【2022高分攻略】高考英语二轮复习学案(通用版)
专题九 名词性从句（原卷版）
黑龙江 哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
【考纲解读】
名词性从句是考生学习的一个难点，也是高考的重要考点。能够灵活分析句子成分是高考中名词性从句题得分的关键。名词性从句包括：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。名词性从句在句子中起名词作用，在复合句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。
主要考查热点：
1.主语从句的用法；
2.表语从句的用法；
3.宾语从句的用法；
4.同位语从句的用法；
5.特殊疑问词+-ever引导的名词性从句。
【考点剖析】
一、主语从句的用法
例1：(2021年高考 新高考I卷）Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song “The Long and Winding Road”. ___56___ is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes. The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we humans are.
【答案】What
例2：(2020年高考 江苏卷）It is not a problem _________ we can win the battle, it’s just a matter of time.
A. whether B. why C. when D. where
【答案】A
例3：(2018年高考 天津调研卷）________ was most important to her, she told me， was to keep healthy.
A. It B. This C. What D. As
【答案】C
例4：(2018年高考 北京考前测试卷）________ they’ve managed to get everything finished so quickly is not clear to us.
A. Which B. What C. That D. How
【答案】D
【解题技巧】
做此类试题最重要的是能够熟练分析句子成分，从句在句子中是否充当主语。确定从句在句中充当主语成分后，需要判断是否用it做形式主语，然后再带回到原句中通过题意来进行验证。另外，it作形式主语时有几个固定的句型，需要能熟练掌握这些固定句型。
二、表语从句的用法
例1：(2020年高考 哈工大专项测测卷）Without his support, we wouldn’t be ________ we are now.
A .how B. when C. where D. why
【答案】C
例2：(2020年高考 哈工大专项测试卷） By boat is the only way to get here， which is _______ we arrived.
A. where B. when C. why D. how
【答案】 D
例3：(2018年高考 天津卷）He studied hard and later became a well-known writer， which was ________ his father had expected.
A. why B. how C. that D. what
【答案】D
例4：(2018年高考 北京卷）This is _________ my father has taught me - to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
A. how B. which C. that D. what
【答案】D
【解析】句意：这就是我父亲教我的要永远面对困难，并抱着最好的希望。how表示方式；which表示哪一个；that只是连接词，无意义；what即是连接词，又有实际意义。此处指我的所以用what引导，选择D。
【解题技巧】
名词性从句作表语，引导词很丰富，同样要排除思维定式，不要以为只有that可以引导此类从句，注意连接词在从句中有无意义与连接词在句子中的实际意义很重要。
三、宾语从句的用法
例1：(2020年高考 哈市考前专项测试卷）We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of _______ it used to charge.
A. that B. which C. what D. how
【答案】C
例2：（2020年高考 浙江卷）Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on 57 could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
【答案】what
例3：(2019年高考 北京卷）What students do at college seems to matter much more than ___8___ they go.
【答案】where
例4：(2018年高考 新课标II卷 改错）The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.
【答案】where改为when
【解题技巧】
此类试题首先需要识别出真正的宾语和补足语。同时，注意真正的宾语从句不仅仅是由that引导的，还可能是when，where，if，whether等连接词引导，需要注意这些连接词的意义与用法。
四、同位语从句的用法
例1：(2021年高考 天津卷）The manager put forward a suggestion ________ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what
【答案】B
例2：(2019高考 江苏卷）Scientists have obtained more evidence _________ plastic is finding its way into the human body.
A. what B. that C. which D. where
【答案】B
例3：(2020年高考 哈工大附中专项测试卷) The manager put forward a suggestion ________ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what
【答案】B
例4：(2019年高考 新课标I卷）While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence ___61___ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
【答案】that
【解题技巧】
做此类题的关键是找到句中表示抽象概念的名词，并正确地理解句意，如果从句是对这一名词内容的解释、说明的具体内容，就是同位语从句。如：news，fact，idea，hope，wish，promise，reason，doubt，belief，suggestion，advice，question，probability等名词都是这类表示抽象概念的名词。
五、特殊疑问词 + -ever引导的名词性从句
例1：(2020年高考 哈工大专项测试卷）The manager has offered a reward of $5,000 to ________ has the ability to finish the task ahead of schedule.
A. those B. whoever C. who D. whom
【答案】B
例2：(2020年高考 哈工大专项测试卷）The store said if the melons didn’t sell at the asking price within two weeks, it would sell them to ________ offers the most money.
A. who B. whoever C. no matter who D. whomever
【答案】 B
例3：(2018年高考 天津卷）The gold medal will be awarded ___________to wins the first place in the bicycle race.
A. whomever B. wherever C. whoever D. whatever
【答案】C
例4：(2018年高考 北京模拟卷) Don’t forget to send ________ attended the conference a follow-up e-mail.
A. however B. whatever C. whoever D. wherever
【答案】 C
【解题技巧】
重点掌握 “疑问词+ -ever”与一般疑问词在用法上的区别和联系；注意“疑问词+ + -ever”与“no matter + 疑问词”在用法上的区别和联系。
【相关知识点连接】
一、主语从句的用法
主语从句在复合句中做主句的主语。引导主语从句的词有连词：that，whether；连接代词who，what，which；连接副词when，where，how，why等。
That the earth goes round the sun is known to us all
=It is known to us all that the earth goes round the sun.
地球绕太阳转是众所周知的。
Whether he's coming or not doesn't matter too much．他是否要来关系不大。
When and where he was born is a secret． 他生于何时何地是个秘密。
【温馨提示】从句多数情况由it作形式主语，把主语从句放在主句之后。
1. it作形式主语常构成 It + be + 形容词
1）it作形式主语常常构成 It+be+形容词 (obvious，true，good，wonderful，certain，possible，etc.) + that的句型。
It is certain that Chinese people can overcome any difficulty.
