Unit 13 We’re trying to save the earth!
模块小结
【精讲精练】
要点1 advantage
advantage n. 有利条件，益处，优越性
用法 例句
1) have the advantage of意为“有….的优势” He had the advantage of a good education.
2) take the advantage of doing意为“充分利用…的优势” You need to take the advantage of the opportunity.
3) take disadvantage of意为“利用” Someone may be trying to take disadvantage of you .
【典例分析】
1.你应该充分利用你的优势，这样才可以做到更好。
2.小心点，不要让别人利用了.
要点2 spend
“四朵金花”（高频考题,重点训练）
词汇 用法
spend 主语必须是人，常用于以下结构：1. spend time/money on sth.在....上花费时间/金钱2. spend time/money (in) doing sth.花费时间/金钱做某事
cost 主语是物或者某种活动，还可以表示“值”，常见用法：“sth costs (sb)+金钱”,意为“某物花了（某人）多少钱”
take 后面常跟双宾语，常用于以下结构：1. “It takes sb +时间+to do sth” 做某事花费某人多少时间。2. “doing sth takes sb +时间” 做某事花费某人多少时间。
pay 主语必须是人，常用于以下结构：1. pay (sb) money for sth. 为...付钱（给某人）2. pay for sth. 付....的 钱3. pay for sb. 替某人付钱4. pay sb. 付钱给某人。
【典例分析】
一、单项选择：
1. It ______________ me two weeks to finish reading the novel written by Guo Jingming.
A. spent B. took C. paid D. cost
2. The new T-shirt _______________ me fifty yuan.
A. spent B. took C. paid D. cost
3.He ___________ twenty yuan for the book.
A. paid B. took C. cost D. spent
4.I usually ____________ two hours on my homework every day.
A. spend B. pay C. cost D. take
5.Jack usually __________ an hour ___________ his homework.
A. takes, to do B. pays, for doing C. spends, on doing D. spends, doing
6.Lucy spends one hundred yuan ___________ books every month.
A. on B. in C. with D. of
7.Little Tom usually spends his free time ___________ some reading at home.
A. do B. doing C. on doing D. to do
8.It took Lucy two days ___________ drawing this beautiful picture.
A. to finish B. in finishing C. finishing D. finish
9.A smile ____________ nothing, but gives much.
A. costs B. spends C. cost D. spend
二、选择正确的“花费”的适当形式填空。
1、It ______________ me about an hour to do my homework every day.
2、I ______________ an hour cleaning my office yesterday.
3、This heavy coat ______________ me 500 yuan.
4、I ______________ 50 yuan for the dictionary yesterday afternoon.
5、I ______________ two hours on this maths problem. At last, I worked it out.
三、完成句子。
1、他们花了两年建造这座大桥。
They __________ two years ___________ __________ this bridge.
2、他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。
_________ __________ them three years __________ build this road.
3、从这里走到车站花了我们半小时。
________ ________ us thirty minutes ________ _______ from here to the station.
4、我花了两个小时才完成这篇作文。
It took me two hours __________ ____________ the composition.
5、我花三千元买了这部手机。
________ ________ 3,000 yuan __________ the mobile phone.
要点3 harm
harm adj. 危害；伤害；损害
harmful adj.有害的
用法 例句
(1) do harm to 意为“对……有害” Smoking does harm to your health
(2) be harmful to.意为“对….有害” Smoking is harmful to your health. Quit smoking early is good for your health.
【拓展】
be good for 对……有益
be harmful to 对……有害
do harm to 对……有害
【典例分析】
1. Smoking is ________ to you.
A. harm B. harmful C. harms D. harmless
2. It is _____ to your health to drink too much.
A. hopeless B. hopeful C. harmless D. harmful
3.被污染的水对鱼类有害。
Polluted water is fish.
4.长时间看电视对你眼睛有害.
Watching TV for a long time ________ ______ _______ your eyes.
= Watching TV for a long time ________ ______ _______ your eyes.
=Watching TV for a long time ________ ______ _______ your eyes.
5.Reading in the sun is ________ your eyes.
A. harmful to B. harm for C. harmful for D. harm to
要点4 afford
afford为动词，意为“（有财力）买得起，付得起”。
例：The girl likes the handbag very much， but she can't afford it.
这个女孩非常喜欢这个手提包，但她买不起
【考点】afford常接在can， could， be able to之后，表示担负得起（……的费用、损失、后果等），常用于否定句和疑问句中。
例：Many people can't afford a new house now. 现在许多人买不起新房子。
【重点】afford 后面可以接名词、代词或动词不定式作宾语。
afford后跟动词不定式作宾语，can afford to / do sth.: 有能力支付做某事\ buy sth.: 买得起某物
例：The family could not afford to send her to college. 家里没有足够的钱供她上大学。
【难点】afford 后面可以接双宾语，即afford sb. sth.“为某人提供某物”。
例：Reading will afford you much pleasure.阅读会给你提供很多乐趣。
【典例分析】
1.—Some children can't afford necessary stationery.
—Let's donate our pocket money to them.
A. buy B. buying C.to buy D.be bought
2.I am afraid we cannot _______ to take a taxi .Let’s go by underground instead .
A. refuse B. afford C. forget D. fall
3.I can't ________ the purse for it's so expensive.
A. find B. afford C. cost D. spend
4.他太穷了买不起城市的房子。
He is very poor and___________________ a house in the city.
5.Cars are so expensive that only the very rich can______ to buy them.
A. wait B. afford C. get D. have
要点4 pollution
pollution的用法
pollution是不可数名词，意为“污染”。其动词形式为pollute。
【拓展】 与pollution相关的短语
【典例分析】
1. There is less ____________(pollute) in Suzhou than in other cities in China.
2. The local people had to move away because the environment is seriously ____________(pollute).
3.This river is dirty because it is ________ by the water from that chemistry factory.
A. reduced B. polluted C. included D. created
4. Sleeping with lights on is a . You’d better make sure all the lights are off before you go to bed.
A. pollution B. action C. waste D. collection
要点6
take part in 参加
辨析join, join in, take part in, attend
词汇 用法 例句
join 指加入某个组织成为其中一员。join the Army/the Party/the League参军/入党/入团 My brother will join the army.
join in 多指参加小规模的活动，如游戏、球赛等，join in sth. 参加某事 Can I join in the game
take part in 指参加群众性活动、会议并在其中起积极作用 All the students in our class took part in the sport meeting.
attend 正式用语，指参加会议、婚礼、典礼；听报告、讲座等。 He'll attend an important meeting tomorrow.
【典例分析】
1. 用take part in、join in和join的适当形式填空。
1） I hope that you’ll ________ the discussion this afternoon.
2.)It is three months since he ______ the football club.
3) All the students ___________ the activity of planting trees last week.
4) He did not ____ the meeting yesterday.
2.－I’m going to Hong Kong next month. What about you, Jenny
－I will _______ social practice.
A. take part in B. take place C. take off D. take action
3.Do you want to Mike’s birthday party
A. go B. come C. join D. take part in
要点7
litter v. 乱扔；n. 垃圾；废弃物
不可数名词，意为“垃圾” You can’t drop litter in the garden.
动词， 乱扔 We shouldn’t litter in the classroom.
辨析：litter, garbage, rubbish, waste
单词 用法 例句
litter 指四处乱扔的东西和杂物 Please don’t drop litter.
garbage 专指厨房中的残羹剩饭等必须清除的垃圾 Don’t forget to take out the garbage after dinner.
rubbish 指残骸、废物等普通垃圾，特意集中起来便于清除 You’d better not throw the rubbish on the ground.
waste 指任何被丢弃的东西 Waste is also becoming more and more hazardous.
【典例分析】
1.You can’t drop l______ in the park. We should keep it clean. （根据首字母提示填空）
要点8
used to do sth. 过去常常做某事，意思是现在不做了，主语常是人，当然也可以是能实施动作的动物等。I used to get up early and took an hour's walk before breakfast. 我过去常常起床很早并且在早餐前散步一小时。
be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事，主语也通常是人，但是也可以是能实施动作的动物等。“get used to doing sth.”相当于“be used to doing sth.”。 He is/gets used to living like this. 他习惯了这样生活。
be used for doing sth. 被用于做某
be used to do sth. 被用于做某事
【典例分析】
1.We have________ up early in order to catch the early bus.
A．used to get B．been used to get
C．used for getting D．been used to getting
2.John _________with a knife but now he _________with chopsticks after living in Beijing for several months.
