers to Shanghai.
It is a historic site.
It is in the eastern part of Huangpu district.
The Bund contains a long walkway. Step 4Write a diary with the title “A day with my penfriend”. The diary should include the information about your penfriends, the meaning of transport and the places you have visited. A day with my penfriend
My penfriend who/whom … has come to Shanghai. Early this morning … 非谓语动词动名词的操练和巩固Step 1 Listen to “ A manager’s busy day” and complete the schedule. The manager’s schedule
Get used to walking around and ________________
Set about _________ for the daily operational meeting
Begin with ________ the night manager’s reports and __________ on the emails
Get down to ________ operational meeting after checking on breakfast and walking through the restaurant
A manager’s busy day
As a hotel manager, I get used to walking around and smiling all the time. I arrive at the hotel at 7:30 a.m. every day. Before I set about preparing for the daily operational meeting, I always begin with reviewing the night manager’s reports and catching up on the emails that come through overnight. Then I check on breakfast and walk through the restaurant to say hello to guests. At 9 a.m. I get down to having the daily operational meeting, where staff report on what has happened the night before and what needs to be cared for. At 9:45 I am very visible and always around the hotel meeting and greeting staff. I have to pay attention to everything happening in the hotel, everything from the temperature of the shower to the variety of foods. And we have to bear in mind cultural differences. For example, the Japanese want a running bath and the Americans are fine just with a shower. At 1 p.m. I always eat with a different member of staff, as this is a valuable way of finding out what is going on. From 2 p.m. to 7p.m. there are different meetings concerning all the aspects of hotel operation. I try to get through all the work by 7 p.m. smiling all the timepreparingreviewingcatching uphavingStep 2Work in groups of six and role-play a daily operational meeting according to the meeting memo. Also discuss what to do with customer’s feedback. Daily operational meeting memo
Customer’s feedback
It’s wonderful to swim in the pool of your hotel.
I was really happy to have a nice dinner in the canteen.
The water stopped coming out when I was taking a shower.
I sat on the balcony and watched the sunset. That was really beautiful.
How comfortable it is to take a sunbath on the beach near the hotel!
The lift didn’t work.
… Staff’s report
The customer appreciated …
The customer enjoyed …
The customers complained about …
The customer praised for …
The customer loved …
The customer couldn’t stand …
The customer hated …
The customer disliked …
The customer was in favour of …
… Step 3The student acting as the manager gives a reply to customers’ feedback and offers solutions to the problems. The manager’s reply to all the customers
Good evening, distinguished guests,
As the hotel manager, I really enjoy reading customers’ feedback and I’m looking forward to improving our service by …
One of the customers complained about … To solve the problem, I suggest …
…Poem Writing Haircut Haircut
What I hate about having a haircut
is being asked how I want it when I don’t want it cut at all
What I hate about having a haircut
is being asked questions with the whole room listening to my answers.
What I hate about having a haircut
Is being asked to look in the mirror and say how I like it
What I hate about having a haircut
Is going to school and everyone telling me I’ve had my haircut.
What I hate about … is doing …PLAYING BASKETBALL
What I like
about playing basketball
is having friends around
while I’m enjoying the game.
What I like
about playing basketball
is becoming stronger
while I’m running up and down.
What I like
about playing basketball
is knowing many stars
while I’m chatting online about NBA.
What I like
about playing basketball
is being told I’m cool by girls
while I’m playing in the court.
HOMEWORK
What I hate
about doing homework
is being asked to copy
what I’ve learned by heart.
What I hate
about doing homework
is being told that I can watch TV after it
while I know it’ll be endless.
What I hate
about doing homework
is often being told
that I have to do it again.
What I hate
about doing homework
is finding out mostly
what I have done has nothing to do with the test.
Being a Teacher
What I like about being a teacher
Is being greeted for countless times every morning.
What I like about being a teacher
is seeing the students leaving
with their satisfying answers from me
What I like about being a teacher
Is being able to have 2 long vacations every year.
What I like about being a teacher
Is knowing the big progress my students have made.
What I like about having coffee in the cafeteria
is chatting with my friend comfortably in the sofa.
What I like about having coffee in the cafeteria
is feeling the nice smell of coffee in the air.
What I like having coffee in the cafeteria
is listening to the light jazz music I prefer.
What I like having coffee in the cafeteria
is enjoying reading fashion magazines
without glancing at my watch at all.
What I like having coffee in the cafeteria
is seeing elegant young ladies sitting opposite to me
Without saying a word. Having coffee
Having a meeting
What I hate about having a meeting
is having a meeting to discuss when to have a meeting.
What I hate about having a meeting
is being asked to do what I hate doing.
What I hate about having a meeting
is being disturbed from time to time when I am desperate for a nap.
What I hate about having a meeting
is being dismissed when I eventually feel wide awake to be involved in the meeting. What I hate about teachers’ training is its occupying my vacation while I can have a journey or stay with my family.
What I hate about teachers’ training is being asked to act as a student, listening, writing and finishing various homework, which I ask my students to do.
What I hate about teachers’ training is being given a speech which has little to do with our job, confusing us all the time.
What I hate about teachers’ training is being asked to write a report about the training, which really makes me doubt myself. Teachers’ training
Watching movies
What I like about watching movies
is enjoying the time I spent with a story of others.
What I like about watching movies
is being moved by the stories of others
while I can find something similar inside my heart.
What I like about watching movies
is experiencing the life I can never live and suffering the pain I can never imagine.
What I like about watching movies
is being told after I experienced and suffered it is only a movie. Having a job
What I like about having a job
is shopping on-line without being judged.
What I like about having a job
is doing my own stuff without being bothered.
What I like about having a job
is living a life with nothing to worry.
What I like about having a job
is getting paid with no one to share. My Work
What I hate about my work
is being told that we will have more lessons.
What I hate about my work
is being forced to visit students’ families.
What I hate about my work
is being asked to help other teachers to solve problems about my students.
What I hate about my work
is going to school and the headmaster telling me I’ve done a bad job. What I hate most is to be cheated.
What I love most is to be praised.
What I cherish most is to be appreciated.
What I disgust most is to be fooled.
What I like most is to be encouraged.
What I dislike most is to be criticized.
Cooking
What I hate about cooking
is thinking hard what to eat every day.
What I hate about cooking
is having to spend a lot of time selecting and washing the vegetables.
What I hate about cooking
is not knowing how many dishes I should prepare
as I want to taste more than I have cooked.
What I hate about coking
is having to do the washing work after I finished the meal.
It’s you that brings the bright to my life.
It’s you that makes me feel the world is so beautiful.
It’s you that gives me such great courage to overcome every difficulty.
It’s you that brings laughter to my work.
My baby, you are my whole！
Because of you, I’m the happiest women in the world! STRUCTURE 2an unusual person, animal, or mythical being：eg. a ghost
an unusual place + preposition，eg, by the river
an adjective and its comparative form，eg，good and better
a valuable object, precious metal or stone，eg, a lump of gold
some thing to wear，eg， a fur coat
a machine or object，eg， a pair scissors
a natural object/food/drink，eg，a glass of wine
STRANGE MEETING
I met a ［…1…］in/on/by ［…2…］
I said, “What is (more …/…er) than ［…3…］?”
“What is (more …/…er) than ［…4…］?”
“What is (more …/…er) than ［…5…］?”
“What is (more …/…er) than ［…6…］?”
The ［…1…］(did something) and then replied,
“A ……is (more…/…er)than 3.”
“A ……is (more…/…er)than 4.”
“A ……is (more…/…er)than 5.”
“A ……is (more…/…er)than 6.” STRANGE MEETING
I met an old monk in a temple
I said, “What is more important than money?”
“What is more valuable than gold?”
“What is more precious than life?”
“What is more significant than longevity?”
The old monk smiled and then replied,
“Love is more important than money.”
“Friend is more valuable than gold.”
“Truth is more precious than life.”
“Freedom is more significant than longevity.” STRANGE MEETING
I met a little boy by the sea
I said, “What is brighter than the star?”
“What is longer than the river?”
“What is higher than the mountain?”
“What is deeper than the sea?”
The boy thought for a while and then replied,
“My dady’s bald head is brighter than the star.”
“Mum’s knitting thread is longer than the river.”
“Grandpa’s nose is higher than the mountain.”
“My Granny’s glasses are deeper than the sea.”
STRANGE MEETING
I met a honeybee in the flowers
I said, “What is more beneficial than producing honey?”
“What is more profitable than producing honey?”
“What is more rewarding than producing honey?”
“What is more interesting than producing honey?”
The honeybee hummed and replied,
“Nothing is more beneficial than producing honey.”
“Nothing is more profitable than producing honey.”
“Nothing is more rewarding than producing honey.”
“Nothing is more interesting than producing honey.” That is just to say I have eaten the plums
that were in the icebox
And which you were probably
saving for breakfast
Forgive me
They were delicious
So sweet and so cold I’ve broken the vase
That you kept for flowers
And which you’ve just bought
For only one week
Forgive me
It was so beautiful
And so easy to break
语法教学与语言能力的培养语法教学应与英语的实际运用相结合。
在英语语法教学中我们应该尽可能地营
造比较真实而又生动的语言环境和情景，
让学生在语言的交际活动中来提高语言
能力，从而更好地理解和掌握语法规则。
孤立地给学生讲授繁杂多变的语法规则，
只能提高他们解题的能力，而不能提高
他们学习英语的兴趣和积极性，也达不
到提高他们语言能力的目的。 语法规则来自语言的运用和交流，语法知识的获得也是来自语言的实践。我们英语语法的教学必须与英语的运用紧密结合。 我们应该培养更多的具有运用英语能力的人才，而不是研究英语语法的学者。Teaching Writing Abstract Picture Writing Picture Writing 1234Questionnaire 1. Make a list of reasons why you think writing is important in English lessons.