中国人民一定能克服任何困难。
如果形容词是 necessary，important，natural，strange等，that 引导的主语从句，要用虚拟语气的形式，结构用“should+动词原形”。
2）it作形式主语还可构成 It + be + 名词词组 (a pity，no surprise，no wonder，an honor，etc.) + that 句型。
It is no wonder that he was taken ill，considering that he had been overworking for years． 难怪他生病了，考虑到他已经超负荷工作多年。
3）it 作形式主语还可以构成 It + be + 过去分词 (said，reported，thought，expected，decided，ordered，etc.) + that 结构。
It is reported that the police will soon look into the case of two missing children．据报道，警察很快就会调查这个案子的两个失踪的孩子。
4）it 作形式主语可以构成 It+ seems／appears／happens (不及物动词) + that…
It seems that he enjoys pop music very much. 他似乎非常喜欢流行音乐。
5）it 用作形式主语与 it 强调的区别：
It 作形式主语，则 that 引导的从句是真正的主语；
It 强调句结构中，如果把 it is…that 去掉，句子结构仍然完整。
It was not until midnight that he finished his work. 直到午夜他才完成工作。
二、表语从句的用法
1. 表语从句在句子中作表语
1）表语从句在句子中作表语，引导表语从句的关联词有三类。
从属连词：that，whether，as，as if 等，其中 as 和 as if 是表语从句特有的，而其他名词性从句所不具有的；
连接代词：who，whom，whose，what，which 等；
连接副词：where，when，how，why 等。
The problem is that we can't afford (to buy) the big house.
问题是我们买不起这座大房子。
The question is whether it is worth doing or not. 问题是这值不值得干。
What I mean is which song you like best. 我的意思是说你最喜欢哪一首歌。
The question is when we'll complete the work.
问题是我们什么时候完成这项工程。
2）表语从句位于主句中的系动词后面：除be动词外，还包括表示特征和状态的系动词 appear，feel，seem，look 等；表示状态变化的系动词become，come，fall，go，turn 等；表示状态延续的 continue，keep，remain 等。
It looked as if it hasn't been used following the instructions.
这看上去好像没有按照说明来洗。
It seems as if some of the people were sick 看起来有些人像是在生病？
He was sent to the hospital. That’s because he was ill.
他被送到医院，是因为他生病了。
why，because和that引导表语从句的区别：
why 引导表语从句时，强调结果，前一个句子是造成这种结果的原因。
because 引导表语从句时，强调原因，有这个原因才导致前一个句子的结果。
He was ill yesterday. That’s why he didn't attend the meeting.
他昨天生病了，所以未能参加会议（表示生病的结果是他没能参加会议）
He didn't attend the meeting. That's because he was ill yesterday.
他没有参加会议，是因为他昨天生病了（表示他没能参加会议的原因是病了）
当主语是reason时，后面的表语从句的引导词只能是that。
The reason why he is absent is that he is ill. 他缺席的原因是他生病了。
三、宾语从句的用法
1. 宾语从句在复合句中做主句的宾语
宾语从句在复合句中做主句的宾语。它可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。宾语从句可以由连词that，whether，if，代词who，whose，which，what；和副词when，where，how，why等引导。
I know that he's doing his best. 我知道他正在尽力去做。
Do you know what time their plane leaves Beijing
你知道他们的飞机什么时候离开北京吗？
We don't know when we arrive. 我们不知道什么时候到达。
Sorry, I don't know whose this watch is. 对不起，我不知道这块表是谁的。
I've completely forgotten who took me to (the) hospital.
我完全忘了是谁把我送进医院的。
2. 在谓语动词为think，make，find，consider，feel，hear等后接复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）时，为了平衡句子结构或避免句子结构的混乱，常用 it作 形式宾语，而将真正的宾语从句后置，从而形成“主语+ 谓语动词（think等）+ it + 宾语补足语+从句”结构。
I made it clear that I would have no time to do that tomorrow.
我已讲明了明天我没有时间做那件事。
We think it wrong that he didn't help her. 我们觉得他没有帮助她是不对的。
下面三种情况下，也需要 it 作形式宾语：
1）某些表示“喜怒哀乐”的动词如 like， enjoy， love， hate 等，往往不直接跟宾语从句，特别是that 引导的宾语从句；若要接宾语从句，从句前须跟一个形式宾语 it 。
I don't like it that he's so careless. 我不喜欢他那么粗心。
I hate it when people ask me for money. 我讨厌别人向我要钱。
2）that从句一般不能直接作介词宾语，如果介词后接 that 引导的宾语从句，就必须用形式宾语 it。
You may depend on it that I shall always help you.
尽管放心，我会随时帮助你的。
We'll see to it that she gets home early. 我们要保证使她早到家。
He insisted on it that he was innocent. 他坚持说自己是无辜的。
3）英语中有些动词与其后的介词短语构成的固定词组，如果这些词跟宾语从句，也必须用 it作形式宾语。这类词组常见的有：leave sth.to......（由某人决定、委托）owe sth. to sb.（归功于、多亏）等。
I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it.
我让你自己判断这事是否该做。
We owe it to you that there wasn't a serious accident.
多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。
3. whether和if引导宾语从句之间的区别
1）whether与if都能引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，二者通常可以互换。
Lily asked if/whether she liked it. 李莉问她是否喜欢它。
2）二者语义的区别：
whether强调犹豫和选择，多见于书面语；if 只限于条件，常用于口语。
Write and tell me whether I'm to come. 请写信告诉我，我是否该来。
Write and tell me if I'm to come. 如果我该来，请写信告诉我
（= 若我不必来，就不用费心写信给我了。）
3）whether可引导各种名词性从名和让步状语从句，if 只能引导宾语从句和条件状语从句。
由if引导的从句，首先要弄清楚是宾语从句，还是条件状语从句，然后再确定时态。若是引导条件状语从句，谓语动词应用一般现在（过去）时代替一般将来（过去将来）时。
If you don't go soon, you’ll be late. 如果你不马上去，就会迟到的。
当if引导一个非真实条件句时，从句的谓语动词应用过去式（如果是be， 则不论主语的人称和数，一律用were），主句谓语动词用“would+动词原形”。例如：
If everyone in the country knew first aid， many lives would be saved.
如果每个国民都懂得急救知识，许多生命就会得以挽救。
4）whether和if都可以与or no连用。但if与or not之间常需要用词语隔开，而whether与or not可连用，也可隔开。
Can you tell me whether or not the train has left
=Can you tell me whether the train has left or not
你能告诉我火车是否离开了吗
I don't care if your car breaks down or not .我不在乎你的汽车是否坏了。
5）下列情况，只用whether作引导词，引导主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句、让步状语从句。
Whether he comes or not doesn't concern me. 他来不来与我无关。
I am in doubt whether I ought to give this plan my approval.
我决定不了是否应该同意这项划。
What I want to know is whether you can help me.
我想知道的是你是否能帮助我。
Whether we go or stay, he result is the same.
不管我们是走还是留，其结果是一样的。
6）与不定式连用：
I don't know whether to accept or refuse. 我不知道是该接受还是该拒绝。
7）做介词宾语
I am not interested in whether you like the plan or not.