A. used to eat; is used to eat B. used to eating; gets used to eat
C. used to eat; is used to eating D. was used to eating; is used to eat
2.用 used to 和 be used to 的适当形式填空。
1. My uncle _____________ live in a big city， but he _________________ living in a village now.
2. I _________________ get up late when I was in the middle school.
3. The child _________________ watch too much TV at night. So he has poor eyesight now.
4. We students ___________________ doing morning exercises every day.
5. There _______________ be a beautiful park.
要点9 waste
（1）waste 作不可数名词，意为“浪费，废物，垃圾”。a waste of意为“浪费……”。
例如：
I hate waste. 我讨厌浪费。
It’s a waste of time. 这就是浪费时间。
（2）waste 作形容词，意为“无用的，浪费的，荒废的”。例如：
We shouldn’t throw waste paper about. 我们不应该乱扔废纸。
A factory is pouring waste water into the river. 一家工厂正在向河里倾倒废水。
（3）waste 作及物动词，意为“浪费”。 waste time / money (in)doing / on sth. 表示“在做某事上浪费时间 / 金钱”。
Don’t waste water! 不要浪费水。
【典例分析】
1. After dinner Mum asked me to throw the _______ in the bowls in the bag on the ground.
A. fly B. waste C. sand D. scarf
2.We all need a healthy environment, but we produce every day and it is harmful to our environment.
A. dreams B. trouble C. problems D. waste
3. 妈妈认为玩电脑游戏是浪费时间。
Mum thinks it __________ __________ __________ __________ to play computer games.
4. 这条河流被从工厂流出的废物严重污染。
The river was ___________ __________ __________ __________ from the factory
5. —The latest style of Huawei mobile phones will be on sale. I want to buy one.
—I think you shouldn’t ________ too much money on new mobile phones you don’t need.
A. waste B. put C. share D. give
要点10
endangered adj.濒危的；濒临灭绝的
【例句】Our government must be done to protect these endangered animals.
我们的政府必须采取措施来保护这些濒临灭绝的动物。
【辨析】不同的“危险”
danger: 不可数名词，意为“危险；成胁”，后接of (doing) sth... in danger在危险中
dangerous: 形容词，意为“危险的”
endangered: 形容词，意为“濒危的；濒临灭绝的”
【典例分析】
1.The girl is in . 这个女孩处于危险之中。
2.It is to play with fire. 玩火是危险的。
3.Pandas are animals.熊猫是濒危动物
4. Nowadays so many animals _______ danger, we should take actions to save them.
A. is in B. are in C. is out of D. are out of
5.When one walks ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )in a forest alone at night, he may be______ because there are many______ animals around them.
A. dangerous; in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) danger B. dangerous; dangerous C. in danger; dangerous D. in danger; in danger;
要点11
win为动词，意为“赢、获胜”，
例：We are sure to win the game.我们确信能赢得比赛。
【考点】辨析win和beat
① win指在游戏、比赛、竞赛、选举中获胜，后常跟game， race， prize等表示“物”的词。
例：Tom won first prize in the writing competition.汤姆在写作竞赛中赢得了一等奖
② beat指在运动、比赛等中获胜，打败了其他人或其他队，后常跟somebody， class等表示“人”的词。
例：They beat us in the basketball match last Monday. 上周一他们在篮球比赛中打败我们。
【典例分析】
1.在最后，我们获得了比赛胜利！
At last，we ________ the game！
2.他竭尽全力击败他的朋友并获得了比赛的胜利
He tried his best to_________ his friend and __________ the game！
3.Xu Haifeng ________ the first gold ________ in Olympic Games for China.
A. gets; medal B. won; symbol
C. got; prize D. won; medal
4.Their football team was in that important game.
A. won B. beaten C. failed D. beat
5. Did New Jersey Nets________ Miami Heat
—No, they were________．
A．lose; beaten B．win; lost C．beat; beaten D．lose; beat
6. He did as his teacher told him and ________ first place in the exam.
A. won B. beat C. lost D. win
7. —Which team _______ the match, Team One or Team Two
—Team One _______ Team Two.
A. won; won B. beat; beat
C. beat; won D. won; beat
8. This year we trained harder, we shouldn’t ________________ to the other team.
A. win B. beat C. lose D. defeat
要点12
instead of代替；而不是
【解析】instead of 意为“代替；而不是”，与in place of同义。
We'll ask Li Mei instead of Mary. 我们将去问李梅而不问玛丽。
【辨析】instead与instead of
instead：副词，意为“代替；相反”，常用于句首，在句中作状语，起连接上下句的作用，通常是上句含有否定的，然后用instead引出下句。也可以用于句末，常用于各自独立的句子中
instead of：表“代替；而不是”。后接名词或代词、介词短语或动词-ing形式，不能单独使用
【典例分析】
1.根据句意, 选用instead或instead of填空。
1) Mary is going to Shanghai __________Guangzhou.
2) Jack didn’t do his homework. ________, he went to see a film.
3) Ann said nothing. She began to cry ________.
4) I have to do my homework __________ going out.
2.昨晚他待在家里，而没有去看电影
He stayed at home_________ ________ ________ to the cinema last night.
3.她没有玩电脑游戏，而是为考试而学习。
She didn’t play computer games. She studied for the test __________.
4.He didn't answer my question. Instead，he asked me a question.(同义改写)
＝He asked me a question_________ ________ ___________my question.
5. What a nice day！We should go sightseeing ________ watching TV in the hotel.
A．because of B．instead of C．together with D．instead
6．Miss White doesn't like buying nice clothes. She likes collecting storybooks________.
A．instead B．either C．too D．instead of
要点13 the number of/ a number of
（1）a number of 意为“许多”，后面接可数名词的复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。number前面可以用large，great，small等修饰，构成a large number of; a small number of等。例如：
I have a number of letters to write. 我有许多信件要写。
A large number of students in our school are from the countryside.
我们学校许多学生来自农村。
A small number of students in our class went swimming yesterday.
昨天我们班一小部分学生去游泳了。
（2）the number of意为“……的数量”，后接可数名词复数，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
The number of people speaking Chinese is larger than that of those speaking English.
说汉语的人数要大于说英语的人数。
【典例分析】
1.The number of people invited to the party________ fifty, but a number of them________ absent for different reasons.
A. were; was B. was; was
C. was; were D. were; were
2.As we all know, __________ number of people learning Chinese is increasing rapidly.
A. a B. an C. the D. \
3.There _____ a number of books in the library and the number of them _____ increasing.
A. has; is B. have; are C. are; is D. is; are
4. ________ students in the school is over 2, 000.________ them are from the city.
A. The number of; A number of B. The number of; The number of
C. A number of; A number of D. A number of; The number of
要点14
put sth.to good use好好利用某物
put sth.to good use意为“好好利用某物”，相当于make good use of sth.,被动语态为sth.be put to good use,表示某物被好好利用。
与put有关的短语：
①put off意为“推迟"，后接名词、代词或动词ing形式.
例：We'll put off holding the sports meeting because of rain.
由于下雨，我们将推迟举办运动会。
②put away意为“收拾起来".
例：The little girl put the bowl away after she finished her dinner
吃完晚饭后，小女孩儿把碗收拾起来。
③put up意为“张贴、举起、建立"，
例：A new school was put up last year. 去年新建了一所学校。
④put on意为“穿上”
例：What dress shall l put on for the party 我应该穿什么衣服去参加聚会呢
⑤put out意为“扑灭； 熄灭".
例：The firemen soon put out the fire. 消防员很快把火扑灭了。
put through意为“给……接通电话”
【典例分析】
1.—Jason, would you please this notice
—With pleasure.
put on B. put off C. put up D. put out
2. Tony bought a photo of his favourite sports star and________ on his bedroom wall.
A. gave it up B. found it out
C. looked it through D. put it up
3. —Jason, could you please ________ this picture on the wall
—With pleasure.
A. put on B. put off
C. put up D. put out
4.The exam is over and results will be on Friday afternoon.
A. put down B. put off C. put up D. put away
要点15
be made of由…….制造；由……制作
【例句】The quilt is made of cotton.这被子是棉花做的。
【辨析】be made of、be made from、be made in、be made into与be made by
be made of： “...….制成”，张调能奋出原材料
be made from： “....…制成”，强调看不出原材村
be made in ：“在（某地）制造”，后跟地点或场所
be made into： “被制成……”，后跟成品
be made by： “由（某人）制造”，后跟制造成品的人
be made into “把……做成某产品”，是把材料做成产品。 Many good books are made into films. 许多好书被制成了电影。
be made of “由……制成”，由制成品仍可看出原材料。 The coat is made of silk.这件外套是由丝绸做成的。
be made from “由……制成”，制成品经过变化，看不出原材料。 Paper is made from wood.纸是由木头做成的。
be made in “……生产于某地”。 Many washing machines are made in Hefei.许多洗衣机是合肥生产的。
be made up of “由……组/构成”，表示事物是由若干部分构成的。 Our class is made up of twenty -three boys and twenty- five girls.我们班是由23位男孩和25位女孩组成的。
【典例分析】
1. The scarf which is________ silk________ soft and comfortable.
A．made from; sounds B．made of; feels
C．made in; smells D．made up of; smells
2．Some goods made ________ Western countries are very expensive.
