2022届高考英语专项突破——阅读理解人物传记和生态环保模拟题（含答案）
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2022届高考英语专项突破---阅读理解人物传记和生态环保模拟题
一、阅读理解
A new collection of photos brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life.
Frank Hurley's pictures would be outstanding—undoubtedly first rate photo journalism—if they had been made last week.In fact，they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck(海难), by a cameraman who had no reasonable expectation of survival.Many of the images were stored in an ice chest, under freezing water, in the damaged wooden ship.
The ship was the Endurance, a small, tight, Norwegian built three master that was intended to take Sir Ernest Shackleton and a small crew of seamen and scientists, 27 men in all，to the southernmost shore of Antarctica's Weddell Sea.From that point Shackleton wanted to force a passage by dog sled (雪橇) across the continent.The journey was intended to achieve more than what Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done.Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912 but had died with his four companions on the march back.
As writer Caroline Alexander makes clear in her forceful and well researched story The Endurance, adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort.Scott's last journey，completed as he lay in a tent dying of cold and hunger, caught the world's imagination, and a film made in his honor drew crowds.Shackleton, a onetime British merchant navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic，was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published.
1．What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley
A．They were made last week.
B．They showed undersea sceneries.
C．They were found by a cameraman.
D．They recorded a disastrous adventure.
2．Who reached the South Pole first according to the text
A．Frank Hurley.
B．Ernest Shackleton.
C．Robert Falcon Scott.
D．Caroline Alexander.
3．What does Alexander think was the purpose of the 1914 voyage
A．Artistic creation. B．Scientific research.
C．Money making. D．Treasure hunting.
Betty and Harold have been married for years. But one-thing still puzzles old Harold. How is it that he can leave Betty and her friend Joan sitting on the sofa, talking, go out to a ballgame, come back three and a half hours later, and they're still sitting on the sofa
Talking What in the world, Harold wonders, do they have to talk about
Betty shrugs(耸肩).Talk We're friends.
Researching this matter called friendship, psychologist Lillian Rubin spent two years interviewing more than two hundred women and men. No matter what their age, their job, their sex, the results were completely clear: women have more friendships than men, and the difference in the content and the quality of those friendships is “marked and unmistakable.”
More than two-thirds of the single men Rubin interviewed could not name a best friend. Those who could were likely to name a woman. Yet three-quarters of the single women had no problem naming a best friend, and almost always it was a woman. More married men than women named their wife/husband as a best friend, most trusted person, or the one they would turn to in time of emotional distress(痛苦).“Most women,” says Rubin, “identified at least one, usually more, trusted friends to whom they could turn in a troubled moment, and they spoke openly about the importance of these relationships in their lives.”
“In general,” writes Rubin in her new book, “women's friendships with each other rest on shared emotions and support, but men's relationships are marked by shared activities. ”“For the most part”, Rubin says, “interactions between men are emotionally controlled-a good fit with the social requirements of “manly behavior.”
“Even when a man is said to be a best friend,” Rubin writes, “the two share little about their innermost feelings. While a woman's closest female friend might be-the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.”
4．What old Harold cannot understand or explain is the fact that : ___
A．women have so much to share
B．he finds his wife difficult to talk to
C．women show little interest in ballgames
D．he is treated as an outsider rather than a husband
5．Rubin's study shows that for emotional support a married woman is more likely to turn to______.
A．her parents B．her husband C．a male friend D．a female friend
6．According to the passage, which type of behavior is NOT expected of a man by society
A．Going out to ballgames too often.
B．Complaining about his marriage trouble.
C．Spending too much time with his friends.
D．Ending his marriage without good reason.
7．Which of the following statements is best supported by the last paragraph
A．Men keep their private feelings to themselves.
B．Women depend on others in making decisions.
C．women are more serious than men about marriage.
D．Men often take sudden action to end their marriages.
8．The research done by psychologist Rubin centers around________.
A．emotional problems in marriage B．happy and successful marriages
C．friendships of men and women D．interactions between men and women
Papa, as a son of a dirt-poor farmer, left school early and went to work in a factory,for education was for the rich then.So, the world became his school.With great interest, he read everything he could lay his hands on, listened to the town elders and learned about the world beyond his tiny hometown."There's so much to learn," he'd say.“Though we're born stupid, only the stupid remain that way.”He was determined that none of his children would be denied(拒绝)an education.
Thus, Papa insisted that we learn at least one new thing each day.And dinner time seemed perfect for sharing what we had learned.We would talk about the news of the day;no matter how insignificant, it was never taken lightly.Papa would listen carefully and was ready with some comment,always to the point.
Then came the moment-the time to share the day's new learning.
Papa, at the head of the table, would push back his chair and pour a glass of red wine,ready to listen.
Felice, “he'd say,”tell me what you learned today.“learned that the population of Nepal is...”
Silence.
Papa was thinking about what was said, as if the salvation(拯救)of the world would depend upon it.“The population of Nepal.Hmm.Well...”he'd say.“Get the map; let's see where Nepal is.” And the whole family went on a search for Nepal.
This same experience was repeated until each family member had a turn.Dinner ended only after we had a clear understanding of at least half a dozen such facts.
As children, we thought very.little about these educational wonders.Our family,however,was growing together,sharing experiences and participating in one another’s education And by looking at us,listening to us, respecting our input, affirming(肯定)our value; giving us a sense of dignity, Papa -was unquestionably our most influential teacher.
