【2022高分攻略】高考英语二轮复习学案(通用版)
专题八 情态动词与虚拟语气（原卷版）
黑龙江 哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
【考纲解读】
情态动词与虚拟语气是重要的考查热点，在历年的高考试题中都占有较大比例，涉及范围较广，是高考试卷中非常重要语法项目，特别是情态动词中虚拟语气的用法，情可以表推测，也可以表虚拟等。
主要考查热点：
1.情态动词 should，must，can／could，shall，will／would，may／might，need等的特殊用法
2.含有if引导的状语从句的虚拟语气；
3.名词性从句中的虚拟语气；
4.错综虚拟条件句；
5.含蓄条件句与虚拟语气省略if的倒装情况。
【考点剖析】
一、情态动词
例1：My room is a mess, but I __________clean it before I go out tonight. I can do it in the morning.
A. daren’t B. shouldn’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t
【答案】C
例2： （2018年高考 北京卷）In today’s information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company.
A. need B. should C. can D. must
【答案】C
例3：No student ________ go out of school after eleven o’clock at night without the teacher’s permission.
A. will B. must C. may D. shall
【答案】D
例4：—What’s wrong with the door
—The key has got stuck in it and ________ come out.
A. shouldn’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. won’t
【答案】D
例5：I love the weekend， because I ________get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.
A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. wouldn’t D. shouldn’t
【答案】A
【解题技巧】
此类试题首先要分析句子含义，再结合不同情态动词的相关用法选出正确答案。比如：can和could的用法很广泛，但高考中主要考查其特殊用法。再如：may和might的考查主要是关于推测的。特别是need与dare 用法很多，需要特殊注意。
二、虚拟语气
例1：If I ________ time， I would certainly go to the movies with you， but I have a lot of work to do.
A. had B. have C. will have D. had had
【答案】 A
例2：—Do you have Betty’s phone number
—Yes. Otherwise, I ______able to reach her yesterday.
A. hadn’t been B. wouldn’t have been C. weren’t D. wouldn’t be
【答案】B
例3：—I forgot all about the party yesterday.
—If my secretary hadn’t reminded me, I ________ too.
A. did B. had C. should D. would have
【答案】D
例4：It’s no use envying others’ success. It‘s time you ________ hard.
A. must work B. were to work C. work D. should work
【答案】 D
例5：The suggestion our teacher ________ at the meeting is that students ________in time after learning.
A. made；review B. make；review
C. should make；reviewed D. made；reviewed
【答案】A
三、错综虚拟条件句
例1：If he had spent more time practicing spoken English before， he ________ able to speak it much better now.
A. will be B. would be C. has been D. would have been
【答案】 B
例2：She would be much healthier now ________ with that much pressure from work when young.
A. had she not burdened herself B. were she not burdened
C. should she not burden herself D. were she not to be burdened
【答案】 A
例3：（2018年高考 天津卷）If we ___________ the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach
A. had caught B. caught C. have caught D. would catch
【答案】A
四、含蓄条件句的虚拟语气
例1：—Why didn’t you buy an iPhone 8s It’s the most amazing phone.
—I ________, but I didn’t have the money.
A. must B. must have C. would D. would have
【答案】D
例2：I was ill that day, otherwise I _________the sports meet.
A. would have taken part in B. took part in
C. had taken part in D. would take part in
【答案】A
例3：Without our team’s great effort, the art exhibition last week ________ such a great success.
A. wouldn’t be B. won’t be C. wouldn’t have been D. won’t have been
【答案】 C
例4：But for your instruction, I ________ such great progress in so short a time. Thanks a lot.
A. wouldn’t make B. hadn’t made
C. won’t make D. wouldn’t have made
【答案】D
五、虚拟语气省略if的情况
例1：________ the rain stop, the crops would be saved.
A. Will B. Would C. Should D. Had
【答案】C
例2：It’s strange that he ________ have taken the book without winner’s permission.
A. would B. should C. could D. might
【答案】B
例3：__________ hard, he would have passed the exam.
A. If he were to work B. Had he worked
C. Should he work D. Were he to work
【答案】B
例4：Had you listened to the doctor, you ________ now.
A. are all right B. were all right
C. would be all right D. would have been all right
【答案】C
【相关知识点连接】
一、情态动词基本用法的考查
1. shall 与 should
1）shall 用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人在征求对方的意见或向对方请求做某事。
Shall we take a rest I can't go any further．
我们休息一下好吗 我一步都走不了了。
2）shall 可以用在第二、第三人称，但不可以缩写。表示说话人的意图、意志、允诺、命令、命运或必然结果等；还可以在法律、条约、协定等文件中表示义务、规定等。
Each citizen shall carry his identification card when traveling．
旅游时每个市民务必带上身份证。（规定）
If you don't behave yourself，you shall be punished．
如果你行为不轨的话，你会受到惩罚的。（威胁）
You shall get a new bicycle as a reward for doing well in the following final exam． 如果在次期末考试取得好成绩，就会奖励你一辆新自行车作为。（允诺）
3）should 可以表示估计，推论或推测的“应该”，还可以翻译成“可能，该，估计，按理说应当”等等。此外，还可以表示义务、责任，或建议别人按情理应该做某事等。
The report is written after careful investigation，so it should be reliable．
这份报告是经过周密调查写成的，所以该是可靠的。
You should care what people think about you．你应该在乎人们怎样想你。
4）should 表示惊讶，不以为然等情绪，用于某些句型中，多翻译为“竟然”；经常用于疑问句和感叹句中表示意外，惊异等情绪，常和疑问词 why，how，whom，what 连用，而且疑问句不必回答。
hat such a good student like him should fad in the exam．
你无法想象像他这样好的学生竟然在考试中失败了。
It is a marvel that she should have survived the disaster．
她竟从那场灾难中幸存，真是个奇迹。
How should I know it 我怎么会知道这件事
When 1 went out， whom should I meet but my old friend Xiao Li.
当我出去时，想不到竟会碰见我的老朋友小李!
5）should 用于条件状语从句，表示“万一”。
Should you be fired，your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off． 万一你被解雇的话，你的医疗保障和其他福利不会被立刻切断。
6）should have done 本来应该做而实际上没有做；
shouldn't have done 本来不应该做而实际上却做了。
You should have told me earlier．你本应该早点告诉我。（没做）
You shouldn't have told her the fact．你本不应该告诉她真相。（做了）
2. can & could的用法
1）can和could可以表示某人或某物一时的特点，可以翻译成“有可能，有时会”。
It can be very warm in this area．这个地区有时可能非常暖和。
He can be very friendly at times．他有时会非常友好。
2）can／could表推测，用在否定疑问句中，表示可能性。
can't +have done表示对过去的有把握的否定推测，表示绝不可能发生某事。
3）could have done表示本来能做某事，却没有做。
4）英语句子中通常用比较级表示最高级。
couldn't have done better 表示“不可能更好了”，也就是最好了。
I can't agree with you more．我非常赞成你。
This work was very perfect，and it couldn’t have been better．
这个作品非常完美，没有比这更好的了。
5）can't／cannot…too／enough 等后的附加疑问句的动词用肯定形式can，不用can't。
You can't be too careful when crossing the street．你过马路的时越小心越好。
3. will & would的用法
1）表示意愿或固执坚持。用事物作主语时，表示固有性质，倾向。
The window won't open．窗子打不开。
The door won't shut．门关不上了。
2）will可以用在陈述或条件从句中表示各种“愿望”，包括“请求，意愿，拒绝，同意，允许，能够，坚持，选择，计划”等，可用于各种人称。
Will you open，the window for me 你愿意为我打开窗户吗
If you will make another try，I shall do everything possible to help you．(意愿)
如果你愿意再试一次的话，我愿尽一切可能帮助你。
If you will not come late again，I shall let you in．(允诺)
如果你答应不再迟到，我就让你进去。
3）表示必然性或习惯性。
Fish will die without water．没有水，鱼儿会死亡。
4）would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表过去习惯时比used to正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。
The wound would not heal．伤口没有愈合。
During the vacation he would visit me every week．
假期期间，他每周都来看我。
5）would + have done过去就会去做某事，常用在与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句中。
I would have helped you if I had known of your difficulties．
要是我当时知道你的窘境，我就会帮助你了。(实际上没有提供帮助)
If it hadn't rained yesterday，we would have gone on excursion．
假如昨天没下雨，我们就去远足了。(实际上没有去)
4. may &might的用法
1）表示许可、请求、允许时，might比may的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时要用mustn’t表示“不可以”、“禁止”。
You may drive the car. 你可以驾驶这辆车。
—Might I use your pen ——我能用你的钢笔吗？
—No，you mustn’t. ——不，你不能。
2）表示推测、可能 (常用于肯定句中)。
He may be very busy now. 现在他可能很忙。
3）may／might well+动词原形表示“多半会，很可能”；may／might as well+动词原形表示“还不如，不妨”。
For environmental reasons，we may as well take these waste products and have them recycled． 为了环保起见，我们不妨把这些废品收集起来再利用。
4）may have done／might have done对过去有可能发生的事情进行猜测，语气较弱。
But for this late flight，we might have been in Beijing for the meeting．
要不是因为航班延误，我们可能已经到北京开会了。
5. need & dare的用法
1）need表示“需要”或“必须”，作情态动词时，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用must，have to，ought to或should代替。
—Need I finish the work today 我需要今天完成作业吗
—Yes，you must．是的，必须完成。
2）needn't+不定式的完成式表示“本来不必做某事而实际上做了”。
You needn't have waited for me．你没必要等我。
3）need 作为情态动词有时用于含有only，all 等表限制意义的肯定句中。
This is the only form you need．你要填的只有这一张表。
4）在宾语从句中可直接用need 表示过去 (也可用didn't have to)。
He said he need not[didn't have to]hurry．他说他不必匆忙。
5）注意对"need +have+过去分词”结构疑问武的回答。
—Need he have come so early 他需要早来吗
—Yes，he had to．／No，he needn't have．是的，需要。／不，不必。
6）有时need 后接进行式表示动作正在进行。
We needn't be standing here in the rain．我们没有必要站在这里淋雨。
7）dare作情态动词用时，常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，过去式形式为dared。
How dare you say I’m unfair!你怎么敢说我不公平！
He daren’t speak English before such a crowd.他不敢在这么多人面前说英语。
6. must 的用法
1）must表示表示“义务、责任、命令”时意为“必须” 。
We must show concern for every student．我们必须关心每个学生。
You mustn't play with that knife．禁止玩刀具。
2）must 表示一种揣测 (只用在肯定句中)，意思是“一定，准是”。
There is no light on--she must be asleep now．灯没有亮着—她肯定睡了。
3）must have done 表示对过去的最肯定的推测，附加疑问句一般用have或has，但是有明确表示过去的时间状语 (before除外) 时，反意疑问句用过去时。
He must have finished the work, hasn't he 他肯定已经完成了工作，是吗
He must have gone abroad last week，didn't he 他上周已经出国了，是吗
3）must用在条件句或疑问句中，有时表示固执坚持，意为“一定要，非要”。
Must you make that dreadful noise 你非要弄出这讨厌的噪音吗？
If you must go，take my umbrella. 如果你非要走，就带上我的伞。
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1）cannot/never...too/enough... 再……也不过分，越……越好
2）can’t help/choose but do... 只好做……
3）can’t but do... 不得不做……
4）can’t help doing... 情不自禁做……
5）it can’t be helped 实在没办法；无法避免
6）more than sb. can... 非某人所能……
7）may/might well do... 很有可能做某事……
8）may/might as well do... 不妨做……；还是做……的好
二、虚拟语气的基本用法
1. 语气的分类
类别 语法意义 例 句
陈述语气 用来陈述事实，有肯定、否定、疑问等形式。谓语动词受人称、数、时态的限制。 Actions speak louder than words．How should we act to wards people who have AIDS
祈使语气 提出请求、劝告、命令或警告等。常用动词原形，否定式用“don't+动词原形”。 Let's speak English together．Don't he late next time!
