2022届高考英语二轮复习考点题号一对一（4）阅读理解D篇（含答案解析）
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（4）阅读理解D篇——【新高考】2022届高考英语二轮复习考点题号一对一
一
If you have trouble falling asleep, listen up. You might fall asleep 15 minutes earlier and wake up far less during the night if you put on a pair of socks at bedtime.
To understand why, you first need to grasp the relationship between core body temperature and sleep. During daylight hours, the human body has an average temperature of 37℃. But your core body temperature drops as much as 1.2℃ over one night's sleep. This gradual decrease is a key part of how we sleep. Put simply, the faster you can lower your core body temperature, the faster you will fall asleep.
One way that your body controls its temperature is through blood vessels (血管)in the skin. If your body is too hot, your blood vessels widen, pushing the warmer blood nearer the skin's surface, helping it to cool. If your body is too cold, the opposite happens. Your blood vessels narrow, restricting the flow of blood to the surface.
The palms of your feet are one of your body's most efficient heat exchangers, since they are hairless and less protected than other skin surfaces. Researchers have shown that warming the feet before going to sleep using a warm foot bath or by wearing socks promotes blood vessel widening. which in turn lowers the body's core temperature faster than going to sleep with cold, bare feet.
Scientists suspect that socked feet have a sleep-benefiting effect on the brain as well. The warm-sensitive neurons(神经元)in the brain become more active when there's a temperature difference between the body's core and the feet. Researchers have found that these neurons become more active as we get sleepy and slow down as we wake up, so that warming up the feet before bedtime may give them an extra drive, making you feel sleepier.
In a small study, researchers found that wearing a pair of special "sleeping socks" not only sped up the coming of sleep, but increased overall sleep time by an average of 30 minutes and cut nighttime waking episodes in half. If you're worried about becoming too warm, look for socks made of natural fibers.
1.In which section of a newspaper can we find this text
A.Advertisement. B.Lifestyle. C.Opinion. D.Trend.
2.What change does warm feet bring to the body
A.Slowed brain reaction. B.Narrowed blood vessels.
C.Reduced core body temperature. D.Decreased blood pressure.
3.How might the brain's warm-sensitive neurons help sleep
A.They might help to warm up the feet.
B.They might speed up temperature growth
C.They might slow down the brain's blood flow.
D.They might bring on sleepiness when activated.
4.What is the finding of the small study mentioned in the last paragraph
A.The warmth of socks depends on their material.
B.People wearing socks fall asleep 50 percent faster.
C.Special socks increase temperature more effectively.
D.Sock wearing helps people sleep longer and wake less
二
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are compounds(化合物;复合物) that are set to solve some tough challenges: producing water in the desert, removing greenhouse gases from the air and storing dangerous gases more safely.
The Arizona desert is really dry. Anyone stuck in it without water would die from dehydration (脱水) within three days, unless he had one of Omar Yaghi's next-generation water harvesters, who is a chemist at the University of California, Berkeley. Although daytime wetness is only about 10 percent, this rises to 40 percent at night, which means there's enough water in the atmosphere to support life - if it can be transformed into liquid form.
That's exactly what Yaghi's invention does. It's about the size of a small microwave oven, designed to suck the water from the air at night and turn it into drinking water the next day using only the heat of the sun as its power source. What makes it work is a special material called a MOF, which at normal temperatures attracts water molecules (分子) onto the surface of its internal small holes. Warm it up and get the water, each harvest producing one-third of a cup of pure drinking water. "A device the size of a washing machine could produce enough water for the basic needs of a household," says Yaghi.
These crystalline (结晶的) groups of metals linked by organic molecules can be made into materials with an extremely high absorption ability, attracting specific molecules to their surfaces. In this way, MOFs cling to a variety of liquids and gases.
MOFs work thanks to their distinctive structure. In fact, one MOF the size of a sugar cube has so many small holes that they would cover an area as large as six football fields. MOFs are also extremely stable, light and have many different uses: their molecular structure can be varied to attract specific molecules. Adding a small amount of heat or pressure causes the MOF to give what it's holding. More than 70,000 different MOFs have been produced to date for various applications.
1.Why is the Arizona desert mentioned in the second paragraph
A.To introduce water harvesters.
B.To stress the importance of water.
C.To show the severity of its condition.
D.To express the urgent need for water there.
2.What plays a vital role in water harvesters
A.Solar energy. B.Water molecules.
C.Metal-organic frameworks. D.MOFs' internal small holes.
3.Which can explain the phrase "cling to" underlined in paragraph 4
A.Give off. B.Turn into. C.Hold onto. D.Break down.
4.What will probably be covered in the following paragraphs
A.The future of the MOF technology.
B.Other uses of the MOF technology.
C.The improvement to the MOF technology.
D.Possible limitations of the MOF technology.
三
The biggest challenge faced by travelers especially those who like to have a hiking trip is how to ensure a steady supply of clean clothes. Now, thanks to a great invention called Scrubba Wash Pack, that worry may be a thing of the past.
The portable washing machine was invented by Ash Newland in 2010, while planning to climb Mt. Kilimanjaro. Struck by the limited packing space, he got inspiration from traditional washboards to create a bag that could be used to clean clothes. Then he gave up his career as a lawyer and focused on perfecting the bag's design. By 2012, the bag was ready for the public. It weighed only 180 grams and required very little storage space, making it perfect for anyone wishing to travel light.
Not surprisingly, the bag worth 55 dollars was an instant hit with travelers, university students and even passengers. However, Newland was not satisfied. He still saw a disadvantage with his invention—dirty clothes had to be carried around in a separate bag! The recently introduced Scrubba Wash Pack solves that problem.
In order to make the pack active, dirty clothes are placed inside the bag along with two to three liters of water. The bag is then shut tightly to ensure all air is squeezed out and the clothes are massaged(揉搓) for a few minutes. After a quick wash, they are clean and ready to be dried. According to Newland, the pack can clean anything from jeans to smelly socks! What's even more amazing is that with a capacity to hold 13 liters of water, it can be used to wash more clothes at a time.
The best part is that the 99-dollar pack that will be available for sale later this year, only weighs 300 grams and is completely foldable, making it easy to store when it's not in use. With the Scrubba Wash Pack, wandering through foreign cities searching for a washing shop, or paying for washing machines may soon be a thing of the past!
1.What aroused Ash Newland's desire to create the Scrubba Wash Bag
A.Travelers' requirements. B.His own experience.
C.His dream of invention. D.A traditional washboard.
2.Why wasn't Ash Newland satisfied with his former invention
A.The bag was not convenient enough.
B.The bag was not popular with travelers.
C.The bag couldn't wash more clothes at a time.
D.The bag couldn't be folded up.
3.Which word can best replace the underlined word in paragraph 4
A.Blown. B.Pushed C.Figured. D.Run.
4.It can be inferred that the improved Wash Pack ______.
A.will lighten the burden on housewives
B.will replace the traditional washing machines
C.will be widely used by more travelers in the future
D.can encourage more people to travel a long distance
四
This year researchers expect the world to snap 1.35 trillion photographs, or about 3.7 billion per day. All those pixels(像素) take up a lot of room if they are stored on personal computers or phones, which is one reason why many people store their images in the cloud. But unlike a hard drive, which can be encrypted to protect its data, cloud storage users have to trust that a tech platform will keep their private pictures safe. Now a team of Columbia University computer scientists has developed a tool to encrypt(加密) images stored on many popular cloud services while allowing authorized users to browse and display their photographs as usual.
Malicious(恶意的) attempts to access or leak cloud-based photographs can expose personal information. In November 2019, for example, a bug in the popular photograph storage app Google Photos mistakenly shared some users' private videos with strangers. Security experts also worry about employees at cloud storage companies on purpose accessing users' images.