Later during my training as a future teacher studied with some of the most famous educators.They were imparting(传授)what Papa had known all along-the value of continual learning.His technique has served me well all my life.Not a single day has been wasted, though I can never tell when knowing the population,of Nepal might prove useful.
9．What do we know from the first paragraph
A．Those born stupid could not change their life.
B．The poor could hardly afford school education.
C．The town elders wanted to learn about the world.
D．The author's father was born in a worker's family.
10．The underlined word"it" in the second paragraph refers to“______”.
A．the news B．the request C．the comment D．the point
11．It can be learned from the passage that the author_________.
A．enjoyed talking about news
B．knew very well about Nepal
C．felt regret about those wasted days
D．appreciated his father's educational technique
12．What is the greatest value of "dinner time" to the author
A．Showing talents. B．Continual learning.
C．Family get-together. D．Winning Papa's approval.
13．The author's father can be best described as ________.
A．a wiseman willing to share his knowledge
B．a parent insistent on his children's education
C．an educator expert at training future teachers
D．a teacher strict about everything his students did
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素).
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源).
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
14．What is the second paragraph mainly about
A．The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.
B．The increasing variety of California big trees.
C．The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D．The influence of farming on big trees in California.
15．Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees
A．Ecological studies of forests.
B．Banning woodcutting.
C．Limiting housing development.
D．Fire control measures.
16．What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre
A．Inadequate snowmelt. B．A longer dry season.
C．A warmer climate. D．Dampness of the air.
17．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone
B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests
D．Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
Last year, the bushfires in Australia burned more than 12.35 million acres of land. At least 25 people were killed and 2000 homes destroyed. According to the BBC, that was the most casualties(伤亡) from wildfires in the country since 2009. The University of Sydney estimates that 480 million animals have died in South Wales alone.
Zeke Hausfather, an energy systems analyst and climate researcher at Berkeley Earth, said warmer temperatures and extreme weather made Australia more susceptible to fires and increased the length of the fire season. "The drier conditions combined with record high temperatures in 2019 created main conditions for the disastrous fires. Australia's fires were worsened by the combination of those two. 2019 was the perfect storm for being the warmest year on record for Australia and the driest year on record for Australia," Hausfather added on Friday.
Kevin Trenberth, a senior scientist at the US National Center for Atmospheric Research, said warmer ocean temperatures are also contributed to more variable weather around the world. Trenberth believes that global warming contributed to energy imbalances and hot spots in the oceans, which can create a wave in the atmosphere that locks weather patterns in places, causing longer rain events in Indonesia, for example, and at the same time contributing to drought in Australia. He said that once an area experiences drought conditions for two months or more, it increases the risk of fires catching and spreading. Those changing weather patterns due to global warming make drought events longer.
Climate experts stress that climate change is not the only factor in the severity(严重) of wildfires. How land is managed can also impact the amount of fuel available for fires. Practices like controlled bums and other factors can impact the risk to people and property, such as warning systems and the type of development in a given area. Changing those policies has great potential to limit future damage from wildfires along with changes to how fire management resources are dispatched(派遣).
18．What are the numbers about in paragraph 1
A．The causes of Australian fires. B．The results of Australian fires.
C．The damaged areas of Australian fires. D．The property destruction of Australian fires.
19．Which of the following best explains ''susceptible to" in the second paragraph
A．Very quickly to adapt to.
B．Very seriously to focus on.
C．Very likely to be influenced by.
D．Very easily to be protected against.
20．What can we infer from Trenberth’s research
A．Longer dry weather contributes to global warming.
B．Global wanning is also a main cause of the bushfires.
C．Warmer ocean temperatures leads to the fires directly.
D．The imbalanced energy leads to the temperature rising.
21．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph
A．To stress the effects of Australia fires.
B．To show the methods for land management.
C．To predict the seriousness of Australia fires.
D．To provide some advice about reducing fire damage.
The Chinese manned submersible(潜水器) Fendouzhe, over 96.5 percent of whose core components have been independently developed by China, reached one of the deepest spots on the planet, a dizzying and dark depth of 10,909 meters.
Extreme water pressure is the first challenge that requires dealing with during the exploration. At 10,000 meters down in the ocean, the submersible has to stand about 1,100 atmospheres of pressure, equal to 2,000 elephants stepping on a person’s back. As the solid “armour (盔甲)”，the manned cabin is a safety guarantee for humans to reach down to 10,000 meters deep in the ocean. To overcome the technical bottleneck, the Chinese researchers developed a new material-Ti62A, successfully solving problems of the strength and toughness of the manned cabin.
To avoid risks of crashes in the dark deep sea with complex terrain(地形)，Fendouzhe requires its control system, a smart “brain” to give the exact instructions. Researchers designed a neural network algorithm(神经网络算法), which enables Fendouzhe to travel automatically according to the seabed terrain and locate fixed points. Its control system has reached the international frontier level.
The submersible is equipped with two flexible and strong “arms”. Each 7-joint arm with 6 degrees - of - freedom control and a weight-carrying ability of more than 60 kilograms can cover the sampling basket and its front areas. With the arms, Fendouzhe collected samples of ocean rocks, deep-sea living things and seabed sediments(沉淀物).