虚拟 语气 表示说的话不是事实，或不可能发生，只是一种愿望、假设或建议等。 If l were you，I should follow him．I wish I could fly to the moon．
2. 虚拟语气在If条件状语从句中的表现形式及用法
假设情况 if从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词
与现在事实相反 动词过去式（be一律用were） would / could / might / should + 动词原形
与过去事实相反 had done would / could / might / should + have done
与将来事实相反 动词过去式（be一律用were）should+动词原形（不能用would）were to+动词原形 would / could / might / should + 动词原形
If that happened，it would be terrible．
如果真的发生了那种事，一定会非常可怕。(实际并未发生)
If I were you，I would ask the teacher for advice．
我要是你，就向老师请教。(我不可能变成你)
If I hadn't forgotten your telephone number，I should have called you 1ast Sunday． 我要是没有忘记您的电话号码。上周日我就给你打电话了。
If I had had the money last week，I could have bought a car．
如果我上周有这笔钱，我可能就会买车了。(当时没有这笔钱，没买车)
If it rained tomorrow，I would not go there．
要是明天真的下雨，我就不去那儿了。(说话人认为明天下雨的可能性很小)
If it should rain in a few days，the crops could be saved．
假如这几天真会下雨，庄稼就有可能得救。(说话人认为这几天不可能下雨)
If he were to come back this evening，he might help us repair the car．
假如今晚他能回来，他也许会帮我们修车。(说话人认为他今晚不可能回来)
3. 虚拟语气在从句中的运用
1）在主语从句中的应用。
虚拟语气用在主语从句中，常用“It+ be +某些形容词或过去分词+主语从句”的句型表示，主语从句中的动词形式通常用“should+动词原形”的虚拟结构。should也可省略。有三类可用的词：
①suggested，ordered，required，proposed，demanded，requested，insisted ……
②important，necessary，natural，imperative，strange ……
③a pity，a shame，no wonder ……
It is necessary that you(should)attend the meeting．你有必要参加这个会议。
It is strange that he should say that．很奇怪，他竟然说出那种话。
It is suggested that the meeting be put off. 有人建议推迟开会的日期。
2）在宾语从句中的应用
（1）wish后面的从句
当wish的宾语从句表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。从句谓语根据时间情况用虚拟结构。在翻译wish虚拟句时应使用符合汉语习惯中表述“事与愿违”的一些词语。常用的有“可惜……”。“悔不该……”。“……就好了”；“不得已……”等。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
S+过去时（表现在）
S +wish (that ) + S+ had+过去分词（表过去）
S+ could /would/ might + V. (表将来)
I wish he knew her address．
要是我知道她的地址就好了。(事实是：现在我不知道)
I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲过那样的话。
I wish I could fly to the moon one day．但愿有一天我能飞往月球。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
（2）在表示命令、建议、要求，如order， suggest， propose， require， demand， request， insist， command， insist等一类动词后面的从句中，谓语动词用（should）do等。
I suggest that we（should）hold a meeting next week. 我建议下周召开个会议。
I suggest she (should)buy this dictionary．
我建议她买这本字典。(可能买也可能不买，只表示建议)
He insisted that he（should ）be sent there. 他要求被派到那儿去。
I demanded that Bob go there at once．我要求鲍勃立即去那儿。
He ordered that the work (should)be started at once．他命令立即开始工作。
【温馨提示】
如suggest，insist不表示“建议” 或“坚持要某人做某事时”，即它们用于其本意“暗示、表明”、“坚持认为”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
He insisted that he had done right. 他坚持认为他做的对。
His expression suggested that he was angry. 他表情表明他很生气。
3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用
在demand，insist，suggestion，command，order，advice，request，plan，proposal等词后的表语或同位语从句中，其从句的谓语动词一律用“should+动词原形”，should可省略。
My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference.我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。
I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.
我提个建议，下周我们开个会。
My suggestion is that we should get down to our work immediately．
我的建议是立即开始工作。
We all agree to your proposal that we should put on a short play next week．
我们都赞成你的建议，下周上演一个短剧。
4）在定语从句It is(high/about)time that……中，其后谓语动词用过去式，有时也有用“should+动词原形”的。
It is time the boy should be sent to school now.(It is time the boy was sent to school now.)这孩子是上学的时候了。
It is high time you made up your mind．是你该下决心的时候了。
5）状语从句中的虚拟语气的用法
（1）as if 或as though（好象……似的）引导方式状语从句和表语从句中。
He works very hard as if he never intended to sleep．
他工作非常努力，好像他从来不想睡觉似的。
It seems as if it were spring already．好像现在已经是春天了似的。
He talks (talked) as if he had been to American before.
看他谈话的样子仿佛他以前去过美国似的。（这时从句中的谓语动词不受句中的谓语动词时态的影响与限制）
She cried as if her heart would break．她哭得心都要碎了。
He talks as if he would go the moon someday.
他说起来就好像有一天他会去月球似的。
请注意：如果as if从句中的情况有可能发生，从句也可用陈述语气。
It looks as if it is pure gold. 看起来好像是真的。
Look, it looks as if it's going to rain. 瞧！看起来，要下雨。
（2）in order that（为了），so that（为了）， for fear that（以免），unless（除非），lest（以免）引导的从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”或“动词原形”；口语中也常用“can/could+动词原形”；而providing（倘若），supposing（假若），in case（假使）， on condition that（如果）+从句等变化形式同上文的if引导的非真实条件句。
He tried his best to study in order that he might pass the exam.
他尽最大努力学习，以便通过考试 。
He stayed at home for a few days so that he might have more time to study it.
他在家里呆了几天，以便于会有更多的时间来研究这个问题。
Tom dare not go near for fear that the animals bits. 汤姆不敢走近，怕动物咬。
Providing (Supposing) the weather were bad, when would you go
假定天气不好的话，你去哪儿呢？
请注意：在If only（= I wish）……引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气，意思是“要是……该多好呀!”。
S+ 过去时（表现在）
If only + S+ had +过去分词（表过去）
S+ could/would/ might +V （表将来）
If only we had a car of our own!
我们要是有一辆自己的车该多好呀! (表示现在动词用过去式)
If only I were younger! 我要是年轻一点该多好啊!
If only I had listened to your advice．当初我要是听你的劝告就好了。
三、错综虚拟条件句
在这种虚拟条件句中，从句和主句的动作行为发生的时间不一致。（如：一个是过去发生的，一个是现在发生的）。在这种情况下，动词的形式要根据各自所表示的时间作相应的变化。（一般都有具体的时间状语说明、显示）
1. 从句是现在时，主句是过去时的混合虚拟
If he could pass the exam now, he would have passed it last time. For these problems are no easier than those of last time. (从句是现在，主句是过去)
如果他现在考试及格的话，那么上次也就及格了。因为这次的题并不比上次的容易。
If I were you, I would have attended the 1ecture．
如果我是你，我就去听演讲了。(从句说明现在，主句说明过去)
If I were you, I would have attended the 1ecture．
如果我是你，我就去听演讲了。(从句说明现在，主句说明过去)
2. 从句是过去时，主句是现在时的混合虚拟
If he had followed the doctor's advice， he would be all right now.
如果他听了医生的劝告，他现在就好了。（从句说明过去，主句说明现在）
If you had come earlier, you would join us in playing football.
如果你早点来的话，你现在就可以和我们一起踢足球。
If you hadn't seen that late film last night, you wouldn't be sleepy now．
如果你昨晚不去看那场很晚才开演的电影。你现在就不会困了。
(从句说明过去，主句说明现在。)
If you had listened the doctor, you would be all right now．
如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。
(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)
If I hadn't spent much time practicing speaking English school, I would not be able to speak so well now．
要不是我在上学时花很多时间练习说英语，现在我就不可能说得这么好。
(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)
3. 从句是现在时，主句是将来时的混合虚拟
If he were here now, he was to start off together with us tomorrow.
如果他现在在这里，他明天会和我们一起出发的。
（从句说明现在，主句说明将来）
If we hadn't got everything ready by now, we should having a terrible time tomorrow．
如果我们现在一切还没有准备好，明天情况就糟了。
（从句动作指现在，主句动作指将来）
4. 从句过去时与将来时的混合虚拟
If she had arrived home this morning, she might see her dying mother this afternoon.