A．by B．in C．from D．of
3. Books are made ________ paper while paper is mainly made ________ wood.
A．of; of B．from; from C．of; from D．from; of
4.我爷爷做的这种果汁，是由多种水果做的。
The juice which __________ ___________ _________many kinds of fruits is ___________ _________ my grandpa.
5.这支医疗队由12名医生组成。
This medical team _________ _________ ________ ________ 12 doctors.
要点16
be known for以……闻名；为人知晓
be known for与be known as
be known for：与be famous/well known for 为同义，表示因某种知识、技能或特征而闻名
be known as：与be famous/well-known as为同义表达，表示以某种身份、职业而闻名
【典例分析】
1. Bondi beach is known ________________ an interesting place _______________ holidays.
A. in ; for B. as ; for C. for ; to D. to ; as
2. Yao Ming is known ________________ a player ________________ basketball fans.
A. for ; as B. as ; for C. as ; to D. as ; in
3.Lady Gaga is known ________a singer and she is known __________her beautiful voice.
A. for; as B.as; for C. for; for D.as; as
要点17
…although there are other languages for everyday use.
本句是although引导的让步状语从句。although的意思相当于though，意为“尽管，虽然”，用来引导让步状语从句。它所引导的从句不能与并列连词but; and; so等连用，但可以和yet; still等词连用。
例如：
Although he lives alone, he doesn’t feel lonely.= He lives alone, but he doesn’t feel lonely.
虽然他一个人住，但他并不感到孤独。
There is air all around us, although we cannot see it.
虽然我们看不见空气，但空气却存在于我们的周围。
【拓展】although与though的辨析：
(1) 用作连词，表示“虽然”，二者可以互换使用，但although比though更为正式。例如：
Though/Although it was raining, we still went there. 虽然下着雨，但我们还是去了那里。
(2) although一般不用作副词，而though可用作副词，且一般放在句末（不放在句首），意为“可是，不过”。例如：
It’s hard work; I enjoy it, though. 工作很辛苦，可是我很喜欢。
We all tried our best; We lost the game, though. 我们都尽了最大努力，但我们还是输了。
(3) 在as though(好像，仿佛)，even though(即使，纵然)等固定短语中不能用although。例如：
He talks as though he knows everything. 他夸夸其谈，好像无所不知。
even though/even if都可引导让步状语从句，都不能与but连用，但可以与yet，still等连用。even though和even if一般可互换。语气比though/although强烈。
He won't tell me about the news even though/even if he knows it.即使他知道这消息，他也不会告诉我的
【典例分析】
1. —How do you like the concert given by EXO
—Exciting, ______ one piece of the music wasn’t played quite well.
A. though B. because C. so D. and
2. My sister can be really smart. ______ she didn’t know the best way of getting to places, she managed to organize the trip properly.
A. Though B. But C. Because D. Unless
A. /; but B. Although; however C. Though; but D. /; and
4.On those foggy days, you could hardly see anything around you ________it was at noon.
A. so B. because C. but D. though
5.即使知道是无望的，我也坚持尝试。
I kept on trying, ______ _________ I knew it was hopeless.
6.尽管雨下得很大，农民们仍然在农场里工作。
__________ ___________it’s raining hard, the farmers are still working on the farm.
要点18
hear of意为“听说，听到”，相当于hear about。 例如：
I have never heard of him. 我从来没听人说起过他。
【拓展】hear; hear of与hear from的辨析：
(1) hear“听见，听说”。当“听见”讲时，强调结果，可直接带宾语或用于hear sb. / sth. do/ doing sth.意为“听见某人/某物（在）做某事”，当“听说”时，后面常接从句。例如：
Can you hear a bird singing in the tree now 你现在能听见鸟在树上唱歌吗？
I heard that she passed the exam. 我听说她通过考试了。
(2) hear of“听说，得知”，后面接名词或代词，指听到某人或某事的存在或消息。例如：
Jim disappeared and nobody heard of him. Jim不知去向，没有人再听到他的消息。
(3) hear from“收到……来信”，后面常接人作宾语。例如：
Have you ever heard from your pen pal 你是否收到过笔友的来信。
要点19
remember作动词，意为“记得”。与forget意思相反。例如：
Please remember his name. 请记得他的名字。
【拓展】
（1）remember to do sth.表示“记得要做某事”，事情还没有做。例如：
Remember to turn off the light when you leave. 离开时记得关灯。
（2）remember doing sth.表示“记得曾经做过某事”，事情已经做过了。例如：
He remembered going to Shanghai with his parents when he was five years old.
他记得五岁时曾经和父母去过上海。
【典例分析】
1.Tina is busy ____ at school, but she never forgets _____ her mother every day.
A. work; to call B. working; to call C. working; calling
2.I forgot _________(borrow) some money from you last week, I’m so sorry.
3.—Do you still remember ________ Yao Ming in Beijing
—Yes, of course, three years ago.
A. to meet B. meeting
C. meet D. met
4 —Will she forget ______ dinner for us
—No, she won’t.
A.cooks B.to cook C.cooking D.cooked
5 —Why do you mention this again
—Oh, dear, I forgot ______ you about that before.
A.telling B.told C.to tell D.to telling
要点20
lead的用法
（1）作为及物动词，意为“领导；率领；（过）某种生活”。
常用于以下表达中：
①lead sb.to do sth.，意为“带领某人去做某事”。
Our coach led us to beat Class 1 in the basketball match.
我们教练带领我们在篮球赛中击败了一班。
②lead sb. against ...，意为“带领某人对抗……”。
He led a group of people against the enemy.
他率领一群人和敌人对抗。
③lead a happy life,意为“过上幸福的生活”。
The young couple led a happy life from then on.
从那时起，这对年轻的夫妇过上了幸福的生活。
（2）作为不及物动词，意为“通向”，常用于lead to sp.,意为“通往某地”。
All roads lead to Rome.条条大道通罗马。
（3）lead into意为“引入；导入”，其中into是介词，其后跟宾语。如：
We often use “excuse me” to lead into a request. 们经常用“excuse me”来引入一个请求。
【典例分析】
1.我的父亲引导我帮助处在困境中的人。
My father_________ me __________ people in trouble.
2.这条路通向旅馆。
This road _____________ the hotel.
3. 他的勤奋导致他的成功。
His hard work _________his success.
4.在下一届选举中谁将领导这个政党？
Who will _________the party in the next election？
5.王先生领着我们走出了森林。
Mr. Wang _______ us _____out of the forest.
要点21
make difference意为“起作用；有影响”，其后可接介词to，构成短语make difference to， 表示对某人或某事物有影响。
例：A kind smile can make a big difference. 一个善意的微笑会产生很大的影响。
知识拓展
有关make的常用短语：
make the bed铺床 make tea沏茶
make a mistake犯错误 make a living谋生
make noise制造噪音 make sure务必
make trouble惹麻烦 make money赚钱
make a visit拜访 make a telephone call打电话
make a decision做决定
要点22
cut v. 砍
辨析：cut off / cut down / cut in / cut out
词汇 例句
cut off 切断，剪断 They have cut off the water/electricity/gas supply.
cut down 砍倒，减少 If you cut down all the trees, you will ruin the land.
cut in 插嘴 She always cut in when other people are talking.
cut out 切去，切除 The cancerous cells had to be cut out.
【典例分析】
1、完成句子
1）我已经决定减少吸烟。
I have decided to _____ my smoking.
2）他们由于欠话费被停机。
They were ______ for not paying their phone bill.
3）我们谈话时她老是插嘴
She kept _______ on our conversation.
4）人们正在砍倒太多的树木。
People are__________ too many trees.
【重点词组】
1. at the bottom of the river 在河床底部
2. be full of rubbish 充满了垃圾
3. throw litter into the river 把垃圾扔入河中
4. play a part in cleaning it up 尽一份力把它清理干净
5. cut down air pollution 减少空气污染
6. make a difference 产生影响
7 shark fin soup 鱼翅汤
8. at the top of the food chain 处于食物链的顶端
9. in the last 20 to 30 years 在最近的20到30年间
10. develop laws 建全法律
11. take part in 参加
12. can't afford to do sth. 负担不起做某事
13. take action 采取行动
14. add up 累加
15. ride in cars 开车出行
16. throw away 扔掉
17. put sth. to good use 好好利用
18. pull...down 拆下
19. be an inspiration to sb. 对某人来说是一种鼓舞
20. set up a website 建立一个网站
21. be known for 因……而闻名
22. not only...but also... 不仅……而且…
【重点句式】
1.Even the bottom of the river was full of rubbish.