The ocean, especially the deep sea, is widely regarded as Earth's final frontier. Deep down in the ocean are unusual creatures, strange environments and impressive geological wonders, yet humanity knows less about the ocean floor than about the far side of the moon. These samples and data collected from the deep ocean can be used for geological and biological research, as well as study the human impact on the planet.
22．Why is “2000 elephants” mentioned in paragraph 2
A．To make the numbers accurate.
B．To provide a biological explanation.
C．To emphasize the importance of the task.
D．To describe the degree of the pressure vividly.
23．What can “arms” do according to paragraph 4
A．Collect ocean samples.
B．Land the submersible.
C．Provide safety guarantee.
D．Prevent crashes intelligently.
24．Which of the following has reached the world advanced level
A．The toughness of the cabin.
B．The ability of weight-carrying.
C．The method of data-collection.
D．The technology of control system.
25．Why do people research the deep ocean according to the last paragraph
A．It is more complex than the moon.
B．It is seriously affected by humans.
C．To make sure of the depth of the ocean.
D．To explore the less-known field of the planet.
试卷第页，共页
参考答案：
1．D
2．C
3．C
【解析】
1．细节理解题。根据第一段they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck可知这些照片记录了一次海难。故选D.
2．细节理解题。根据第三段最后 Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912 but had died with his four companions on the march back.可知最早到达南极的是Captain Scott，故选C.
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort.和start a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography”可知Alexander认为他的这次航行是商业行为，就是为了挣钱。故选C.
做细节理解题具体方法与步骤如下：
①略读材料，大概了解原文，掌握中心或主旨；
②按文章的体裁，作者写作的组织模式及有关的信息词。如for example, first, second…等预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实；
③将自己精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上。快速通篇跳读，全文扫视，找到细节出处，待找到含细节句子时，放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直至找到答案。如第34小题根据第三段最后 Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912 but had died with his four companions on the march back.可知最早到达南极的是Captain Scott，故选C. 第35小题根据最后一段adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort.和start a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography”可知Alexander认为他的这次航行是商业行为，就是为了挣钱。故选C.
4．A
5．D
6．B
7．A
8．C
【解析】
4．
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“What in the world, Harold wonders, do they have to talk about （哈罗德想知道，他们到底要谈什么？）”可知，Harold不能理解她们到底有多少要聊的内容。故选A项。
5．
推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Yet three-quarters of the single women had no problem naming a best friend, and almost always it was a woman. More married men than women named their wife/husband as a best friend, most trusted person, or the one they would turn to in time of emotional distress(痛苦). “Most women,” says Rubin, “identified at least one, usually more, trusted friends to whom they could turn in a troubled moment, and they spoke openly about the importance of these relationships in their lives.””（然而，四分之三的单身女性可以毫不犹豫地说出最好的朋友，而且几乎都是女性。与女性相比，更多的已婚男性将自己的妻子/丈夫视为最好的朋友、最信任的人，或者在情绪低落时可以求助的人。“大多数女性，”鲁宾说，“至少有一个，通常更多，值得信赖的朋友，她们可以在遇到麻烦的时候向他们倾诉，并且公开谈论这些关系在她们生活中的重要性。”）”可推断，已婚女性为了获得情感上的支持，更倾向于求助于女性朋友。故选D项。
6．
推理判断题。根据文章第五段“For the most part, Rubin says, interactions between men are emotionally controlled-a good fit with the social requirements of "manly behavior.（在很大程度上，男人之间的交往在情感上是受控制的，这很符合“男子汉气概”的社会要求。）”和最后一段“While a woman's closest female friend might be-the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.(虽然一个女人最亲密的女性朋友可能是第一个告诉她离开一段失败的婚姻，但听到一个男人说直到他朋友有一天晚上出现问他，他才知道他朋友的婚姻陷入了严重的麻烦，这也并不罕见。)”可推断，社会不接受一个男人抱怨婚姻问题。故选B项。
7．
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Even when a man is said to be a best friend,” Rubin writes, “the two share little about their innermost feelings.”（“即使一个男人被说成是最好的朋友，”鲁宾写道，“他们也很少分享内心深处的感受。”）”可知，男人总是把自己的感情藏在心里。故选A项。
8．
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Researching this matter called friendship, psychologist Lillian Rubin spent two years interviewing more than two hundred women and men.（为了研究这个叫做友谊的问题，心理学家莉莉安·鲁宾花了两年时间采访了200多名男女。）”可知，鲁宾的实验围绕男性与女性的友谊为中心的。故选C项。
9．B
10．A
11．D
12．B
13．B
【解析】
9．