如果她今天上午到家的话，今天下午也许能见到她临死的母亲。
（从句说明过去，主句说明将来）
5. 虚拟语气结构中的从句或主句有时可以在形式上省略，但意义仍存在．
1）省去了条件从句的虚拟结构：
I would not have done it. 我是不会作那件事的。（省去了I had been you ）
You might stay here forever. 我可以永远呆在这里。（省去了if you wanted to ）
2）省去了结果主句的虚拟语气：（常用以表示愿望）
If only I could help you. 假如我能帮助你，那该多好啊！
If only the wind would stop. 风要是停了该多好！
四、含蓄条件句的虚拟语气
前后两个句子根据陈述的需要，其中有一个句子用虚拟语气，有一个句子用陈述语气，这种现象称之为含蓄条件句。
1. 在有分词短语或独立主格结构的句子中，谓语用虚拟结构。
Having known in time (=If we had known in time), we might have prevented the accident． 如果我们及时知道的话，我们也许就能避免这起事故了。
United (= If they had been united), they wouldn't have been defeated．
他们要是团结起来，就不会被打败了。
2. 用but for...或without等介词短语来代替条件从句。意为：如果没有。
but for相当于If it had not been for...，表示与过去事实相反的情况，可与without互换。
但当without所表示的情况是与现在事实相反时，二者则不能互换。
The ship would have sunk with all on board but for the efforts of the captain.
要没有那位船长的努力，就会连船带人都沉没了。
But for (= Without) John, Jane would have fallen into water.
如果没有约翰珍妮可能会掉进水里。
But for their help (= If it were not for their help), we could not get over the difficulties. 要不是他们的帮助．我们是克服不了这些困难的。
请注意用but引导条件结构的两种形式
①would + 动词原形+ but +现在时陈述句 表示与现在事实相反的假设。
He would gain weight but he doesn't eat enough.
他增加体重了可他吃的并不多。
②would +have+过去分词+but+过去时陈述句表示与过去事实相反的假设。
He would have given you more help but he was so busy.
他本来要给你一些帮助的，只是他太忙了。
I would have written before, but I have been ill.
我本来该早些给你写信的，但我生病了。
3. 用otherwise（or，or else），though，although等表示与上下文所指的情况不同，从而引出虚拟语气。
He was very busy doing his experiments in physics, otherwise (or else) he would have given you much help.
他当时正忙于做物理实验，否则他会给你很大帮助的。
I'm really busy, otherwise (=if I weren't so busy), I would certainly go with you．我确实太忙了。不然的话。我一定和你一块去。
Einstein had little concern for money, though (although) he could have been a very rich man. 尽管爱因斯坦本可以成为非常富有的人，但他对金钱不感兴趣。
上述两例若用but表达用意，则可改写为：
He would have given you much help, but he was very busy doing his experiments in physics.
Einstein could have been a very rich man, but he had little concern for money.
4. 用介词短语表示虚拟结构。
常用来表示虚拟条件的介词有with without，in，under，but for等。它们表示的虚拟条件都可以被if从句替换。
Without air, there would be no living things. (Without air, if there were no air)
没有空气，就没有生物。
With her help (= If I had her help), I would do the experiment well．
假如有她帮助，我就可以把这个实验做好。
Under the leadership of a less experienced person, the experiment would have failed．
(Under…= If there had been the leadership of a less experienced person)
假设在一个缺少经验的人领导下进行实验，实验准会失败。
I would have lost my head in that position．(in that position = if I had been in that position) 我处在那种情况下，是会丧失理智的。
5. 在would rather后接that从句时，从句谓语用虚拟结构。
表示与现在或将来事实相反时，谓语动词用过去式；
表示与过去事实相反时，谓语动词用过去完成式。
I'd rather you went home now．我宁愿你现在就回家。
I would rather he had stayed at the hotel yesterday．
我真希望他昨天在那家宾馆里待着。
6. 在对过去应该做而没做的事情表示责备的句子中，谓语用should+现在完成式 的虚拟结构。
You should have been here five minutes ago．你本应该5分钟前就到这儿。
I should have told you about it earlier．有关这事我本应该早告诉你。
7. 在in order that，so that引导的目的状语从句中，用may或might+动词原形 (so that从句中也可用can或could) 表示虚拟语气。
They asked the driver to stop the beast so that they could have a look.
他们要求驱赶员让那个动物停一下以便能让他们看一下。
He came ten minutes earlier in order that he might get a good seat．
他早来10分钟，以便能占个好座位。
8. 在If only（= I wish…）引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气，意思是“要是……该多好呀!”。
S+ 过去时（表现在）
If only + S + had + 过去分词（表过去）
S+ could/would/ might +V （表将来）
If only we had a car of our own!
我们要是有一辆自己的车该多好呀! (表示现在动词用过去式)
If only she were my sister! 要是她是我姐姐多好啊！
If only I hadn't 1ost my dictionary! 我的词典要是没丢该多好呀! (表过去)
If only she had not left! 要是她没有离开该多好啊！
9. 表希望、想法、打算、意图的动词
intend，hope，want，plan，mean等的过去完成时态或不定式用完成时态时表示与过去相反的虚拟语气。
He had hoped for a better job，but he didn’t get it．
他原希望找一个好的工作，但他没有得到。
I had meant to go to the party, but I had to work extra hours to prepare a speech． 我原打算去参加这个聚会，但我得加时准备演讲。
I intended to have helped you，but I was very busy at that time．
我原打算向帮助他，但我当时很忙。
10. 不定式短语，名词短语引导的虚拟语气
It would be a mistake not to help him. 如果不帮助他就是一个错误。
An honest man would have acted differently.
如果是一个诚实的人，那表现就不一样了。
11. 表示“如果没有……”或“要不是因为……”的句型
If it not were for… 要是没有……/ 如果没有……
If it had not been for… 如果不是因为……/ 要不是因为……
If it were not for this shortcoming, he would be a fairly good coach.
要不是有这一缺点，他可能会是一个相当好的教练。
If it had not been for his help, all this would be impossible.
要不是他的帮助，这一切都是不可能的。
12. 虚拟语气常用来表示婉转或礼貌
谓语动词用would (should )，might，could + 动词原形”。 ：
I would rather do it myself. 我情愿自己做。
Might I ask you a question now 现在我可以问这个问题吗？
Perhaps you could do better this way. 这样做或许会好些。
13. 虚拟语气用在简单句中，较常见的两种情况
1）动词原形live 用在long live ……中。Long live the people! 人民万岁！
2）用在句子开头，表示：祝愿：May you be happy！祝你快乐！
May you succeed！祝你成功！
五、虚拟语气省略if的情况
从句中有动词 had，should，were
如果从句中有动词had，should，were，可省略if，并采用倒装形式。但如果从句中没有were，had，should，则不能这样做。
Had he seen you yesterday，he would have asked you about it．
如果他昨天见到你。他就会问你这件事。
Should it (Were it to) rain, the crops would be saved．
如果天下雨。庄稼就会得救。
【强化训练】
I. 单项选择
1.（2021年高考 天津卷）It used to be that you ______drive for miles here without seeing another person, but now there are houses and people everywhere.
A. need B. should C. could D. must
2.（2020年高考 江苏卷）If I hadn’t been faced with so many barriers, I _____where I am.
A. Won’t be B. wouldn’t have been C. wouldn’t be D. shouldn’t have been
3. （2020年高考 天津卷）Jim says we ______ stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy .
A. must B. can C. need D. should
4. （2019年高考 天津卷）The workers were not better organized, otherwise they __________ the task in half the time.
A. accomplished B. had accomplished
C. would accomplish D. would have accomplished
5.（2019年高考 江苏卷）What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we _________ a good time together.
A. had B. will have C. would have had D. had had
6.（2018年高考 北京卷）They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.
A. drove B. would drive C. were to drive D. had driven
7. （2018年高考 江苏卷）It’s strange that he ________ have taken the books without the owner’s permission.
A. would B. should C. could D. might
8. (2018高考 北京模拟卷) When I was small, my mom ________ read me stories at night.
A. could B. should C. might D. would
9. (2018高考 北京模拟卷) The two walls are to bear the weight of the room. You ________ remove them.
A. needn’t B. couldn’t C. mustn’t D. daren’t
10. (2018高考 北京模拟试卷) You ________ something great， otherwise you wouldn’t have got the promotion.
A. should do B. must do C. should have done D. must have done
11. (2018高考 天津模拟试卷) There is a possibility that instead of cash, mobile payments _________ become the main method of payment by 2020.
A. may B. must C. shall D. need
12. I’m not sure of the reason for the dog’s illness, but it ________ by eating too much.
A. may have been caused B. need have been caused
C. should have been caused D. must have been caused
13. Can you imagine what the modern world ________ like without smart-phones
A. were B. would be C. had been D. would have been
14. She seems as if she _________ a great thing
A. does B. had done C. makes D. was doing
15. My room is a mess， but I ________ clean it before I go out tonight. I can do it in the morning.
A. daren’t B. shouldn’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t
16. Someone ________ the tap on, for the water was running over and flooding the bathroom.
A. could leave B. must have left C．might leave D. should have left
17. I’m sorry. ________ for my illness， I would have come and lent you a
helping hand.
A. Were it not B. If it were not C. Had it not been D. If it has not been
18. Mr. Wills, who was being helped up onto the platform to take the prize, looked as if he ________ by lightning.
A. was just struck B. were just struck
C. would just be struck D. had just been struck
19. We ________ the sunshine in Sanya now if it were not for the delay of our flight.
A. were enjoying B. would have enjoyed
C. would be enjoying D. will enjoy
20. --- With the failure of the experiment， we have reached a dead end.
--- Cheer up! Many good things would never have happened if the bad events ________ first.
A. don’t happen B. didn’t happen
C. hadn’t happened D. haven’t happened
21. Thanks for your useful advice； otherwise I ________ such rapid progress.
A. didn’t make B. couldn’t have made
C. hadn’t made D. haven’t made
22. Waiters are requested to treat every customer as if they ________ guests in their own house.
A. are B. were C. would be D. had been
23. _______ not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
A. It were B. Were it C. It was D. Was
24. –Tom, your foreign teacher speaks Chinese fluently!
--Oh, she has lived in China for six years, otherwise she ________ such good Chinese.
A. didn’t speak B. would not have spoken
C. would not speak D. hadn’t spoken
25. My mobile phone is missing. ________ it
A. must have taken B. must take C. could have taken D. could take
II. 高考完型填空练习
（2020年 新高考 山东卷）阅读下面短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Molai grew up in a tiny village in India. The village lay near some wetlands which became his second_____1_____. He learned the value and beauty of ____2____ there from a very young age.