即使河底都充满垃圾。
2.Everyone in town should play a part in cleaning it up.
城里的每个人都应当尽一份力把它清理干净。
3.The air is badly polluted because there are too many cars on the road these days.
空气被严重污染因为如今路上的汽车太多了。
4. I used to be able to see stars in the sky.
我过去能在天空中看到星星。
5. The air has become really polluted around here. I’m getting very worried.
这儿的空气真的已经被污染了，我非常担心。
6. No scientific studies have shown that shark fins are good for health.
没有科学研究说明鱼鳍对人们的健康有好处。
7. To cut down air pollution， we should take the bus or subway instead of driving.
为了减少空气污染，我们应当乘坐公汽或地铁而不是开车。
8. Sharks may disappear one day if we do not do something to stop the sale of shark fins.
如果我们不采取措施来阻止这种鱼鳍买卖，鲨鱼可能有一天会灭绝。
9. This method is not only cruel， but also harmful to the environment.
这种方法不仅残酷，而且对环境有害。
10. The numbers of some kinds of sharks have fallen by over 90 percent in the last 20 to 30 years.
在最近的20年到30年的时间里，某些种类的鲨鱼的数量已经下降了90%。
11. We can't afford to wait any longer to take action！
我们不能再等待更长的时间再来采取行动！
12 Have you ever thought about how these things can actually be put to good use？
你曾经考虑过怎样把这些东西充分利用起来吗？
13. Not only can art bring happiness to others， but it also shows that even cold， hard iron can be brought back to life with a little creativity.
不仅艺术能给其他人带来快乐，这也显示了只需一点点创意，冰冷、坚硬的铁也能重获生机。
知识要点二 语法
现在进行时
现在进行时表示现在正在发生或进行的动作。常见的标志词有now、at the moment、look、listen等。其构成为“am/is/are+动词－ing形式”。
1.现在进行时用来表示现在正在进行的动作
What is the boy doing on the playground 这个男孩儿正在操场上做什么？
—He is playing basketball.他正在打篮球。
2.表示现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态，这一动作不一定在说话人说话时发生
These days he is writing a book.这些天他正在写一本书。
3.go、come、start、leave、move、arrive等动词用现在进行时表示即将发生的动作
She is leaving for Qingdao tomorrow. 明天她要前往青岛。
4.get、become、turn、run、go、begin、forget、die、finish等动词，它们的现在进行时表示将来，有逐渐、越来越快的意味
Their house is becoming old. 他们的屋子变旧了。
I'm afraid the cat is dying. 恐怕这只猫要死了。
现在完成时
现在完成时：have/has+及物动词的过去分词
过去分词的构成分规则变化和不规则变化两种。规则变化的动词的过去分词和过去式的构成一样；不规则变化的动词的过去分词需特别记忆。
表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常用非延续性动词，如begin、give、go、
meet、see等，但不能与for、since引导的延续性的时间状语连用（在否定句中不受限制）
-Have you had your breakfast 你吃过早饭了吗
-Yes, I have. I've just had it.是的，我刚刚吃过。
I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成我的作业了。
2.表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。通常使用延续性动词，如be、work、study、live等，常与表示时间长度的状语连用，如for two days、since 1998、all day等。
My brother has been away for a long time. 我哥哥离开好长时间了。
She has kept the book since last week. 自从上周她就借了这本书了。
一、用动词的正确时态填空
1. Her sister ________(not do) the housework yet.
2. ________ you ________(meet) him yet
3. So far they ________(not get) a letter from John.
4. My cousin ________(read) this book already.
5. The newspaper is here. It _______ (come) a moment ago. I __________ (not read) it yet.
6. _________ you ever___________ (be) to Korea
7. —Your new watch is so nice! When _________ you _________ (buy) it
—In April. I _________ (have) it for two months.
8. Mr. Smith _________ (go) to Beijing for a trip. He _________ (get) there this morning.
情态动词
【典例分析】
1 .Mike, you play with fire. You burn yourself.
A. won't; can't B. have got to; shouldn't
C. don't have to; must D. mustn't; might
2.— _______ we clean the classroom at once
— No, you _______. You _______ clean it after school.
A. Must; needn’t; may B. Must; mustn’t; can
C. Shall; can’t; must D. Need; mustn’t; may
3. — Good morning. I've got an appointment with Ms. King in her office.
— Morning. You _______be Mr. Jones. This way, please.
A. will B. must C. can D. might
4. — Whose backpack is this
— It _______ be Jim’s. Look, his student’s card is in it.
A. must B. can C. mustn’t D. can’t
5. —Can we run across the road now
—No, we ________. We have to wait until the light turns green.
A. needn't B. mustn't C. couldn't D. shouldn't
二、用适当的情态动词填空
1. —What __________ I do for you
—I want some bananas.
2. Tom __________ ride a bike, but he can’t drive a car.
3. You are ill, Tom. You __________ see a doctor.
4. Children __________ play basketball in the street.
5. If you are not careful, a car __________ hit you.
6. —__________ I come in
—Yes, you may. Come in, please.
7. A blind man __________ see anything.
8.Nobody_________live without air and water.
9.The book__________ be returned before Saturday.
10.You_________give up smoking at once. It's bad for your health.
11.The train will leave at half past six, so I__________ get there fifteen minutes earlier.
12.You don't________ worry about her. She is much better now.
被动语态小结
英语动词有主动语态和被动语态之分。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。
其用法：
（1）不知道或没有必要指出动用的执行者
（2）强调动作的承受者
（3）动作执行者有比较长的修饰语
（4）出于礼貌，不愿说出动作的执行者
主动语态变为被动语态的方法：
（1）主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构的主语
（2）主动结构的谓语动词由主动语态变为be +v过去分词
（3）主动语态变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语，放在被动结构中谓语动词之后
时态 构成
一般现在时 is/am/are +v-ed
一般过去时 was /were+v-ed
一般将来时 will be +v-ed
过去将来时 would be +v-ed
现在进行时 is/am/are being+v-ed
过去进行时 was /were being+v-ed
现在完成时 have/has been+v-ed
过去完成时 had been+v-ed
情态动词 can/may/must be+v-ed
【典例分析】
一、单项选择
1. — What should we do first if we want to develop our village
— First of all, a new road ______, I think.
A. must build B. has to build C. must be built D. has built
2. This English song _________ by the girls after class.
A. often sings B. often sang C. is often sang D. is often sung
3.Many of the stars ______ because they are far away from us.
A. may not see B. needn’t see
C. can not be seen D. mustn’t be seen
4.— Lily, will you go to Jenny’s birthday party this Saturday
— I’m not sure. Because I _______ so far.
have invited B. wasn’t invited
C. haven’t been invited D. will be invited
5．—Oh, your room is too dirty, Mike!（湖北黄冈2019）
—Sorry, Mum. It ___ _yesterday. I forgot to do it.
A. didn’t clean B. isn’t cleaned C. was cleaned D. wasn’t cleaned
6．﹣Excuse me，sir，smoking _____ in the gas station．
﹣Oh，I'm awfully sorry．
A．doesn't allow B．is allowed
C．aren't allowed D．isn't allowed
7. Daming ______ if he doesn't finish his homework first． That's the rule．
A．is punished B．was punished C．will be punished D．punished
二、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。
1. Many stories __________________ (write) by the writer last year.
2. Yesterday we __________________ (play) football after school.
3. A young man often _____________ (ask) me some difficult questions.
4. A wonderful party __________________ (give) to him next week.
5. Mother ________________ (tell) me a story every night.
6. Rice _________________(plant) in China.
7. Tom ________________(use) computer every Saturday.
8. Maths _________________(teach) by Mr. Chen in our class.
话题分析
本单元的话题是“环境保护”，常见的命题方式有提示性作文和看图作文等形式，通常采用记叙文、议论文等作文形式。写作时要注意问题，有效地把提示性文字和图画内容的思想表达出来。
题目要求
当前我国政府正致力于建设“节约型”社会，倡导节约，抵制浪费。作为学生我们也能做些力所能及的事情，如步行或骑自行车上学；随手关水、断电；减少物品的使用和废旧物品的回收、再利用等。请根据要求和提示完成主题为“How to Save”的海报，号召更多的人，加入到“节约”的行动中来。开头、结尾已给出，不计人总词数。
要求：1.80词左右；
2.文中不要出现作者本人的真实信息。
提示：tap（水龙头）、uneaten food/leftovers（剩余饭菜）
Our government is aiming to build an “economized society”.
In a word, I think, one thing we should keep in mind no matter what a small effort we can make, it do make a difference.