2. What kind of “text” do students write in your lessons?
Make a list of typical writing tasks. How much time do they spend on writing:
1) sentences
2) whole “tests” , e.g. narratives, descriptions, etc.
3. To what extent do you think difficulty in foreign language writing is a language problem or a writing problem?
4. Reflect on your own writing in a first or foreign language. What are the difficulties you experience in writing? 5. Do you work with your students when they are writing, encouraging them to revise their work as they go along?
6. Do your students ever collaborate on writing tasks?
7. Do your students ever mark their own or each others’ work?
8. Does writing take place in separate lessons in your students’ programme or is it integrated with other work? Creative Writing Creative Writing Encourages Imagination Inventors, scientists and product developers all have a sense of imagination. Creative writing helps children learn to think outside of the box and leads to the development of problem-solving skills. Creative Writing Teaches Persuasiveness If a child writes a story about some outlandish creature, he is going to try to convince the reader of the possibility of the creature, which leads him to develop a detailed description, and even personality and actions for the creature, making the reader believe this is possible. Creative Writing Teaches Discipline While letting the imagination run free may not seem like a way to encourage discipline, any writer will tell you that putting what you see in your head onto paper and making it something feasible and enjoyable for others is an exercise in discipline. The thoughts need to be ordered, clear and concise. Creative Writing Can Be Used As Therapy Many times children and adults have a hard time saying what is on their minds, but in creative writing therapy, they are able to put whatever is bothering them into a third person point of view, which helps them remain detached. Grammar Skills Writing about something they choose to write about helps children practice good grammar and spelling skills without seeming like a lesson or work. They learn to insert commas to separate their adjectives, periods to end a thought and to start a new paragraph when they change topics.… Suddenly a wind blew and the door was closed. I tried to open it again but I can’t. The aliens went toward me and said: “Wow, this human looks funny. Let’s play a trick on him.” I was afraid. I shouted for help but no one replied. They did an operation on me. When I saw myself in the mirror, I fainted at once. I became an alien as well. … “Aliens!” I shouted. “My teachers are aliens.” I wanted to go outside, but I couldn’t move. My body seemed not to belong to me. Teachers stared at me without saying anything. A few seconds later, they changed their appearance in a hurry. Then they were like human beings. I was very afraid. They approached me. I was so afraid that I fell on the floor. “Go away! Aliens!” I shouted. “Please keep calm.” said my maths teacher. “Who are you? Where are my teachers?” said I. “We are your teachers. We are here with you.” said my teacher. “No, you aren’t. You are aliens. You are ugly and vicious aliens. What did you do to my teachers.” shouted I. “We are really your teachers. Please believe us.” said a teacher. “I can’t believe you.” I shouted. “Well, I will tell you the fact. In fact, we are not human beings. And you aren’t human being, either. You have mental disease. You always think that you are human being. To help you, we pretend we are human beings. Then we put a device into your eye so that you don’t think you are alien when you look at yourself.” said a teacher. Then they touched my head suddenly, and let me look at myself I the mirror. “Oh, no! I am an alien.” shouted I. Then I fainted. Moments later, other students came to school. In the class, my maths teacher said, “One student can’t come to class today. He transferred to another school. What a pity!”…. … My science teacher was talking about his family on Mars through a strong screen. His son had three heads! My math teacher was eating our homework with pepper! My chemistry teacher took off her glasses and I found her eyes are yellow! My Goodness! I quickly ran out of the office and hurried home. I don’t want to go to school ever since!… “Good morning, Martin! You go to school early. It is unusual. What happened?” asked Mr. Barnaby. “Hmm … I had some problem within my homework. Can you help me?” I said. “No problem! Let me have a look.” I gave my homework to Mr. Barnaby, and I was irresolute to ask why he became an alien. Before I opened my mouth, I heard the ringing sound of my alarm clock. “It’s just a dream.” I said. But I found that I was late for school, and my homework was not finished. I hurried to school and was surprised to see that all people of the school were aliens, including my classmates and my teachers. …… I was so frightened that I could hardly move any more. “Hey, girl. What’s wrong with you?” one of the aliens asked me. I could recognize her voice. She was my math teacher. She walked towards me and wanted to touch me. “Help!!” I shouted. “Please! Please don’t kill me. I am a good student. I’m never late for school and hand in homework on time. Please don’t kill me!” I repeated in a tiny voice and fell on the floor. “Ha, ha, ha …” all the aliens laughed heartily. I was amazed to see all the aliens in the office took off their alien masks, laughing. “Happy April Fool’s Day!” They said with one voice. Then I realized I was made a fool of by my teachers and today was April Fool’s Day. … I tried my best to stay calm and pretended that nothing had happened. I quickly found Mr. Barnaby’s desk, but at the desk sat a purple creature who had a big head near which there was a much smaller one. After a while, I encouraged myself to ask him the maths problem. His bigger head kept watching the computer cream, preparing his lesson, and the smaller one turned to me. To my surprise, no sooner had he seen the question than he gave me the solution. Then he looked puzzled at me and said “Why do you ask me such an easy question?” “Well, I’m sorry, sir, but … Eh…” “Ok, go back to your classroom.” (to be continued)Oh, my goodness! As I walked into my classroom, I found nearly half of my classmates were aliens. I didn’t know what happened to me. First lesson was history, here came a short old creature who had a really big brain with which his head looked like a heart-shaped object. “Good morning, everyone. Let’s start our lesson. We talked about the human beings in 2012, they were really foolish and inconsiderate, weren’t they?” Suddenly, we were in a spaceship. I was to surprised to say anything. The teacher’s voice boomed, “At 0:00, Dec 21st, 2012 happened the Cataclysm, we aliens called ‘Styzy’ decided to help the human beings. We saved them. From then on, came a new ERA called ‘Flash’ and we lived and worked together happily. 210 years later, now, we ….” I whispered to my deskmate, “Why does our city look so ancient?” “Are you insane? This week is ‘America Week’, the whole city is restored to the America in 2011.” “Oh, yeah, here it is. I remember, yeah … well… thanks.” I gasped “Oh, my gash, I am in the future!” (to be continued)Next lesson was physics, I do love it! However, the teacher was Mr. Barnaby. “Good morning, everyone. Let’s do an experiment today.” “Cool!” students shouted. Mr. Barnaby kept going, “This experiment was first done by Dr. Chris in F 3 years. He was a man full of talent, and his experiment was his first one that shaked the world.” I whispered, “The same name as mine.” “Now, let’s start the experiment.” The experiment proved that it’s possible to use wormhole to transport thing which is much tinier than molecules. It was fantastic. … There was a sealed bottle which floated on the ocean near the beach. Inside the bottle, there was a seed. Outside the bottle, there was a notice which said “Never plant it”. One day, a boy called John, was playing football on the beach. He happened to see the bottle. With curiosity, he brought it home. At that night, he secretly opened the bottle and spread the seed to the field. He cherished the hope that the seed would grow properly. Eventually, the seed became a splendid Christmas tree where there were a lot of presents overnight. John jumped with joy. Many, many years ago, there was a poor family living in the countryside. They hadn’t a lot of money but they were happy. However, a disaster came unexpectedly. The woman’s husband, the girl’s father, suddenly fell ill. The family was sad and nervous because they hadn’t enough money to rescue the man. The girl wanted to save her father. So she had an idea. It was said that East Forest had a magic seed. It had powerful source and could make people healthy. But it was also dangerous seed. The people who first plant is will die. The girl wrote a letter to her mum and went to the forest. The forest was horrible, especially in the evening. The girl still continued to find the seed. One day, she met a white-hair lady. The lady said to her, “Do you want to know the location of the seed? I can tell you, but I want your beautiful eyes.” The girl allowed. Soon she couldn’t see anything, but she felt there is a bottle ahead of her. She touched and found there was the seed. She was happy, although she knew she would die when she planted the seed. She put the bottle on. The strange thing was that she was still alive and could see anything. She went home quickly and put the seed to her father. Her father was healthy later. Finally, the girl knew her bravery and love changed the seed’s magic. Love’s power is the biggest. “Oh, my god! What is it! I have never seen such a beautiful seed!” Nemo looked at the seed greedily. Nemo is a botanist. He wants to be famous. So he didn’t hesitate to put the seed into the soil. Moments later, he was shocked by the fact that the plant began to grow crazily. The plant ate Nemo. Then the plant began to grow quickly. World is in crisis. At this time, a group of teenagers just wearing a red scarf appeared. They took “Quotations of Chairman Mao” and fought against the plant. Some of them died, but they finally defeated the evil plant. They stood in the sun. All the people are grateful to them. They shouted, “Chairman Mao is our sun. He led us to a bright future.” Thousands of years ago, an old fable had been predicted that there was a jar that filled with a seed, which just let you into a horrible dream. “The jar is just like the Pandora!” said someone. It told a story that the Devil was punished on the Judgment Day. The Devil who was very evil, had killed many people, he left a terrible figure in the weak world. And now, he had been beaten, and was going to accept the judgment, and pay for the crime he made. On that day which was full of very heavy fog, everyone held his breath and felt the fear that the Devil brought to him. Suddenly, the hard atmosphere was broken, the Devil laughed, “How do you think I’m going to die? Weak creatures! Don’t forget me, one day, I’ll be back, the future is unpredictable! There’s a seed that I left somewhere. It contains the disaster, illness, death, fear! You’d better go and find it if you people want to live, if you fail to find it in time, the day it grows up, is the day I come back!” Then the Devil disappeared in the thunder storm in the darkness. … The little boy who walks alone in the street is Tom. He is sorrowful, lonely even hopeless. He wants to take his own life. Why does he want to do it? Because his parents got a divorce 2 months ago. He was friendless and helpless after that. He thought that he was hopeless and of no happiness. A seed which is names despair was planted into heart and grew up quickly. The weed was so powerful that he could hardly stop it. If you plant it into your heart, you will never dump it clearly. So, don’t plant it!Long, long ago, on the Kulun Mountain, there was a beautiful tree. A bird lived beside it. This bird used to drink the dew on the tree and eat the fruit on it. After many thousand years, the bird and the tree absorbed sun and month’s light, they became immortals. But only one of them can go to paradise. The tree decided to help the bird. The tree compelled the bird to go to paradise and the result was that the tree must die. The tree only left a seed. The bird was very sad, he put the tree’s seed in a beautiful crystal bottle and sealed it up in order that it could never be planted. There is a bottle in Ben’s home. In the bottle, there is a small seed. Ben’s parents told Ben not to touch the bottle. But one day, Ben’s parents went shopping, so Ben went into his parents’ bedroom. He opened the bottle and took out the seed. Then he planted the seed into the ground. Only a minute later, the plant germinated and became a small baby. Ben was afraid. Just then, he heard some voice and turned around. He saw his parents stand behind him. His father said, “Do you know where we came from now?” Then he raised up his green hand just like the plant. Principles of Teaching Writing 1. Care is needed in the selection of text types for both reading and writing, always bearing in mind that students can usually read language that is more advanced than they can produce.