我不在乎你是否喜欢那项计划。
四、同位语从句的用法
1. 同位语从句
同位语从句是在名词的后面，对前面的名词进行进一步解释或说明该名词的具体内容的从句。同位语从句引导词主要有：连接词that，有时也用why，where等。其引导词在从句中不担当任何成分，也没有词汇意义。
1）同位语从句前面的名词往往是需要进一步解释说明其具体内容的。
news，fact，idea，hope，wish，promise，reason，doubt，belief，suggestion，advice，question，probability等。
We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听说了我们队获胜的消息。
He didn't give the answer why he was late.
他还未回答他为什么迟到的这个问题。
Have you any idea why he was so rude
你知不知道他为什么如此粗鲁？
2.分隔的同位语从句，就是名词与从句之间有其他内容。
The story goes that William Teller killed the tyrant with an arrow.
传说威廉·泰尔用箭射死了暴君。
They had no idea at all where he had gone. 他们根本不知道他到哪里去了。
1）同位语从句与定语从句的区别
（1）定语从句是形容词性从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的；同位语从句是名词性从句，其作用相当于一个名词，是对前面的名词作进一步解释的。
We heard the news that he had told her.
我们听到了他告诉她的消息。 (定语从句)
We heard the news that he had won the game.
我们听到消息，他赢得了比赛。(同位语从句)
（2）定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分，可做主语、宾语、状语等；而同位语从句中的引导词在从句中只起连接作用，不做任何句子成分。
A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞的机器。(定语从句)
The fact that they didn't finish the work has to be faced．
必须面对事实，他们没有完成工作。(同位语从句)
（3）同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是同位的关系，二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系，可用“主+系+表”结构来表示。
The news that he won the first place is true．他赢得冠军的那个消息是真的。
如果用“主+系+表”结构来表示：
The news came that he won the first place. 消息是他赢得了冠军。
（4）由when，why，where引导的定语从句分别修饰或说明表示时间、原因或地点的词，但它们引导的同位语从句一般不和表示时间或地点的词同位。
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
我仍然记得初来北京的那天。(定语从句，表示时间)
I have no idea when she will be back．我不知道她何时回来。(同位语从句)
This is the house where I lived two years ago．
这是我两年前住的房子。(定语从句，表示地点)
The question where we shall have a meeting isn't decided．
我们到什么地方去开会，这个问题还没有决定。(同位语从句)
五、特殊疑问词 + -ever引导的名词性从句
1. 疑问词的选择上
解题的关键在于对句意的理解，只要是能翻译成“无论谁”或“无论什么”就用“疑问词 + -ever”，否则，就可以选择一般的疑问词。
Whoever wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way.
谁想住旅馆，谁就得自己付钱。
Who wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way.
想住旅馆的人得自己付钱。
Whoever found him, he should give him away to the police.
无论谁找到了他，他都应该把他交给警察。
Who gave him away to the police is still unknown.
把他交给了警察的人还不知道是谁。
2. “疑问词 + -ever”既可用在名词性从句中，又可用在状语从句中
“疑问词 + -ever”既可用在名词性从句中，又可用在状语从句中；但是“no matter + 疑问词”只能用在让步状语从句中，并且可以与“疑问词+ -ever”这种形式互换使用，意思相同。
Call me when you get there, no matter what the time is.
= Call me when you get there, whatever the time is.
不管你什么时候到，给我打电话。
No matter how bad you feel, keep trying.
= However bad you feel, keep trying.
不管你感觉多么糟糕，都要继续努力。
【强化训练】
1. (2020年高考 天津卷）The student completed this experiment to make come true __________ Professor Joseph had said.
A. that B. what C. when D. where
2. (2020年高考 哈市模拟卷）You ought not to have gone out without a coat yesterday. It wasn’t surprising ________ you caught a cold.
A. whether B. why C. how D. that
3. (2019年高考 哈工大专项测试卷）Your support is important to our work. ________ you can do helps.
A. However B. Whoever C. Whatever D. Wherever
4. (2018年高考 北京模拟卷）________ leaves the classroom last should turn off the lights.
A. Which B. Who C. Whichever D. Whoever
5. (2018年高考 天津模拟卷) Father made a promise ________ he would buy me a new dictionary if I passed the examination.
A. whether B. if C. that D. which
6. She asked me _______ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn’t.
A. when B. where C. whether D. what
7. Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street，not knowing ________ she was heading.
A. why B. where C. how D. when
8. —I called your office at about ten this morning, but there was no reply.
—Oh, that was probably ________ I was paying a visit to a friend in hospital.
A. when B. why C. what D. that
9. I need help now! I have to fix a leaking pipe in my bathroom but I’m not sure ________ to begin.
A. what B. which C. where D. when
10. What surprised us most is that he doesn’t know ________ the differences between the two books lie.
A. that B. what C. which D. where
11. Up till now, there has been no scientific evidence about _________ caused the death of dinosaurs.
A. what is it that B. what it was that
C. it was what D. what is it
12. It is often the case _________ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
A. why B. what C. as D. that
13. There are various things on sale, so you can choose _________ interests you.
A. whoever B. no matter who C. whatever D. no matter what
14. Sorry I’m so late, but you cannot imagine ________ great trouble I took to find your house.
A. which B. how C. what D. that
15. —Have you heard that Space X sent a Tesla car into space
—Yes. ________ they have achieved is amazing.
A. Where B. What C. That D. How
16. She asked me ________ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn’t.
A. when B. where C. whether D. what
17. Sometimes the message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of others __________ actually understand.
A. what B. why C. how D. which
18. Every year, _________ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
A. whatever B. whoever C. whomever D. whichever
19. You are gaining weight recently. It is ________ you eat too much and haven't enough time to do exercise.
A. because B. why C. the reason D. what
20. ________ he had a few days off is that he drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
A. where B. when C. what D. why
21. 7. _________ is a spell of warm sunshine.
A. What do we all need. B. What all we need
C. What we need D. What we all need
22. With your help，there is no doubt _________ our plan is meant for will work out successfully．
A. what B. whether C. that D. whether
II. 语法填空：阅读面材料，在空格处填入适当的词
Experiences are acquired through our journey in life; we choose 1 we believe and 2 we look at things and people around us based on all our experiences in life. Despite the fact 3 things and life are the way they are, we all have different opinions about everything and everybody. Other people have opinions about us as well. But 4 really matters is the opinion we have about ourselves. You choose to accept and follow what other people believe, but you can also decide 5 you want to become yourself and live according to the reality of life.