细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句“Papa, as a son of a dirt-poor farmer, left school early and went to work in a factory,for education was for the rich then.”（爸爸是一个赤贫农民的儿子，很早就辍学到一家工厂工作，因为那时教育是富人的事。）可知，教育是夫富人的事情，穷人几乎负担不起学校教育。故选B项。
10．
词义猜测题。根据文章第二段第三句“We would talk about the news of the day;no matter how insignifican”（我们会谈论当天的新闻，无论多么微不足道的新闻）可知，这里的it代指上文的news，指的是他们每天谈论的新闻。故选A项。
11．
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第二、三句“They were imparting(传授)what Papa had known all along-the value of continual learning.His technique has served me well all my life.”（他们正在传授爸爸一直都知道的东西——不断学习的价值。他的技术使我受益终生。）可知，作者父亲传递的坚持学习的思想，这种思想让作者在一生中受益匪浅，可见作者对父亲的教育理念是心存感激的。故选D项。
12．
推理判断题。根据文章第二段第二句“Thus, Papa insisted that we learn at least one new thing each day.And dinner time seemed perfect for sharing what we had learned.”（因此，爸爸坚持我们每天至少要学一件新东西。晚餐时间似乎很适合分享我们所学到的东西。）和最后一段第二句“They were imparting(传授)what Papa had known all along-the value of continual learning.”（他们正在传授爸爸一直都知道的东西——不断学习的价值。）可知，对作者来说，“晚餐时间”最大的价值是爸爸坚持每天学习新东西，及不断学习的价值。故选B项。
13．
推理判断题。根据文章“Thus, Papa insisted that we learn at least one new thing each day.And dinner time seemed perfect for sharing what we had learned.”（因此，爸爸坚持我们每天至少要学一件新东西。晚餐时间似乎很适合分享我们所学到的东西。）可知，作者的爸爸是一位坚持每天让孩子学习一件新东西，是一位坚持对孩子教育的家长。故选B项。
14．A
15．D
16．C
17．A
【解析】
14．主旨大意题。第二段中，作者用具体数据说明了大树损失在各个地区的严重程度，没有任何地区幸免或不受影响，故选A。
15．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源).可知，对野火的控制使得加利福尼亚的森林里挤满了小树，与大树争夺资源，也就是对野火的控制是善意的，但对大树产生了不利的影响。故选D。
16．细节理解题。根据最后一段the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.可知，造成加州水资源短缺的最大因素是温度升高，这导致树木向空气中流失更多的水分，以及更早的融雪，这减少了旱季对树木的供水量。故选C。
17．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经损失了一半的大树，文章分析了引起该现象的几个主要因素。全文围绕“加州森林的大树都去哪儿了”话题展开，故选项A。
18．B
19．C
20．B
21．D
【解析】
18．
推理判断题。由第一段“This season, the bushfires in Australia have burned more than 12.35 million acres of land. At least 25 people have been killed and 2000 homes destroyed(这个季节，澳大利亚的森林大火已经烧毁了超过1235万英亩的土地。至少25人死亡，2000座房屋被毁)”可知，本段的数字表明森林大火产生的严重后果。故选B项。
19．
词句猜测题。由第二段“Zeke Hausfather, an energy systems analyst and climate researcher at Berkeley Earth, said warmer temperatures and extreme weather have made Australia more susceptible to fires and increased the length of the fire season(加州大学伯克利分校地球分校的能源系统分析师和气候研究员泽克·豪萨福尔说，气温升高和极端天气使澳大利亚更容易发生火灾，并延长了火灾季节的长度)”可推测，气温升高和极端天气更容易发生火灾，more susceptible to 意为“更容易受到……影响”，与C项“Very likely to be influenced by(很容易受……的影响)”意思相近。故选C项。
20．
推理判断题。由第三段的“He said that once an area experiences drought conditions for two months or more, it increases the risk of fires catching and spreading. Those changing weather patterns due to global warming make drought events longer(他说，一旦一个地区经历了两个月或更长时间的干旱，它就会增加火灾发生和蔓延的风险。那些由于全球变暖而改变的天气使得干旱持续的时间更长)”可推断，全球气候变暖是森林火灾的根本原因。故选B项。
21．
推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，气候专家强调，气候变化不是野火严重的唯一因素。土地的管理方式也会影响火灾可用燃料的数量。诸如控制性燃烧和其他因素等做法可能会影响对人和财产的风险，火灾管理资源分配方式改变的同时，改变这些政策有很大的潜力限制未来野火造成的损害。可推断在最后一段作者想要介绍一些关于减少火灾损失的建议。故选D项。
22．D
23．A
24．D
25．D
【解析】
这是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了中国载人潜水器“奋斗者”号成功到达了地球最深的地点之一，深度是10909米，还介绍了“奋斗者”号的相关信息。
22．
推理判断题。根据第二段中“Extreme water pressure is the first challenge that requires dealing with during the exploration. At 10,000 meters down in the ocean, the submersible has to stand about 1,100 atmospheres of pressure, equal to 2,000 elephants stepping on a person’s back. (极端水压是勘探过程中需要处理的第一个挑战。在1万米深的海底，潜水器必须承受1100个大气压的压力，相当于2000头大象踩在一个人的背上。)”可知，提到“2000头大象”是想要把压力的程度生动地描述出来。故选D项。
23．
细节理解题。根据第四段中“With the arms, Fendouzhe collected samples of ocean rocks, deep-sea living things and seabed sediments(沉淀物). (通过臂，“奋斗者”收集了海洋岩石、深海生物和海床沉积物的样本。)”可知，“臂”可以收集海洋的样品。故选A项。
24．
细节理解题。根据第三段中“Its control system has reached the international frontier level. (其控制系统已达到国际前沿水平。)”可知，控制系统的技术达到了世界先进水平。故选D项。
25．
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“…yet humanity knows less about the ocean floor than about the far side of the moon. These samples and data collected from the deep ocean can be used for geological and biological research, as well as study the human impact on the planet. (…然而人类对海底的了解要比对月球表面的了解少得多。这些从深海收集的样本和数据可用于地质和生物研究，以及研究人类对地球的影响。)”可知，人们研究深海，想探索地球上鲜为人知的领域。故选D项。试卷第页，共页
试卷第1页，共6页
一、阅读理解
A new collection of photos brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life.