So the Columbia researchers came up with a system called Easy Secure Photos(ESP), which they presented at a recent conference. "We wanted to see if we could make it possible to encrypt data while using existing services," says computer scientist Jason Nieh, one of the developers of ESP. "Everyone wants to stay with Google Photos and not have to register on a new encrypted-image cloud storage service."
To overcome this problem, they created a tool that preserves blocks of pixels but moves them around to effectively hide the photograph. First, ESP's algorithm(算法) divides a photograph into three separate files, each one containing the image's red, green or blue color data. Then the system hides the pixel blocks around among these three files (allowing a block from the red file, for instance, to hide out in the green or blue ones). But the program does nothing within the pixel blocks, where all the image processing happens. As a result, the files remain unchanged images but end up looking like grainy black-and-white ones to anyone who accesses them without the decryption(解密) key.
1.What's probably the main purpose for people to store images in the cloud
A.To save storage room. B.To make photos beautiful.
C.To try a new storage way. D.To keep their privacy safe.
2.Why might employees in cloud storage companies be distrusted by experts
A.They sell users' passwords. B.They have invented new tools.
C.They often let out personal information. D.They may steal a glance at users' images.
3.What's the advantage of ESP
A.It can provide clear images. B.It can decrease the upload time.
C.It can classify images automatically. D.It can encrypt data on the original platform.
4.What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about
A.Method of decryption. B.Image-processing technique.
C.Separate files of images. D.Data analysis of colors.
五
The United Nations predicts worldwide temperatures over the next five years may at times rise to more than 1.5 degrees Centigrade above pre-industrial levels. The U.N.'s World Meteorological(气象的) Organization, WMO, said the prediction suggests continued warming could present a challenge to climate change goals set in the 2015 Paris Agreement, which seeks to limit world temperature rises through major cuts in human-caused greenhouse gases.
The WMO said there was a 20 percent chance that the yearly average temperature will rise above 1.5 Celsius higher than the pre-industrial average levels in at least one year. The report identifies 1850-1900 as the pre-industrial period. That does not mean that the average would be crossing the long-term target of 1.S Celsius that scientists have set as the limit for avoiding catastrophic(灾难性的) climate change.
Temperatures over the last five years have been the warmest on record, the WMO reported. Temperatures over the next five years are very likely to be within the range of 0.91 to 1.59Celsius above pre-industrial levels, it predicted. Southern Africa and Australia, where fires last year destroyed millions of hectares(公顷), will probably be drier than usual through 2024, the report said. Africa's Sahel region is likely be wetter, while Europe should see more storms.
Maxx Dilley, the WMO's director of climate services, told the Associated Press the predictions are worrisome. "It shows how close we're getting to what the Paris Agreement is trying to prevent," he said. Still, Dilley added that it would not be impossible for countries to reach the target set in Paris, of keeping global warming well below 2 degrees Celsius, by the end of the century. Petteri Taalas, the WMO Secretary-General, added, "While COVID-19 has caused a severe international health and economic crisis, failure to cope with climate change may threaten human well-being, ecosystems and economies for centuries."
1.According to WMO, the continued warming is _____.
A.in an alarming trend. B.Out of control.
C.Naturally developing. D.Far from worry.
2.What does the author try to tell us in Paragraph 3
A.Temperatures will have a sudden rise. B.People in Africa should get more help.
C.Fires in Australia will last over 5 years. D.Our living environment is getting worse.
3.Which word best describes Maxx Dilley's attitude to continued warming
A.Carefree. B.Objective. C.Indifferent. D.Scared.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Global impact of Climate change. B.The most serious challenge we face.
C.UN predicts more rising temperatures. D.How do we cope with continued warming.
六
Britain's meat industry on Friday warned that an upcoming shortage of carbon dioxide(CO2) could cause massive disruption(中断) to food supplies within two weeks.
The gas is used to stun(昏迷) animals before being killed, in the vacuum packing of food products to extend their shelf life, and to put the fizz into beer, cider and soft drinks. It is also required for some medical procedures and used in the nuclear and semi-conductor industries.
Britain's food supply chain, already suffering from a severe shortage of heavy goods vehicles(HGV) drivers and the impact of Brexit and COVID-19, is heavily reliant on fertiliser producers for CO2 which is a by-product of their production process. However, two of the largest fertiliser producers, Norway's Yara YAR.OL and rival CF Industries Holdings CF.N, have restrained production due to a sudden increase in natural gas prices, which has in turn started to dry up CO2 supplies.
Nick Allen, chief executive of the British Meat Processors Association(BMPA), said that once current stocks of the gas run out, some meat companies will have to stop taking animals and close production lines, leading to a logjam of animals back to the farms. "We already have this situation in the pig industry which is now facing the disruption prospect of a humane killing on farms," he said. The BMPA is persuading Business Minister Kwasi Kwarteng to help support UK CO2 production in the short term.
"We are monitoring this situation closely and are in regular contact with the food and farming organizations and industry, to help them manage the current situation," said a UK government spokesperson. "The UK benefits from having access to highly diverse sources of gas supply to ensure households, businesses and heavy industry get the energy they need at a fair price."
1.What's the direct cause of the CO2 shortage this year
A.A government policy. B.An infectious disease.
C.Transportation failure. D.Cost rise.
2.What does the underlined word "logjam" mean in paragraph 4
A.Bottleneck. B.Promise. C.Failure. D.Recovery.
3.What measure may the UK government take
A.To close production lines. B.To stop marketing animals.
C.To limit the drinks wholesale. D.To explore more gas supplies.
4.What may be the suitable title for the passage
A.Diverse Applications of CO2 B.CO2 Shortage Hit Food Supplies
C.Efforts Taken to Produce CO2 D.The Future of Britain's Meat Industry
七
Aspirin was discovered in 1897, and an explanation of how it works followed in 1995. That, in turn, has encouraged some research leads on making better pain relievers through something other than trial and error. This kind of discovery—answers first, explanations later—is called "intellectual debt ". We gain understanding of what works without knowing why it works. We can put that understanding to use immediately, and then tell ourselves we'll figure out the details later. Sometimes we pay off the debt quickly; sometimes, as with aspirin, it takes a century; and sometimes we never pay it off at all.
In the Age of Intelligence, while machine learning presents lots of problems and gets things wrong, at least we know enough to be wary of the predictions produced by the system and to argue that they shouldn't be blindly followed: but if a system performs perfectly (and we don't know why), then we come to rely on it and forget about it and suffer consequences when it goes wrong.
It's the difference between knowing your car has faulty brakes and not knowing: both are bad, but if you know there is a problem with your brakes, you can increase your following distance, drive slowly and get to a mechanic as soon as possible. If you don't know, you're likely to find out the hard way, at 80mph on the highway when the car in front of you came to a sudden stop and your brakes give out.
We don't have much by way of solutions. Most important, we shouldn't trick ourselves into thinking that machine learning alone is all that matters. Indeed, without life value, machine learning may not be meaningful answers at all.
1.What is the purpose of mentioning aspirin in the first paragraph
A.To present the research process of aspirin.
B.To introduce a similar situation machine learning faces.
C.To show the difficulty in explaining how aspirin works.
D.To prove we can use something even when we don't understand.
2.What does the underlined word "wary" probably mean in the second paragraph
A.Negative. B.Doubtful. C.Anxious. D.Watchful.
3.How does the writer prove that it's potentially worse if a system performs perfectly
A.By giving a definition. B.By making comparison.
C.By doing an experiment. D.By telling a story.
4.Which of the following statements is the writer likely to agree with
A.It's impossible to pay off Intellectual debt.
B.It's wise not to rely on machine learning.
C.It makes sense to prepare for danger in times of safety.
D.It's OK as long as a system works well.
八
If Mars were the popular kid in school, Venus(金星) would be the unwelcome one sitting in the corner, largely ignored. Venus has nearly the same mass and size as Earth, but being closer to the sun, it gets nearly twice as much heat from the sun.