思路点拨
1.本文是一篇议论文，人称以第一人称为主，时态主要用一般现在时。
2.话题词汇及句式：
1.air/water/noise pollution 空气污染/水污染/噪声污染
2.waste water废水
3.be seriously polluted被严重污染
4.cut down the trees砍伐树木
5.pour dirty water/air排放脏水/脏的空气
6.throw away rubbish everywhere到处乱扔垃圾
7.in order to为了……
8.protect our environment保护我们的环境
精彩句型
1.We have only one earth. 我们只有一个地球。
2.The earth is our common home. 地球是我们共同的家园。
3.Let's fight against the pollution! 让我们向污染宣战！
4.We have only one earth. So it is necessary to protect our natural environment. We must take steps immediately to protect our earth.
我们只有一个地球，所以保护我们的自然环境很有必要。我们必须立即行动起来，保护我们的地球。
思维导图
知识要点一、重点单词，短语及句式。
知识要点二：语法
知识要点三：书面表达
1 / 4Unit 13 We’re trying to save the earth!
模块小结
【精讲精练】
要点1 advantage
advantage n. 有利条件，益处，优越性
用法 例句
1) have the advantage of意为“有….的优势” He had the advantage of a good education.
2) take the advantage of doing意为“充分利用…的优势” You need to take the advantage of the opportunity.
3) take disadvantage of意为“利用” Someone may be trying to take disadvantage of you .
【典例分析】
1.你应该充分利用你的优势，这样才可以做到更好。
【答案】You could take advantage of you and you will be better.
2.小心点，不要让别人利用了.
【答案】Be careful! Don’t let others take disadvantage of you.
要点2 spend
“四朵金花”（高频考题,重点训练）
词汇 用法
spend 主语必须是人，常用于以下结构：1. spend time/money on sth.在....上花费时间/金钱2. spend time/money (in) doing sth.花费时间/金钱做某事
cost 主语是物或者某种活动，还可以表示“值”，常见用法：“sth costs (sb)+金钱”,意为“某物花了（某人）多少钱”
take 后面常跟双宾语，常用于以下结构：1. “It takes sb +时间+to do sth” 做某事花费某人多少时间。2. “doing sth takes sb +时间” 做某事花费某人多少时间。
pay 主语必须是人，常用于以下结构：1. pay (sb) money for sth. 为...付钱（给某人）2. pay for sth. 付....的 钱3. pay for sb. 替某人付钱4. pay sb. 付钱给某人。
【典例分析】
一、单项选择：
1. It ______________ me two weeks to finish reading the novel written by Guo Jingming.
A. spent B. took C. paid D. cost
【答案】B句意：读完郭敬明写的这部小时花费了我两周的时间。考查易混动词用法辨别。根据人花费作主语用spend / pay，物花费作主语用take / cost，再根据短语搭配take sb some time + to dos th，判断为take；故选B。
2. The new T-shirt _______________ me fifty yuan.
A. spent B. took C. paid D. cost
【答案】D句意：这件新的T恤衫花费了我50远。考查易混动词用法辨析。根据物作主语用take/cost；再根据短语搭配cost sb some money；判断为cost；故选D。
3.He ___________ twenty yuan for the book.
A. paid B. took C. cost D. spent
【答案】A. 主语是人(he)。并且从后面搭配用for可知答案选A。pay…for为...付钱（给某人）
4.I usually ____________ two hours on my homework every day.
A. spend B. pay C. cost D. take
【答案】A 主语是人(I )。并且从后面搭配用on可知答案选A. spend time/money on sth. 在....上花费时间/金钱
5.Jack usually __________ an hour ___________ his homework.
A. takes, to do B. pays, for doing C. spends, on doing D. spends, doing
【答案】D 主语是人(Jack ) . spend time/money (in) doing sth.花费时间/金钱做某事。in省略。
6.Lucy spends one hundred yuan ___________ books every month.
A. on B. in C. with D. of
【答案】A。 spend time/money on sth. 在....上花费时间/金钱
7.Little Tom usually spends his free time ___________ some reading at home.
A. do B. doing C. on doing D. to do
【答案】B spend（in）doing in可省略，而不是spend 。。。on doing。注意这里学生往往弄错。故答案选B
8.It took Lucy two days ___________ drawing this beautiful picture.
A. to finish B. in finishing C. finishing D. finish
【答案】A。“It takes sb +时间+to do sth” 做某事花费某人多少时间。
9.A smile ____________ nothing, but gives much.
A. costs B. spends C. cost D. spend
【答案】A 句意：微笑无需付出，却给予很多。spend花费，Sb. spend some money/some time on/doing sth.主语是人，经常与on连用，跟动词用动名词形式；cost花费，Sth. cost sb. some money，主语是物，人和钱作其宾语。本题中a smile是物，用cost。主语A smile是单数名词，因此谓语动词要使用第三人称单数形式；故本题选A项costs。
二、选择正确的“花费”的适当形式填空。
1、It ______________ me about an hour to do my homework every day.
【答案】takes
2、I ______________ an hour cleaning my office yesterday.
【答案】spent
3、This heavy coat ______________ me 500 yuan.
【答案】cost
4、I ______________ 50 yuan for the dictionary yesterday afternoon.
【答案】paid
5、I ______________ two hours on this maths problem. At last, I worked it out.
【答案】spent
三、完成句子。
1、他们花了两年建造这座大桥。
They __________ two years ___________ __________ this bridge.
【答案】spent in building
2、他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。
_________ __________ them three years __________ build this road.
【答案】It took to
3、从这里走到车站花了我们半小时。
________ ________ us thirty minutes ________ _______ from here to the station.
【答案】It takes to walk
4、我花了两个小时才完成这篇作文。
It took me two hours __________ ____________ the composition.
【答案】to finish
5、我花三千元买了这部手机。
________ ________ 3,000 yuan __________ the mobile phone.
【答案】I spent on/buying 或 I paid for
要点3 harm
harm adj. 危害；伤害；损害
harmful adj.有害的
用法 例句
(1) do harm to 意为“对……有害” Smoking does harm to your health
(2) be harmful to.意为“对….有害” Smoking is harmful to your health. Quit smoking early is good for your health.
【拓展】
be good for 对……有益
be harmful to 对……有害
do harm to 对……有害
【典例分析】
1. Smoking is ________ to you.
A. harm B. harmful C. harms D. harmless
【答案】B
【解析】句意：吸烟对你有害。A. harm伤害；B. harmful有害的；C. harms危害；D. harmless无害的。结合语境“吸烟对你_______。” 可知，吸烟对身体有害，be harmful to对……有害。故选B。
2. It is _____ to your health to drink too much.
A. hopeless B. hopeful C. harmless D. harmful
【答案】D 考查形容词辨析。句意:过量喝酒对你的身体健康有害。hopeless无望的;hopeful抱有希望的;harmless无害的;harmful有害的。根据生活常识可知，喝酒过量对身体健康有害。故选D。
3.被污染的水对鱼类有害。
Polluted water is fish.
【答案】harmful to
4.长时间看电视对你眼睛有害.
Watching TV for a long time ________ ______ _______ your eyes.
= Watching TV for a long time ________ ______ _______ your eyes.
=Watching TV for a long time ________ ______ _______ your eyes.
【答案】1does harm to is bad for is harmful to
5.Reading in the sun is ________ your eyes.
A. harmful to B. harm for C. harmful for D. harm to
【答案】A
【解析】句意：在太阳下阅读对你的眼睛有害。
考查形容词短语。be harmful to对……有害；harm for形式错误，harm可以作动词或名词，常与介词to搭配，同样C也不对；harm to对……有害。空前有is，是be动词，该空应用形容词短语。故选A。
要点4 afford
afford为动词，意为“（有财力）买得起，付得起”。
例：The girl likes the handbag very much， but she can't afford it.
这个女孩非常喜欢这个手提包，但她买不起
【考点】afford常接在can， could， be able to之后，表示担负得起（……的费用、损失、后果等），常用于否定句和疑问句中。
例：Many people can't afford a new house now. 现在许多人买不起新房子。
【重点】afford 后面可以接名词、代词或动词不定式作宾语。
afford后跟动词不定式作宾语，can afford to / do sth.: 有能力支付做某事\ buy sth.: 买得起某物
例：The family could not afford to send her to college. 家里没有足够的钱供她上大学。
【难点】afford 后面可以接双宾语，即afford sb. sth.“为某人提供某物”。
例：Reading will afford you much pleasure.阅读会给你提供很多乐趣。
【典例分析】
1.—Some children can't afford necessary stationery.
—Let's donate our pocket money to them.
A. buy B. buying C.to buy D.be bought
【答案】afford 意为“（有财力）买得起，付得起”后面一般接不定式。故选C。
2.I am afraid we cannot _______ to take a taxi .Let’s go by underground instead .