By living life as it is and being yourself, you create an image about 6 you value most and 7 you admire most. You should remember 8 important it is to be yourself. The image that you create about yourself determines 9 you are and how you feel; it determines how successful you become in life and remind you 10 you are standing in life.
19【2022高分攻略】高考英语二轮复习学案(通用版)
专题九 名词性从句（解析卷）
黑龙江 哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
【考纲解读】
名词性从句是考生学习的一个难点，也是高考的重要考点。能够灵活分析句子成分是高考中名词性从句题得分的关键。名词性从句包括：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。名词性从句在句子中起名词作用，在复合句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。
主要考查热点：
1.主语从句的用法；
2.表语从句的用法；
3.宾语从句的用法；
4.同位语从句的用法；
5.特殊疑问词+-ever引导的名词性从句。
【考点剖析】
一、主语从句的用法
例1：(2021年高考 新高考I卷）Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song “The Long and Winding Road”. ___56___ is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes. The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we humans are.
【答案】What
【解析】句意：去黄山让我想起The Long and Winding Road乐队的流行歌曲《漫长而曲折的道路》。这次经历的惊人之处在于这世界之外的景色。一旦你登上山顶，你所看到的滚滚云海将提醒你我们人类是多么渺小。考查主语从句。从句缺少主语（空格处在系动词之前），用what引导主语从句，并在充当从句中的主语，指代“经历的事情”；从句本身是主系表结构。全句的主语是主语从句（___56___ is so breathtaking about the experience），该句子的谓语部分是系动词（is）+ 表语（the out-of-this-world scenes）。所以选填What。
例2：(2020年高考 江苏卷）It is not a problem _________ we can win the battle, it’s just a matter of time.
A. whether B. why C. when D. where
【答案】A
【解析】句意：我们能否打赢这场战斗不是问题；这只是时间问题。考查主语从句。whether是否；why为什么；when什么时候；where在哪里。根据下文it’s just a matter of time可知，此处指“我们能否打赢这场战斗不是问题”。it是形式主语，whether引导的从句是真正的主语。所以，选择A。
例3：(2018年高考 天津调研卷）________ was most important to her, she told me， was to keep healthy.
A. It B. This C. What D. As
【答案】C
【解析】句意：她告诉我说，对她而言最重要的是保持健康。考查名词性从句。she told me是插入语，用what 引导主语从句，并做从句中在主语。所以选C。
例4：(2018年高考 北京考前测试卷）________ they’ve managed to get everything finished so quickly is not clear to us.
A. Which B. What C. That D. How
【答案】D
【解析】句意：他们是怎么如此快速地把一切做完的我们还不清楚。考查主语从句的连接词。主语从句不缺少主语、宾语和定语，因此排除A和B；that在主语从句中无意义；空格处是有意义的，表示方式。所以选择D。
【解题技巧】
做此类试题最重要的是能够熟练分析句子成分，从句在句子中是否充当主语。确定从句在句中充当主语成分后，需要判断是否用it做形式主语，然后再带回到原句中通过题意来进行验证。另外，it作形式主语时有几个固定的句型，需要能熟练掌握这些固定句型。
二、表语从句的用法
例1：(2020年高考 哈工大专项测测卷）Without his support, we wouldn’t be ________ we are now.
A .how B. when C. where D. why
【答案】C
【解析】句意：要是没有他的帮助，我们就不会是现在这样了。考查表语从句。how表方式，when表时间，where表地点，why表原因。“_________ we are now”位于wouldn’t be 后，是表语从句，结合句子的意思可知，该处指我们所处的情形、情况等，应该用where引导，在从句中作表语。所以用where引导，选择C。
例2：(2020年高考 哈工大专项测试卷） By boat is the only way to get here， which is _______ we arrived.
A. where B. when C. why D. how
【答案】 D
【解析】句意：坐船是到达这里的唯一方式，这也是我们如何到达这里的。考查表语从句。which引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，其中空格处引导的是表语从句，结合语境和By boat可知，此处表达的是到达这里的方式，所以要用how引导。因此选D。
例3：(2018年高考 天津卷）He studied hard and later became a well-known writer， which was ________ his father had expected.
A. why B. how C. that D. what
【答案】D
【解析】。句意：他学习很努力，后来成了一位著名作家，实现了父亲的夙愿。考查名词性从句此处考查表语从句，空格处的引导词在从句中作宾语，四个选项中首先排除C，因为that不充当表语从句中的成分；A和B的意义分别表示原因与方式，只有what符合句意，表示父亲所期盼的事情。所以选D。
例4：(2018年高考 北京卷）This is _________ my father has taught me - to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
A. how B. which C. that D. what
【答案】D
【解析】句意：这就是我父亲教我的要永远面对困难，并抱着最好的希望。how表示方式；which表示哪一个；that只是连接词，无意义；what即是连接词，又有实际意义。此处指我的所以用what引导，选择D。
【解题技巧】
名词性从句作表语，引导词很丰富，同样要排除思维定式，不要以为只有that可以引导此类从句，注意连接词在从句中有无意义与连接词在句子中的实际意义很重要。
三、宾语从句的用法
例1：(2020年高考 哈市考前专项测试卷）We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of _______ it used to charge.
A. that B. which C. what D. how
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我们选择这家酒店是因为这里的住宿价格降到了20美元，是以前的一半。考查名词性从句的引导词。“half of ______ it used to charge”是$20的同位语，即原来价格的一半是现在的$20。另外，of后跟名词或名词短语构成介词宾语短语，所以，此处是宾语从句。宾语从句中的charge后面缺少宾语，所以用what来引导宾语从句，并充当宾语从句的宾语，所以，选C。
例2：（2020年高考 浙江卷）Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on 57 could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
【答案】what
【解析】句意：在几千年的时间里，他们开始减少对我们从野外采集的猎物的依赖，而更多地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的庄稼。考查名词性从句。介词on后面的句子为宾语从句，这部分缺少主语，所以引导词应为“连接代词”。根据句意，此处时表示“什么”，所以应该用即能充当连接词、又有实际意义的what。
例3：(2019年高考 北京卷）What students do at college seems to matter much more than ___8___ they go.
【答案】where
【解析】句意：学生在大学里做什么似乎比去哪所大学更重要。考查宾语从句。根据句意，此处说的是去哪所大学，表示地点，在从句中作状语。所以用where。
例4：(2018年高考 新课标II卷 改错）The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.