However, instead of having a climate that is just a warmer version of Earth's, Venus's surface and atmosphere are unbearable: clouds of sulphuric acid blanket the planet, while at ground level, it is hot enough to melt lead. Despite this, there is now a sign that Venus may harbour life.
Jane Greaves at Cardiff University UK, and her colleagues recently detected phosphine(磷化氢) in Venus's atmosphere,with one potential explanation that it is the by-product of biology. That is because the only way this gas is made on Earth is in laboratories or by microbes(微生物). Though this doesn't mean it was produced by life on Venus, attempts to find non-biological explanations for its presence have so far failed.
Our best way of confirming or rejecting the possibility of life on Venus is to go and have a proper look. While Mars has been the focus of interplanetary exploration efforts lately, the phosphine discovery lets people look at Venus in a new light. As NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine tweeted: "It's time to prioritize Venus."
In the months and years to come, computer simulations will be used to further study the possible chemistries of the atmosphere on Venus. More laboratory experiments will be conducted to try to identify other ways the phosphine there could be produced. However, there is no guarantee that these efforts will reveal the true nature of this substance on Venus. A newly-proposed strategy is to directly sample the atmosphere and surface of Venus. By doing so, we would be able to take direct measurements of phosphine.
The discovery of phosphine in Venus's atmosphere is a great accomplishment. The scientific efforts may be just what we need to finally refocus on this neglected world. Possibly, the quiet kid in the corner may get the last laugh.
1.In theory, what's Venus expected to be like
A.It is almost as large as Earth.
B.It has nearly the same mass as Earth.
C.It has a warmer Earth-like climate.
D.It has the unbearable surface and atmosphere.
2.What can the discovery of phosphine on Venus indicate
A.There might exist signs of life.
B.This kind of gas is very common.
C.Many products can be made with it.
D.Experiments were once conducted there.
3.What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A.The importance of observations.
B.The power of computer simulations.
C.The approaches to exploring phosphine.
D.The necessity to analyse phosphine.
4.Which can best describe the author's attitude to the exploration of Venus
A.Casual. B.Supportive. C.Cautious. D.Doubtful.
答案以及解析
一
答案：1.B; 2.C; 3.D; 4.D
解析：1.主旨题。根据全文可知,作者根据专家研究,告诉大家"穿袜子睡觉有助于睡眠",A 广告,B 生活方式,C 观点/评价,D 热点话题,该文章最可能出现在生活方式板块,因此选择 B。
2.细节题。根据题干中的 what change does warm feet bring to the body 把答案定位在第 4、5 段。根据第 4 段 warming the feet before going to sleep using a warm foot bath or by wearing socks promotes blood vessel widening, which in turn lowers the body's core temperature。可以排除 B 选项,并确定选C选项。根据第5段The warm-sensitive neurons in the brain become more active when there's a temperature difference between the body's core and the feet... these neurons become more active as we get sleepy and slow down as we wake up,可以排除 A 选项 A。D 选项无中生有,原文没有提到 blood pressure。可知答案选 C。
3.细节题。根据题干中的 brain's warm-sensitive neurons 把答案定位在第 5 段。根据 these neurons become more active as we get sleepy and slow down as we wake up, so that warming up the feet before bedtime may give them an extra drive, making you feel sleepier,可知答案为 D。
4.细节题。根据最后一段,A 选项并不是 the small study 的结果。根据special "sleeping socks" not only sped up the coming of sleep, but increased overall sleep time by an average of 30 minutes and cut nighttime waking episodes in half,排除 B 选项、C 选项。选择 D 选项。
二
答案：1.A; 2.C; 3.C; 4.B
解析：1.考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"The Arizona desert…unless he had one of Omar Yaghi's next-generation water harvesters" 可知,作者提及亚利桑那州的沙漠是为了引出Omar Yaghi的下一代吸水设备以及下文对其的介绍。故选A。
2.考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"What makes it work is a special material railed a MOF"可知,使吸水设备工作的是一种叫做金属有机框架的特殊材料,故金属有机框架在该设备中起了关键作用。
3.考查词义猜测。根据画线短语前的These crystalline(结晶的) groups of metals... can be made into materials with an extremely high absorption ability, attracting specific molecules to their surfaces"可知,这些由有机分子连接在一起的金属结晶群可被制成吸收能力极高的材料,以吸引特定分子到它们的表面,即金属有机框架可以吸附各种液体和气体,故hold onto"抓紧"和画线短语cling to的意思最为接近。
4.考查推理判断。通读全文可知,本文主要讲述了金属有机框架可以帮助解决沙漠地区的缺水问题,再结合第一段中的"solve some tough challenges :producing water in the desert, removing greenhouse gases from the air and storing dangerous gases more safely"可推知,接下来可能会介绍金属有机框架在清除温室气体、安全储存危险气体方面的用途故选B。
三
答案：1-4 BABC
解析：1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段The portable washing machine was invented by Ash Newland in 2010, while planning to climb Mt. Kilimanjaro. Struck by the limited packing space, he got inspiration from traditional washboards to create a bag that could be used to clean clothes. Then he gave up his career as a lawyer and focused on perfecting the bag's design.这款便携式洗衣机是Ash Newland在2010年计划攀登乞力马扎罗山时发明的,由于包装空间有限,他从传统的洗衣板上获得灵感,发明了一款可以用来洗衣服的包,然后放弃了律师生涯,专注于完善包的设计。可知,Ash Newland自己外出登山时不方便洗衣服的经历让他萌生了发明便携式洗衣袋,结合选项,故选B。
2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段However, Newland was not satisfied. He still saw a disadvantage with his invention—dirty clothes had to be carried around in a separate bag! The recently introduced Scrubba Wash Pack solves that problem.然而,Newland并不满足,他仍然看到了自己发明的一个缺点—脏衣服必须单独装在袋子里!最近推出的洗涤包解决了这个问题。可知,他对自己之前的洗衣袋不满意的地方在于脏衣服和干净衣服要分开放,这样就显得极其的不方便,结合选项,故选A。
3.词义猜测题。根据文章第四段In order to make the pack active, dirty clothes are placed inside the bag along with two to three liters of water. The bag is then shut tightly to ensure all air is squeezed out and the clothes are massaged(揉搓) for a few minutes.为了使包装更方便,脏衣服和两到三公升的水被一起放在袋子里,然后紧紧地关上袋子,确保所有的空气都被挤出,衣服被揉搓几分钟。可知,划线单词意为:挤压,结合选项,故选B。
4.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段The best part is that the 99-dollar pack that will be available for sale later this year, only weighs 300 grams and is completely foldable, making it easy to store when it's not in use. With the Scrubba Wash Pack, wandering through foreign cities searching for a washing shop, or paying for washing machines may soon be a thing of the past!最棒的是,今年晚些时候将发售的99元一包,只重300克,完全可折叠,不使用的时候很容易存放的洗衣包,有了洗涤包,在国外城市四处寻找洗衣店,或者花钱买洗衣机,可能很快就会成为过去!由此可知,被改良的Wash Pack价格便宜,携带方便,使用方便,将在未来受到更多热爱旅行的人的喜欢,结合选项,故选C。