Frank Hurley's pictures would be outstanding—undoubtedly first rate photo journalism—if they had been made last week.In fact，they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck(海难), by a cameraman who had no reasonable expectation of survival.Many of the images were stored in an ice chest, under freezing water, in the damaged wooden ship.
The ship was the Endurance, a small, tight, Norwegian built three master that was intended to take Sir Ernest Shackleton and a small crew of seamen and scientists, 27 men in all，to the southernmost shore of Antarctica's Weddell Sea.From that point Shackleton wanted to force a passage by dog sled (雪橇) across the continent.The journey was intended to achieve more than what Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done.Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912 but had died with his four companions on the march back.
As writer Caroline Alexander makes clear in her forceful and well researched story The Endurance, adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort.Scott's last journey，completed as he lay in a tent dying of cold and hunger, caught the world's imagination, and a film made in his honor drew crowds.Shackleton, a onetime British merchant navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic，was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published.
1．What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley
A．They were made last week.
B．They showed undersea sceneries.
C．They were found by a cameraman.
D．They recorded a disastrous adventure.
2．Who reached the South Pole first according to the text
A．Frank Hurley.
B．Ernest Shackleton.
C．Robert Falcon Scott.
D．Caroline Alexander.
3．What does Alexander think was the purpose of the 1914 voyage
A．Artistic creation. B．Scientific research.
C．Money making. D．Treasure hunting.
Betty and Harold have been married for years. But one-thing still puzzles old Harold. How is it that he can leave Betty and her friend Joan sitting on the sofa, talking, go out to a ballgame, come back three and a half hours later, and they're still sitting on the sofa
Talking What in the world, Harold wonders, do they have to talk about
Betty shrugs(耸肩).Talk We're friends.
Researching this matter called friendship, psychologist Lillian Rubin spent two years interviewing more than two hundred women and men. No matter what their age, their job, their sex, the results were completely clear: women have more friendships than men, and the difference in the content and the quality of those friendships is “marked and unmistakable.”
More than two-thirds of the single men Rubin interviewed could not name a best friend. Those who could were likely to name a woman. Yet three-quarters of the single women had no problem naming a best friend, and almost always it was a woman. More married men than women named their wife/husband as a best friend, most trusted person, or the one they would turn to in time of emotional distress(痛苦).“Most women,” says Rubin, “identified at least one, usually more, trusted friends to whom they could turn in a troubled moment, and they spoke openly about the importance of these relationships in their lives.”
“In general,” writes Rubin in her new book, “women's friendships with each other rest on shared emotions and support, but men's relationships are marked by shared activities. ”“For the most part”, Rubin says, “interactions between men are emotionally controlled-a good fit with the social requirements of “manly behavior.”
“Even when a man is said to be a best friend,” Rubin writes, “the two share little about their innermost feelings. While a woman's closest female friend might be-the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.”
4．What old Harold cannot understand or explain is the fact that : ___
A．women have so much to share
B．he finds his wife difficult to talk to
C．women show little interest in ballgames
D．he is treated as an outsider rather than a husband
5．Rubin's study shows that for emotional support a married woman is more likely to turn to______.
A．her parents B．her husband C．a male friend D．a female friend
6．According to the passage, which type of behavior is NOT expected of a man by society
A．Going out to ballgames too often.
B．Complaining about his marriage trouble.
C．Spending too much time with his friends.
D．Ending his marriage without good reason.
7．Which of the following statements is best supported by the last paragraph
A．Men keep their private feelings to themselves.
B．Women depend on others in making decisions.
C．women are more serious than men about marriage.
D．Men often take sudden action to end their marriages.
8．The research done by psychologist Rubin centers around________.
A．emotional problems in marriage B．happy and successful marriages
C．friendships of men and women D．interactions between men and women
Papa, as a son of a dirt-poor farmer, left school early and went to work in a factory,for education was for the rich then.So, the world became his school.With great interest, he read everything he could lay his hands on, listened to the town elders and learned about the world beyond his tiny hometown."There's so much to learn," he'd say.“Though we're born stupid, only the stupid remain that way.”He was determined that none of his children would be denied(拒绝)an education.
Thus, Papa insisted that we learn at least one new thing each day.And dinner time seemed perfect for sharing what we had learned.We would talk about the news of the day;no matter how insignificant, it was never taken lightly.Papa would listen carefully and was ready with some comment,always to the point.
Then came the moment-the time to share the day's new learning.
Papa, at the head of the table, would push back his chair and pour a glass of red wine,ready to listen.
Felice, “he'd say,”tell me what you learned today.“learned that the population of Nepal is...”
Silence.
Papa was thinking about what was said, as if the salvation(拯救)of the world would depend upon it.“The population of Nepal.Hmm.Well...”he'd say.“Get the map; let's see where Nepal is.” And the whole family went on a search for Nepal.
This same experience was repeated until each family member had a turn.Dinner ended only after we had a clear understanding of at least half a dozen such facts.
As children, we thought very.little about these educational wonders.Our family,however,was growing together,sharing experiences and participating in one another’s education And by looking at us,listening to us, respecting our input, affirming(肯定)our value; giving us a sense of dignity, Papa -was unquestionably our most influential teacher.