A. refuse B. afford C. forget D. fall
【答案】考查词语辨异。首先要明确各单词意思才会有正确的选择。A. refuse拒绝 B. afford 买得起，付得起 C. forget 忘记 D. fall掉下，落下。根据题意选B。
3.I can't ________ the purse for it's so expensive.
A. find B. afford C. cost D. spend
【答案】B句意：我买不起这个钱包因为太贵了。
考查动词辨析。find发现；afford买得起；cost花费；spend花费；根据句意理解及后句for it’s so expensive可知，这里表达的是“买不起”，空格前有can’t，所以这里直接用动词原形，表示“买得起”，故选B。
4.他太穷了买不起城市的房子。
He is very poor and___________________ a house in the city.
【答案】can’t afford to buy. afford常接在can， could， be able to之后，表示担负得起.
5.Cars are so expensive that only the very rich can______ to buy them.
A. wait B. afford C. get D. have
【答案】选B。考查动词词义辨析。句意: 汽车是如此贵, 只有非常富有的人能够买得起它们。afford to do sth. 负担得起……。
要点4 pollution
pollution的用法
pollution是不可数名词，意为“污染”。其动词形式为pollute。
【拓展】 与pollution相关的短语
【典例分析】
1. There is less ____________(pollute) in Suzhou than in other cities in China.
【答案】pollution
2. The local people had to move away because the environment is seriously ____________(pollute).
【答案】polluted
3.This river is dirty because it is ________ by the water from that chemistry factory.
A. reduced B. polluted C. included D. created
【答案】B。本题考查动词辨析。reduce意为“减少”，pollute意为“污染”，include意为“包含”，create意为“创造”。结合语境可知应选B。
4. Sleeping with lights on is a . You’d better make sure all the lights are off before you go to bed.
A. pollution B. action C. waste D. collection
【答案】选C。考查名词辨析。句意: 开着灯睡觉是一种浪费。你最好确保睡觉前把所有的灯关掉。pollution“污染”; action“行动”; waste“浪费”; collection“收集”。
要点6
take part in 参加
辨析join, join in, take part in, attend
词汇 用法 例句
join 指加入某个组织成为其中一员。join the Army/the Party/the League参军/入党/入团 My brother will join the army.
join in 多指参加小规模的活动，如游戏、球赛等，join in sth. 参加某事 Can I join in the game
take part in 指参加群众性活动、会议并在其中起积极作用 All the students in our class took part in the sport meeting.
attend 正式用语，指参加会议、婚礼、典礼；听报告、讲座等。 He'll attend an important meeting tomorrow.
【典例分析】
1. 用take part in、join in和join的适当形式填空。
1） I hope that you’ll ________ the discussion this afternoon.
2.)It is three months since he ______ the football club.
3) All the students ___________ the activity of planting trees last week.
4) He did not ____ the meeting yesterday.
【答案】1)join in多指参加小规模的活动. 2)joined 3)took part in“参加，参与”，指参加某种活动并在其中起作用。4）attend
2.－I’m going to Hong Kong next month. What about you, Jenny
－I will _______ social practice.
A. take part in B. take place C. take off D. take action
【答案】A句意：我下个月要去香港。你呢，珍妮？－我要参加社会实践。take place发生 take off脱下 take action 采取措施。
3.Do you want to Mike’s birthday party
A. go B. come C. join D. take part in
【答案】D
【解析】句意：你想要来参加迈克的生日聚会吗？go去，不及物动词；come来，不及物动词；join+组织/团体,加入某种组织或团体，成为其中一员；take part in表示参加某种活动。参加此处的宾语Mike’s birthday party表示一种活动，故用 take part in。故选D。
要点7
litter v. 乱扔；n. 垃圾；废弃物
不可数名词，意为“垃圾” You can’t drop litter in the garden.
动词， 乱扔 We shouldn’t litter in the classroom.
辨析：litter, garbage, rubbish, waste
单词 用法 例句
litter 指四处乱扔的东西和杂物 Please don’t drop litter.
garbage 专指厨房中的残羹剩饭等必须清除的垃圾 Don’t forget to take out the garbage after dinner.
rubbish 指残骸、废物等普通垃圾，特意集中起来便于清除 You’d better not throw the rubbish on the ground.
waste 指任何被丢弃的东西 Waste is also becoming more and more hazardous.
【典例分析】
1.You can’t drop l______ in the park. We should keep it clean. （根据首字母提示填空）
要点8
used to do sth. 过去常常做某事，意思是现在不做了，主语常是人，当然也可以是能实施动作的动物等。I used to get up early and took an hour's walk before breakfast. 我过去常常起床很早并且在早餐前散步一小时。
be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事，主语也通常是人，但是也可以是能实施动作的动物等。“get used to doing sth.”相当于“be used to doing sth.”。 He is/gets used to living like this. 他习惯了这样生活。
be used for doing sth. 被用于做某
be used to do sth. 被用于做某事
【典例分析】
1.We have________ up early in order to catch the early bus.
A．used to get B．been used to get
C．used for getting D．been used to getting
【答案】D used to do sth. 过去常常做某事，Be used to doing习惯于做某事，根据句意选D。
2.John _________with a knife but now he _________with chopsticks after living in Beijing for several months.
A. used to eat; is used to eat B. used to eating; gets used to eat
C. used to eat; is used to eating D. was used to eating; is used to eat
【答案】C 句意：约翰过去常常用刀吃用餐，但现在他在北京住了几个月后习惯用筷子吃饭。
2.用 used to 和 be used to 的适当形式填空。
1. My uncle _____________ live in a big city， but he _________________ living in a village now.
【答案】used to is used to
2. I _________________ get up late when I was in the middle school.
【答案】used to
3. The child _________________ watch too much TV at night. So he has poor eyesight now.
【答案】used to
4. We students ___________________ doing morning exercises every day.
【答案】are used to
5. There _______________ be a beautiful park.
【答案】used to
要点9 waste
（1）waste 作不可数名词，意为“浪费，废物，垃圾”。a waste of意为“浪费……”。
例如：
I hate waste. 我讨厌浪费。
It’s a waste of time. 这就是浪费时间。
（2）waste 作形容词，意为“无用的，浪费的，荒废的”。例如：
We shouldn’t throw waste paper about. 我们不应该乱扔废纸。
A factory is pouring waste water into the river. 一家工厂正在向河里倾倒废水。
（3）waste 作及物动词，意为“浪费”。 waste time / money (in)doing / on sth. 表示“在做某事上浪费时间 / 金钱”。
Don’t waste water! 不要浪费水。
【典例分析】
1. After dinner Mum asked me to throw the _______ in the bowls in the bag on the ground.
A. fly B. waste C. sand D. scarf
【答案】B。本题考查名词辨析。fly意为“苍蝇”，waste意为“废料；废弃物”，sand 意为“沙；沙子”，scarf
意为“围巾”，结合语境可知应选B。
2.We all need a healthy environment, but we produce every day and it is harmful to our environment.
A. dreams B. trouble C. problems D. waste
【答案】 D 本题考查名词辨析。句意:我们都需要一个健康的环境,但是我们每天产生垃圾,它对我们的环境有害。dream梦想;trouble麻烦;problem问题;waste垃圾。根据“它对我们的环境有害”可知选D。
3. 妈妈认为玩电脑游戏是浪费时间。
Mum thinks it __________ __________ __________ __________ to play computer games.
【答案】a waste of time
4. 这条河流被从工厂流出的废物严重污染。
The river was ___________ __________ __________ __________ from the factory
【答案】badly polluted by waste
5. —The latest style of Huawei mobile phones will be on sale. I want to buy one.
—I think you shouldn’t ________ too much money on new mobile phones you don’t need.
A. waste B. put C. share D. give
【答案】A
【解析】词义辨析法。A浪费; B放; C分享; D给。结合句意“—最新款式的华为手机即将上市, 我想买一个。—我认为你不应该______太多的钱在你不需要的新手机上。”可知, 应该是“浪费”。故选A。
要点10
endangered adj.濒危的；濒临灭绝的
【例句】Our government must be done to protect these endangered animals.
我们的政府必须采取措施来保护这些濒临灭绝的动物。
【辨析】不同的“危险”
danger: 不可数名词，意为“危险；成胁”，后接of (doing) sth... in danger在危险中
dangerous: 形容词，意为“危险的”
endangered: 形容词，意为“濒危的；濒临灭绝的”
【典例分析】
1.The girl is in . 这个女孩处于危险之中。
【答案】danger 名词。In danger 处于危险中。
2.It is to play with fire. 玩火是危险的。
【答案】dangerous
3.Pandas are animals.熊猫是濒危动物
【答案】endangered
4. Nowadays so many animals _______ danger, we should take actions to save them.
A. is in B. are in C. is out of D. are out of
【答案】B be in danger 处于危险中。 Be out of danger 脱离危险。故B符合题意。
5.When one walks ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )in a forest alone at night, he may be______ because there are many______ animals around them.