四
答案：1-4 ADDB
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段的"All those pixels(像素) take up a lot of room if they are stored on personal computers or phones, which is one reason why many people store their images in the cloud."(所有这些像素如果存储在个人电脑或手机上,会占用很多空间,这也是为什么很多人会将图像进行云存储的原因之一)可知,人们将照片云存储的主要目的是节省存储空间,故选A。
2.推理判断题。根据第二段的"Security experts also worry about employees at cloud storage companies on purpose accessing users' images."(安全专家还担心云存储公司的员工会故意访问用户的图像)可知,云存储公司的员工不被专家信任,因为他们可能会偷看用户的图片,故选D。
3.细节理解题。根据第三段的"We wanted to see if we could make it possible to encrypt data while using existing services"(我们想看看是否可以在使用现有服务的同时加密数据)和"Everyone wants to stay with Google Photos and not have to register on a new encrypted-image cloud storage service."(每个人都想继续使用谷歌Photos,而不必注册新的加密图像云存储服务)可知,ESP的优点是可以在原有平台上对数据进行加密,故选D。
4.主旨大意题。通读第四段,尤其是"To overcome this problem, they created a tool that preserves blocks of pixels but moves them around to effectively hide the photograph"(为了克服这个问题,他们发明了一种工具,可以保存像素块,但可以移动它们来有效地隐藏照片)可知,本段主要讲的是一种图像处理技术,故选B。
五
答案：1-4 ADDC
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段中"The U.N.'s World Meteorological(气象的) Organization, WMO, said the prediction suggests continued warming could present a challenge to climate change goals set in the 2015 Paris Agreement"(联合国世界气象组织(WMO)说,这一预测表明,持续变暖可能对2015年《巴黎协定》中设定的气候变化目标构成挑战。)可知,据世界气象组织称,持续变暖的趋势令人担忧。故选A。
2.目的意图题。根据第三段中"Temperatures over the last five years have been the warmest on record, the WMO reported. Temperatures over the next five years are very likely to be within the range of 0.91 to 1.59Celsius above pre-industrial levels, it predicted. Southern Africa and Australia, where fires last year destroyed millions of hectares(公顷), will probably be drier than usual through 2024, the report said. Africa's Sahel region is likely be wetter, while Europe should see more storms."(世界气象组织报告称,过去五年的气温是有记录以来最高的。该报告预测,未来五年的气温很可能会比工业化前的水平高出0.91至1.59摄氏度。该报告称,非洲南部和澳大利亚可能会在2024年之前比以往更加干燥,去年的火灾摧毁了数百万公顷的土地。非洲的萨赫勒地区可能更湿润,而欧洲将会有更多的风暴。)可知,作者想告诉我们,我们的生活环境越来越差了。故选D。
3.观点态度题。根据第四段中"Maxx Dilley, the WMO's director of climate services, told the Associated Press the predictions are worrisome."(世界气象组织的气候服务主任Maxx Dilley告诉美联社,这些预测令人担忧。)可知,Maxx Dilley对持续升温持恐惧的态度。A.Carefree无忧无虑的; B.Objective客观的; C.Indifferent漠不关心; D.Scared担心的。故选D。
4.标题判断题。根据第一段中"The United Nations predicts worldwide temperatures over the next five years may at times rise to more than 1.5 degrees Centigrade above pre-industrial levels."(联合国预测,未来5年,全球气温有时会比工业化前的水平高出1.5摄氏度以上。)以及第二段中"The WMO said there was a 20 percent chance that the yearly average temperature will rise above 1.5 Celsius higher than the pre-industrial average levels in at least one year."(世界气象组织表示,至少在一年内,年平均气温将有20%的可能超过1.5摄氏度,高于工业革命前的平均水平。)本文主要讲述了联合国世界气象组织预测未来五年内全球气温会持续上升,这会对全球环境带来影响,以及这一预测引起了人们的担忧。可知,本文的最佳标题是选项C"联合国预测气温还会继续上升。"故选C。
六
答案：1-4 DADB
解析：1.推理判断题。根据文章第三段However, two of the largest fertiliser producers, Norway's Yara YAR.OL and rival CF Industries Holdings CF.N, have restrained production due to a sudden increase in natural gas prices, which has in turn started to dry up CO2 supplies.然而,两个最大的化肥生产商,挪威的亚拉YAR.OL和竞争对手CF Industries Holdings CF.N由于天然气价格突然上涨而限制了产量,这反过来又开始耗尽二氧化碳供应。说明成本上升是今年二氧化碳短缺的直接原因。故选D。
2.猜测词义题。根据文章第四段Nick Allen, chief executive of the British Meat Processors Association(BMPA), said that once current stocks of the gas run out, some meat companies will have to stop taking animals and close production lines.英国肉类加工商协会(BMPA)首席执行官尼克·艾伦(Nick Allen)表示,一旦目前的天然气库存耗尽,一些肉类公司将不得不停止带走动物并关闭生产线,因此导致动物要遣送回农场这样的僵局。故选A。
3.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段The UK benefits from having access to highly diverse sources of gas supply to ensure households, businesses and heavy industry get the energy they need at a fair price."英国受益于获得高度多样化的天然气供应来源,以确保家庭、企业和重工业以公平的价格获得所需的能源。说明应该政府正在采取更多的措施探索更多的天然气供应。故选D。
4.标题归纳题。根据文章第一段Britain's meat industry on Friday warned that an upcoming shortage of carbon dioxide(CO2) could cause massive disruption(中断) to food supplies within two weeks.英国肉类行业周五警告称,即将到来的二氧化碳(CO2)短缺可能会在两周内导致食品供应大规模中断。说明本文是在讲二氧化碳的短缺导致食品供应的中断,故选B。
七
答案：1-4 BDBC
解析：1.主旨大意题。阿司匹林的发现,说明了可以先利用一个结论,之后再探寻解释。这就涉及到一个问题:一些运行良好的东西会让我们完全依赖它而忽略了其中有可能出现问题的因素而导致我们遭受后果。这正是人工智能时代机器学习面临的问题。 因此阿司匹林的提及是为了引入话题。
2.猜测词义。本句意为:当出现问题时,我们起码有足够的了解对系统提出的预测保持警惕,并指导不应该盲目遵从它。
3.结构理解题。由第三段首句可知,作者把机器学习中面临的问题类比为是否知晓刹车系统有隐患。
4.理解判断题。根据全文的大意"不管机器学习看似多么完美,我们应该居安思危,不盲目跟从和完全依赖它"。可知C正确。
八
答案：1.C; 2.A; 3.C; 4.B
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第一段Venus has nearly the same mass and size as Earth, but being closer to the sun, it gets nearly twice as much heat from the sun.(金星的质量和大小几乎与地球相同,但由于离太阳更近,它从太阳获得的热量几乎是地球的两倍)可知,在理论上,金星是与地球质量相同的更温暖的星球。故选:C。
2.推理判断题。根据第三段Jane Greaves at Cardiff University, UK, and her colleagues recently detected phosphine(磷化氢) in Venus's atmosphere, with one potential explanation that it is the by-product of biology. That is because the only way this gas is: made on Earth is in laboratories or by microbes(微生物). (英国卡迪夫大学的Jane Greaves和她的同事们最近在金星的大气中发现了磷化氢,一种可能的解释是,它是生物学的副产品。这是因为在地球上制造这种气体的唯一方法是在实验室里或通过实验室微生物。)可知,通过在金星上发现了磷化氢,说明了那里可能存在生命的迹象。故选:A。
3.段落大意题。根据第五段第一句In the months and years to come, computer simulations will be used to further study the possible chemistries of the atmosphere on Venus.(在未来的几个月或几年里,计算机模拟将被用于进一步研究金星大气的化学成分。)和最后一句By doing so, we would be able to take direct measurements of phosphine.(通过这样做,我们可以直接测量磷化氢。)可知,第5段主要是关于探索磷化氢的方法。故选:C。
4.观点态度题。根据最后一段The discovery of phosphine in Venus's atmosphere is a great accomplishment. The scientific efforts may be just what we need to finally refocus on this neglected world. (在金星大气层中发现磷化氢是一项伟大的成就。科学的努力也许正是我们最终重新关注这个被忽视的世界所需要的。)可知,作者认为在金星大气层中发现磷化氢是一项伟大的成就,因此作者对探索金星的态度是支持的。A. Casual 随意的;B. Supportive 支持的;C. Cautious 谨慎的;D. Doubtful 怀疑的。故选:B。
一
If you have trouble falling asleep, listen up. You might fall asleep 15 minutes earlier and wake up far less during the night if you put on a pair of socks at bedtime.