2. Unless you encourage the production of whole texts, you will not have the opportunity to teach all the important features that can help to make a text coherent.
3. Classroom writing tasks should reflect the ultimate goal of enabling students to write whole texts which form connected, conceptualised, and appropriate pieces of communication.
4. Students need opportunities to practise various forms and functions in writing and within these to develop the different skills involved in producing written texts.
5. Classroom writing tasks need to be set up in ways that reflect the writing process in good writers. We need to encourage our students to go through a process of planning, organizing, composing, and revising.
6. When setting writing tasks, teachers need to vary the audience, identify who the readers are to be, and try to make every piece of writing fulfil some kind of communicative purpose, either real or simulated, when students understand the context they are much likely to write effectively.
7. The process of marking, with its traditional focus on error-correction by the teacher needs review and modification into a range of activities involving students as well as teachers, thus making revision an integral part of the process of writing.
8. Students need time in the classroom for writing. The teacher’s task is to select or design activities which support them through the process of producing a piece of writing.
9. Collaborative writing in the classroom generates discussions and activities which encourage an effective process of writing.
They consider purpose and audience. They consult their own background knowledge. They let ideas incubate. They plan. As they write, they read bock over what they have written. Contrary to what many textbooks advise, writers do not follow a neat sequence of planning, organizing, writing and then revising. For a while a writer’s product --- the finished essay, story or novel --- is presented in lines, the process that produces it is not linear at all.
(Raimes 1985) Differences
between Speech and Writing
Speech Usually ......
Acquired in L1 by everyone
Speaker and listener share same time/place
Speaker and listener can see one another – meaning may be carried by gesture, facial expression
Takes place in a shared context
May contain deictic references to outside world (over there / this one)
Writing Usually ......
Learned in L1 – not necessary by everyone
Reader and writer separated in time /space
Reader and writer can’t see one another – all meaning must be conveyed by text
Has to create its own context
References must be built into the text
Speaker and listener may know one another already
Speaker and listener may interact and change roles
Immediate feedback (verbal or non-verbal)
expected and given
What is spoken is temporary and transient
Reader and writer may not know one another
No immediate interaction or exchange of roles between reader and writer
No immediate feedback possible
What is written is permanent and retrievable
Not planned in advance
Utterances may contain strings of clauses with little subordination
Grammatically incomplete or inaccurate utterances accepted
Contains hesitations, paused, fillers, repetition
Contractions used
Boundaries of utterances marked by intonation, pauses
May be planned and edited
More subordination and complex sentence structure
High degree of accuracy expected
Full form used
Grammatical boundaries of sentences marked by punctuation, layout
Prosodic features –volume, pace, stress, rhythm- communicate meaning as well as words
May show marked regional variation
Changes more quickly
Basic unit phonemesCapitalisation, font variation, underlining etc used to stress items. Attitude may also be conveyed via punctuation!
Little regional variation
Changes more slowly
Basic unit morphemesThe Principle of C.A.P Context— the situation, events, or information that are related to something, and that help you to understand it better
Audience— the people to whom you want to communicate something by writing
Purpose—the aims that you want to achieve through communication (Why you are writing) You are not satisfied with a washing machine you bought last week and decide to write a letter of complaint to the Customer Services Manager. You want them to come and check your machine. Context _________________________________________
Audience ________________________________________
Purpose ________________________________________not satisfied with the newly bought washing machine the manager of the Complaints Department of the company want to have the newly bought washing machine checked You are very busy and can’t go to the supermarket. Your friend will go for you. Write a shopping list to your friend.
Context ______________________________
Audience ______________________________
Purpose ______________________________You are busy and can’t go to the supermarket.Your friendAsk him/her to buy something for you. One day you saw a road accident when you are walking along a street. Now write a brief report to the police about a road accident that you have seen.
Context ______________________________
Audience _____________________________
Purpose ______________________________You saw a road accident. The police To tell the police what you have seen. You are moving to aboard and you want to sell your car. Now write an advertisement to a newspaper for selling your car with descriptions of it.
Context ______________________________
Audience ______________________________
Purpose _____________________________Move to abroad Newspaper readersTo sell your carSentences 主干结构的确立Taking inspiration from a Japanese architect, who has used cardboard to make big buildings including churches, Mr Dunlop used cardboard material for his tents, which he called Myhabs. Taking inspiration from a Japanese architect, who has used cardboard to make big buildings including churches, Mr Dunlop used cardboard material for his tents, which he called Myhabs. In a victory of green business that is certain to appeal to environmentally-aware music-lovers, a design student is to receive financial support to produce eco-friendly tents made of cardboard that can be recycled after the bands and the crowds have gone home. 正是这场沙尘暴的后果才使人们充分认识到植树的重要性。 后果 使人们 认识到 made sb do sthIt is (was) …… that …… ……sththe consequence made people realize It was that of the dust stormthe importance of planting treesIt was that .正是这场沙尘暴的后果才使人们充分认识到植树的重要性。 尽管遭受了如对此严重的自然灾害，但只要不灰心，
我们终会克服暂时的困难。（Although…） Although ,
so long as suffer disasterlose heartovercome difficultyAlthough we are suffering such a severe natural disaster, we will eventually overcome the temporary difficulty as long as we don’t lose heart. 无论风多大、雨多急，警察一直坚守在岗位上。
（no matter ……）No matter how ,
the police keep to No matter how hard the rain falls and the wind blows, the police keep to their posts. 口头表述在先，笔头记录在后
多样表述在先，参考展示在后
样句表述在先，模仿重复在后
错误展示在先，纠正改进在后
Brainstorming to get ideas in your composition Mind Map Holidays EXPENSIVE
Cruise
Hotel
Skiing NEEDS
Passport
Insurance
Money
Clothes
HOT
Africa
Safari
California ADVENTURE
Camping
Walking
Sailing
Trekking
Exploring TRANSPORT
Plane
Car
Bus
Train
Boat COLD
Scotland
Arctic
Skiing CHEAP
Camping
Hitch-hiking
Stay with friends
Beach
Swimming What if you can’t find a job after graduation? FIND A JOB
Part time job/ Full time job
Income / experience
Farmer / peaceful
Join the army
CONTINUE TO STUDY
Go abroad for further study
Night school
STAY AT HOME
Help parents do housework
ASK OTHERS FOR INFORMATION
information or from internet/newspaper/magazines
Rely on parents
LEARN NEW SKILLS TO MAKE A LIVING
Learning cooking /management / repairing
RAISE CONFIDENCE START OWN BUSINESS
Open a shop on Internet
To invent something new
Be a free writer / volunteer to help the disabled / homeless people (animals)
OTHERS
Marry a rich man
Build up a child
Buy lottery / stocks
Move to another city for opportunity
Correction To correct everything --- that is, the teacher makes all the correctionThe disadvantagesMost students may find it very dispiriting if they get a piece of written work back and it is covered in red ink, underlining and crossings-out.
It also takes teachers time.
How do the students know what’s important and what isn’t The advantage is that the teacher may know more about the students’ errors.Teacher just draws line under mistakes and doesn’t correct, doesn’t indicate types of mistakes. That is, correct mistake selectively.Teacher uses correction code to indicate the types of mistakes For example: P = punctuation Sp = spelling G = grammar Wo = word order T = tense Cap = error in capitalization Reading and WritingStick to the New development Website for English Learning and Teaching www.putclub.com
www.listeningexpress.com
www.britishcouncil.org.cn/englishonline
www.eslcafe.com/
www.etprofessional.com
www.teflonline.com
www.bbc.co.uk/china/learningenglish
Thank You
（这里说的不懂语法, 指的是不会用语法术语去解释语言现象。）1、习得(acquisition)与学得(learning)
习得是指幼儿在非教学条件下主动
地获得母语的过程。
学得是人习得母语之后有意识、通常是在教学环境里学得的第二外语的过程。2、母语的习得不需要语法的支撑。 1）有研究资料料表明，在美国出生的幼儿到了五岁习得了全部的英语发音，掌握了基本的语法，用于交际的词汇量也多达2200多个；还能分辨常用词语的歧义并能进行得体地交际。到了5-10岁，他们的语音和语法已无多大进展。不断地观察、试探、修正，接近完整，
最终说出正确的表达。No want some food.I no want some food.I don’t want no food.I don’t want any food. Child: Nobody don’t like me.