Later during my training as a future teacher studied with some of the most famous educators.They were imparting(传授)what Papa had known all along-the value of continual learning.His technique has served me well all my life.Not a single day has been wasted, though I can never tell when knowing the population,of Nepal might prove useful.
9．What do we know from the first paragraph
A．Those born stupid could not change their life.
B．The poor could hardly afford school education.
C．The town elders wanted to learn about the world.
D．The author's father was born in a worker's family.
10．The underlined word"it" in the second paragraph refers to“______”.
A．the news B．the request C．the comment D．the point
11．It can be learned from the passage that the author_________.
A．enjoyed talking about news
B．knew very well about Nepal
C．felt regret about those wasted days
D．appreciated his father's educational technique
12．What is the greatest value of "dinner time" to the author
A．Showing talents. B．Continual learning.
C．Family get-together. D．Winning Papa's approval.
13．The author's father can be best described as ________.
A．a wiseman willing to share his knowledge
B．a parent insistent on his children's education
C．an educator expert at training future teachers
D．a teacher strict about everything his students did
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素).
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源).
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
14．What is the second paragraph mainly about
A．The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.
B．The increasing variety of California big trees.
C．The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D．The influence of farming on big trees in California.
15．Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees
A．Ecological studies of forests.
B．Banning woodcutting.
C．Limiting housing development.
D．Fire control measures.
16．What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre
A．Inadequate snowmelt. B．A longer dry season.
C．A warmer climate. D．Dampness of the air.
17．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone
B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests
D．Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
Last year, the bushfires in Australia burned more than 12.35 million acres of land. At least 25 people were killed and 2000 homes destroyed. According to the BBC, that was the most casualties(伤亡) from wildfires in the country since 2009. The University of Sydney estimates that 480 million animals have died in South Wales alone.
Zeke Hausfather, an energy systems analyst and climate researcher at Berkeley Earth, said warmer temperatures and extreme weather made Australia more susceptible to fires and increased the length of the fire season. "The drier conditions combined with record high temperatures in 2019 created main conditions for the disastrous fires. Australia's fires were worsened by the combination of those two. 2019 was the perfect storm for being the warmest year on record for Australia and the driest year on record for Australia," Hausfather added on Friday.
Kevin Trenberth, a senior scientist at the US National Center for Atmospheric Research, said warmer ocean temperatures are also contributed to more variable weather around the world. Trenberth believes that global warming contributed to energy imbalances and hot spots in the oceans, which can create a wave in the atmosphere that locks weather patterns in places, causing longer rain events in Indonesia, for example, and at the same time contributing to drought in Australia. He said that once an area experiences drought conditions for two months or more, it increases the risk of fires catching and spreading. Those changing weather patterns due to global warming make drought events longer.
Climate experts stress that climate change is not the only factor in the severity(严重) of wildfires. How land is managed can also impact the amount of fuel available for fires. Practices like controlled bums and other factors can impact the risk to people and property, such as warning systems and the type of development in a given area. Changing those policies has great potential to limit future damage from wildfires along with changes to how fire management resources are dispatched(派遣).
18．What are the numbers about in paragraph 1
A．The causes of Australian fires. B．The results of Australian fires.
C．The damaged areas of Australian fires. D．The property destruction of Australian fires.
19．Which of the following best explains ''susceptible to" in the second paragraph
A．Very quickly to adapt to.
B．Very seriously to focus on.
C．Very likely to be influenced by.
D．Very easily to be protected against.
20．What can we infer from Trenberth’s research
A．Longer dry weather contributes to global warming.
B．Global wanning is also a main cause of the bushfires.
C．Warmer ocean temperatures leads to the fires directly.
D．The imbalanced energy leads to the temperature rising.
21．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph
A．To stress the effects of Australia fires.
B．To show the methods for land management.
C．To predict the seriousness of Australia fires.
D．To provide some advice about reducing fire damage.
The Chinese manned submersible(潜水器) Fendouzhe, over 96.5 percent of whose core components have been independently developed by China, reached one of the deepest spots on the planet, a dizzying and dark depth of 10,909 meters.
Extreme water pressure is the first challenge that requires dealing with during the exploration. At 10,000 meters down in the ocean, the submersible has to stand about 1,100 atmospheres of pressure, equal to 2,000 elephants stepping on a person’s back. As the solid “armour (盔甲)”，the manned cabin is a safety guarantee for humans to reach down to 10,000 meters deep in the ocean. To overcome the technical bottleneck, the Chinese researchers developed a new material-Ti62A, successfully solving problems of the strength and toughness of the manned cabin.
To avoid risks of crashes in the dark deep sea with complex terrain(地形)，Fendouzhe requires its control system, a smart “brain” to give the exact instructions. Researchers designed a neural network algorithm(神经网络算法), which enables Fendouzhe to travel automatically according to the seabed terrain and locate fixed points. Its control system has reached the international frontier level.
The submersible is equipped with two flexible and strong “arms”. Each 7-joint arm with 6 degrees - of - freedom control and a weight-carrying ability of more than 60 kilograms can cover the sampling basket and its front areas. With the arms, Fendouzhe collected samples of ocean rocks, deep-sea living things and seabed sediments(沉淀物).
The ocean, especially the deep sea, is widely regarded as Earth's final frontier. Deep down in the ocean are unusual creatures, strange environments and impressive geological wonders, yet humanity knows less about the ocean floor than about the far side of the moon. These samples and data collected from the deep ocean can be used for geological and biological research, as well as study the human impact on the planet.