To understand why, you first need to grasp the relationship between core body temperature and sleep. During daylight hours, the human body has an average temperature of 37℃. But your core body temperature drops as much as 1.2℃ over one night's sleep. This gradual decrease is a key part of how we sleep. Put simply, the faster you can lower your core body temperature, the faster you will fall asleep.
One way that your body controls its temperature is through blood vessels (血管)in the skin. If your body is too hot, your blood vessels widen, pushing the warmer blood nearer the skin's surface, helping it to cool. If your body is too cold, the opposite happens. Your blood vessels narrow, restricting the flow of blood to the surface.
The palms of your feet are one of your body's most efficient heat exchangers, since they are hairless and less protected than other skin surfaces. Researchers have shown that warming the feet before going to sleep using a warm foot bath or by wearing socks promotes blood vessel widening. which in turn lowers the body's core temperature faster than going to sleep with cold, bare feet.
Scientists suspect that socked feet have a sleep-benefiting effect on the brain as well. The warm-sensitive neurons(神经元)in the brain become more active when there's a temperature difference between the body's core and the feet. Researchers have found that these neurons become more active as we get sleepy and slow down as we wake up, so that warming up the feet before bedtime may give them an extra drive, making you feel sleepier.
In a small study, researchers found that wearing a pair of special "sleeping socks" not only sped up the coming of sleep, but increased overall sleep time by an average of 30 minutes and cut nighttime waking episodes in half. If you're worried about becoming too warm, look for socks made of natural fibers.
1.In which section of a newspaper can we find this text
A.Advertisement. B.Lifestyle. C.Opinion. D.Trend.
2.What change does warm feet bring to the body
A.Slowed brain reaction. B.Narrowed blood vessels.
C.Reduced core body temperature. D.Decreased blood pressure.
3.How might the brain's warm-sensitive neurons help sleep
A.They might help to warm up the feet.
B.They might speed up temperature growth
C.They might slow down the brain's blood flow.
D.They might bring on sleepiness when activated.
4.What is the finding of the small study mentioned in the last paragraph
A.The warmth of socks depends on their material.
B.People wearing socks fall asleep 50 percent faster.
C.Special socks increase temperature more effectively.
D.Sock wearing helps people sleep longer and wake less
二
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are compounds(化合物;复合物) that are set to solve some tough challenges: producing water in the desert, removing greenhouse gases from the air and storing dangerous gases more safely.
The Arizona desert is really dry. Anyone stuck in it without water would die from dehydration (脱水) within three days, unless he had one of Omar Yaghi's next-generation water harvesters, who is a chemist at the University of California, Berkeley. Although daytime wetness is only about 10 percent, this rises to 40 percent at night, which means there's enough water in the atmosphere to support life - if it can be transformed into liquid form.
That's exactly what Yaghi's invention does. It's about the size of a small microwave oven, designed to suck the water from the air at night and turn it into drinking water the next day using only the heat of the sun as its power source. What makes it work is a special material called a MOF, which at normal temperatures attracts water molecules (分子) onto the surface of its internal small holes. Warm it up and get the water, each harvest producing one-third of a cup of pure drinking water. "A device the size of a washing machine could produce enough water for the basic needs of a household," says Yaghi.
These crystalline (结晶的) groups of metals linked by organic molecules can be made into materials with an extremely high absorption ability, attracting specific molecules to their surfaces. In this way, MOFs cling to a variety of liquids and gases.
MOFs work thanks to their distinctive structure. In fact, one MOF the size of a sugar cube has so many small holes that they would cover an area as large as six football fields. MOFs are also extremely stable, light and have many different uses: their molecular structure can be varied to attract specific molecules. Adding a small amount of heat or pressure causes the MOF to give what it's holding. More than 70,000 different MOFs have been produced to date for various applications.
1.Why is the Arizona desert mentioned in the second paragraph
A.To introduce water harvesters.
B.To stress the importance of water.
C.To show the severity of its condition.
D.To express the urgent need for water there.
2.What plays a vital role in water harvesters
A.Solar energy. B.Water molecules.
C.Metal-organic frameworks. D.MOFs' internal small holes.
3.Which can explain the phrase "cling to" underlined in paragraph 4
A.Give off. B.Turn into. C.Hold onto. D.Break down.
4.What will probably be covered in the following paragraphs
A.The future of the MOF technology.
B.Other uses of the MOF technology.
C.The improvement to the MOF technology.
D.Possible limitations of the MOF technology.
三
The biggest challenge faced by travelers especially those who like to have a hiking trip is how to ensure a steady supply of clean clothes. Now, thanks to a great invention called Scrubba Wash Pack, that worry may be a thing of the past.
The portable washing machine was invented by Ash Newland in 2010, while planning to climb Mt. Kilimanjaro. Struck by the limited packing space, he got inspiration from traditional washboards to create a bag that could be used to clean clothes. Then he gave up his career as a lawyer and focused on perfecting the bag's design. By 2012, the bag was ready for the public. It weighed only 180 grams and required very little storage space, making it perfect for anyone wishing to travel light.
Not surprisingly, the bag worth 55 dollars was an instant hit with travelers, university students and even passengers. However, Newland was not satisfied. He still saw a disadvantage with his invention—dirty clothes had to be carried around in a separate bag! The recently introduced Scrubba Wash Pack solves that problem.
In order to make the pack active, dirty clothes are placed inside the bag along with two to three liters of water. The bag is then shut tightly to ensure all air is squeezed out and the clothes are massaged(揉搓) for a few minutes. After a quick wash, they are clean and ready to be dried. According to Newland, the pack can clean anything from jeans to smelly socks! What's even more amazing is that with a capacity to hold 13 liters of water, it can be used to wash more clothes at a time.
The best part is that the 99-dollar pack that will be available for sale later this year, only weighs 300 grams and is completely foldable, making it easy to store when it's not in use. With the Scrubba Wash Pack, wandering through foreign cities searching for a washing shop, or paying for washing machines may soon be a thing of the past!
1.What aroused Ash Newland's desire to create the Scrubba Wash Bag
A.Travelers' requirements. B.His own experience.
C.His dream of invention. D.A traditional washboard.
2.Why wasn't Ash Newland satisfied with his former invention
A.The bag was not convenient enough.
B.The bag was not popular with travelers.
C.The bag couldn't wash more clothes at a time.
D.The bag couldn't be folded up.
3.Which word can best replace the underlined word in paragraph 4
A.Blown. B.Pushed C.Figured. D.Run.
4.It can be inferred that the improved Wash Pack ______.
A.will lighten the burden on housewives
B.will replace the traditional washing machines
C.will be widely used by more travelers in the future
D.can encourage more people to travel a long distance
四
This year researchers expect the world to snap 1.35 trillion photographs, or about 3.7 billion per day. All those pixels(像素) take up a lot of room if they are stored on personal computers or phones, which is one reason why many people store their images in the cloud. But unlike a hard drive, which can be encrypted to protect its data, cloud storage users have to trust that a tech platform will keep their private pictures safe. Now a team of Columbia University computer scientists has developed a tool to encrypt(加密) images stored on many popular cloud services while allowing authorized users to browse and display their photographs as usual.
Malicious(恶意的) attempts to access or leak cloud-based photographs can expose personal information. In November 2019, for example, a bug in the popular photograph storage app Google Photos mistakenly shared some users' private videos with strangers. Security experts also worry about employees at cloud storage companies on purpose accessing users' images.