When he was 16, Molai began to notice something ____3____ happening around his home. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the ____4____ it caused had driven away a number of birds. ____5____, the number of snakes had declined as well. He ____6____ that it was because there weren’t enough trees to protect them from the ___7____. The solution, of course, was to plant trees so the animals could seek ____8____ during the daytime. He turned to the ____9____ department for help but was told that nothing would grow there. However, Molai went looking on his own and _____10_____a nearby island where he began to plant trees.
____11____ young plants in the dry season was _____12______for a lone boy. Molai built at the ____13_____ of each sapling(幼树)a bamboo platform, where he placed earthen pots with small holes to_____14______ rainwater. The water would then drip on the plants below.
Molai ____15_____ to plant trees for the next 37 years. His efforts have resulted in 1,360 acres of naturally-grown land that has become home to many plants and animals.
1. A. dream B. job C. home D. choice
2. A. nature B. youth C. culture D. knowledge
3. A. precious B. interesting C. disturbing D. awkward
4. A. waste B. tension C. pain D. damage
5. A. Besides B. However C. Therefore D. Otherwise
6. A. agreed B. realized C. remembered D. predicted
7. A. noise B. heat C. disease D. dust
8. A. directions B. partners C. help D. shelter
9. A. labor B. police C. forest D. finance
10. A. rebuilt B. discovered C. left D. managed
11. A. Decorating B. Observing C. Watering D. Guarding
12. A. tough B. illegal C. fantastic D. beneficial
13. A. back B. top C. foot D. side
14. A. cool down B. keep off C. purify D. collect
15. A. returned B. learned C. failed D. continued
19【2022高分攻略】高考英语二轮复习学案(通用版)
专题八 情态动词与虚拟语气（解析卷）
黑龙江 哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
【考纲解读】
情态动词与虚拟语气是重要的考查热点，在历年的高考试题中都占有较大比例，涉及范围较广，是高考试卷中非常重要语法项目，特别是情态动词中虚拟语气的用法，情可以表推测，也可以表虚拟等。
主要考查热点：
1.情态动词 should，must，can／could，shall，will／would，may／might，need等的特殊用法
2.含有if引导的状语从句的虚拟语气；
3.名词性从句中的虚拟语气；
4.错综虚拟条件句；
5.含蓄条件句与虚拟语气省略if的倒装情况。
【考点剖析】
一、情态动词
例1：My room is a mess, but I __________clean it before I go out tonight. I can do it in the morning.
A. daren’t B. shouldn’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我的房间很乱，但是在今晚我出去之前不需要打扫，我可以明天早晨再打扫。A.不敢；B.不应该；C不需要；D.不许。根据句意是不需要，所以选择C。
例2： （2018年高考 北京卷）In today’s information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company.
A. need B. should C. can D. must
【答案】C
【解析】 句意：在今天的信息时代，数据的丢失有时会对一个公司造成严重的问题。考查情态动词。数据丢失造成严重问题是客观上会发生的情况，即“客观可能性”，该空格应用情态动词can。need需要；should应该，竟然；must必须，肯定。只有C选项正确。所以选择C。
例3：No student ________ go out of school after eleven o’clock at night without the teacher’s permission.
A. will B. must C. may D. shall
【答案】D
【解析】句意：未经老师许可，学生在晚上十一点以后不得离校。考查情态动词。shall：应该，必须，表示条约、规章、法令等文件中的义务或规定。所以选D。
例4：—What’s wrong with the door
—The key has got stuck in it and ________ come out.
A. shouldn’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. won’t
【答案】D
【解析】句意：——这扇门怎么啦 ——钥匙卡在里面了，怎么也拔不出来。考查情态动词。A不应该；B禁止；C不必，不需要。will表示某事在某种情况下是真实或可能的，won’t表示“不能”。所以选D。
例 5：I love the weekend， because I ________get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.
A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. wouldn’t D. shouldn’t
【答案】A
【解析】。句意：我爱周末，因为我不需要在周六和周日早起。考查情态动词根据句意可知此处说的是不需要在周六和周日起早。needn’t 表示不需要。所以选择答案A。
【解题技巧】
此类试题首先要分析句子含义，再结合不同情态动词的相关用法选出正确答案。比如：can和could的用法很广泛，但高考中主要考查其特殊用法。再如：may和might的考查主要是关于推测的。特别是need与dare 用法很多，需要特殊注意。
二、虚拟语气
例1：If I ________ time， I would certainly go to the movies with you， but I have a lot of work to do.
A. had B. have C. will have D. had had
【答案】 A
【解析】句意：如果我有时间的话，我肯定会和你一起去看电影，但是我有很多工作要做。考查虚拟语气。与现在事实相反的假设，条件句谓语动词需用动词的过去式，故选A。
例2：—Do you have Betty’s phone number
—Yes. Otherwise, I ______able to reach her yesterday.
A. hadn’t been B. wouldn’t have been C. weren’t D. wouldn’t be
【答案】B
【解析】句意：——你有贝蒂的电话号码吗？——有。否则我昨天就联系不到她了。此处otherwise（否则）相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句，由yesterday可知本句对过去进行虚拟，由此可以判断出主句用wouldn’t have done，所以。选择B。
例3：—I forgot all about the party yesterday.
—If my secretary hadn’t reminded me, I ________ too.
A. did B. had C. should D. would have
【答案】D
【解析】句意：——昨天的聚会我忘的干干净净的。——要不是我的秘书提醒我的话，我也会忘记的。考查虚拟语气。由时间状语yesterday及从句中的hadn’t reminded可知，此处是对过去情况的假设，要用“would +have done”，此处为省略形式，省去了have后的done。所以选择D。
例4：It’s no use envying others’ success. It‘s time you ________ hard.
A. must work B. were to work C. work D. should work
【答案】 D
【解析】句意：嫉妒别人的成功是没有用的，是该你努力工作的时候了。考查虚拟语气。在It’s time (that)...句式中，从句的谓语用动词的过去式或should+动词原形（should不能省略）。所以选择D。
例5：The suggestion our teacher ________ at the meeting is that students ________in time after learning.
A. made；review B. make；review
C. should make；reviewed D. made；reviewed
【答案】A
【解析】句意：我们老师在会上提出的建议是学生在学完后应及时复习。考查虚拟语气。our teacher ________ at the meeting是省略关系代词的定语从句，根据语境可知应该用一般过去时；表示建议的名词suggestion后的表语从句用虚拟语气，其形式是“(should)+动词原形”。所以，选择A。
三、错综虚拟条件句
例1：If he had spent more time practicing spoken English before， he ________ able to speak it much better now.
A. will be B. would be C. has been D. would have been
【答案】 B
【解析】句意：如果他以前花更多的时间练习英语口语，他现在就能说得更好了。考查虚拟语气。此处为错综时间条件句（即：主从句虚拟的时间不同），从句是对过去的虚拟，主句是对现在情况的虚拟（由主句中的时间状语now可知的），需用“would/should/might/could+动词原形”。所以，选择B。
例2：She would be much healthier now ________ with that much pressure from work when young.
A. had she not burdened herself B. were she not burdened
C. should she not burden herself D. were she not to be burdened
【答案】 A
【解析】句意：如果她年轻时没有承受那么大的工作压力，她现在会健康得多。考查虚拟语气。该句为错综时间条件句，主句是对现在(now)的虚拟，从句是对过去(when young)的虚拟，故动词需用had done形式；此处把从句谓语had done中的助动词had提到主语前，用了倒装结构；故答案为A。
例3：（2018年高考 天津卷）If we ___________ the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach
A. had caught B. caught C. have caught D. would catch
【答案】A
【解析】句意：如果我们昨天赶上飞机的话，现在我们正在海滩享受我们的假日了。考查虚拟语气中错综时间条件句。根据从句的时间状语yesterday可知，从句所表示是与过去事实相反，所以用had +过去分词；主句与现在事实相反，主句的谓语用了would be enjoying，是对现在的假设。因此选择A。
四、含蓄条件句的虚拟语气
例1：—Why didn’t you buy an iPhone 8s It’s the most amazing phone.
—I ________, but I didn’t have the money.
A. must B. must have C. would D. would have
【答案】D
【解析】句意：——你为什么不买一部iPhone 8s 这是最棒的手机。——我本来想买来着，但我没有钱。考查虚拟语气。but引出的句子相当于“if I had the money”；此处表示对过去的虚拟，是含蓄条件的虚拟语气。用would have done，答案D would have是其省略形式，省略了have后的过去分词。所以，选择D。
例2：I was ill that day, otherwise I _________the sports meet.
A. would have taken part in B. took part in
C. had taken part in D. would take part in
【答案】A
【解析】句意：那天我病了，否则我会参加运动会的。该句子是与过去事实相反的假设，表示如果我那天没病，我就会参加的。虚拟语气可以通过副词otherwise等表达。该句子表示的是与过去事实相反的假设，主句用would have done。故选择答案A。
例3：Without our team’s great effort, the art exhibition last week ________ such a great success.
A. wouldn’t be B. won’t be C. wouldn’t have been D. won’t have been
【答案】 C
【解析】句意：没有我们团队的巨大努力，上周的艺术展就不会取得如此大的成功。考查虚拟语气。without短语表示含蓄虚拟条件。由without短语及last week可知，此处表示对过去情况的假设，所有用“would +have done”结构，因此，选择C。
例4：But for your instruction, I ________ such great progress in so short a time. Thanks a lot.
A. wouldn’t make B. hadn’t made
C. won’t make D. wouldn’t have made
【答案】D
【解析】句意：要不是你的指导，我不会在这么短的时间内取得这么大的进步。非常感谢。考查虚拟语气。由语境可知此处表示对过去情况的虚拟，应用“would/might/could +have done”形式。所以，选择D。
五、虚拟语气省略if的情况
例1：________ the rain stop, the crops would be saved.
A. Will B. Would C. Should D. Had
【答案】C
【解析】句意：如果雨停了的话,庄稼就会得救了。考查虚拟语气。当从句中有动词had，should，were时，可以省略if，并采用倒装形式。Should在此表示可能、假如、万一，常用在虚拟条件句中。所以选择C。
例2：It’s strange that he ________ have taken the book without winner’s permission.