Mother: No, say “Nobody likes me.”
Child: Nobody don’t like me.
Mother: Now listen carefully, say
“Nobody likes me.”
Child: Oh, nobody don’t likes me.幼儿会按照自己的认识过程来习得
语言的正确表达，表层的纠错是不
起作用的。2）19世纪末，一位法国语言教师F·Guoin到德国汉堡学德语。他以为学习德语的捷径无过于掌握语法。于是，他花了10天的时间，强记了大量的语法规则和不规则动词，然后到学校去听课，结果一句话也听不懂。Practice makes perfect.Helen Keller and her teacher
Ann Sullivan Helen Keller: (1880~1968)The Story of My LifeAnn Sullivan: (1886~1936)3）海伦·凯勒（Helen Keller）的奇迹1. She was born healthy.2. When she was only 19 months
old, she became blind and deaf.3. She lived in a world of darkness
and silence.4. She was like a wild animal when
Ann Sullivan came.7. She began a new life---she was
able to communicate with other
people by writing into her hand.8. She was able to finish her college
education with her teacher.9. She even learnt to speak English
and gave speeches to college
students.2. 习得与学得的比较习得:
潜意识
无正规讲授
无计划
无教材
自然环境学得:
有意识
有讲授
有计划
有教材
无自然环境1）学得与否决定于学生的需要和动机。
幼儿习得母语的主动性和积极性来自说话的需要，这是一种本能的需要。
学习外语的中学生却难于具有同等的主动性和积极性，即使有较高的学习英语的主动性和积极性也不容易持久。所以在教英语课时，特别是在讲授英语语法的时候，我们应该采用多种不同的教学方法来激发、培养和保护学生学习英语的主动性和积极性。2）学得与否是由教学决定的。
幼儿的母语习得是直接的认识过程，它来自生活的语言环境。而我们学生的英语学得来自于英语的教学过程，其中包括教材的质量、教学思想、教师的教学水平、教学方式、教学手段等因素，当然，语法教学也包含在内。3）学得的质量取决于语言环境。
幼儿习得母语有着理想的语言环境，而外语的学得则是在非目的的语言环境中进行的。2. “习得+学得”是英语教学的关键所在。1）有计划地学得与无计划的习得相结合。 2）使英语的课堂教学交际化 3）重视感情投入，建立师生之间的平等合
作关系，提高学生的主体意识，寓乐于
学，以增强他们学习英语的目的性和主
动性。3. 在英语教学中，一些值得我们思考的现象：①把英语当作一门知识学科来讲授。 ②在教学研讨中回避英语语法。 ③学生把语法知识的学习当作学习
英语的最重要的环节。 ④交替使用汉语和英语进行英语教学 。语法是系统的语言规则，包括词法和句法规则。我们是否要教语法？答案是肯定的！But English grammar is not always very important.如何教语法？ 如何有效地教语法？ 如何把语法教得有趣？语法教学关注功能 fun_ction
形式 form
应用 use英语作为一门外语是一种交际工具，为了交际而掌握运用英语的能力才是我们英语教学的最基本的目的。
教师应有意识地突出积累在英语语法教学中的作用，给学生充分的时间和空间。 情态助动词完成时2010年5月 复旦中学教学研讨课本课的教学目标情态助动词完成式表猜测的功能
情态助动词完成时表后悔的功能I am sure that the picture was painted by Van Gogh.
It was possible that the picture was painted by Van Gogh, but I’m not sure.
I am quite sure that the picture was not painted by Van Gogh.
Van Gogh must have painted the picture.Van Gogh might have painted the picture.Van Gogh couldn’t have painted the picture . My sister laughed: “You couldn’t have seen a ghost, because there aren’t any ghosts , you must have dreamed of it.” My mother said, “Dear, you could have seen two fireflies resting closely on a branch and glowing coincidentally together.”My dad said: “You might have seen a cat with its eyes wide open, but you’d better go and have a look in day time.”Story of Mr. Peterson I could have learned singing, but I didn’t. I could have read more books when I was in primary school, but I didn’t. When I was in high school, I could have learned more, but I didn’t. I shouldn’t have smoked, but I did.When I found that she was interested in me， I should have said yes to the girl, but I didn’t. Did Mr. Peterson learn singing when he was young? Why？
Did he read a lot in primary school？ What happened？
What did he learn to do in high school?
Did he marry the pretty girl? Step 2I could have learned singing, but I didn’t. I could have read more books when I was in primary school, but I didn’t. When I was in high school, I could have learned more, but I didn’t. I shouldn’t have smoked, but I did. When I found that she was interested in me I should have said yes to the girl, but I didn’t. What feeling does Mr. Peterson have?
What feeling is the modal perfect in this story used to show?
In the model perfect here used to show the feeling of regret or to guess something that happened in the past? Step 3I could have done something, but I didn’t. Instead, I …
I shouldn’t have done something, but I did. I…
I should have done something, but I didn’t. Instead, I … Talk with your partner about your regrets by using the given structuresStep 4Change the sentences into model perfect. Follow the example below. Example:
It’s a pity that we didn’t go to the seaside last summer.
We should have gone to the seaside last summer. It wasn’t necessary that you lent me your car.
I wanted to learn how to play the piano, but I didn’t.
Lucy stood on the broken chair, so she fell down and got her arm broken.
Peter didn’t review his lesson last night. Instead, he went to the movie. Now he doesn’t know how to answer the question.
Mum told Jack to take an umbrella with him, but he didn’t. Later, he was caught in the rain and got a fever. Jane _______ to the party last Saturday, since she was sick all the weekend. You see, her illness is getting worse.couldn’t have gone B. mustn’t have gone
C. shouldn’t have gone D. might have gone 定语从句的语法功能设计 一Relative Clause The boy brings me the book which is on the teacher’s desk. The boy brings me the book which is on the teacher’s desk. 那个男孩把（老师讲桌上的）书拿给了我。 The boy gives the book to the girl who is sitting behind him. The boy gives the book to the girl who is sitting behind him. 那个男孩把书给了（坐在他后面的）女孩。The boy puts the book on the hand which I usually use to write. 这个男孩把书放在了（我通常用来写字的）手上。She gives the book to the classmate whom she likes to talk with. 她把书给了（她愿意一块儿玩的）同学。She gives the book to the girl whose hair is the longest in the class. 她把书给了（班上头发最长的）女孩。The boy brings me the book which is on the teachers’ desk. The boy puts the book on the hand which I usually use to write. The boy gives the book to the girl who is sitting behind him. She gives the book to the classmate whom she likes to talk with. She gives the book to the girl whose hair is the longest in the class. The boy brings me the book which is on the teachers’ desk. The boy puts the book on the hand which I usually use to write. The boy gives the book to the girl who is sitting behind him. She gives the book to the classmate whom she likes to talk with. She gives the book to the girl whose hair is the longest in the class. 1. The man ___ is playing guitar is my dentist. 2. I lost the book ___ I borrowed from Jane. 3. The lady ___ uncle is a lawyer is sitting in the corner. 4. The gentleman ___ you met just now is the headmaster of my school. 5. The car ___ hit the tree is a Volkswagen. 设计二psychiatrist plumber inertia leopard A psychiatrist is a doctor who studies and treats mental illness. A plumber is a person whose job is to fit and repair things such as water pipes, toilets, etc. Inertia is a property of matter by which it continues in its existing state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless that state is changed by an external force. A leopard is an animal that looks like a large cat and has yellow fur with black spots and a long tail and that live in Africa and southern Asia. A psychiatrist is a doctor who studies and treats mental illness. A plumber is a person whose job is to fit and repair things such as water pipes, toilets, etc. Inertia is a property of matter by which it continues in its existing state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless that state is changed by an external force. A leopard is an animal that looks like a large cat and has yellow fur with black spots and a long tail and that live in Africa and southern Asia. nurse clock police black hole driver Nurse is a person ______ job is to take care of sick or injured people, usually in a hospital. Clock is an instrument ______ is used to measure and showing time in a room or on the wall of a building. Police is an official organization ______ job is to make people obey the law and prevent and solve crime; the people who work for this organization. A black hole, according to the general theory of relativity, is a region of space ______ nothing, including light, can escape. A driver is a person ______ drives a vehicle. 1. Blacksmith
2. refrigerator
3. laptop
4. kangarooA. to be artificially kept cool and used to store food and drink
B. to make and repair things made of iron, especially horseshoes and farm tools
C. lives in Australia and moves forward by jumping on its back legs
D. work with battery and be easily carried
a small computer
a person
a large animal
an appliance
倒装的复习与操练Step 1Tell the students a story and ask them to try to repeat the story.