【答案】where改为when
【解析】句意：当我是个孩子的时候我父母教给我的纸牌游戏在我日后的生活中证明非常有用。考查宾语从句的连接词。此处不是表示地点，而是表示时间。所以，把where改为when。
【解题技巧】
此类试题首先需要识别出真正的宾语和补足语。同时，注意真正的宾语从句不仅仅是由that引导的，还可能是when，where，if，whether等连接词引导，需要注意这些连接词的意义与用法。
四、同位语从句的用法
例1：(2021年高考 天津卷）The manager put forward a suggestion ________ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what
【答案】B
【解析】句意：经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。考查同位语从句。根据句意可知：此处应用that引导同位语从句，说明suggestion的内容。that引导同位语从句时只起连接作用，不做成分。所以选B。
例2：(2019高考 江苏卷）Scientists have obtained more evidence _________ plastic is finding its way into the human body.
A. what B. that C. which D. where
【答案】B
【解析】句意：科学家已经获得更多证据，塑料正在进入人们的体内。考查同位语从句。从句不缺句子成分，空格后面的从句句子结构完整，并且与名词evidence所指代的是同一事件，所以用无词义的连接that引导同位语从句。因此选B。
例3：(2020年高考 哈工大附中专项测试卷) The manager put forward a suggestion ________ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what
【答案】B
【解析】句意：经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。suggestion建议，从句是对suggestion内容的解释与说明，所以是同位语从句。后面的从句的句子结构完整，用连词that引导。所以选择答案B。
例4：(2019年高考 新课标I卷）While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence ___61___ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
【答案】that
【解析】句意：虽然它们在88°以北很罕见，但有证据表明，它们分布在整个北极圈，最南端是加拿大的詹姆斯湾。考查同位语从句。根据句子结构分析可知，主句为there be句型，且结构完整，空格后为同位语从句，解释说明中心词evidence的内容，所以填that。
【解题技巧】
做此类题的关键是找到句中表示抽象概念的名词，并正确地理解句意，如果从句是对这一名词内容的解释、说明的具体内容，就是同位语从句。如：news，fact，idea，hope，wish，promise，reason，doubt，belief，suggestion，advice，question，probability等名词都是这类表示抽象概念的名词。
五、特殊疑问词 + -ever引导的名词性从句
例1：(2020年高考 哈工大专项测试卷）The manager has offered a reward of $5,000 to ________ has the ability to finish the task ahead of schedule.
A. those B. whoever C. who D. whom
【答案】B
【解析】句意：经理拿出了五千美元的奖金给有能力提前完成任务的人。考查宾语从句。从句做介词to的宾语，从句中缺主语，而且有“无论是谁”的意思，所以排除who，选whoever。因此选B。
例2：(2020年高考 哈工大专项测试卷）The store said if the melons didn’t sell at the asking price within two weeks, it would sell them to ________ offers the most money.
A. who B. whoever C. no matter who D. whomever
【答案】 B
【解析】句意：商店说如果甜瓜两个星期内不能以要价卖出，这些瓜会卖给出钱最多的人。考查名词性从句。根据句意可知：谁出钱多就会卖给谁的。此处whoever = anyone who，所以选B。
例3：(2018年高考 天津卷）The gold medal will be awarded ___________to wins the first place in the bicycle race.
A. whomever B. wherever C. whoever D. whatever
【答案】C
【解析】句意：无论谁获得自行车比赛第一名，金牌将授予他。考查名词性从句连接词。分析句子可知，空格处为宾语从句，其中缺少表示人的主语，排除B和D。whomever 在从句中做宾语；whoever在从句中做主语。所以用whoever，表示“任何人，无论谁”。因此选C。
例4：(2018年高考 北京模拟卷) Don’t forget to send ________ attended the conference a follow-up e-mail.
A. however B. whatever C. whoever D. wherever
【答案】 C
【解析】句意：别忘了给参加会议的人发送一封后续的电子邮件。考查宾语从句。send后应接宾语，是宾语从句。从句中缺少主语，意为“无论是谁”。所以选C。
【解题技巧】
重点掌握 “疑问词+ -ever”与一般疑问词在用法上的区别和联系；注意“疑问词+ + -ever”与“no matter + 疑问词”在用法上的区别和联系。
【相关知识点连接】
一、主语从句的用法
主语从句在复合句中做主句的主语。引导主语从句的词有连词：that，whether；连接代词who，what，which；连接副词when，where，how，why等。
That the earth goes round the sun is known to us all
=It is known to us all that the earth goes round the sun.
地球绕太阳转是众所周知的。
Whether he's coming or not doesn't matter too much．他是否要来关系不大。
When and where he was born is a secret． 他生于何时何地是个秘密。
【温馨提示】从句多数情况由it作形式主语，把主语从句放在主句之后。
1. it作形式主语常构成 It + be + 形容词
1）it作形式主语常常构成 It+be+形容词 (obvious，true，good，wonderful，certain，possible，etc.) + that的句型。
It is certain that Chinese people can overcome any difficulty.
中国人民一定能克服任何困难。
如果形容词是 necessary，important，natural，strange等，that 引导的主语从句，要用虚拟语气的形式，结构用“should+动词原形”。
2）it作形式主语还可构成 It + be + 名词词组 (a pity，no surprise，no wonder，an honor，etc.) + that 句型。
It is no wonder that he was taken ill，considering that he had been overworking for years． 难怪他生病了，考虑到他已经超负荷工作多年。
3）it 作形式主语还可以构成 It + be + 过去分词 (said，reported，thought，expected，decided，ordered，etc.) + that 结构。
It is reported that the police will soon look into the case of two missing children．据报道，警察很快就会调查这个案子的两个失踪的孩子。
4）it 作形式主语可以构成 It+ seems／appears／happens (不及物动词) + that…
It seems that he enjoys pop music very much. 他似乎非常喜欢流行音乐。
5）it 用作形式主语与 it 强调的区别：
It 作形式主语，则 that 引导的从句是真正的主语；
It 强调句结构中，如果把 it is…that 去掉，句子结构仍然完整。
It was not until midnight that he finished his work. 直到午夜他才完成工作。
二、表语从句的用法
1. 表语从句在句子中作表语
1）表语从句在句子中作表语，引导表语从句的关联词有三类。
从属连词：that，whether，as，as if 等，其中 as 和 as if 是表语从句特有的，而其他名词性从句所不具有的；
连接代词：who，whom，whose，what，which 等；
连接副词：where，when，how，why 等。
The problem is that we can't afford (to buy) the big house.