A. would B. should C. could D. might
【答案】B
【解析】句意：真奇怪，她竟然没有得到主人的允许就拿走了这些书。在It is important / necessary/ strange /impossible / natural that .... 中，由that 引导的主语从句通常用should + 动词原形（虚拟语气形式），而且，should可以省略。所以选择答案B。
例3：__________ hard, he would have passed the exam.
A. If he were to work B. Had he worked
C. Should he work D. Were he to work
【答案】B
【解析】句意：如果他努力学习，他就会通过考试了。这个句子也是一个带有省略形式的虚拟条件句，没有省略之前应该是If he had worked hard, he would have passed the exam. 当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首。故选择答案B。
例4：Had you listened to the doctor, you ________ now.
A. are all right B. were all right
C. would be all right D. would have been all right
【答案】C
【解析】句意：如果你听医生的话，你现在就会完全好了。Had引出的含有虚拟语气的倒装句，从句表示的是与过去事实相反的情况，而主句强调的是现在的情况。故选择答案C。
【相关知识点连接】
一、情态动词基本用法的考查
1. shall 与 should
1）shall 用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人在征求对方的意见或向对方请求做某事。
Shall we take a rest I can't go any further．
我们休息一下好吗 我一步都走不了了。
2）shall 可以用在第二、第三人称，但不可以缩写。表示说话人的意图、意志、允诺、命令、命运或必然结果等；还可以在法律、条约、协定等文件中表示义务、规定等。
Each citizen shall carry his identification card when traveling．
旅游时每个市民务必带上身份证。（规定）
If you don't behave yourself，you shall be punished．
如果你行为不轨的话，你会受到惩罚的。（威胁）
You shall get a new bicycle as a reward for doing well in the following final exam． 如果在次期末考试取得好成绩，就会奖励你一辆新自行车作为。（允诺）
3）should 可以表示估计，推论或推测的“应该”，还可以翻译成“可能，该，估计，按理说应当”等等。此外，还可以表示义务、责任，或建议别人按情理应该做某事等。
The report is written after careful investigation，so it should be reliable．
这份报告是经过周密调查写成的，所以该是可靠的。
You should care what people think about you．你应该在乎人们怎样想你。
4）should 表示惊讶，不以为然等情绪，用于某些句型中，多翻译为“竟然”；经常用于疑问句和感叹句中表示意外，惊异等情绪，常和疑问词 why，how，whom，what 连用，而且疑问句不必回答。
hat such a good student like him should fad in the exam．
你无法想象像他这样好的学生竟然在考试中失败了。
It is a marvel that she should have survived the disaster．
她竟从那场灾难中幸存，真是个奇迹。
How should I know it 我怎么会知道这件事
When 1 went out， whom should I meet but my old friend Xiao Li.
当我出去时，想不到竟会碰见我的老朋友小李!
5）should 用于条件状语从句，表示“万一”。
Should you be fired，your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off． 万一你被解雇的话，你的医疗保障和其他福利不会被立刻切断。
6）should have done 本来应该做而实际上没有做；
shouldn't have done 本来不应该做而实际上却做了。
You should have told me earlier．你本应该早点告诉我。（没做）
You shouldn't have told her the fact．你本不应该告诉她真相。（做了）
2. can & could的用法
1）can和could可以表示某人或某物一时的特点，可以翻译成“有可能，有时会”。
It can be very warm in this area．这个地区有时可能非常暖和。
He can be very friendly at times．他有时会非常友好。
2）can／could表推测，用在否定疑问句中，表示可能性。
can't +have done表示对过去的有把握的否定推测，表示绝不可能发生某事。
3）could have done表示本来能做某事，却没有做。
4）英语句子中通常用比较级表示最高级。
couldn't have done better 表示“不可能更好了”，也就是最好了。
I can't agree with you more．我非常赞成你。
This work was very perfect，and it couldn’t have been better．
这个作品非常完美，没有比这更好的了。
5）can't／cannot…too／enough 等后的附加疑问句的动词用肯定形式can，不用can't。
You can't be too careful when crossing the street．你过马路的时越小心越好。
3. will & would的用法
1）表示意愿或固执坚持。用事物作主语时，表示固有性质，倾向。
The window won't open．窗子打不开。
The door won't shut．门关不上了。
2）will可以用在陈述或条件从句中表示各种“愿望”，包括“请求，意愿，拒绝，同意，允许，能够，坚持，选择，计划”等，可用于各种人称。
Will you open，the window for me 你愿意为我打开窗户吗
If you will make another try，I shall do everything possible to help you．(意愿)
如果你愿意再试一次的话，我愿尽一切可能帮助你。
If you will not come late again，I shall let you in．(允诺)
如果你答应不再迟到，我就让你进去。
3）表示必然性或习惯性。
Fish will die without water．没有水，鱼儿会死亡。
4）would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表过去习惯时比used to正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。
The wound would not heal．伤口没有愈合。
During the vacation he would visit me every week．
假期期间，他每周都来看我。
5）would + have done过去就会去做某事，常用在与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句中。
I would have helped you if I had known of your difficulties．
要是我当时知道你的窘境，我就会帮助你了。(实际上没有提供帮助)
If it hadn't rained yesterday，we would have gone on excursion．
假如昨天没下雨，我们就去远足了。(实际上没有去)
4. may &might的用法
1）表示许可、请求、允许时，might比may的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时要用mustn’t表示“不可以”、“禁止”。
You may drive the car. 你可以驾驶这辆车。
—Might I use your pen ——我能用你的钢笔吗？
—No，you mustn’t. ——不，你不能。
2）表示推测、可能 (常用于肯定句中)。
He may be very busy now. 现在他可能很忙。
3）may／might well+动词原形表示“多半会，很可能”；may／might as well+动词原形表示“还不如，不妨”。
For environmental reasons，we may as well take these waste products and have them recycled． 为了环保起见，我们不妨把这些废品收集起来再利用。
4）may have done／might have done对过去有可能发生的事情进行猜测，语气较弱。
But for this late flight，we might have been in Beijing for the meeting．
要不是因为航班延误，我们可能已经到北京开会了。
5. need & dare的用法
1）need表示“需要”或“必须”，作情态动词时，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用must，have to，ought to或should代替。
—Need I finish the work today 我需要今天完成作业吗
—Yes，you must．是的，必须完成。
2）needn't+不定式的完成式表示“本来不必做某事而实际上做了”。
You needn't have waited for me．你没必要等我。
3）need 作为情态动词有时用于含有only，all 等表限制意义的肯定句中。
This is the only form you need．你要填的只有这一张表。
4）在宾语从句中可直接用need 表示过去 (也可用didn't have to)。
He said he need not[didn't have to]hurry．他说他不必匆忙。
5）注意对"need +have+过去分词”结构疑问武的回答。
—Need he have come so early 他需要早来吗
—Yes，he had to．／No，he needn't have．是的，需要。／不，不必。
6）有时need 后接进行式表示动作正在进行。
We needn't be standing here in the rain．我们没有必要站在这里淋雨。
7）dare作情态动词用时，常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，过去式形式为dared。
How dare you say I’m unfair!你怎么敢说我不公平！
He daren’t speak English before such a crowd.他不敢在这么多人面前说英语。
6. must 的用法
1）must表示表示“义务、责任、命令”时意为“必须” 。
We must show concern for every student．我们必须关心每个学生。
You mustn't play with that knife．禁止玩刀具。
2）must 表示一种揣测 (只用在肯定句中)，意思是“一定，准是”。
There is no light on--she must be asleep now．灯没有亮着—她肯定睡了。
3）must have done 表示对过去的最肯定的推测，附加疑问句一般用have或has，但是有明确表示过去的时间状语 (before除外) 时，反意疑问句用过去时。
He must have finished the work, hasn't he 他肯定已经完成了工作，是吗
He must have gone abroad last week，didn't he 他上周已经出国了，是吗
3）must用在条件句或疑问句中，有时表示固执坚持，意为“一定要，非要”。
Must you make that dreadful noise 你非要弄出这讨厌的噪音吗？
If you must go，take my umbrella. 如果你非要走，就带上我的伞。
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1）cannot/never...too/enough... 再……也不过分，越……越好
2）can’t help/choose but do... 只好做……
3）can’t but do... 不得不做……
4）can’t help doing... 情不自禁做……
5）it can’t be helped 实在没办法；无法避免
6）more than sb. can... 非某人所能……
7）may/might well do... 很有可能做某事……
8）may/might as well do... 不妨做……；还是做……的好
二、虚拟语气的基本用法
1. 语气的分类
类别 语法意义 例 句
陈述语气 用来陈述事实，有肯定、否定、疑问等形式。谓语动词受人称、数、时态的限制。 Actions speak louder than words．How should we act to wards people who have AIDS
祈使语气 提出请求、劝告、命令或警告等。常用动词原形，否定式用“don't+动词原形”。 Let's speak English together．Don't he late next time!