A. dangerous; in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) danger B. dangerous; dangerous C. in danger; dangerous D. in danger; in danger;
【答案】C句意： 当一个人晚上独自在森林里行走时，他可能是因为周围有许多危险的动物而有危险。第一个空，in danger，有危险，第二个空，animals是名词，其前是形容词，dangerous，是形容词，危险的 ， 故选C。
要点11
win为动词，意为“赢、获胜”，
例：We are sure to win the game.我们确信能赢得比赛。
【考点】辨析win和beat
① win指在游戏、比赛、竞赛、选举中获胜，后常跟game， race， prize等表示“物”的词。
例：Tom won first prize in the writing competition.汤姆在写作竞赛中赢得了一等奖
② beat指在运动、比赛等中获胜，打败了其他人或其他队，后常跟somebody， class等表示“人”的词。
例：They beat us in the basketball match last Monday. 上周一他们在篮球比赛中打败我们。
【典例分析】
1.在最后，我们获得了比赛胜利！
At last，we ________ the game！
【答案】won win意为“获胜；赢得”，表取得游戏、比赛
2.他竭尽全力击败他的朋友并获得了比赛的胜利
He tried his best to_________ his friend and __________ the game！
【答案】beat won beat意为“打败”，打败某人或者某个集体.后面接“个体”“团队”。
3.Xu Haifeng ________ the first gold ________ in Olympic Games for China.
A. gets; medal B. won; symbol
C. got; prize D. won; medal
【答案】D句意：许海峰在奥运会上给中国队赢得了第一块金牌。gets得到；won赢，是win的过去式；got是get的过去式；medal奖牌；symbol象征，符号；prize奖品。根据句意可知，这里表示“赢得金牌”，故应选D。
4.Their football team was in that important game.
A. won B. beaten C. failed D. beat
【答案】B 本题考查动词辨析。句意:在那次重要的比赛中,他们的足球队被打败了。故选B。
5. Did New Jersey Nets________ Miami Heat
—No, they were________．
A．lose; beaten B．win; lost C．beat; beaten D．lose; beat
【答案】句意：——新泽西网队击败迈阿密热火了吗？——不，他们被打败了。考查动词和语态辨析题。win赢得，宾语一般是比赛或是比赛项目；beat打败，宾语一般是人或比赛的队伍。lose输掉（比赛）/输给（某人），有lose to sb.结构。根据句意，问句宾语Miami Heat是球队，动词不可用win，可排除B项；lose做不及物动词时表示“输掉”，不可直接跟宾语，可排除AD两项。结合句意语境，新泽西网队没有击败迈阿密热火队，而是被对方给击败了。可知选C。
6. He did as his teacher told him and ________ first place in the exam.
A. won B. beat C. lost D. win
【答案】A。win指在游戏、比赛、竞赛、选举中获胜， 常跟game， race， prize等表示“物”的词。beat指在运动、比赛等中获胜，打败了其他人或其他队，后常跟somebody， class等表示“人”的词
7. —Which team _______ the match, Team One or Team Two
—Team One _______ Team Two.
A. won; won B. beat; beat
C. beat; won D. won; beat
【答案】D句意：哪一个队赢得了比赛的胜利，一队还是二队？——一队击败了二队。充当win的宾语的是比赛、战争、奖品、金钱等名词；充当beat的宾语的则是比赛、竞争的对手，即指人或球队的名词或代词。故答案为D。
8. This year we trained harder, we shouldn’t ________________ to the other team.
A. win B. beat C. lose D. defeat
【答案】C句意：今年我们训练的更加刻苦，我们不应该再输给另一个队伍了。考查易混动词辨析。win：赢；获胜（及物动词+比赛、竞赛、游戏、奖品或奖项之类的名词作宾语）；beat：打败；击败（及物动词+人或团队之类的名词作宾语）；lose：输掉；失败（及物动词+比赛、竞赛、游戏奖品或奖项之类的名词作宾语）；根据to the other team；故选C。
要点12
instead of代替；而不是
【解析】instead of 意为“代替；而不是”，与in place of同义。
We'll ask Li Mei instead of Mary. 我们将去问李梅而不问玛丽。
【辨析】instead与instead of
instead：副词，意为“代替；相反”，常用于句首，在句中作状语，起连接上下句的作用，通常是上句含有否定的，然后用instead引出下句。也可以用于句末，常用于各自独立的句子中
instead of：表“代替；而不是”。后接名词或代词、介词短语或动词-ing形式，不能单独使用
【典例分析】
1.根据句意, 选用instead或instead of填空。
1) Mary is going to Shanghai __________Guangzhou.
2) Jack didn’t do his homework. ________, he went to see a film.
3) Ann said nothing. She began to cry ________.
4) I have to do my homework __________ going out.
【答案】1.instead of 2.instead 3.instead 4.instead of
2.昨晚他待在家里，而没有去看电影
He stayed at home_________ ________ ________ to the cinema last night.
【答案】instead of going
3.她没有玩电脑游戏，而是为考试而学习。
She didn’t play computer games. She studied for the test __________.
【答案】instead
4.He didn't answer my question. Instead，he asked me a question.(同义改写)
＝He asked me a question_________ ________ ___________my question.
【答案】instead of asking
5. What a nice day！We should go sightseeing ________ watching TV in the hotel.
A．because of B．instead of C．together with D．instead
【答案】句意：多好的一天！我们应该去观光而不是在旅馆看电视。instead of作为介词短语，意为“而不是”，其后常接名词、代词或动名词等。
6．Miss White doesn't like buying nice clothes. She likes collecting storybooks________.
A．instead B．either C．too D．instead of
【答案】A instead
要点13 the number of/ a number of
（1）a number of 意为“许多”，后面接可数名词的复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。number前面可以用large，great，small等修饰，构成a large number of; a small number of等。例如：
I have a number of letters to write. 我有许多信件要写。
A large number of students in our school are from the countryside.
我们学校许多学生来自农村。
A small number of students in our class went swimming yesterday.
昨天我们班一小部分学生去游泳了。
（2）the number of意为“……的数量”，后接可数名词复数，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
The number of people speaking Chinese is larger than that of those speaking English.
说汉语的人数要大于说英语的人数。
【典例分析】
1.The number of people invited to the party________ fifty, but a number of them________ absent for different reasons.
A. were; was B. was; was
C. was; were D. were; were
【答案】C
【解析】句意：被邀请参加聚会的人数是五十人，但由于种种原因，许多人都缺席了。
考查主谓一致。根据A number of大量、很多；后接可数名词复数或代词，谓语动词用复数形式；The number of……的数字/数目；当它作主语时，谓语动词用单数。结合“people”，故选C。
2.As we all know, __________ number of people learning Chinese is increasing rapidly.
A. a B. an C. the D. \
【答案】C
【解析】句意：众所周知，学习汉语的人数正在迅速增加。
考查冠词和a number of 和 the number of 的区别和用法。通常将冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词三类。不定冠词有a 和 an两种形式，其中 a 用于辅音音素开头的单词前，an 用于元音音素开头的单词前；而定冠词只有the一种形式；根据空后number of 和“a number of 和 the number of 的区别和用法: 1、the number of意思是“……的数量”,跟复数名词连用作主语时,中心词是number,作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。 2、a number of意思是“许多”,相当于 many,修饰可数名词复数。作主语时,谓语动词要用复数，”结合句意可知，此空应填定冠词the，故选C。
3.There _____ a number of books in the library and the number of them _____ increasing.
A. has; is B. have; are C. are; is D. is; are
【答案】C
【解析】主谓一致法。a number of books意为“大量的书”，可知句子的谓语动词用复数；the number of意为“……的数量”，作主语时谓语动词用单数。故选C
4. ________ students in the school is over 2, 000.________ them are from the city.
A. The number of; A number of B. The number of; The number of
C. A number of; A number of D. A number of; The number of
【答案】A
【解析】the number of意为“……的数量”；a number of意为“许多……”。根据句意可知选A。
要点14
put sth.to good use好好利用某物
put sth.to good use意为“好好利用某物”，相当于make good use of sth.,被动语态为sth.be put to good use,表示某物被好好利用。
与put有关的短语：
①put off意为“推迟"，后接名词、代词或动词ing形式.
例：We'll put off holding the sports meeting because of rain.
由于下雨，我们将推迟举办运动会。
②put away意为“收拾起来".
例：The little girl put the bowl away after she finished her dinner
吃完晚饭后，小女孩儿把碗收拾起来。
③put up意为“张贴、举起、建立"，
例：A new school was put up last year. 去年新建了一所学校。
④put on意为“穿上”
例：What dress shall l put on for the party 我应该穿什么衣服去参加聚会呢
⑤put out意为“扑灭； 熄灭".