问题是我们买不起这座大房子。
The question is whether it is worth doing or not. 问题是这值不值得干。
What I mean is which song you like best. 我的意思是说你最喜欢哪一首歌。
The question is when we'll complete the work.
问题是我们什么时候完成这项工程。
2）表语从句位于主句中的系动词后面：除be动词外，还包括表示特征和状态的系动词 appear，feel，seem，look 等；表示状态变化的系动词become，come，fall，go，turn 等；表示状态延续的 continue，keep，remain 等。
It looked as if it hasn't been used following the instructions.
这看上去好像没有按照说明来洗。
It seems as if some of the people were sick 看起来有些人像是在生病？
He was sent to the hospital. That’s because he was ill.
他被送到医院，是因为他生病了。
why，because和that引导表语从句的区别：
why 引导表语从句时，强调结果，前一个句子是造成这种结果的原因。
because 引导表语从句时，强调原因，有这个原因才导致前一个句子的结果。
He was ill yesterday. That’s why he didn't attend the meeting.
他昨天生病了，所以未能参加会议（表示生病的结果是他没能参加会议）
He didn't attend the meeting. That's because he was ill yesterday.
他没有参加会议，是因为他昨天生病了（表示他没能参加会议的原因是病了）
当主语是reason时，后面的表语从句的引导词只能是that。
The reason why he is absent is that he is ill. 他缺席的原因是他生病了。
三、宾语从句的用法
1. 宾语从句在复合句中做主句的宾语
宾语从句在复合句中做主句的宾语。它可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。宾语从句可以由连词that，whether，if，代词who，whose，which，what；和副词when，where，how，why等引导。
I know that he's doing his best. 我知道他正在尽力去做。
Do you know what time their plane leaves Beijing
你知道他们的飞机什么时候离开北京吗？
We don't know when we arrive. 我们不知道什么时候到达。
Sorry, I don't know whose this watch is. 对不起，我不知道这块表是谁的。
I've completely forgotten who took me to (the) hospital.
我完全忘了是谁把我送进医院的。
2. 在谓语动词为think，make，find，consider，feel，hear等后接复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）时，为了平衡句子结构或避免句子结构的混乱，常用 it作 形式宾语，而将真正的宾语从句后置，从而形成“主语+ 谓语动词（think等）+ it + 宾语补足语+从句”结构。
I made it clear that I would have no time to do that tomorrow.
我已讲明了明天我没有时间做那件事。
We think it wrong that he didn't help her. 我们觉得他没有帮助她是不对的。
下面三种情况下，也需要 it 作形式宾语：
1）某些表示“喜怒哀乐”的动词如 like， enjoy， love， hate 等，往往不直接跟宾语从句，特别是that 引导的宾语从句；若要接宾语从句，从句前须跟一个形式宾语 it 。
I don't like it that he's so careless. 我不喜欢他那么粗心。
I hate it when people ask me for money. 我讨厌别人向我要钱。
2）that从句一般不能直接作介词宾语，如果介词后接 that 引导的宾语从句，就必须用形式宾语 it。
You may depend on it that I shall always help you.
尽管放心，我会随时帮助你的。
We'll see to it that she gets home early. 我们要保证使她早到家。
He insisted on it that he was innocent. 他坚持说自己是无辜的。
3）英语中有些动词与其后的介词短语构成的固定词组，如果这些词跟宾语从句，也必须用 it作形式宾语。这类词组常见的有：leave sth.to......（由某人决定、委托）owe sth. to sb.（归功于、多亏）等。
I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it.
我让你自己判断这事是否该做。
We owe it to you that there wasn't a serious accident.
多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。
3. whether和if引导宾语从句之间的区别
1）whether与if都能引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，二者通常可以互换。
Lily asked if/whether she liked it. 李莉问她是否喜欢它。
2）二者语义的区别：
whether强调犹豫和选择，多见于书面语；if 只限于条件，常用于口语。
Write and tell me whether I'm to come. 请写信告诉我，我是否该来。
Write and tell me if I'm to come. 如果我该来，请写信告诉我
（= 若我不必来，就不用费心写信给我了。）
3）whether可引导各种名词性从名和让步状语从句，if 只能引导宾语从句和条件状语从句。
由if引导的从句，首先要弄清楚是宾语从句，还是条件状语从句，然后再确定时态。若是引导条件状语从句，谓语动词应用一般现在（过去）时代替一般将来（过去将来）时。
If you don't go soon, you’ll be late. 如果你不马上去，就会迟到的。
当if引导一个非真实条件句时，从句的谓语动词应用过去式（如果是be， 则不论主语的人称和数，一律用were），主句谓语动词用“would+动词原形”。例如：
If everyone in the country knew first aid， many lives would be saved.
如果每个国民都懂得急救知识，许多生命就会得以挽救。
4）whether和if都可以与or no连用。但if与or not之间常需要用词语隔开，而whether与or not可连用，也可隔开。
Can you tell me whether or not the train has left
=Can you tell me whether the train has left or not
你能告诉我火车是否离开了吗
I don't care if your car breaks down or not .我不在乎你的汽车是否坏了。
5）下列情况，只用whether作引导词，引导主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句、让步状语从句。
Whether he comes or not doesn't concern me. 他来不来与我无关。
I am in doubt whether I ought to give this plan my approval.
我决定不了是否应该同意这项划。
What I want to know is whether you can help me.
我想知道的是你是否能帮助我。
Whether we go or stay, he result is the same.
不管我们是走还是留，其结果是一样的。
6）与不定式连用：
I don't know whether to accept or refuse. 我不知道是该接受还是该拒绝。
7）做介词宾语
I am not interested in whether you like the plan or not.
我不在乎你是否喜欢那项计划。
四、同位语从句的用法
1. 同位语从句
同位语从句是在名词的后面，对前面的名词进行进一步解释或说明该名词的具体内容的从句。同位语从句引导词主要有：连接词that，有时也用why，where等。其引导词在从句中不担当任何成分，也没有词汇意义。
1）同位语从句前面的名词往往是需要进一步解释说明其具体内容的。
news，fact，idea，hope，wish，promise，reason，doubt，belief，suggestion，advice，question，probability等。
We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听说了我们队获胜的消息。
He didn't give the answer why he was late.
他还未回答他为什么迟到的这个问题。
Have you any idea why he was so rude
你知不知道他为什么如此粗鲁？
2.分隔的同位语从句，就是名词与从句之间有其他内容。
The story goes that William Teller killed the tyrant with an arrow.