虚拟 语气 表示说的话不是事实，或不可能发生，只是一种愿望、假设或建议等。 If l were you，I should follow him．I wish I could fly to the moon．
2. 虚拟语气在If条件状语从句中的表现形式及用法
假设情况 if从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词
与现在事实相反 动词过去式（be一律用were） would / could / might / should + 动词原形
与过去事实相反 had done would / could / might / should + have done
与将来事实相反 动词过去式（be一律用were）should+动词原形（不能用would）were to+动词原形 would / could / might / should + 动词原形
If that happened，it would be terrible．
如果真的发生了那种事，一定会非常可怕。(实际并未发生)
If I were you，I would ask the teacher for advice．
我要是你，就向老师请教。(我不可能变成你)
If I hadn't forgotten your telephone number，I should have called you 1ast Sunday． 我要是没有忘记您的电话号码。上周日我就给你打电话了。
If I had had the money last week，I could have bought a car．
如果我上周有这笔钱，我可能就会买车了。(当时没有这笔钱，没买车)
If it rained tomorrow，I would not go there．
要是明天真的下雨，我就不去那儿了。(说话人认为明天下雨的可能性很小)
If it should rain in a few days，the crops could be saved．
假如这几天真会下雨，庄稼就有可能得救。(说话人认为这几天不可能下雨)
If he were to come back this evening，he might help us repair the car．
假如今晚他能回来，他也许会帮我们修车。(说话人认为他今晚不可能回来)
3. 虚拟语气在从句中的运用
1）在主语从句中的应用。
虚拟语气用在主语从句中，常用“It+ be +某些形容词或过去分词+主语从句”的句型表示，主语从句中的动词形式通常用“should+动词原形”的虚拟结构。should也可省略。有三类可用的词：
①suggested，ordered，required，proposed，demanded，requested，insisted ……
②important，necessary，natural，imperative，strange ……
③a pity，a shame，no wonder ……
It is necessary that you(should)attend the meeting．你有必要参加这个会议。
It is strange that he should say that．很奇怪，他竟然说出那种话。
It is suggested that the meeting be put off. 有人建议推迟开会的日期。
2）在宾语从句中的应用
（1）wish后面的从句
当wish的宾语从句表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。从句谓语根据时间情况用虚拟结构。在翻译wish虚拟句时应使用符合汉语习惯中表述“事与愿违”的一些词语。常用的有“可惜……”。“悔不该……”。“……就好了”；“不得已……”等。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
S+过去时（表现在）
S +wish (that ) + S+ had+过去分词（表过去）
S+ could /would/ might + V. (表将来)
I wish he knew her address．
要是我知道她的地址就好了。(事实是：现在我不知道)
I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲过那样的话。
I wish I could fly to the moon one day．但愿有一天我能飞往月球。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
（2）在表示命令、建议、要求，如order， suggest， propose， require， demand， request， insist， command， insist等一类动词后面的从句中，谓语动词用（should）do等。
I suggest that we（should）hold a meeting next week. 我建议下周召开个会议。
I suggest she (should)buy this dictionary．
我建议她买这本字典。(可能买也可能不买，只表示建议)
He insisted that he（should ）be sent there. 他要求被派到那儿去。
I demanded that Bob go there at once．我要求鲍勃立即去那儿。
He ordered that the work (should)be started at once．他命令立即开始工作。
【温馨提示】
如suggest，insist不表示“建议” 或“坚持要某人做某事时”，即它们用于其本意“暗示、表明”、“坚持认为”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
He insisted that he had done right. 他坚持认为他做的对。
His expression suggested that he was angry. 他表情表明他很生气。
3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用
在demand，insist，suggestion，command，order，advice，request，plan，proposal等词后的表语或同位语从句中，其从句的谓语动词一律用“should+动词原形”，should可省略。
My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference.我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。
I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.
我提个建议，下周我们开个会。
My suggestion is that we should get down to our work immediately．
我的建议是立即开始工作。
We all agree to your proposal that we should put on a short play next week．
我们都赞成你的建议，下周上演一个短剧。
4）在定语从句It is(high/about)time that……中，其后谓语动词用过去式，有时也有用“should+动词原形”的。
It is time the boy should be sent to school now.(It is time the boy was sent to school now.)这孩子是上学的时候了。
It is high time you made up your mind．是你该下决心的时候了。
5）状语从句中的虚拟语气的用法
（1）as if 或as though（好象……似的）引导方式状语从句和表语从句中。
He works very hard as if he never intended to sleep．
他工作非常努力，好像他从来不想睡觉似的。
It seems as if it were spring already．好像现在已经是春天了似的。
He talks (talked) as if he had been to American before.
看他谈话的样子仿佛他以前去过美国似的。（这时从句中的谓语动词不受句中的谓语动词时态的影响与限制）
She cried as if her heart would break．她哭得心都要碎了。
He talks as if he would go the moon someday.
他说起来就好像有一天他会去月球似的。
请注意：如果as if从句中的情况有可能发生，从句也可用陈述语气。
It looks as if it is pure gold. 看起来好像是真的。
Look, it looks as if it's going to rain. 瞧！看起来，要下雨。
（2）in order that（为了），so that（为了）， for fear that（以免），unless（除非），lest（以免）引导的从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”或“动词原形”；口语中也常用“can/could+动词原形”；而providing（倘若），supposing（假若），in case（假使）， on condition that（如果）+从句等变化形式同上文的if引导的非真实条件句。
He tried his best to study in order that he might pass the exam.
他尽最大努力学习，以便通过考试 。
He stayed at home for a few days so that he might have more time to study it.
他在家里呆了几天，以便于会有更多的时间来研究这个问题。
Tom dare not go near for fear that the animals bits. 汤姆不敢走近，怕动物咬。
Providing (Supposing) the weather were bad, when would you go
假定天气不好的话，你去哪儿呢？
请注意：在If only（= I wish）……引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气，意思是“要是……该多好呀!”。
S+ 过去时（表现在）
If only + S+ had +过去分词（表过去）
S+ could/would/ might +V （表将来）
If only we had a car of our own!
我们要是有一辆自己的车该多好呀! (表示现在动词用过去式)
If only I were younger! 我要是年轻一点该多好啊!
If only I had listened to your advice．当初我要是听你的劝告就好了。
三、错综虚拟条件句
在这种虚拟条件句中，从句和主句的动作行为发生的时间不一致。（如：一个是过去发生的，一个是现在发生的）。在这种情况下，动词的形式要根据各自所表示的时间作相应的变化。（一般都有具体的时间状语说明、显示）
1. 从句是现在时，主句是过去时的混合虚拟
If he could pass the exam now, he would have passed it last time. For these problems are no easier than those of last time. (从句是现在，主句是过去)
如果他现在考试及格的话，那么上次也就及格了。因为这次的题并不比上次的容易。
If I were you, I would have attended the 1ecture．
如果我是你，我就去听演讲了。(从句说明现在，主句说明过去)
If I were you, I would have attended the 1ecture．
如果我是你，我就去听演讲了。(从句说明现在，主句说明过去)
2. 从句是过去时，主句是现在时的混合虚拟
If he had followed the doctor's advice， he would be all right now.
如果他听了医生的劝告，他现在就好了。（从句说明过去，主句说明现在）
If you had come earlier, you would join us in playing football.
如果你早点来的话，你现在就可以和我们一起踢足球。
If you hadn't seen that late film last night, you wouldn't be sleepy now．
如果你昨晚不去看那场很晚才开演的电影。你现在就不会困了。
(从句说明过去，主句说明现在。)
If you had listened the doctor, you would be all right now．
如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。
(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)
If I hadn't spent much time practicing speaking English school, I would not be able to speak so well now．
要不是我在上学时花很多时间练习说英语，现在我就不可能说得这么好。
(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)
3. 从句是现在时，主句是将来时的混合虚拟
If he were here now, he was to start off together with us tomorrow.
如果他现在在这里，他明天会和我们一起出发的。
（从句说明现在，主句说明将来）
If we hadn't got everything ready by now, we should having a terrible time tomorrow．
如果我们现在一切还没有准备好，明天情况就糟了。
（从句动作指现在，主句动作指将来）
4. 从句过去时与将来时的混合虚拟
If she had arrived home this morning, she might see her dying mother this afternoon.
如果她今天上午到家的话，今天下午也许能见到她临死的母亲。
（从句说明过去，主句说明将来）
5. 虚拟语气结构中的从句或主句有时可以在形式上省略，但意义仍存在．
1）省去了条件从句的虚拟结构：
I would not have done it. 我是不会作那件事的。（省去了I had been you ）
You might stay here forever. 我可以永远呆在这里。（省去了if you wanted to ）
2）省去了结果主句的虚拟语气：（常用以表示愿望）
If only I could help you. 假如我能帮助你，那该多好啊！
If only the wind would stop. 风要是停了该多好！
四、含蓄条件句的虚拟语气
前后两个句子根据陈述的需要，其中有一个句子用虚拟语气，有一个句子用陈述语气，这种现象称之为含蓄条件句。
1. 在有分词短语或独立主格结构的句子中，谓语用虚拟结构。
Having known in time (=If we had known in time), we might have prevented the accident． 如果我们及时知道的话，我们也许就能避免这起事故了。
United (= If they had been united), they wouldn't have been defeated．
他们要是团结起来，就不会被打败了。
2. 用but for...或without等介词短语来代替条件从句。意为：如果没有。
but for相当于If it had not been for...，表示与过去事实相反的情况，可与without互换。
但当without所表示的情况是与现在事实相反时，二者则不能互换。
The ship would have sunk with all on board but for the efforts of the captain.
要没有那位船长的努力，就会连船带人都沉没了。
But for (= Without) John, Jane would have fallen into water.
如果没有约翰珍妮可能会掉进水里。
But for their help (= If it were not for their help), we could not get over the difficulties. 要不是他们的帮助．我们是克服不了这些困难的。
请注意用but引导条件结构的两种形式
①would + 动词原形+ but +现在时陈述句 表示与现在事实相反的假设。
He would gain weight but he doesn't eat enough.
他增加体重了可他吃的并不多。
②would +have+过去分词+but+过去时陈述句表示与过去事实相反的假设。
He would have given you more help but he was so busy.
他本来要给你一些帮助的，只是他太忙了。
I would have written before, but I have been ill.
我本来该早些给你写信的，但我生病了。
3. 用otherwise（or，or else），though，although等表示与上下文所指的情况不同，从而引出虚拟语气。
He was very busy doing his experiments in physics, otherwise (or else) he would have given you much help.
他当时正忙于做物理实验，否则他会给你很大帮助的。
I'm really busy, otherwise (=if I weren't so busy), I would certainly go with you．我确实太忙了。不然的话。我一定和你一块去。
Einstein had little concern for money, though (although) he could have been a very rich man. 尽管爱因斯坦本可以成为非常富有的人，但他对金钱不感兴趣。
上述两例若用but表达用意，则可改写为：
He would have given you much help, but he was very busy doing his experiments in physics.
Einstein could have been a very rich man, but he had little concern for money.