22．Why is “2000 elephants” mentioned in paragraph 2
A．To make the numbers accurate.
B．To provide a biological explanation.
C．To emphasize the importance of the task.
D．To describe the degree of the pressure vividly.
23．What can “arms” do according to paragraph 4
A．Collect ocean samples.
B．Land the submersible.
C．Provide safety guarantee.
D．Prevent crashes intelligently.
24．Which of the following has reached the world advanced level
A．The toughness of the cabin.
B．The ability of weight-carrying.
C．The method of data-collection.
D．The technology of control system.
25．Why do people research the deep ocean according to the last paragraph
A．It is more complex than the moon.
B．It is seriously affected by humans.
C．To make sure of the depth of the ocean.
D．To explore the less-known field of the planet.
试卷第页，共页
参考答案：
1．D
2．C
3．C
【解析】
1．细节理解题。根据第一段they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck可知这些照片记录了一次海难。故选D.
2．细节理解题。根据第三段最后 Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912 but had died with his four companions on the march back.可知最早到达南极的是Captain Scott，故选C.
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort.和start a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography”可知Alexander认为他的这次航行是商业行为，就是为了挣钱。故选C.
做细节理解题具体方法与步骤如下：
①略读材料，大概了解原文，掌握中心或主旨；
②按文章的体裁，作者写作的组织模式及有关的信息词。如for example, first, second…等预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实；
③将自己精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上。快速通篇跳读，全文扫视，找到细节出处，待找到含细节句子时，放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直至找到答案。如第34小题根据第三段最后 Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912 but had died with his four companions on the march back.可知最早到达南极的是Captain Scott，故选C. 第35小题根据最后一段adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort.和start a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography”可知Alexander认为他的这次航行是商业行为，就是为了挣钱。故选C.
4．A
5．D
6．B
7．A
8．C
【解析】
4．
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“What in the world, Harold wonders, do they have to talk about （哈罗德想知道，他们到底要谈什么？）”可知，Harold不能理解她们到底有多少要聊的内容。故选A项。
5．
推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Yet three-quarters of the single women had no problem naming a best friend, and almost always it was a woman. More married men than women named their wife/husband as a best friend, most trusted person, or the one they would turn to in time of emotional distress(痛苦). “Most women,” says Rubin, “identified at least one, usually more, trusted friends to whom they could turn in a troubled moment, and they spoke openly about the importance of these relationships in their lives.””（然而，四分之三的单身女性可以毫不犹豫地说出最好的朋友，而且几乎都是女性。与女性相比，更多的已婚男性将自己的妻子/丈夫视为最好的朋友、最信任的人，或者在情绪低落时可以求助的人。“大多数女性，”鲁宾说，“至少有一个，通常更多，值得信赖的朋友，她们可以在遇到麻烦的时候向他们倾诉，并且公开谈论这些关系在她们生活中的重要性。”）”可推断，已婚女性为了获得情感上的支持，更倾向于求助于女性朋友。故选D项。
6．
推理判断题。根据文章第五段“For the most part, Rubin says, interactions between men are emotionally controlled-a good fit with the social requirements of "manly behavior.（在很大程度上，男人之间的交往在情感上是受控制的，这很符合“男子汉气概”的社会要求。）”和最后一段“While a woman's closest female friend might be-the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.(虽然一个女人最亲密的女性朋友可能是第一个告诉她离开一段失败的婚姻，但听到一个男人说直到他朋友有一天晚上出现问他，他才知道他朋友的婚姻陷入了严重的麻烦，这也并不罕见。)”可推断，社会不接受一个男人抱怨婚姻问题。故选B项。
7．
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Even when a man is said to be a best friend,” Rubin writes, “the two share little about their innermost feelings.”（“即使一个男人被说成是最好的朋友，”鲁宾写道，“他们也很少分享内心深处的感受。”）”可知，男人总是把自己的感情藏在心里。故选A项。
8．
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Researching this matter called friendship, psychologist Lillian Rubin spent two years interviewing more than two hundred women and men.（为了研究这个叫做友谊的问题，心理学家莉莉安·鲁宾花了两年时间采访了200多名男女。）”可知，鲁宾的实验围绕男性与女性的友谊为中心的。故选C项。
9．B
10．A
11．D
12．B
13．B
【解析】
9．
细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句“Papa, as a son of a dirt-poor farmer, left school early and went to work in a factory,for education was for the rich then.”（爸爸是一个赤贫农民的儿子，很早就辍学到一家工厂工作，因为那时教育是富人的事。）可知，教育是夫富人的事情，穷人几乎负担不起学校教育。故选B项。