So the Columbia researchers came up with a system called Easy Secure Photos(ESP), which they presented at a recent conference. "We wanted to see if we could make it possible to encrypt data while using existing services," says computer scientist Jason Nieh, one of the developers of ESP. "Everyone wants to stay with Google Photos and not have to register on a new encrypted-image cloud storage service."
To overcome this problem, they created a tool that preserves blocks of pixels but moves them around to effectively hide the photograph. First, ESP's algorithm(算法) divides a photograph into three separate files, each one containing the image's red, green or blue color data. Then the system hides the pixel blocks around among these three files (allowing a block from the red file, for instance, to hide out in the green or blue ones). But the program does nothing within the pixel blocks, where all the image processing happens. As a result, the files remain unchanged images but end up looking like grainy black-and-white ones to anyone who accesses them without the decryption(解密) key.
1.What's probably the main purpose for people to store images in the cloud
A.To save storage room. B.To make photos beautiful.
C.To try a new storage way. D.To keep their privacy safe.
2.Why might employees in cloud storage companies be distrusted by experts
A.They sell users' passwords. B.They have invented new tools.
C.They often let out personal information. D.They may steal a glance at users' images.
3.What's the advantage of ESP
A.It can provide clear images. B.It can decrease the upload time.
C.It can classify images automatically. D.It can encrypt data on the original platform.
4.What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about
A.Method of decryption. B.Image-processing technique.
C.Separate files of images. D.Data analysis of colors.
五
The United Nations predicts worldwide temperatures over the next five years may at times rise to more than 1.5 degrees Centigrade above pre-industrial levels. The U.N.'s World Meteorological(气象的) Organization, WMO, said the prediction suggests continued warming could present a challenge to climate change goals set in the 2015 Paris Agreement, which seeks to limit world temperature rises through major cuts in human-caused greenhouse gases.
The WMO said there was a 20 percent chance that the yearly average temperature will rise above 1.5 Celsius higher than the pre-industrial average levels in at least one year. The report identifies 1850-1900 as the pre-industrial period. That does not mean that the average would be crossing the long-term target of 1.S Celsius that scientists have set as the limit for avoiding catastrophic(灾难性的) climate change.
Temperatures over the last five years have been the warmest on record, the WMO reported. Temperatures over the next five years are very likely to be within the range of 0.91 to 1.59Celsius above pre-industrial levels, it predicted. Southern Africa and Australia, where fires last year destroyed millions of hectares(公顷), will probably be drier than usual through 2024, the report said. Africa's Sahel region is likely be wetter, while Europe should see more storms.
Maxx Dilley, the WMO's director of climate services, told the Associated Press the predictions are worrisome. "It shows how close we're getting to what the Paris Agreement is trying to prevent," he said. Still, Dilley added that it would not be impossible for countries to reach the target set in Paris, of keeping global warming well below 2 degrees Celsius, by the end of the century. Petteri Taalas, the WMO Secretary-General, added, "While COVID-19 has caused a severe international health and economic crisis, failure to cope with climate change may threaten human well-being, ecosystems and economies for centuries."
1.According to WMO, the continued warming is _____.
A.in an alarming trend. B.Out of control.
C.Naturally developing. D.Far from worry.
2.What does the author try to tell us in Paragraph 3
A.Temperatures will have a sudden rise. B.People in Africa should get more help.
C.Fires in Australia will last over 5 years. D.Our living environment is getting worse.
3.Which word best describes Maxx Dilley's attitude to continued warming
A.Carefree. B.Objective. C.Indifferent. D.Scared.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Global impact of Climate change. B.The most serious challenge we face.
C.UN predicts more rising temperatures. D.How do we cope with continued warming.
六
Britain's meat industry on Friday warned that an upcoming shortage of carbon dioxide(CO2) could cause massive disruption(中断) to food supplies within two weeks.
The gas is used to stun(昏迷) animals before being killed, in the vacuum packing of food products to extend their shelf life, and to put the fizz into beer, cider and soft drinks. It is also required for some medical procedures and used in the nuclear and semi-conductor industries.
Britain's food supply chain, already suffering from a severe shortage of heavy goods vehicles(HGV) drivers and the impact of Brexit and COVID-19, is heavily reliant on fertiliser producers for CO2 which is a by-product of their production process. However, two of the largest fertiliser producers, Norway's Yara YAR.OL and rival CF Industries Holdings CF.N, have restrained production due to a sudden increase in natural gas prices, which has in turn started to dry up CO2 supplies.
Nick Allen, chief executive of the British Meat Processors Association(BMPA), said that once current stocks of the gas run out, some meat companies will have to stop taking animals and close production lines, leading to a logjam of animals back to the farms. "We already have this situation in the pig industry which is now facing the disruption prospect of a humane killing on farms," he said. The BMPA is persuading Business Minister Kwasi Kwarteng to help support UK CO2 production in the short term.
"We are monitoring this situation closely and are in regular contact with the food and farming organizations and industry, to help them manage the current situation," said a UK government spokesperson. "The UK benefits from having access to highly diverse sources of gas supply to ensure households, businesses and heavy industry get the energy they need at a fair price."
1.What's the direct cause of the CO2 shortage this year
A.A government policy. B.An infectious disease.
C.Transportation failure. D.Cost rise.
2.What does the underlined word "logjam" mean in paragraph 4
A.Bottleneck. B.Promise. C.Failure. D.Recovery.
3.What measure may the UK government take
A.To close production lines. B.To stop marketing animals.
C.To limit the drinks wholesale. D.To explore more gas supplies.
4.What may be the suitable title for the passage
A.Diverse Applications of CO2 B.CO2 Shortage Hit Food Supplies
C.Efforts Taken to Produce CO2 D.The Future of Britain's Meat Industry
七
Aspirin was discovered in 1897, and an explanation of how it works followed in 1995. That, in turn, has encouraged some research leads on making better pain relievers through something other than trial and error. This kind of discovery—answers first, explanations later—is called "intellectual debt ". We gain understanding of what works without knowing why it works. We can put that understanding to use immediately, and then tell ourselves we'll figure out the details later. Sometimes we pay off the debt quickly; sometimes, as with aspirin, it takes a century; and sometimes we never pay it off at all.
In the Age of Intelligence, while machine learning presents lots of problems and gets things wrong, at least we know enough to be wary of the predictions produced by the system and to argue that they shouldn't be blindly followed: but if a system performs perfectly (and we don't know why), then we come to rely on it and forget about it and suffer consequences when it goes wrong.
It's the difference between knowing your car has faulty brakes and not knowing: both are bad, but if you know there is a problem with your brakes, you can increase your following distance, drive slowly and get to a mechanic as soon as possible. If you don't know, you're likely to find out the hard way, at 80mph on the highway when the car in front of you came to a sudden stop and your brakes give out.
We don't have much by way of solutions. Most important, we shouldn't trick ourselves into thinking that machine learning alone is all that matters. Indeed, without life value, machine learning may not be meaningful answers at all.
1.What is the purpose of mentioning aspirin in the first paragraph
A.To present the research process of aspirin.
B.To introduce a similar situation machine learning faces.
C.To show the difficulty in explaining how aspirin works.
D.To prove we can use something even when we don't understand.
2.What does the underlined word "wary" probably mean in the second paragraph
A.Negative. B.Doubtful. C.Anxious. D.Watchful.
3.How does the writer prove that it's potentially worse if a system performs perfectly
A.By giving a definition. B.By making comparison.
C.By doing an experiment. D.By telling a story.
4.Which of the following statements is the writer likely to agree with
A.It's impossible to pay off Intellectual debt.
B.It's wise not to rely on machine learning.
C.It makes sense to prepare for danger in times of safety.
D.It's OK as long as a system works well.
八
If Mars were the popular kid in school, Venus(金星) would be the unwelcome one sitting in the corner, largely ignored. Venus has nearly the same mass and size as Earth, but being closer to the sun, it gets nearly twice as much heat from the sun.