Long time ago, there was a mountain,
On the top of the mountain lay a temple,
Before the temple was sleeping a dog,
In the temple stood a big chair,
On the chair sat an old monk,
The monk was saying, “Long time ago, there was a mountain,
On the top of the mountain lay a temple,
Before the temple was sleeping a dog,
In the temple stood a big chair,
On the chair sat an old monk,
The monk was saying, “Long time ago, there was a mountain,
…… Ask students what grammar structure appears here repeatedly. Make sure that the students firmly know the basic structure of the inversion here.
Then，
Ask one or two students to repeat the story. Step 2Before students’ writing, divide the class into three groups, Group A, B &C and ask each group to write prepositional phrases used as an adverbial of place, verbs or persons or animals in each column. Step 3Group the students again, 5-6 in each group.
Before the students’ writing, show them one or two more examples accordingly written by other students. Long time ago, there is a lake,
By the lake ran a deer,
On the lake floated a boat,
Under the boat swam some fish,
In the boat sat a girl,
An interesting story She was reading,
The Story goes that long time ago, there was a lake,
By the lake ran a deer,
On the lake floated a boat,
Under the boat swam some fish,
In the boat sat a girl,
An interesting story she was reading,
The Story goes that long time ago, there was a lake,
……In a foreign country, there is a valley,
Through the valley runs a river,
By the river spreads a forest,
In the forest stands a house,
In the house is sleeping a cat, Tom,
Near Tom is a big coach,
On the couch is watching TV a mouse, Jerry,
The TV is showing that in a foreign country, there is a valley,
Through the valley runs a river,
By the river spreads a forest,
In the forest stands a house,
In the house is sleeping a cat, Tom,
Near Tom is a big coach,
On the couch is watching TV a mouse, Jerry,
The TV is showing that in a foreign country, there is a valley,
……定语从句的复习与巩固Love Love is eternal.What is love? What do you think of love ?Some say love, it is a river
Some say love, it is a razor
It’s the heart afraid of breaking
It’s the dream afraid of waking
It’s the one who won’t be taken,
And the soul afraid of dying that leaves your soul to bleed.
who cannot seem to give.
that never learns to live.
that never takes the chance.
that never learns to dance.
that drowns the tender reed. Some say love, it is a river that drowns the tender reed.
Some say love, it is a razor that leaves your soul to bleed.
Some say love, it is a hunger, an endless aching need.
I say love, it is a flower, and you, it’s only seed.
It’s the heart afraid of breaking that never learns to dance.
It’s the dream afraid of waking that never takes the chance.
It’s the one who won’t be taken, who cannot seem to give,
And the soul afraid of dying that never learns to live. Some say love is a moon that gives hope to life like a _____ .
Some say love is joke that brings readers ______.
Some say love is a way that belongs to people who dare to _____.
I say love is a handful of sand that loses more easily if held too _____. lightdelightfighttightGroup WorkWork in groups to think of a couple of sentences about love with rhythm. Then share the lyrics about love, and find out the most beautiful one. Some say love, it is the crystal shoes that bring a true Cinderella to the prince.
Some say love, it is seven dwarfs who help Snow White find her true happiness.
Some say love, it is the kiss that awakes the sleeping Beauty from the peace.
I say love, it is the spell that makes Mermaid, in forever silence.
It’s the Prince Frog who won’t be released until he gets a kiss.
It’s the Black Swan who has to stay in the darkness before love arrives.
It’s the tear that Prince Happiness sheds for his citizens,
And the song that the Nightingale sings for the kiss she never gets. Group WorkWork in groups to write something about what “mother/friend/hero” is, using the following pattern. Mother/Friend/Hero is … that/ which/ who … 定语从句操练和巩固 2 Step 1Mother’s story When you came to this world, she held you in her arms and thought to herself that she would give you ____________________（她所拥有的一切。）
When you were 1 year old, she was busy doing housework. Then the moment came __________________________________(你第一次叫妈妈), and you made her cry with joy. everything/all (that) she had When you called her Mama for the first time When you were 2 years old, she stood by the side of your little bed __________________________ (你正在睡觉的), singing songs softly.
When you were 3 years old, she celebrated your birthday and sent you the first birthday present ____________________ (传递着她浓浓爱意的第一份生日礼物)
When you were 4 years old, she gave you some crayons ___________________________ (一些你可以用来画画的那笔). But instead, you coloured your dining room with them. Where/on which you were sleeping that delivered her deep love with which you can draw picturesWhen you were 6 years old, she walked you to school and left you at a school ________________________________ (社区内最好的一所学校).
When you were 12 years old, she warned you not to watch those meaningless TV shows, but you didn’t understand the reason ___________________ (她这么做的理由) and closed your door in her face.
which is the best in your neighbourhood for which/why she did so When you were 18 years old, she drove you to the railway station, but you got on the train excitedly, and didn’t even notice the woman behind you _______________________ (你身后那个眼里噙满泪水的女人).
When you were 30 years old, she called you, asking about her grandbaby and offering the help ________________ (你正需要的帮助), but you didn’t even ask about HER help.
whose eyes were filled with tears (that) you just needed When you were 40 years old, she fell ill and needed your care, but you were busy with your work, complaining about the burden __________________________________(父母为孩子增加的负担).
And one day, she left you forever. Gone are the days _________________(她在你身边的日子一去不复返了).
___________________________________(你唯一能做的就是记住她曾经为你带来的幸福).
that/which parents had added to their children When she is with you The only thing that you can do is to remember the happiness (that/which) she brought to you Step 2Read the story again to appreciate Mother’s love.
Talk about your own unforgettable memories, beginning with sentence “When I was … years old, …”
Present you story to your partner. Step 3Write a letter to your mother. Start like this:Dear mother,
In the whole process of my growing up, you’ve devoted all your love to me. Today I want to take this opportunity to … Sentence structures for reference:
I still remember the day(s) …
I will never forget …
The reason (why…) is that …
All that I want to say is … Present Perfect TenseSince the present perfect is used to talk about experiences, the possibility for activities is as endless as that of experiences that human beings can have. Have you ever… ? questionnaires Cinema experiences Have you ever met a movie star? Have you cried in a cinema? Have you left the cinema before the movie ended? etc.
Computer experiences Have you ever been in a video conference? Have you ever had a computer virus? Have you ever used an Internet chat? etc.
Health experiences Have you ever spent a night in hospital? Have you ever broken a bone? Have you ever had an operation? etc.
School experiences Have you ever cheated on an exam? Have you ever had a crush on a teacher? Have you ever played truant? Have you ever copied homework from someone else? etc.
Why not? questionnairesTo talk about an action that happened in the past but that has relevance now Because I’ve seen it a hundred times!
Because I’ve read it!
Because I’ve finished my work!
Because I’ve never met him!
Why don’t you want to see Mission Impossible 2?
Why don’t you have your book today?
Why are you sitting there doing nothing?
Why don’t you ask him out?
Because I’ve …
Because I haven’t.. Timeline1971 – Harry is born in London.
1976 – Harry and his family move to Kuwait.
1988 – Harry finishes school and starts working for an Cleanoil, an American oil company.
1996 – Harry is promoted to manager at Cleanoil.
1997 – Harry meets Amina.
2000 – Harry and Amina get married.
2001 – Harry Jr. is born.Make sentences about Harry’s life up to now. Use the words.
Harry/live/in Kuwait. Harry has lived in Kuwait for 28 years.Past Perfect TensebornTimeLine1999came to ShanghaiWWII endedbornWhen you were born, I had already stayed in Shanghai for 5 years. When I was born, the 2nd World War had ended 25 years earlier. 创设情境展开引导。
在情境中应用，在情境中感悟。定语从句的复习与操练 3Step 1Complete the following letter from your penfriend, using relative pronouns. Dear Lin
I received the letter ____ you sent me last week. Thank you for sending me the photos _____ remind me of the Chinese Spring Festival. How are those friends _____ I came to know at Sue’s party? I still remember the tall girl _____ umbrella I mistook and how I was allowed to keep it as a gift.
Last time you asked about the meaning of buffalo wings. Actually, buffalo wings are chicken wings and drumsticks _____ are fried on oil. After being fried, they are covered in a red hot pepper sauce and butter. The usual places _____ sell buffalo wings are bars. I especially like the buffalo wings from “farmer’s Arms”, _____ sauce is so hot and spicy that I must drink cold beer to cool off my mouth.
By the way, I have bought the English book _____ you want. My father has asked his colleague, _____ is leaving for Shanghai next week, to bring it to you. How I wish we could meet again soon!
Best wishes
VivianStep 21. In pairs, discuss what kind of penfriend you would like to have by substituting the underlined part in the given dialogue.
A: What kind of person would you like to have as a penfriend?
B: I would like to have one whose native language is English, so we can communicate in English. How about you?
C: I prefer to have one who has the same interests and hobbies as I do, so we will have a lot to share.
2. Suppose you are talking with your penfriend about where to go during his/her visit. In pairs, complete the following dialogue.
A: I am going to show you around the city. Any place you would particularly like to see?
B: I would like to go to those small towns __________________________.
A: That’s just what I am thinking of. Anything else?
B: Places which ______________ are also a good choice at this time of year.
A: Oh, yes. We can take nice photos there. Step 3Describe the places of interest in Shanghai by combining the sentences with either phrases or relative clauses as attributes. Yu Garden
Yu Garden is located in the centre of Shanghai’s old city.
It has a history of more than 400 years.
It covers an area of 20,000 square metres.
“Yu” means peace and health in Chinese. ExamplesMetro Line No. 1
Metro Line No. 1 is the first underground in Shanghai.
It was started in 1993.
It is 37 kilometers long.