10．
词义猜测题。根据文章第二段第三句“We would talk about the news of the day;no matter how insignifican”（我们会谈论当天的新闻，无论多么微不足道的新闻）可知，这里的it代指上文的news，指的是他们每天谈论的新闻。故选A项。
11．
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第二、三句“They were imparting(传授)what Papa had known all along-the value of continual learning.His technique has served me well all my life.”（他们正在传授爸爸一直都知道的东西——不断学习的价值。他的技术使我受益终生。）可知，作者父亲传递的坚持学习的思想，这种思想让作者在一生中受益匪浅，可见作者对父亲的教育理念是心存感激的。故选D项。
12．
推理判断题。根据文章第二段第二句“Thus, Papa insisted that we learn at least one new thing each day.And dinner time seemed perfect for sharing what we had learned.”（因此，爸爸坚持我们每天至少要学一件新东西。晚餐时间似乎很适合分享我们所学到的东西。）和最后一段第二句“They were imparting(传授)what Papa had known all along-the value of continual learning.”（他们正在传授爸爸一直都知道的东西——不断学习的价值。）可知，对作者来说，“晚餐时间”最大的价值是爸爸坚持每天学习新东西，及不断学习的价值。故选B项。
13．
推理判断题。根据文章“Thus, Papa insisted that we learn at least one new thing each day.And dinner time seemed perfect for sharing what we had learned.”（因此，爸爸坚持我们每天至少要学一件新东西。晚餐时间似乎很适合分享我们所学到的东西。）可知，作者的爸爸是一位坚持每天让孩子学习一件新东西，是一位坚持对孩子教育的家长。故选B项。
14．A
15．D
16．C
17．A
【解析】
14．主旨大意题。第二段中，作者用具体数据说明了大树损失在各个地区的严重程度，没有任何地区幸免或不受影响，故选A。
15．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源).可知，对野火的控制使得加利福尼亚的森林里挤满了小树，与大树争夺资源，也就是对野火的控制是善意的，但对大树产生了不利的影响。故选D。
16．细节理解题。根据最后一段the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.可知，造成加州水资源短缺的最大因素是温度升高，这导致树木向空气中流失更多的水分，以及更早的融雪，这减少了旱季对树木的供水量。故选C。
17．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经损失了一半的大树，文章分析了引起该现象的几个主要因素。全文围绕“加州森林的大树都去哪儿了”话题展开，故选项A。
18．B
19．C
20．B
21．D
【解析】
18．
推理判断题。由第一段“This season, the bushfires in Australia have burned more than 12.35 million acres of land. At least 25 people have been killed and 2000 homes destroyed(这个季节，澳大利亚的森林大火已经烧毁了超过1235万英亩的土地。至少25人死亡，2000座房屋被毁)”可知，本段的数字表明森林大火产生的严重后果。故选B项。
19．
词句猜测题。由第二段“Zeke Hausfather, an energy systems analyst and climate researcher at Berkeley Earth, said warmer temperatures and extreme weather have made Australia more susceptible to fires and increased the length of the fire season(加州大学伯克利分校地球分校的能源系统分析师和气候研究员泽克·豪萨福尔说，气温升高和极端天气使澳大利亚更容易发生火灾，并延长了火灾季节的长度)”可推测，气温升高和极端天气更容易发生火灾，more susceptible to 意为“更容易受到……影响”，与C项“Very likely to be influenced by(很容易受……的影响)”意思相近。故选C项。
20．
推理判断题。由第三段的“He said that once an area experiences drought conditions for two months or more, it increases the risk of fires catching and spreading. Those changing weather patterns due to global warming make drought events longer(他说，一旦一个地区经历了两个月或更长时间的干旱，它就会增加火灾发生和蔓延的风险。那些由于全球变暖而改变的天气使得干旱持续的时间更长)”可推断，全球气候变暖是森林火灾的根本原因。故选B项。
21．
推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，气候专家强调，气候变化不是野火严重的唯一因素。土地的管理方式也会影响火灾可用燃料的数量。诸如控制性燃烧和其他因素等做法可能会影响对人和财产的风险，火灾管理资源分配方式改变的同时，改变这些政策有很大的潜力限制未来野火造成的损害。可推断在最后一段作者想要介绍一些关于减少火灾损失的建议。故选D项。
22．D
23．A
24．D
25．D
【解析】
这是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了中国载人潜水器“奋斗者”号成功到达了地球最深的地点之一，深度是10909米，还介绍了“奋斗者”号的相关信息。
22．
推理判断题。根据第二段中“Extreme water pressure is the first challenge that requires dealing with during the exploration. At 10,000 meters down in the ocean, the submersible has to stand about 1,100 atmospheres of pressure, equal to 2,000 elephants stepping on a person’s back. (极端水压是勘探过程中需要处理的第一个挑战。在1万米深的海底，潜水器必须承受1100个大气压的压力，相当于2000头大象踩在一个人的背上。)”可知，提到“2000头大象”是想要把压力的程度生动地描述出来。故选D项。
23．
细节理解题。根据第四段中“With the arms, Fendouzhe collected samples of ocean rocks, deep-sea living things and seabed sediments(沉淀物). (通过臂，“奋斗者”收集了海洋岩石、深海生物和海床沉积物的样本。)”可知，“臂”可以收集海洋的样品。故选A项。
24．
细节理解题。根据第三段中“Its control system has reached the international frontier level. (其控制系统已达到国际前沿水平。)”可知，控制系统的技术达到了世界先进水平。故选D项。
25．
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“…yet humanity knows less about the ocean floor than about the far side of the moon. These samples and data collected from the deep ocean can be used for geological and biological research, as well as study the human impact on the planet. (…然而人类对海底的了解要比对月球表面的了解少得多。这些从深海收集的样本和数据可用于地质和生物研究，以及研究人类对地球的影响。)”可知，人们研究深海，想探索地球上鲜为人知的领域。故选D项。试卷第页，共页
试卷第1页，共6页