However, instead of having a climate that is just a warmer version of Earth's, Venus's surface and atmosphere are unbearable: clouds of sulphuric acid blanket the planet, while at ground level, it is hot enough to melt lead. Despite this, there is now a sign that Venus may harbour life.
Jane Greaves at Cardiff University UK, and her colleagues recently detected phosphine(磷化氢) in Venus's atmosphere,with one potential explanation that it is the by-product of biology. That is because the only way this gas is made on Earth is in laboratories or by microbes(微生物). Though this doesn't mean it was produced by life on Venus, attempts to find non-biological explanations for its presence have so far failed.
Our best way of confirming or rejecting the possibility of life on Venus is to go and have a proper look. While Mars has been the focus of interplanetary exploration efforts lately, the phosphine discovery lets people look at Venus in a new light. As NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine tweeted: "It's time to prioritize Venus."
In the months and years to come, computer simulations will be used to further study the possible chemistries of the atmosphere on Venus. More laboratory experiments will be conducted to try to identify other ways the phosphine there could be produced. However, there is no guarantee that these efforts will reveal the true nature of this substance on Venus. A newly-proposed strategy is to directly sample the atmosphere and surface of Venus. By doing so, we would be able to take direct measurements of phosphine.
The discovery of phosphine in Venus's atmosphere is a great accomplishment. The scientific efforts may be just what we need to finally refocus on this neglected world. Possibly, the quiet kid in the corner may get the last laugh.
1.In theory, what's Venus expected to be like
A.It is almost as large as Earth.
B.It has nearly the same mass as Earth.
C.It has a warmer Earth-like climate.
D.It has the unbearable surface and atmosphere.
2.What can the discovery of phosphine on Venus indicate
A.There might exist signs of life.
B.This kind of gas is very common.
C.Many products can be made with it.
D.Experiments were once conducted there.
3.What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A.The importance of observations.
B.The power of computer simulations.
C.The approaches to exploring phosphine.
D.The necessity to analyse phosphine.
4.Which can best describe the author's attitude to the exploration of Venus
A.Casual. B.Supportive. C.Cautious. D.Doubtful.
答案以及解析
一
答案：1.B; 2.C; 3.D; 4.D
解析：1.主旨题。根据全文可知,作者根据专家研究,告诉大家"穿袜子睡觉有助于睡眠",A 广告,B 生活方式,C 观点/评价,D 热点话题,该文章最可能出现在生活方式板块,因此选择 B。
2.细节题。根据题干中的 what change does warm feet bring to the body 把答案定位在第 4、5 段。根据第 4 段 warming the feet before going to sleep using a warm foot bath or by wearing socks promotes blood vessel widening, which in turn lowers the body's core temperature。可以排除 B 选项,并确定选C选项。根据第5段The warm-sensitive neurons in the brain become more active when there's a temperature difference between the body's core and the feet... these neurons become more active as we get sleepy and slow down as we wake up,可以排除 A 选项 A。D 选项无中生有,原文没有提到 blood pressure。可知答案选 C。
3.细节题。根据题干中的 brain's warm-sensitive neurons 把答案定位在第 5 段。根据 these neurons become more active as we get sleepy and slow down as we wake up, so that warming up the feet before bedtime may give them an extra drive, making you feel sleepier,可知答案为 D。
4.细节题。根据最后一段,A 选项并不是 the small study 的结果。根据special "sleeping socks" not only sped up the coming of sleep, but increased overall sleep time by an average of 30 minutes and cut nighttime waking episodes in half,排除 B 选项、C 选项。选择 D 选项。
二
答案：1.A; 2.C; 3.C; 4.B
解析：1.考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"The Arizona desert…unless he had one of Omar Yaghi's next-generation water harvesters" 可知,作者提及亚利桑那州的沙漠是为了引出Omar Yaghi的下一代吸水设备以及下文对其的介绍。故选A。
2.考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"What makes it work is a special material railed a MOF"可知,使吸水设备工作的是一种叫做金属有机框架的特殊材料,故金属有机框架在该设备中起了关键作用。
3.考查词义猜测。根据画线短语前的These crystalline(结晶的) groups of metals... can be made into materials with an extremely high absorption ability, attracting specific molecules to their surfaces"可知,这些由有机分子连接在一起的金属结晶群可被制成吸收能力极高的材料,以吸引特定分子到它们的表面,即金属有机框架可以吸附各种液体和气体,故hold onto"抓紧"和画线短语cling to的意思最为接近。
4.考查推理判断。通读全文可知,本文主要讲述了金属有机框架可以帮助解决沙漠地区的缺水问题,再结合第一段中的"solve some tough challenges :producing water in the desert, removing greenhouse gases from the air and storing dangerous gases more safely"可推知,接下来可能会介绍金属有机框架在清除温室气体、安全储存危险气体方面的用途故选B。
三
答案：1-4 BABC
解析：1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段The portable washing machine was invented by Ash Newland in 2010, while planning to climb Mt. Kilimanjaro. Struck by the limited packing space, he got inspiration from traditional washboards to create a bag that could be used to clean clothes. Then he gave up his career as a lawyer and focused on perfecting the bag's design.这款便携式洗衣机是Ash Newland在2010年计划攀登乞力马扎罗山时发明的,由于包装空间有限,他从传统的洗衣板上获得灵感,发明了一款可以用来洗衣服的包,然后放弃了律师生涯,专注于完善包的设计。可知,Ash Newland自己外出登山时不方便洗衣服的经历让他萌生了发明便携式洗衣袋,结合选项,故选B。
2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段However, Newland was not satisfied. He still saw a disadvantage with his invention—dirty clothes had to be carried around in a separate bag! The recently introduced Scrubba Wash Pack solves that problem.然而,Newland并不满足,他仍然看到了自己发明的一个缺点—脏衣服必须单独装在袋子里!最近推出的洗涤包解决了这个问题。可知,他对自己之前的洗衣袋不满意的地方在于脏衣服和干净衣服要分开放,这样就显得极其的不方便,结合选项,故选A。
3.词义猜测题。根据文章第四段In order to make the pack active, dirty clothes are placed inside the bag along with two to three liters of water. The bag is then shut tightly to ensure all air is squeezed out and the clothes are massaged(揉搓) for a few minutes.为了使包装更方便,脏衣服和两到三公升的水被一起放在袋子里,然后紧紧地关上袋子,确保所有的空气都被挤出,衣服被揉搓几分钟。可知,划线单词意为:挤压,结合选项,故选B。