There are 28 stations along the way. The Bund
The Bund is the first stop for most travellers to Shanghai.
It is a historic site.
It is in the eastern part of Huangpu district.
The Bund contains a long walkway. Step 4Write a diary with the title “A day with my penfriend”. The diary should include the information about your penfriends, the meaning of transport and the places you have visited. A day with my penfriend
My penfriend who/whom … has come to Shanghai. Early this morning … 非谓语动词动名词的操练和巩固Step 1 Listen to “ A manager’s busy day” and complete the schedule. The manager’s schedule
Get used to walking around and ________________
Set about _________ for the daily operational meeting
Begin with ________ the night manager’s reports and __________ on the emails
Get down to ________ operational meeting after checking on breakfast and walking through the restaurant
A manager’s busy day
As a hotel manager, I get used to walking around and smiling all the time. I arrive at the hotel at 7:30 a.m. every day. Before I set about preparing for the daily operational meeting, I always begin with reviewing the night manager’s reports and catching up on the emails that come through overnight. Then I check on breakfast and walk through the restaurant to say hello to guests. At 9 a.m. I get down to having the daily operational meeting, where staff report on what has happened the night before and what needs to be cared for. At 9:45 I am very visible and always around the hotel meeting and greeting staff. I have to pay attention to everything happening in the hotel, everything from the temperature of the shower to the variety of foods. And we have to bear in mind cultural differences. For example, the Japanese want a running bath and the Americans are fine just with a shower. At 1 p.m. I always eat with a different member of staff, as this is a valuable way of finding out what is going on. From 2 p.m. to 7p.m. there are different meetings concerning all the aspects of hotel operation. I try to get through all the work by 7 p.m. smiling all the timepreparingreviewingcatching uphavingStep 2Work in groups of six and role-play a daily operational meeting according to the meeting memo. Also discuss what to do with customer’s feedback. Daily operational meeting memo
Customer’s feedback
It’s wonderful to swim in the pool of your hotel.
I was really happy to have a nice dinner in the canteen.
The water stopped coming out when I was taking a shower.
I sat on the balcony and watched the sunset. That was really beautiful.
How comfortable it is to take a sunbath on the beach near the hotel!
The lift didn’t work.
… Staff’s report
The customer appreciated …
The customer enjoyed …
The customers complained about …
The customer praised for …
The customer loved …
The customer couldn’t stand …
The customer hated …
The customer disliked …
The customer was in favour of …
… Step 3The student acting as the manager gives a reply to customers’ feedback and offers solutions to the problems. The manager’s reply to all the customers
Good evening, distinguished guests,
As the hotel manager, I really enjoy reading customers’ feedback and I’m looking forward to improving our service by …
One of the customers complained about … To solve the problem, I suggest …
…Poem Writing Haircut Haircut
What I hate about having a haircut
is being asked how I want it when I don’t want it cut at all
What I hate about having a haircut
is being asked questions with the whole room listening to my answers.
What I hate about having a haircut
Is being asked to look in the mirror and say how I like it
What I hate about having a haircut
Is going to school and everyone telling me I’ve had my haircut.
What I hate about … is doing …PLAYING BASKETBALL
What I like
about playing basketball
is having friends around
while I’m enjoying the game.
What I like
about playing basketball
is becoming stronger
while I’m running up and down.
What I like
about playing basketball
is knowing many stars
while I’m chatting online about NBA.
What I like
about playing basketball
is being told I’m cool by girls
while I’m playing in the court.
HOMEWORK
What I hate
about doing homework
is being asked to copy
what I’ve learned by heart.
What I hate
about doing homework
is being told that I can watch TV after it
while I know it’ll be endless.
What I hate
about doing homework
is often being told
that I have to do it again.
What I hate
about doing homework
is finding out mostly
what I have done has nothing to do with the test.
Being a Teacher
What I like about being a teacher
Is being greeted for countless times every morning.
What I like about being a teacher
is seeing the students leaving
with their satisfying answers from me
What I like about being a teacher
Is being able to have 2 long vacations every year.
What I like about being a teacher
Is knowing the big progress my students have made.
What I like about having coffee in the cafeteria
is chatting with my friend comfortably in the sofa.
What I like about having coffee in the cafeteria
is feeling the nice smell of coffee in the air.
What I like having coffee in the cafeteria
is listening to the light jazz music I prefer.
What I like having coffee in the cafeteria
is enjoying reading fashion magazines
without glancing at my watch at all.
What I like having coffee in the cafeteria
is seeing elegant young ladies sitting opposite to me
Without saying a word. Having coffee
Having a meeting
What I hate about having a meeting
is having a meeting to discuss when to have a meeting.
What I hate about having a meeting
is being asked to do what I hate doing.
What I hate about having a meeting
is being disturbed from time to time when I am desperate for a nap.
What I hate about having a meeting
is being dismissed when I eventually feel wide awake to be involved in the meeting. What I hate about teachers’ training is its occupying my vacation while I can have a journey or stay with my family.
What I hate about teachers’ training is being asked to act as a student, listening, writing and finishing various homework, which I ask my students to do.
What I hate about teachers’ training is being given a speech which has little to do with our job, confusing us all the time.
What I hate about teachers’ training is being asked to write a report about the training, which really makes me doubt myself. Teachers’ training
Watching movies
What I like about watching movies
is enjoying the time I spent with a story of others.
What I like about watching movies
is being moved by the stories of others
while I can find something similar inside my heart.
What I like about watching movies
is experiencing the life I can never live and suffering the pain I can never imagine.
What I like about watching movies
is being told after I experienced and suffered it is only a movie. Having a job
What I like about having a job
is shopping on-line without being judged.
What I like about having a job
is doing my own stuff without being bothered.
What I like about having a job
is living a life with nothing to worry.
What I like about having a job
is getting paid with no one to share. My Work
What I hate about my work
is being told that we will have more lessons.
What I hate about my work
is being forced to visit students’ families.
What I hate about my work
is being asked to help other teachers to solve problems about my students.
What I hate about my work
is going to school and the headmaster telling me I’ve done a bad job. What I hate most is to be cheated.
What I love most is to be praised.
What I cherish most is to be appreciated.
What I disgust most is to be fooled.
What I like most is to be encouraged.
What I dislike most is to be criticized.
Cooking
What I hate about cooking
is thinking hard what to eat every day.
What I hate about cooking
is having to spend a lot of time selecting and washing the vegetables.
What I hate about cooking
is not knowing how many dishes I should prepare
as I want to taste more than I have cooked.
What I hate about coking
is having to do the washing work after I finished the meal.
It’s you that brings the bright to my life.
It’s you that makes me feel the world is so beautiful.
It’s you that gives me such great courage to overcome every difficulty.
It’s you that brings laughter to my work.
My baby, you are my whole！
Because of you, I’m the happiest women in the world! STRUCTURE 2an unusual person, animal, or mythical being：eg. a ghost
an unusual place + preposition，eg, by the river
an adjective and its comparative form，eg，good and better
a valuable object, precious metal or stone，eg, a lump of gold
some thing to wear，eg， a fur coat
a machine or object，eg， a pair scissors
a natural object/food/drink，eg，a glass of wine
STRANGE MEETING
I met a ［…1…］in/on/by ［…2…］
I said, “What is (more …/…er) than ［…3…］?”
“What is (more …/…er) than ［…4…］?”
“What is (more …/…er) than ［…5…］?”
“What is (more …/…er) than ［…6…］?”
The ［…1…］(did something) and then replied,
“A ……is (more…/…er)than 3.”
“A ……is (more…/…er)than 4.”
“A ……is (more…/…er)than 5.”
“A ……is (more…/…er)than 6.” STRANGE MEETING
I met an old monk in a temple
I said, “What is more important than money?”
“What is more valuable than gold?”
“What is more precious than life?”
“What is more significant than longevity?”
The old monk smiled and then replied,
“Love is more important than money.”
“Friend is more valuable than gold.”
“Truth is more precious than life.”
“Freedom is more significant than longevity.” STRANGE MEETING
I met a little boy by the sea
I said, “What is brighter than the star?”
“What is longer than the river?”
“What is higher than the mountain?”
“What is deeper than the sea?”
The boy thought for a while and then replied,
“My dady’s bald head is brighter than the star.”
“Mum’s knitting thread is longer than the river.”
“Grandpa’s nose is higher than the mountain.”
“My Granny’s glasses are deeper than the sea.”
STRANGE MEETING
I met a honeybee in the flowers
I said, “What is more beneficial than producing honey?”
“What is more profitable than producing honey?”
“What is more rewarding than producing honey?”
“What is more interesting than producing honey?”
The honeybee hummed and replied,
“Nothing is more beneficial than producing honey.”
“Nothing is more profitable than producing honey.”
“Nothing is more rewarding than producing honey.”
“Nothing is more interesting than producing honey.” That is just to say I have eaten the plums
that were in the icebox
And which you were probably
saving for breakfast
Forgive me
They were delicious
So sweet and so cold I’ve broken the vase
That you kept for flowers
And which you’ve just bought
For only one week
Forgive me
It was so beautiful
And so easy to break
语法教学与语言能力的培养语法教学应与英语的实际运用相结合。
在英语语法教学中我们应该尽可能地营
造比较真实而又生动的语言环境和情景，
让学生在语言的交际活动中来提高语言
能力，从而更好地理解和掌握语法规则。
孤立地给学生讲授繁杂多变的语法规则，
只能提高他们解题的能力，而不能提高
他们学习英语的兴趣和积极性，也达不
到提高他们语言能力的目的。 语法规则来自语言的运用和交流，语法知识的获得也是来自语言的实践。我们英语语法的教学必须与英语的运用紧密结合。 我们应该培养更多的具有运用英语能力的人才，而不是研究英语语法的学者。Teaching Writing Abstract Picture Writing Picture Writing 1234Questionnaire 1. Make a list of reasons why you think writing is important in English lessons.