4. 用介词短语表示虚拟结构。
常用来表示虚拟条件的介词有with without，in，under，but for等。它们表示的虚拟条件都可以被if从句替换。
Without air, there would be no living things. (Without air, if there were no air)
没有空气，就没有生物。
With her help (= If I had her help), I would do the experiment well．
假如有她帮助，我就可以把这个实验做好。
Under the leadership of a less experienced person, the experiment would have failed．
(Under…= If there had been the leadership of a less experienced person)
假设在一个缺少经验的人领导下进行实验，实验准会失败。
I would have lost my head in that position．(in that position = if I had been in that position) 我处在那种情况下，是会丧失理智的。
5. 在would rather后接that从句时，从句谓语用虚拟结构。
表示与现在或将来事实相反时，谓语动词用过去式；
表示与过去事实相反时，谓语动词用过去完成式。
I'd rather you went home now．我宁愿你现在就回家。
I would rather he had stayed at the hotel yesterday．
我真希望他昨天在那家宾馆里待着。
6. 在对过去应该做而没做的事情表示责备的句子中，谓语用should+现在完成式 的虚拟结构。
You should have been here five minutes ago．你本应该5分钟前就到这儿。
I should have told you about it earlier．有关这事我本应该早告诉你。
7. 在in order that，so that引导的目的状语从句中，用may或might+动词原形 (so that从句中也可用can或could) 表示虚拟语气。
They asked the driver to stop the beast so that they could have a look.
他们要求驱赶员让那个动物停一下以便能让他们看一下。
He came ten minutes earlier in order that he might get a good seat．
他早来10分钟，以便能占个好座位。
8. 在If only（= I wish…）引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气，意思是“要是……该多好呀!”。
S+ 过去时（表现在）
If only + S + had + 过去分词（表过去）
S+ could/would/ might +V （表将来）
If only we had a car of our own!
我们要是有一辆自己的车该多好呀! (表示现在动词用过去式)
If only she were my sister! 要是她是我姐姐多好啊！
If only I hadn't 1ost my dictionary! 我的词典要是没丢该多好呀! (表过去)
If only she had not left! 要是她没有离开该多好啊！
9. 表希望、想法、打算、意图的动词
intend，hope，want，plan，mean等的过去完成时态或不定式用完成时态时表示与过去相反的虚拟语气。
He had hoped for a better job，but he didn’t get it．
他原希望找一个好的工作，但他没有得到。
I had meant to go to the party, but I had to work extra hours to prepare a speech． 我原打算去参加这个聚会，但我得加时准备演讲。
I intended to have helped you，but I was very busy at that time．
我原打算向帮助他，但我当时很忙。
10. 不定式短语，名词短语引导的虚拟语气
It would be a mistake not to help him. 如果不帮助他就是一个错误。
An honest man would have acted differently.
如果是一个诚实的人，那表现就不一样了。
11. 表示“如果没有……”或“要不是因为……”的句型
If it not were for… 要是没有……/ 如果没有……
If it had not been for… 如果不是因为……/ 要不是因为……
If it were not for this shortcoming, he would be a fairly good coach.
要不是有这一缺点，他可能会是一个相当好的教练。
If it had not been for his help, all this would be impossible.
要不是他的帮助，这一切都是不可能的。
12. 虚拟语气常用来表示婉转或礼貌
谓语动词用would (should )，might，could + 动词原形”。 ：
I would rather do it myself. 我情愿自己做。
Might I ask you a question now 现在我可以问这个问题吗？
Perhaps you could do better this way. 这样做或许会好些。
13. 虚拟语气用在简单句中，较常见的两种情况
1）动词原形live 用在long live ……中。Long live the people! 人民万岁！
2）用在句子开头，表示：祝愿：May you be happy！祝你快乐！
May you succeed！祝你成功！
五、虚拟语气省略if的情况
从句中有动词 had，should，were
如果从句中有动词had，should，were，可省略if，并采用倒装形式。但如果从句中没有were，had，should，则不能这样做。
Had he seen you yesterday，he would have asked you about it．
如果他昨天见到你。他就会问你这件事。
Should it (Were it to) rain, the crops would be saved．
如果天下雨。庄稼就会得救。
【强化训练】
I. 单项选择
1.（2021年高考 天津卷）It used to be that you ______drive for miles here without seeing another person, but now there are houses and people everywhere.
A. need B. should C. could D. must
【答案】C
【解析】句意：以前你可能在这里开了几英里，都没见过别人，但现在到处都是房子和人。考查情态动词。A. need 需要；B. should 应该，理应如此；C. could 可能，表示对客观可能性的推测；D. must 一定，必须。根据前半句意思可知，此处表示的是对客观可能性的推测。所以选择C。
2.（2020年高考 江苏卷）If I hadn’t been faced with so many barriers, I _____where I am.
A. Won’t be B. wouldn’t have been C. wouldn’t be D. shouldn’t have been
【答案】C
【解析】 句意：如果我没有面对那么多的障碍，我现在就不会在这里。分析句子成分可知，这里是错综时间虚拟语气，根据空格后的where I am可知，此处是与现在事实相反的假设，主句谓语动词应使用would/could/might/should + do。所以选择C。
3. （2020年高考 天津卷）Jim says we ______ stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy .
A. must B. can C. need D. should
【答案】B
【解析】句意：吉姆说，我们可以住在他的房子里，只要我们保持它干净整洁就好。考查情态动词。A. must必须；B. can能，可以；C. need需要；D. should应该。根据后面的“as long as we leave it clean and tidy”可知，Jim许可我们待在他的房子里，我们“能，可以”待在他的房间里。所以选择B。
4. （2019年高考 天津卷）The workers were not better organized, otherwise they __________ the task in half the time.
A. accomplished B. had accomplished
C. would accomplish D. would have accomplished
【答案】D
【解析】句意：工人们没有被更好的组织起来，否则他们用一半的时间就能完成任务。考查虚拟语气。根据上句the workers were not better organized可知，是对过去事情的虚拟。与过去事实相反的假设。从句是If+主语+过去完成时+其他，主句是主语 + should (would, could, might) + 现在完成时+其他。所以选择D。
5.（2019年高考 江苏卷）What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we _________ a good time together.
A. had B. will have C. would have had D. had had
【答案】C
【解析】句意：真遗憾！你错过了这次观光，否则，我们本应该在一起度过一段愉快时光的。考查虚拟语气。根据上文，可知是对过去事情的虚拟，与过去事实相反的假设。从句是If + 主语 + 过去完成时 +其他，主句是主语 + should (would, could, might) +现在完成时 + 其他。所以择选C。
6.（2018年高考 北京卷）They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.
A. drove B. would drive C. were to drive D. had driven
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果他们多开几公里的话，他们也许会找到一个更好的旅馆。考查虚拟语气。由“they might have found a better hotel”可知，该句是表示对过去的虚拟。if ____ a few more kilometers是条件句部分，表示对过去的虚拟，条件句部分要用过去完成时态，所以，选择D。
7. （2018年高考 江苏卷）It’s strange that he ________ have taken the books without the owner’s permission.
A. would B. should C. could D. might
【答案】B
【解析】句意：简直是太奇怪了，他竟然未得到主人的允许就把这些书拿走了。考查情态动词。“It’s strange that...”句型中，that引导的主语从句的谓语部分用should + 动词原形。所以选择答案B。
8. (2018高考 北京模拟卷) When I was small, my mom ________ read me stories at night.
A. could B. should C. might D. would
【答案】D
【解析】句意：在我小的时候，我妈妈经常会在晚上给我读故事。考查情态动词。根据时间状语可知：此处表示“过去常常”。所以，选择would。
9. (2018高考 北京模拟卷) The two walls are to bear the weight of the room. You ________ remove them.
A. needn’t B. couldn’t C. mustn’t D. daren’t
【答案】 C
【解析】句意：这两堵墙是承重墙。你不能把它们移走。考查情态动词。mustn’t禁止、千万不能，符合语境；needn’t不必；couldn’t不能；daren’t不敢。所以，选择C。
10. (2018高考 北京模拟试卷) You ________ something great， otherwise you wouldn’t have got the promotion.
A. should do B. must do C. should have done D. must have done
【答案】 D
【解析】句意：你一定做了什么很棒的事，否则你不会得到晋升。考查情态动词。此处表示对过去情况的肯定推测，所以，用must have done，选择D。
11. (2018高考 天津模拟试卷) There is a possibility that instead of cash, mobile payments _________ become the main method of payment by 2020.
A. may B. must C. shall D. need
【答案】A
【解析】句意：移动支付有可能在2020年之前成为主要的支付方式，而不是现金支付。考查情态动词。由前面的possibility可知：此处表不太肯定的推测，意为“或许，可能”。所以，选A。
12. I’m not sure of the reason for the dog’s illness, but it ________ by eating too much.
A. may have been caused B. need have been caused
C. should have been caused D. must have been caused
【答案】A
【解析】。句意：我不确定这只狗生病的原因，但可能是吃得太多的缘故。考查情态动词。此处表示对过去情况不太肯定的推测，应该用may have done。should have done过去本应该做……而没有做……；must have done 过去一定做了……，表示对过去情况的肯定推测。所以，选择A。
13. Can you imagine what the modern world ________ like without smart-phones
A. were B. would be C. had been D. would have been
【答案】B
【解析】句意：你能想象当今世界如果没有智能手机会是什么样子吗 考查虚拟语气。此处without短语表示含蓄虚拟条件，是对现在情况的虚拟，需用“would+动词原形”。所以，选择B。
14. She seems as if she _________ a great thing
A. does B. had done C. makes D. was doing
【答案】B
【解析】句意：她看起来好像做了件大事似的。as if引导表语从句，一般是与事实相反的、或者不太可能实现的假设，所以从句的谓语要用虚拟语气；但是如果从句的假设可以实现或者即将成为事实，可以用陈述句语序。从该从句的句意看，她看上去好像做了一件大事，暗含着不是的意思，所以用虚拟语气。所以，选择B。
15. My room is a mess， but I ________ clean it before I go out tonight. I can do it in the morning.
A. daren’t B. shouldn’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我的房间很乱，但是在今晚外出之前我不需要打扫它。我可以在早晨打扫。考查情态动词。根据语境可知，我不需要打扫或没必要打扫房间，用needn’t符合题意。daren’t不敢，shouldn’t不应该，mustn’t表禁止，均不符合题意。所以，选择C。
16. Someone ________ the tap on, for the water was running over and flooding the bathroom.
A. could leave B. must have left C．might leave D. should have left
【答案】B
【解析】句意：有人肯定忘记关水龙头了，水溢了出来把浴室淹了。考查情态动词。由for引出的分句中的was running可知：这是对过去发生的事情的肯定推测，所以，选择B。
17. I’m sorry. ________ for my illness， I would have come and lent you a
helping hand.