传说威廉·泰尔用箭射死了暴君。
They had no idea at all where he had gone. 他们根本不知道他到哪里去了。
1）同位语从句与定语从句的区别
（1）定语从句是形容词性从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的；同位语从句是名词性从句，其作用相当于一个名词，是对前面的名词作进一步解释的。
We heard the news that he had told her.
我们听到了他告诉她的消息。 (定语从句)
We heard the news that he had won the game.
我们听到消息，他赢得了比赛。(同位语从句)
（2）定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分，可做主语、宾语、状语等；而同位语从句中的引导词在从句中只起连接作用，不做任何句子成分。
A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞的机器。(定语从句)
The fact that they didn't finish the work has to be faced．
必须面对事实，他们没有完成工作。(同位语从句)
（3）同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是同位的关系，二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系，可用“主+系+表”结构来表示。
The news that he won the first place is true．他赢得冠军的那个消息是真的。
如果用“主+系+表”结构来表示：
The news came that he won the first place. 消息是他赢得了冠军。
（4）由when，why，where引导的定语从句分别修饰或说明表示时间、原因或地点的词，但它们引导的同位语从句一般不和表示时间或地点的词同位。
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
我仍然记得初来北京的那天。(定语从句，表示时间)
I have no idea when she will be back．我不知道她何时回来。(同位语从句)
This is the house where I lived two years ago．
这是我两年前住的房子。(定语从句，表示地点)
The question where we shall have a meeting isn't decided．
我们到什么地方去开会，这个问题还没有决定。(同位语从句)
五、特殊疑问词 + -ever引导的名词性从句
1. 疑问词的选择上
解题的关键在于对句意的理解，只要是能翻译成“无论谁”或“无论什么”就用“疑问词 + -ever”，否则，就可以选择一般的疑问词。
Whoever wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way.
谁想住旅馆，谁就得自己付钱。
Who wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way.
想住旅馆的人得自己付钱。
Whoever found him, he should give him away to the police.
无论谁找到了他，他都应该把他交给警察。
Who gave him away to the police is still unknown.
把他交给了警察的人还不知道是谁。
2. “疑问词 + -ever”既可用在名词性从句中，又可用在状语从句中
“疑问词 + -ever”既可用在名词性从句中，又可用在状语从句中；但是“no matter + 疑问词”只能用在让步状语从句中，并且可以与“疑问词+ -ever”这种形式互换使用，意思相同。
Call me when you get there, no matter what the time is.
= Call me when you get there, whatever the time is.
不管你什么时候到，给我打电话。
No matter how bad you feel, keep trying.
= However bad you feel, keep trying.
不管你感觉多么糟糕，都要继续努力。
【强化训练】
1. (2020年高考 天津卷）The student completed this experiment to make come true __________ Professor Joseph had said.
A. that B. what C. when D. where
【答案】B
【解析】句意：为了使约瑟夫教授所说的成为现实，这个学生完成了这个实验。考查名词性从句。_________ Professor Joseph had said作make的宾语从句，该从句中，空处在从句中作said的宾语，表示“……所说的话”，所以用what引导该从句。因此选择B。
2. (2020年高考 哈市模拟卷）You ought not to have gone out without a coat yesterday. It wasn’t surprising ________ you caught a cold.
A. whether B. why C. how D. that
【答案】 D
【解析】句意：你昨天本不应该不穿外套就出去的。你感冒了并不奇怪。考查主语从句。it为形式主语，真正的主语是 that 引导的主语从句。主语从句结构、意思完整，要用连接词that。所以，选择D。
3. (2019年高考 哈工大专项测试卷）Your support is important to our work. ________ you can do helps.
A. However B. Whoever C. Whatever D. Wherever
【答案】C。
【解析】句意：你的支持对我们的工作很重要。你能做的一切都会对我们有帮助。考查主语从句。helps是谓语，“________ you can do”是主语部分，即主语从句，在主语从句中，do后缺少宾语，表示“任何事情”，因此用whatever引导，所以选C。
4. (2018年高考 北京模拟卷）________ leaves the classroom last should turn off the lights.
A. Which B. Who C. Whichever D. Whoever
【答案】 D
【解析】句意：无论是谁最后离开教室的，都应该关灯。考查名词性从句。空格处在从句中做主语，而且全句有“无论是谁”的意思，所以，最佳答案用Whoever，强调：不管是谁最后离开，都必须要做好关灯的事情。故选答案D。
5. (2018年高考 天津模拟卷) Father made a promise ________ he would buy me a new dictionary if I passed the examination.
A. whether B. if C. that D. which
【答案】C
【解析】句意：父亲答应我，如果我通过考试，他会给我买一本新词典。考查同位语从句。此处为名词性从句作名词 promise 的同位语；同位语从句中句子结构和句意完整，用that引导。所以选C。
6. She asked me _______ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn’t.
A. when B. where C. whether D. what
【答案】C
【解析】句意：他问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了，我承认。我还没有还。考查宾语从句。A.什么时候；B.在哪里；C是否；D.什么。根据句意，选C。
7. Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street，not knowing ________ she was heading.
A. why B. where C. how D. when
【答案】 B
【解析】句意：简在绿树成荫的街道上漫无目的地走着，不知道她要去哪里。考查名词性从句。空格处引导宾语从句，宾语从句中缺少地点状语成分，所以用where引导。选B。
8. —I called your office at about ten this morning, but there was no reply.
—Oh, that was probably ________ I was paying a visit to a friend in hospital.