2. What kind of “text” do students write in your lessons?
Make a list of typical writing tasks. How much time do they spend on writing:
1) sentences
2) whole “tests” , e.g. narratives, descriptions, etc.
3. To what extent do you think difficulty in foreign language writing is a language problem or a writing problem?
4. Reflect on your own writing in a first or foreign language. What are the difficulties you experience in writing? 5. Do you work with your students when they are writing, encouraging them to revise their work as they go along?
6. Do your students ever collaborate on writing tasks?
7. Do your students ever mark their own or each others’ work?
8. Does writing take place in separate lessons in your students’ programme or is it integrated with other work? Creative Writing Creative Writing Encourages Imagination Inventors, scientists and product developers all have a sense of imagination. Creative writing helps children learn to think outside of the box and leads to the development of problem-solving skills. Creative Writing Teaches Persuasiveness If a child writes a story about some outlandish creature, he is going to try to convince the reader of the possibility of the creature, which leads him to develop a detailed description, and even personality and actions for the creature, making the reader believe this is possible. Creative Writing Teaches Discipline While letting the imagination run free may not seem like a way to encourage discipline, any writer will tell you that putting what you see in your head onto paper and making it something feasible and enjoyable for others is an exercise in discipline. The thoughts need to be ordered, clear and concise. Creative Writing Can Be Used As Therapy Many times children and adults have a hard time saying what is on their minds, but in creative writing therapy, they are able to put whatever is bothering them into a third person point of view, which helps them remain detached. Grammar Skills Writing about something they choose to write about helps children practice good grammar and spelling skills without seeming like a lesson or work. They learn to insert commas to separate their adjectives, periods to end a thought and to start a new paragraph when they change topics.… Suddenly a wind blew and the door was closed. I tried to open it again but I can’t. The aliens went toward me and said: “Wow, this human looks funny. Let’s play a trick on him.” I was afraid. I shouted for help but no one replied. They did an operation on me. When I saw myself in the mirror, I fainted at once. I became an alien as well. … “Aliens!” I shouted. “My teachers are aliens.” I wanted to go outside, but I couldn’t move. My body seemed not to belong to me. Teachers stared at me without saying anything. A few seconds later, they changed their appearance in a hurry. Then they were like human beings. I was very afraid. They approached me. I was so afraid that I fell on the floor. “Go away! Aliens!” I shouted. “Please keep calm.” said my maths teacher. “Who are you? Where are my teachers?” said I. “We are your teachers. We are here with you.” said my teacher. “No, you aren’t. You are aliens. You are ugly and vicious aliens. What did you do to my teachers.” shouted I. “We are really your teachers. Please believe us.” said a teacher. “I can’t believe you.” I shouted. “Well, I will tell you the fact. In fact, we are not human beings. And you aren’t human being, either. You have mental disease. You always think that you are human being. To help you, we pretend we are human beings. Then we put a device into your eye so that you don’t think you are alien when you look at yourself.” said a teacher. Then they touched my head suddenly, and let me look at myself I the mirror. “Oh, no! I am an alien.” shouted I. Then I fainted. Moments later, other students came to school. In the class, my maths teacher said, “One student can’t come to class today. He transferred to another school. What a pity!”…. … My science teacher was talking about his family on Mars through a strong screen. His son had three heads! My math teacher was eating our homework with pepper! My chemistry teacher took off her glasses and I found her eyes are yellow! My Goodness! I quickly ran out of the office and hurried home. I don’t want to go to school ever since!… “Good morning, Martin! You go to school early. It is unusual. What happened?” asked Mr. Barnaby. “Hmm … I had some problem within my homework. Can you help me?” I said. “No problem! Let me have a look.” I gave my homework to Mr. Barnaby, and I was irresolute to ask why he became an alien. Before I opened my mouth, I heard the ringing sound of my alarm clock. “It’s just a dream.” I said. But I found that I was late for school, and my homework was not finished. I hurried to school and was surprised to see that all people of the school were aliens, including my classmates and my teachers. …… I was so frightened that I could hardly move any more. “Hey, girl. What’s wrong with you?” one of the aliens asked me. I could recognize her voice. She was my math teacher. She walked towards me and wanted to touch me. “Help!!” I shouted. “Please! Please don’t kill me. I am a good student. I’m never late for school and hand in homework on time. Please don’t kill me!” I repeated in a tiny voice and fell on the floor. “Ha, ha, ha …” all the aliens laughed heartily. I was amazed to see all the aliens in the office took off their alien masks, laughing. “Happy April Fool’s Day!” They said with one voice. Then I realized I was made a fool of by my teachers and today was April Fool’s Day. … I tried my best to stay calm and pretended that nothing had happened. I quickly found Mr. Barnaby’s desk, but at the desk sat a purple creature who had a big head near which there was a much smaller one. After a while, I encouraged myself to ask him the maths problem. His bigger head kept watching the computer cream, preparing his lesson, and the smaller one turned to me. To my surprise, no sooner had he seen the question than he gave me the solution. Then he looked puzzled at me and said “Why do you ask me such an easy question?” “Well, I’m sorry, sir, but … Eh…” “Ok, go back to your classroom.” (to be continued)Oh, my goodness! As I walked into my classroom, I found nearly half of my classmates were aliens. I didn’t know what happened to me. First lesson was history, here came a short old creature who had a really big brain with which his head looked like a heart-shaped object. “Good morning, everyone. Let’s start our lesson. We talked about the human beings in 2012, they were really foolish and inconsiderate, weren’t they?” Suddenly, we were in a spaceship. I was to surprised to say anything. The teacher’s voice boomed, “At 0:00, Dec 21st, 2012 happened the Cataclysm, we aliens called ‘Styzy’ decided to help the human beings. We saved them. From then on, came a new ERA called ‘Flash’ and we lived and worked together happily. 210 years later, now, we ….” I whispered to my deskmate, “Why does our city look so ancient?” “Are you insane? This week is ‘America Week’, the whole city is restored to the America in 2011.” “Oh, yeah, here it is. I remember, yeah … well… thanks.” I gasped “Oh, my gash, I am in the future!” (to be continued)Next lesson was physics, I do love it! However, the teacher was Mr. Barnaby. “Good morning, everyone. Let’s do an experiment today.” “Cool!” students shouted. Mr. Barnaby kept going, “This experiment was first done by Dr. Chris in F 3 years. He was a man full of talent, and his experiment was his first one that shaked the world.” I whispered, “The same name as mine.” “Now, let’s start the experiment.” The experiment proved that it’s possible to use wormhole to transport thing which is much tinier than molecules. It was fantastic. … There was a sealed bottle which floated on the ocean near the beach. Inside the bottle, there was a seed. Outside the bottle, there was a notice which said “Never plant it”. One day, a boy called John, was playing football on the beach. He happened to see the bottle. With curiosity, he brought it home. At that night, he secretly opened the bottle and spread the seed to the field. He cherished the hope that the seed would grow properly. Eventually, the seed became a splendid Christmas tree where there were a lot of presents overnight. John jumped with joy. Many, many years ago, there was a poor family living in the countryside. They hadn’t a lot of money but they were happy. However, a disaster came unexpectedly. The woman’s husband, the girl’s father, suddenly fell ill. The family was sad and nervous because they hadn’t enough money to rescue the man. The girl wanted to save her father. So she had an idea. It was said that East Forest had a magic seed. It had powerful source and could make people healthy. But it was also dangerous seed. The people who first plant is will die. The girl wrote a letter to her mum and went to the forest. The forest was horrible, especially in the evening. The girl still continued to find the seed. One day, she met a white-hair lady. The lady said to her, “Do you want to know the location of the seed? I can tell you, but I want your beautiful eyes.” The girl allowed. Soon she couldn’t see anything, but she felt there is a bottle ahead of her. She touched and found there was the seed. She was happy, although she knew she would die when she planted the seed. She put the bottle on. The strange thing was that she was still alive and could see anything. She went home quickly and put the seed to her father. Her father was healthy later. Finally, the girl knew her bravery and love changed the seed’s magic. Love’s power is the biggest. “Oh, my god! What is it! I have never seen such a beautiful seed!” Nemo looked at the seed greedily. Nemo is a botanist. He wants to be famous. So he didn’t hesitate to put the seed into the soil. Moments later, he was shocked by the fact that the plant began to grow crazily. The plant ate Nemo. Then the plant began to grow quickly. World is in crisis. At this time, a group of teenagers just wearing a red scarf appeared. They took “Quotations of Chairman Mao” and fought against the plant. Some of them died, but they finally defeated the evil plant. They stood in the sun. All the people are grateful to them. They shouted, “Chairman Mao is our sun. He led us to a bright future.” Thousands of years ago, an old fable had been predicted that there was a jar that filled with a seed, which just let you into a horrible dream. “The jar is just like the Pandora!” said someone. It told a story that the Devil was punished on the Judgment Day. The Devil who was very evil, had killed many people, he left a terrible figure in the weak world. And now, he had been beaten, and was going to accept the judgment, and pay for the crime he made. On that day which was full of very heavy fog, everyone held his breath and felt the fear that the Devil brought to him. Suddenly, the hard atmosphere was broken, the Devil laughed, “How do you think I’m going to die? Weak creatures! Don’t forget me, one day, I’ll be back, the future is unpredictable! There’s a seed that I left somewhere. It contains the disaster, illness, death, fear! You’d better go and find it if you people want to live, if you fail to find it in time, the day it grows up, is the day I come back!” Then the Devil disappeared in the thunder storm in the darkness. … The little boy who walks alone in the street is Tom. He is sorrowful, lonely even hopeless. He wants to take his own life. Why does he want to do it? Because his parents got a divorce 2 months ago. He was friendless and helpless after that. He thought that he was hopeless and of no happiness. A seed which is names despair was planted into heart and grew up quickly. The weed was so powerful that he could hardly stop it. If you plant it into your heart, you will never dump it clearly. So, don’t plant it!Long, long ago, on the Kulun Mountain, there was a beautiful tree. A bird lived beside it. This bird used to drink the dew on the tree and eat the fruit on it. After many thousand years, the bird and the tree absorbed sun and month’s light, they became immortals. But only one of them can go to paradise. The tree decided to help the bird. The tree compelled the bird to go to paradise and the result was that the tree must die. The tree only left a seed. The bird was very sad, he put the tree’s seed in a beautiful crystal bottle and sealed it up in order that it could never be planted. There is a bottle in Ben’s home. In the bottle, there is a small seed. Ben’s parents told Ben not to touch the bottle. But one day, Ben’s parents went shopping, so Ben went into his parents’ bedroom. He opened the bottle and took out the seed. Then he planted the seed into the ground. Only a minute later, the plant germinated and became a small baby. Ben was afraid. Just then, he heard some voice and turned around. He saw his parents stand behind him. His father said, “Do you know where we came from now?” Then he raised up his green hand just like the plant. Principles of Teaching Writing 1. Care is needed in the selection of text types for both reading and writing, always bearing in mind that students can usually read language that is more advanced than they can produce.