A. Were it not B. If it were not C. Had it not been D. If it has not been
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我很抱歉。要不是我病了，我会来帮你一把的。考查虚拟语气。该句是对过去情况的假设，由主句谓语动词形式would have done以及句意可知，此处应用If it had not been或Had it not been，所有，选择C。
18. Mr. Wills, who was being helped up onto the platform to take the prize, looked as if he ________ by lightning.
A. was just struck B. were just struck
C. would just be struck D. had just been struck
【答案】D
【解析】句意：威尔斯先生正被扶上讲台领奖，他看上去好像刚被闪电击中似的。本题考查虚拟语气。根据句意可知：as if 后面引导的从句是与事实相反的假设，因此需要用 虚拟的时态。根据 looked 及句意可知是对过去的虚拟，因此，要选过去完成时。所以选D。
19. We ________ the sunshine in Sanya now if it were not for the delay of our flight.
A. were enjoying B. would have enjoyed
C. would be enjoying D. will enjoy
【答案】C
【解析】句意：要不是因为我们耽搁了航班，我们现在就会在享受三亚阳光了。考查虚拟语气。根据后面if it were not for…可知：此处是对现在状况的虚拟，因此，主句用would be doing ，所以选C。
20. --- With the failure of the experiment， we have reached a dead end.
--- Cheer up! Many good things would never have happened if the bad events ________ first.
A. don’t happen B. didn’t happen
C. hadn’t happened D. haven’t happened
【答案】C
【解析】考查虚拟语气。---由于实验失败，我们已到了穷途末路。---振作起来！如果坏事首先没有发生的话，很多好事就从来不会发生。此处是if引导的虚拟语气，与过去的事实相反，句子用过去完成时态。所以，选C。
21. Thanks for your useful advice； otherwise I ________ such rapid progress.
A. didn’t make B. couldn’t have made
C. hadn’t made D. haven’t made
【答案】B
【解析】句意：谢谢你有用的建议，否则我不可能取得如此迅速的进展。考查虚拟语气。otherwise否则，要不然，相当于“If it hadn’t been for your useful advice”。所以，可知此处是对过去的虚拟。因此，选B。
22. Waiters are requested to treat every customer as if they ________ guests in their own house.
A. are B. were C. would be D. had been
【答案】B
【解析】句意：服务员被要求要像对待自己家里的客人一样对待每一位顾客。考查虚拟语气。as if引导的方式状语从句是对现在情况的假设，需用动词的过去式，所以，选B。
23. _______ not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
A. It were B. Were it C. It was D. Was
【答案】B
【解析】句意：要不是有老师的支持，这名学生无法克服她的困难。考查虚拟语气的省略。虚拟语气中，be动词统一用were；虚拟语气的省略形式主要是把if省略，同时把were/should/had提前，并且倒装。所以选B。
24. –Tom, your foreign teacher speaks Chinese fluently!
--Oh, she has lived in China for six years, otherwise she ________ such good Chinese.
A. didn’t speak B. would not have spoken
C. would not speak D. hadn’t spoken
【答案】C
【解析】句意：--汤姆，你的外籍老师汉语说的很流利！--她在中国生活了六年，否则她不会说这么好的汉语。考查虚拟语气。这里的otherwise相当于if虚拟条件句，所以主句是虚拟语气。现在英语说的很好，是与现在事实相反的假设，所以主句是would do。选C。
25. My mobile phone is missing. ________ it
A. must have taken B. must take C. could have taken D. could take
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我的手机不见了。可能是谁拿了呢？ 考查情态动词和虚拟语气。 must have done 对过去事情有把握的肯定推测；must take必须做某事；could have done可能已经做过某事；could take可能做某事。could have taken符合句意，所以，选择C。
II. 高考完型填空练习
（2020年 新高考 山东卷）阅读下面短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Molai grew up in a tiny village in India. The village lay near some wetlands which became his second_____1_____. He learned the value and beauty of ____2____ there from a very young age.
When he was 16, Molai began to notice something ____3____ happening around his home. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the ____4____ it caused had driven away a number of birds. ____5____, the number of snakes had declined as well. He ____6____ that it was because there weren’t enough trees to protect them from the ___7____. The solution, of course, was to plant trees so the animals could seek ____8____ during the daytime. He turned to the ____9____ department for help but was told that nothing would grow there. However, Molai went looking on his own and _____10_____a nearby island where he began to plant trees.
____11____ young plants in the dry season was _____12______for a lone boy. Molai built at the ____13_____ of each sapling(幼树)a bamboo platform, where he placed earthen pots with small holes to_____14______ rainwater. The water would then drip on the plants below.
Molai ____15_____ to plant trees for the next 37 years. His efforts have resulted in 1,360 acres of naturally-grown land that has become home to many plants and animals.
1. A. dream B. job C. home D. choice
2. A. nature B. youth C. culture D. knowledge
3. A. precious B. interesting C. disturbing D. awkward
4. A. waste B. tension C. pain D. damage
5. A. Besides B. However C. Therefore D. Otherwise
6. A. agreed B. realized C. remembered D. predicted
7. A. noise B. heat C. disease D. dust
8. A. directions B. partners C. help D. shelter
9. A. labor B. police C. forest D. finance
10. A. rebuilt B. discovered C. left D. managed
11. A. Decorating B. Observing C. Watering D. Guarding
12. A. tough B. illegal C. fantastic D. beneficial
13. A. back B. top C. foot D. side
14. A. cool down B. keep off C. purify D. collect
15. A. returned B. learned C. failed D. continued
【答案与解析】
1. C 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个村庄位于一些湿地附近，那里成了他的第二个家。A. dream梦想；B. job工作；C. home家；D. choice选择。根据空前的second可知，他出生的村庄是他的家，村庄附近的一些“湿地”成为了他的第二个“家”。故选C。
2. A 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他从小就在那里了解到了大自然的价值和美丽。A. nature自然；B. youth青春，年轻；C. culture文化；D. knowledge知识。湿地展现出了“大自然”的价值和美。故选A。
3. C 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：16岁时，Molai开始注意到他的家周围发生了一些令人不安的事情。A. precious宝贵的；B. interesting有趣的；C. disturbing令人不安的，引起烦恼的；D. awkward尴尬的，笨拙的。该段后半部分提到了洪水侵袭，很多鸟儿离开，蛇的数量减少。这些情况都是不正常的，令人不安。故选C。
4. D 考查名词词义辨析。句意：那年早些时候，一场洪水袭击了这个地区，洪水造成 损害赶走了很多鸟类。A. waste废物；B. tension紧张；C. pain疼痛，痛苦；D. damage损害，伤害。洪水侵袭这个地区，它会“损害”庄稼、树木，这些都会导致鸟儿们离开。故选D。
5. A 考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，蛇的数量也减少了。A. Besides此外，另外；B. However但是；C. Therefore因此；D. Otherwise否则。根据as well可知，洪水不仅导致很多鸟儿离开。而且，它还导致蛇的数量减少。故选A。
1. B 考查动词词义辨析。句意：:他意识到这是因为没有足够的树来保护它们免受炎热的影响。A. agreed同意；B. realized意识到；C. remembered记住，记起；D. predicted预测。Molai“意识到”鸟儿离开、蛇类减少是因为没有足够的树木。故选B。
7. B 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他意识到这是因为没有足够的树来保护它们免受炎热的影响。A. noise噪音；B. heat热；C. disease疾病；D. dust尘土。根据常识可知，树木可以提供阴凉，从而保护鸟类和蛇类免受炎热的影响。故选B。
8. D 考查名词词义辨析。句意：当然，解决的办法是种树，这样动物们就可以在白天寻找栖身之处。A. directions方向；B. partners伙伴，合作伙伴；C. help帮助；D. shelter遮蔽，庇护，遮蔽物。树木可以给动物们提供”遮蔽”。故选D。
9. C 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他向森林部门求助，但被告知那里什么也不长。A. labor劳动；B. police警察；C. forest森林；D. finance财政，金融。根据前一句中的“The solution, of course, was to plant trees”可知，Molai想要种树，所以他应该向”森林”部门求助。故选C。
10. B 考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，Molai自己去看了看，发现了附近的一个岛屿，他开始在那里种树。A. rebuilt重建；B. discovered发现；C. left离开；D. managed设法做成。根据前面的“looking on his own”可知，他自己去看，那么接下来就应该是他”发现”了一个小岛。故选B。
11. C 考查动词词义辨析。句意：对一个孤独的男孩来说，在旱季给幼苗浇水是很困难的。A. Decorating装饰；B. Observing观察到；C. Watering浇水；D. Guarding守卫。该段后半部分叙述的是Molai想尽办法收集水的努力。再结合该句中的“the dry season”可知，在旱季给幼苗“浇水”很难。故选C。
12. A 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对一个孤独的男孩来说，在旱季给幼苗浇水是很困难的。A. tough困难的；B. illegal非法的；C. fantastic极好的；D. beneficial有益的。根据该段后半部分的叙述可知，Molai想尽办法收集雨水，由此推知，旱季缺水，给幼苗浇水很“难”。故选A。
13. B 考查名词词义辨析。句意：Molai在每棵树苗的顶端都搭建了一个竹子平台，在那里他放置了带有小洞的陶罐来收集雨水。A. back背部；B. top顶端；C. foot脚；D. side一边，一侧。根据该段最后一句“The water would then drip on the plants below”可知，水滴在下面的植物上。由此推知，竹子平台应该在每棵树苗的”顶端”。故选B。
14. D 考查动词 (短语) 辨析。句意：Molai在每棵树苗的顶端都搭建了一个竹子平台，在那里他放置了带有小洞的陶罐来收集雨水。A. cool down冷却下来；B. keep off与……保持距离；C. purify净化，使纯净；D. collect收集。根据常识可知，陶罐是用来盛水的。由此可知，他将陶罐放到竹子平台上“收集”雨水。故选D。
15. D 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在接下来的37年里，Molai继续种树。A. returned返回；B. learned学会；C. failed失败；D. continued继续。根据后一句可知，他的努力使1360英亩的天然土地成为许多动植物的家园。由此推知，在接下来的37年里，他“继续”种树。故选D。
19