4.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段The best part is that the 99-dollar pack that will be available for sale later this year, only weighs 300 grams and is completely foldable, making it easy to store when it's not in use. With the Scrubba Wash Pack, wandering through foreign cities searching for a washing shop, or paying for washing machines may soon be a thing of the past!最棒的是,今年晚些时候将发售的99元一包,只重300克,完全可折叠,不使用的时候很容易存放的洗衣包,有了洗涤包,在国外城市四处寻找洗衣店,或者花钱买洗衣机,可能很快就会成为过去!由此可知,被改良的Wash Pack价格便宜,携带方便,使用方便,将在未来受到更多热爱旅行的人的喜欢,结合选项,故选C。
四
答案：1-4 ADDB
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段的"All those pixels(像素) take up a lot of room if they are stored on personal computers or phones, which is one reason why many people store their images in the cloud."(所有这些像素如果存储在个人电脑或手机上,会占用很多空间,这也是为什么很多人会将图像进行云存储的原因之一)可知,人们将照片云存储的主要目的是节省存储空间,故选A。
2.推理判断题。根据第二段的"Security experts also worry about employees at cloud storage companies on purpose accessing users' images."(安全专家还担心云存储公司的员工会故意访问用户的图像)可知,云存储公司的员工不被专家信任,因为他们可能会偷看用户的图片,故选D。
3.细节理解题。根据第三段的"We wanted to see if we could make it possible to encrypt data while using existing services"(我们想看看是否可以在使用现有服务的同时加密数据)和"Everyone wants to stay with Google Photos and not have to register on a new encrypted-image cloud storage service."(每个人都想继续使用谷歌Photos,而不必注册新的加密图像云存储服务)可知,ESP的优点是可以在原有平台上对数据进行加密,故选D。
4.主旨大意题。通读第四段,尤其是"To overcome this problem, they created a tool that preserves blocks of pixels but moves them around to effectively hide the photograph"(为了克服这个问题,他们发明了一种工具,可以保存像素块,但可以移动它们来有效地隐藏照片)可知,本段主要讲的是一种图像处理技术,故选B。
五
答案：1-4 ADDC
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段中"The U.N.'s World Meteorological(气象的) Organization, WMO, said the prediction suggests continued warming could present a challenge to climate change goals set in the 2015 Paris Agreement"(联合国世界气象组织(WMO)说,这一预测表明,持续变暖可能对2015年《巴黎协定》中设定的气候变化目标构成挑战。)可知,据世界气象组织称,持续变暖的趋势令人担忧。故选A。
2.目的意图题。根据第三段中"Temperatures over the last five years have been the warmest on record, the WMO reported. Temperatures over the next five years are very likely to be within the range of 0.91 to 1.59Celsius above pre-industrial levels, it predicted. Southern Africa and Australia, where fires last year destroyed millions of hectares(公顷), will probably be drier than usual through 2024, the report said. Africa's Sahel region is likely be wetter, while Europe should see more storms."(世界气象组织报告称,过去五年的气温是有记录以来最高的。该报告预测,未来五年的气温很可能会比工业化前的水平高出0.91至1.59摄氏度。该报告称,非洲南部和澳大利亚可能会在2024年之前比以往更加干燥,去年的火灾摧毁了数百万公顷的土地。非洲的萨赫勒地区可能更湿润,而欧洲将会有更多的风暴。)可知,作者想告诉我们,我们的生活环境越来越差了。故选D。
3.观点态度题。根据第四段中"Maxx Dilley, the WMO's director of climate services, told the Associated Press the predictions are worrisome."(世界气象组织的气候服务主任Maxx Dilley告诉美联社,这些预测令人担忧。)可知,Maxx Dilley对持续升温持恐惧的态度。A.Carefree无忧无虑的; B.Objective客观的; C.Indifferent漠不关心; D.Scared担心的。故选D。
4.标题判断题。根据第一段中"The United Nations predicts worldwide temperatures over the next five years may at times rise to more than 1.5 degrees Centigrade above pre-industrial levels."(联合国预测,未来5年,全球气温有时会比工业化前的水平高出1.5摄氏度以上。)以及第二段中"The WMO said there was a 20 percent chance that the yearly average temperature will rise above 1.5 Celsius higher than the pre-industrial average levels in at least one year."(世界气象组织表示,至少在一年内,年平均气温将有20%的可能超过1.5摄氏度,高于工业革命前的平均水平。)本文主要讲述了联合国世界气象组织预测未来五年内全球气温会持续上升,这会对全球环境带来影响,以及这一预测引起了人们的担忧。可知,本文的最佳标题是选项C"联合国预测气温还会继续上升。"故选C。
六
答案：1-4 DADB
解析：1.推理判断题。根据文章第三段However, two of the largest fertiliser producers, Norway's Yara YAR.OL and rival CF Industries Holdings CF.N, have restrained production due to a sudden increase in natural gas prices, which has in turn started to dry up CO2 supplies.然而,两个最大的化肥生产商,挪威的亚拉YAR.OL和竞争对手CF Industries Holdings CF.N由于天然气价格突然上涨而限制了产量,这反过来又开始耗尽二氧化碳供应。说明成本上升是今年二氧化碳短缺的直接原因。故选D。
2.猜测词义题。根据文章第四段Nick Allen, chief executive of the British Meat Processors Association(BMPA), said that once current stocks of the gas run out, some meat companies will have to stop taking animals and close production lines.英国肉类加工商协会(BMPA)首席执行官尼克·艾伦(Nick Allen)表示,一旦目前的天然气库存耗尽,一些肉类公司将不得不停止带走动物并关闭生产线,因此导致动物要遣送回农场这样的僵局。故选A。
3.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段The UK benefits from having access to highly diverse sources of gas supply to ensure households, businesses and heavy industry get the energy they need at a fair price."英国受益于获得高度多样化的天然气供应来源,以确保家庭、企业和重工业以公平的价格获得所需的能源。说明应该政府正在采取更多的措施探索更多的天然气供应。故选D。
4.标题归纳题。根据文章第一段Britain's meat industry on Friday warned that an upcoming shortage of carbon dioxide(CO2) could cause massive disruption(中断) to food supplies within two weeks.英国肉类行业周五警告称,即将到来的二氧化碳(CO2)短缺可能会在两周内导致食品供应大规模中断。说明本文是在讲二氧化碳的短缺导致食品供应的中断,故选B。
七
答案：1-4 BDBC
解析：1.主旨大意题。阿司匹林的发现,说明了可以先利用一个结论,之后再探寻解释。这就涉及到一个问题:一些运行良好的东西会让我们完全依赖它而忽略了其中有可能出现问题的因素而导致我们遭受后果。这正是人工智能时代机器学习面临的问题。 因此阿司匹林的提及是为了引入话题。
2.猜测词义。本句意为:当出现问题时,我们起码有足够的了解对系统提出的预测保持警惕,并指导不应该盲目遵从它。
3.结构理解题。由第三段首句可知,作者把机器学习中面临的问题类比为是否知晓刹车系统有隐患。
4.理解判断题。根据全文的大意"不管机器学习看似多么完美,我们应该居安思危,不盲目跟从和完全依赖它"。可知C正确。
八
答案：1.C; 2.A; 3.C; 4.B
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第一段Venus has nearly the same mass and size as Earth, but being closer to the sun, it gets nearly twice as much heat from the sun.(金星的质量和大小几乎与地球相同,但由于离太阳更近,它从太阳获得的热量几乎是地球的两倍)可知,在理论上,金星是与地球质量相同的更温暖的星球。故选:C。
2.推理判断题。根据第三段Jane Greaves at Cardiff University, UK, and her colleagues recently detected phosphine(磷化氢) in Venus's atmosphere, with one potential explanation that it is the by-product of biology. That is because the only way this gas is: made on Earth is in laboratories or by microbes(微生物). (英国卡迪夫大学的Jane Greaves和她的同事们最近在金星的大气中发现了磷化氢,一种可能的解释是,它是生物学的副产品。这是因为在地球上制造这种气体的唯一方法是在实验室里或通过实验室微生物。)可知,通过在金星上发现了磷化氢,说明了那里可能存在生命的迹象。故选:A。
3.段落大意题。根据第五段第一句In the months and years to come, computer simulations will be used to further study the possible chemistries of the atmosphere on Venus.(在未来的几个月或几年里,计算机模拟将被用于进一步研究金星大气的化学成分。)和最后一句By doing so, we would be able to take direct measurements of phosphine.(通过这样做,我们可以直接测量磷化氢。)可知,第5段主要是关于探索磷化氢的方法。故选:C。
4.观点态度题。根据最后一段The discovery of phosphine in Venus's atmosphere is a great accomplishment. The scientific efforts may be just what we need to finally refocus on this neglected world. (在金星大气层中发现磷化氢是一项伟大的成就。科学的努力也许正是我们最终重新关注这个被忽视的世界所需要的。)可知,作者认为在金星大气层中发现磷化氢是一项伟大的成就,因此作者对探索金星的态度是支持的。A. Casual 随意的;B. Supportive 支持的;C. Cautious 谨慎的;D. Doubtful 怀疑的。故选:B。