2. Unless you encourage the production of whole texts, you will not have the opportunity to teach all the important features that can help to make a text coherent.
3. Classroom writing tasks should reflect the ultimate goal of enabling students to write whole texts which form connected, conceptualised, and appropriate pieces of communication.
4. Students need opportunities to practise various forms and functions in writing and within these to develop the different skills involved in producing written texts.
5. Classroom writing tasks need to be set up in ways that reflect the writing process in good writers. We need to encourage our students to go through a process of planning, organizing, composing, and revising.
6. When setting writing tasks, teachers need to vary the audience, identify who the readers are to be, and try to make every piece of writing fulfil some kind of communicative purpose, either real or simulated, when students understand the context they are much likely to write effectively.
7. The process of marking, with its traditional focus on error-correction by the teacher needs review and modification into a range of activities involving students as well as teachers, thus making revision an integral part of the process of writing.
8. Students need time in the classroom for writing. The teacher’s task is to select or design activities which support them through the process of producing a piece of writing.
9. Collaborative writing in the classroom generates discussions and activities which encourage an effective process of writing.
They consider purpose and audience. They consult their own background knowledge. They let ideas incubate. They plan. As they write, they read bock over what they have written. Contrary to what many textbooks advise, writers do not follow a neat sequence of planning, organizing, writing and then revising. For a while a writer’s product --- the finished essay, story or novel --- is presented in lines, the process that produces it is not linear at all.
(Raimes 1985) Differences
between Speech and Writing
Speech Usually ......
Acquired in L1 by everyone
Speaker and listener share same time/place
Speaker and listener can see one another – meaning may be carried by gesture, facial expression
Takes place in a shared context
May contain deictic references to outside world (over there / this one)
Writing Usually ......
Learned in L1 – not necessary by everyone
Reader and writer separated in time /space
Reader and writer can’t see one another – all meaning must be conveyed by text
Has to create its own context
References must be built into the text
Speaker and listener may know one another already
Speaker and listener may interact and change roles
Immediate feedback (verbal or non-verbal)
expected and given
What is spoken is temporary and transient
Reader and writer may not know one another
No immediate interaction or exchange of roles between reader and writer
No immediate feedback possible
What is written is permanent and retrievable
Not planned in advance
Utterances may contain strings of clauses with little subordination
Grammatically incomplete or inaccurate utterances accepted
Contains hesitations, paused, fillers, repetition
Contractions used
Boundaries of utterances marked by intonation, pauses
May be planned and edited
More subordination and complex sentence structure
High degree of accuracy expected
Full form used
Grammatical boundaries of sentences marked by punctuation, layout
Prosodic features –volume, pace, stress, rhythm- communicate meaning as well as words
May show marked regional variation
Changes more quickly
Basic unit phonemesCapitalisation, font variation, underlining etc used to stress items. Attitude may also be conveyed via punctuation!
Little regional variation
Changes more slowly
Basic unit morphemesThe Principle of C.A.P Context— the situation, events, or information that are related to something, and that help you to understand it better
Audience— the people to whom you want to communicate something by writing
Purpose—the aims that you want to achieve through communication (Why you are writing) You are not satisfied with a washing machine you bought last week and decide to write a letter of complaint to the Customer Services Manager. You want them to come and check your machine. Context _________________________________________
Audience ________________________________________
Purpose ________________________________________not satisfied with the newly bought washing machine the manager of the Complaints Department of the company want to have the newly bought washing machine checked You are very busy and can’t go to the supermarket. Your friend will go for you. Write a shopping list to your friend.
Context ______________________________
Audience ______________________________
Purpose ______________________________You are busy and can’t go to the supermarket.Your friendAsk him/her to buy something for you. One day you saw a road accident when you are walking along a street. Now write a brief report to the police about a road accident that you have seen.
Context ______________________________
Audience _____________________________
Purpose ______________________________You saw a road accident. The police To tell the police what you have seen. You are moving to aboard and you want to sell your car. Now write an advertisement to a newspaper for selling your car with descriptions of it.
Context ______________________________
Audience ______________________________
Purpose _____________________________Move to abroad Newspaper readersTo sell your carSentences 主干结构的确立Taking inspiration from a Japanese architect, who has used cardboard to make big buildings including churches, Mr Dunlop used cardboard material for his tents, which he called Myhabs. Taking inspiration from a Japanese architect, who has used cardboard to make big buildings including churches, Mr Dunlop used cardboard material for his tents, which he called Myhabs. In a victory of green business that is certain to appeal to environmentally-aware music-lovers, a design student is to receive financial support to produce eco-friendly tents made of cardboard that can be recycled after the bands and the crowds have gone home. 正是这场沙尘暴的后果才使人们充分认识到植树的重要性。 后果 使人们 认识到 made sb do sthIt is (was) …… that …… ……sththe consequence made people realize It was that of the dust stormthe importance of planting treesIt was that .正是这场沙尘暴的后果才使人们充分认识到植树的重要性。 尽管遭受了如对此严重的自然灾害，但只要不灰心，
我们终会克服暂时的困难。（Although…） Although ,
so long as suffer disasterlose heartovercome difficultyAlthough we are suffering such a severe natural disaster, we will eventually overcome the temporary difficulty as long as we don’t lose heart. 无论风多大、雨多急，警察一直坚守在岗位上。
（no matter ……）No matter how ,
the police keep to No matter how hard the rain falls and the wind blows, the police keep to their posts. 口头表述在先，笔头记录在后
多样表述在先，参考展示在后
样句表述在先，模仿重复在后
错误展示在先，纠正改进在后
Brainstorming to get ideas in your composition Mind Map Holidays EXPENSIVE
Cruise
Hotel
Skiing NEEDS
Passport
Insurance
Money
Clothes
HOT
Africa
Safari
California ADVENTURE
Camping
Walking
Sailing
Trekking
Exploring TRANSPORT
Plane
Car
Bus
Train
Boat COLD
Scotland
Arctic
Skiing CHEAP
Camping
Hitch-hiking
Stay with friends
Beach
Swimming What if you can’t find a job after graduation? FIND A JOB
Part time job/ Full time job
Income / experience
Farmer / peaceful
Join the army
CONTINUE TO STUDY
Go abroad for further study
Night school
STAY AT HOME
Help parents do housework
ASK OTHERS FOR INFORMATION
information or from internet/newspaper/magazines
Rely on parents
LEARN NEW SKILLS TO MAKE A LIVING
Learning cooking /management / repairing
RAISE CONFIDENCE START OWN BUSINESS
Open a shop on Internet
To invent something new
Be a free writer / volunteer to help the disabled / homeless people (animals)
OTHERS
Marry a rich man
Build up a child
Buy lottery / stocks
Move to another city for opportunity
Correction To correct everything --- that is, the teacher makes all the correctionThe disadvantagesMost students may find it very dispiriting if they get a piece of written work back and it is covered in red ink, underlining and crossings-out.
It also takes teachers time.
How do the students know what’s important and what isn’t The advantage is that the teacher may know more about the students’ errors.Teacher just draws line under mistakes and doesn’t correct, doesn’t indicate types of mistakes. That is, correct mistake selectively.Teacher uses correction code to indicate the types of mistakes For example: P = punctuation Sp = spelling G = grammar Wo = word order T = tense Cap = error in capitalization Reading and WritingStick to the New development Website for English Learning and Teaching www.putclub.com
www.listeningexpress.com
www.britishcouncil.org.cn/englishonline
www.eslcafe.com/
www.etprofessional.com
www.teflonline.com
www.bbc.co.uk/china/learningenglish
Thank You