A. when B. why C. what D. that
【答案】 A
【解析】句意：——今天早上大约十点钟我给你办公室打电话了，但是没人接。——哦，那个时候我可能在探望一个生病住院的朋友。空格处引导was的表语，考查表语从句。that指代前面提到的时间，应用when引导表语从句。所以选A。
9. I need help now! I have to fix a leaking pipe in my bathroom but I’m not sure ________ to begin.
A. what B. which C. where D. when
【答案】 C
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：我现在需要帮助！我必须修理浴室里漏水的管道，但我不知道从哪里下手。根据句意可判断处是“摸不着头脑，不知从哪里(where)下手”，所以选C。
10. What surprised us most is that he doesn’t know ________ the differences between the two books lie.
A. that B. what C. which D. where
【答案】 D
【解析】句意：最让我们吃惊的是，他不知道这两本书的区别在哪里。考查宾语从句。宾语从句中缺地点状语，所以选where。
11. Up till now, there has been no scientific evidence about _________ caused the death of dinosaurs.
A. what is it that B. what it was that
C. it was what D. what is it
【答案】B
【解析】句意：到目前为止，还没有科学证据表明是什么导致了恐龙的灭亡。考查名词性从句。从句用陈述句语序，强调句型的特殊疑问句形式作宾语，语序为“特殊疑问词+ it + be + that...”，所以选B。
12. It is often the case _________ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
A. why B. what C. as D. that
【答案】 D
【解析】句意：通常对于那些心存希望的人来说一切皆有可能。考查主语从句。此句中It为形式主语，that 从句为真正的主语。选D。
13. There are various things on sale, so you can choose _________ interests you.
A. whoever B. no matter who C. whatever D. no matter what
【答案】C
【解析】句意：有各种各样的东西出售，所以你可以选择任何你感兴趣的东西。 考查名词性从句。“no matter + 疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句，“疑问词+ -ever”既可引导让步状语从句也可引导名词性从句。空格处是choose后面的宾语从句， B和D两项只能引导让步状语从句，所以排除。空格处在从句中做主语，并且指物，排除A。因此选C。
14. Sorry I’m so late, but you cannot imagine ________ great trouble I took to find your house.
A. which B. how C. what D. that
【答案】C
【解析】句意：对不起，我迟到了，但是你无法想象我找到你家有多么麻烦。考查宾语从句的连接词。此处修饰great trouble表示你无法想象我找到你家有多麻烦。trouble为名词，用what表示感叹，不用how。所以选C。
15. —Have you heard that Space X sent a Tesla car into space
—Yes. ________ they have achieved is amazing.
A. Where B. What C. That D. How
【答案】B
【解析】句意：—你听说Space X把一辆特斯拉汽车送入太空了吗 —听说了。他们所取得的成就是惊人的。考查主语从句，从句中缺少动词achieved的宾语，并且指物，用what。选B。
16. She asked me ________ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn’t.
A. when B. where C. whether D. what
【答案】C
【解析】句意：她问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了，我承认我还没有归还。考查名词性从句。根据题干可知，空格处引导宾语从句。根据句意，应用whether“是否”，所以选C。
17. Sometimes the message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of others __________ actually understand.
A. what B. why C. how D. which
【答案】A
【解析】句意：你想通过话语传达的信息也许正与其他人实际理解的相反。考查宾语从句。介词 of 后的宾语从句中的 understand 后缺少宾语，并且表示物，用 what。选A。
18. Every year, _________ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
A. whatever B. whoever C. whomever D. whichever
【答案】B
【解析】句意：每年，任何一个做出最漂亮的风筝的人将会在风筝节获奖。whatever 任何事；whoever任何人（从句中做主语）；whomever任何人（从句中做宾语）；whichever无论哪个。空格所在部分是主语从句，缺少主语，用连接代词，根据意思可知是人获奖，所以排除A和D，因做主语，用主格代词whoever，选B。
19. You are gaining weight recently. It is ________ you eat too much and haven't enough time to do exercise.
A. because B. why C. the reason D. what
【答案】A
【解析】句意：你最近发胖了，那是因为你吃得太多了，又没有足够的时间做运动。空格处要选择表示原因的连词，所以答案D排除。why强调的是结果，because强调的是原因，该句子是强调发胖的原因。答案C不符合语法规范，如果是that’s the reason why（=that’s why），从语法上符合，所表示的意义同答案B，不符合该句子。故选择答案A。
20. ________ he had a few days off is that he drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
A. where B. when C. what D. why
【答案】D
【解析】句意：他休了几天假的原因是他上周开车去珠海参加航空展了。从全句子分析，空格处的引导词是表示原因或者理由的连词来引导主语从句，所以空格处应该选择表示“因此……”的引导词why，指因某种原因所造成的结果。故选择答案D。
21. 7. _________ is a spell of warm sunshine.
A. What do we all need. B. What all we need
C. What we need D. What we all need
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我们所需的是一缕温暖的阳光。what we need是主语从句，what 称作关系代词型连接代词，等于“先行词＋关系代词”，可以改写为 Something (that we need) is a spell of warm sunshine。答案A错用了倒装语序（从句不到装）；答案B重复用了先行词，因为what本身有两个作用，一是连接主语从句，二是有具体意义，在从句中充当宾语，因此不能再用all，再用all就出现两个先行词了。故选择C。
22. With your help，there is no doubt _________ our plan is meant for will work out successfully．
A. what B. whether C. that D. whether
【答案】C
【解析】句意：在你的帮助下，毫无疑问，我们的计划将会成功。doubt用于肯定句，引导同位语从句常跟whether是否；用于否定句或疑问句时常跟that引导的从句。该句子是否定句，所以选择C。
II. 语法填空：阅读面材料，在空格处填入适当的词
Experiences are acquired through our journey in life; we choose 1 we believe and 2 we look at things and people around us based on all our experiences in life. Despite the fact 3 things and life are the way they are, we all have different opinions about everything and everybody. Other people have opinions about us as well. But 4 really matters is the opinion we have about ourselves. You choose to accept and follow what other people believe, but you can also decide 5 you want to become yourself and live according to the reality of life.
By living life as it is and being yourself, you create an image about 6 you value most and 7 you admire most. You should remember 8 important it is to be yourself. The image that you create about yourself determines 9 you are and how you feel; it determines how successful you become in life and remind you 10 you are standing in life.
【答案与解析】这篇议论文说的是我们的人生经历决定了我们为人处世的方式。
1. what 此处表示：我们所相信的事物。what在此引导宾语从句，在从句中作宾语，表示“……的事物”。
2. how 结合语境可知：此处表示：我们如何看待周围的人和事。how在此引导宾语从句，在从句中作方式状语。
3. that 这里用that引导同位语从句，解释说明fact的具体内容。
4. what 引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语，表示：……的事物。因此填what。
5. whether/if 这里用连接词whether或if引导宾语从句，表示“是否”。
6. what 此处引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语，指物。填what。
7. who/whom 根据语境可知：此处表示“你最钦佩的人”，空处引导宾语从句并在从句中作宾语，因此填who或whom。
8. how 这里用连接副词how引导宾语从句，并在从句中作状语，表示：多么。
9. who 此处表示：决定你是谁。who在此引导宾语从句。
10. where 空格处用连接副词where引导宾语从句，并在从句中作地点状语，表示：你在生活中处于什么位置。
19