例：The firemen soon put out the fire. 消防员很快把火扑灭了。
put through意为“给……接通电话”
【典例分析】
1.—Jason, would you please this notice
—With pleasure.
put on B. put off C. put up D. put out
【答案】C 句意:——Jason,请你把这个通知 好吗 ——愿意效劳。put on“穿上”;put off“推迟”; put up “张贴”;put out“熄灭”。只有C项符合语境。
2. Tony bought a photo of his favourite sports star and________ on his bedroom wall.
A. gave it up B. found it out
C. looked it through D. put it up
【答案】D句意：托尼买了一张他最喜欢的运动明星的照片，贴到他卧室的墙上。
考查动词短语。give up 放弃；find out找出来；look through浏览；put up张贴；根据on his bedroom wall可知，这里指贴在墙上。故选D。
3. —Jason, could you please ________ this picture on the wall
—With pleasure.
A. put on B. put off
C. put up D. put out
【答案】C句意：Jason，请把这幅画张贴在墙上好吗？——非常乐意。本题考查动词短语。A. put on 穿上； B. put off推迟，拖延；C. put up 张贴； D. put out熄灭；用；发表。根据句意选C。
4.The exam is over and results will be on Friday afternoon.
A. put down B. put off C. put up D. put away
【答案】考查动词短语辨析。句意：考试结束了，成绩将在星期五下午公布。put down 放下； put off 推迟；put up 张贴，公布；put away 收起来。根据句意可知考试成绩将要公布。故选C。
要点15
be made of由…….制造；由……制作
【例句】The quilt is made of cotton.这被子是棉花做的。
【辨析】be made of、be made from、be made in、be made into与be made by
be made of： “...….制成”，张调能奋出原材料
be made from： “....…制成”，强调看不出原材村
be made in ：“在（某地）制造”，后跟地点或场所
be made into： “被制成……”，后跟成品
be made by： “由（某人）制造”，后跟制造成品的人
be made into “把……做成某产品”，是把材料做成产品。 Many good books are made into films. 许多好书被制成了电影。
be made of “由……制成”，由制成品仍可看出原材料。 The coat is made of silk.这件外套是由丝绸做成的。
be made from “由……制成”，制成品经过变化，看不出原材料。 Paper is made from wood.纸是由木头做成的。
be made in “……生产于某地”。 Many washing machines are made in Hefei.许多洗衣机是合肥生产的。
be made up of “由……组/构成”，表示事物是由若干部分构成的。 Our class is made up of twenty -three boys and twenty- five girls.我们班是由23位男孩和25位女孩组成的。
【典例分析】
1. The scarf which is________ silk________ soft and comfortable.
A．made from; sounds B．made of; feels
C．made in; smells D．made up of; smells
【答案】句意：用丝绸做的丝巾手感柔软舒适。be made of “由……制成”，由制成品仍可看出原材料。
2．Some goods made ________ Western countries are very expensive.
A．by B．in C．from D．of
【答案】B be made in “……生产于某地”。
3. Books are made ________ paper while paper is mainly made ________ wood.
A．of; of B．from; from C．of; from D．from; of
【答案】C be made of “由……制成”，由制成品仍可看出原材料。be made from“由……制成”，制成品经过变化，看不出原材料。书是纸做的能看出原材料。故用be made of 纸是木头做的。看不出原材料，故用be made from。
4.我爷爷做的这种果汁，是由多种水果做的。
The juice which __________ ___________ _________many kinds of fruits is ___________ _________ my grandpa.
【答案】is made from(看不出原材料) made by
5.这支医疗队由12名医生组成。
This medical team _________ _________ ________ ________ 12 doctors.
【答案】is made up of 由……组/构成”，表示事物是由若干部分构成的。
要点16
be known for以……闻名；为人知晓
be known for与be known as
be known for：与be famous/well known for 为同义，表示因某种知识、技能或特征而闻名
be known as：与be famous/well-known as为同义表达，表示以某种身份、职业而闻名
【典例分析】
1. Bondi beach is known ________________ an interesting place _______________ holidays.
A. in ; for B. as ; for C. for ; to D. to ; as
【答案】B
【解析】句意：邦迪海滩是因为适合度假而作为一处有趣的地方而著名的。考查be known与介词的短语搭配。根据句意可知是：因……而著名与作为……而著名。故选B。
2. Yao Ming is known ________________ a player ________________ basketball fans.
A. for ; as B. as ; for C. as ; to D. as ; in
【答案】C
【解析】句意：姚明对于篮球迷来书是作为一名球员而著名的。考查be famous与介词的短语搭配。根据句意可知是：作为……而著名与对某人来说是著名的。故选C。
3.Lady Gaga is known ________a singer and she is known __________her beautiful voice.
A. for; as B.as; for C. for; for D.as; as
【答案】B
【解析】be famous for 以。。。（特点）而闻名。Be famous as 以。。。（身份，职业）而闻名。故答案选B
要点17
…although there are other languages for everyday use.
本句是although引导的让步状语从句。although的意思相当于though，意为“尽管，虽然”，用来引导让步状语从句。它所引导的从句不能与并列连词but; and; so等连用，但可以和yet; still等词连用。
例如：
Although he lives alone, he doesn’t feel lonely.= He lives alone, but he doesn’t feel lonely.
虽然他一个人住，但他并不感到孤独。
There is air all around us, although we cannot see it.
虽然我们看不见空气，但空气却存在于我们的周围。
【拓展】although与though的辨析：
(1) 用作连词，表示“虽然”，二者可以互换使用，但although比though更为正式。例如：
Though/Although it was raining, we still went there. 虽然下着雨，但我们还是去了那里。
(2) although一般不用作副词，而though可用作副词，且一般放在句末（不放在句首），意为“可是，不过”。例如：
It’s hard work; I enjoy it, though. 工作很辛苦，可是我很喜欢。
We all tried our best; We lost the game, though. 我们都尽了最大努力，但我们还是输了。
(3) 在as though(好像，仿佛)，even though(即使，纵然)等固定短语中不能用although。例如：
He talks as though he knows everything. 他夸夸其谈，好像无所不知。
even though/even if都可引导让步状语从句，都不能与but连用，但可以与yet，still等连用。even though和even if一般可互换。语气比though/although强烈。
He won't tell me about the news even though/even if he knows it.即使他知道这消息，他也不会告诉我的
【典例分析】
1. —How do you like the concert given by EXO
—Exciting, ______ one piece of the music wasn’t played quite well.
A. though B. because C. so D. and
【答案】A
【解析】though 表示转折关系。句意：你觉得EXO的音乐会怎么样？ -令人兴奋的是，虽然有一首曲子弹得不太好。
2. My sister can be really smart. ______ she didn’t know the best way of getting to places, she managed to organize the trip properly.
A. Though B. But C. Because D. Unless
【答案】A
【解析】句意：我妹妹真的很聪明。虽然她不知道去各个地方的最佳方式，但她还是把旅行安排得很好。
3. ______ (He’s)he’s old enough, ______ he keeps learning everything new.
A. /; but B. Although; however C. Though; but D. /; and
【答案】A
【解析】though 不能与but however连用。
4.On those foggy days, you could hardly see anything around you ________it was at noon.
A. so B. because C. but D. though
【答案】D
【解析】句意:在那些浓雾弥漫的日子里,即使在中午,你也几乎难以看到周围的任何东西。though"即使,尽管",引导让步状语从句,符合题意。
5.即使知道是无望的，我也坚持尝试。
I kept on trying, ______ _________ I knew it was hopeless.
【答案】even though/if
6.尽管雨下得很大，农民们仍然在农场里工作。
__________ ___________it’s raining hard, the farmers are still working on the farm.
【答案】even though/if
要点18
hear of意为“听说，听到”，相当于hear about。 例如：
I have never heard of him. 我从来没听人说起过他。
【拓展】hear; hear of与hear from的辨析：
(1) hear“听见，听说”。当“听见”讲时，强调结果，可直接带宾语或用于hear sb. / sth. do/ doing sth.意为“听见某人/某物（在）做某事”，当“听说”时，后面常接从句。例如：
Can you hear a bird singing in the tree now 你现在能听见鸟在树上唱歌吗？
I heard that she passed the exam. 我听说她通过考试了。
(2) hear of“听说，得知”，后面接名词或代词，指听到某人或某事的存在或消息。例如：
Jim disappeared and nobody heard of him. Jim不知去向，没有人再听到他的消息。
(3) hear from“收到……来信”，后面常接人作宾语。例如：
Have you ever heard from your pen pal 你是否收到过笔友的来信。
要点19
remember作动词，意为“记得”。与forget意思相反。例如：
Please remember his name. 请记得他的名字。
【拓展】
（1）remember to do sth.表示“记得要做某事”，事情还没有做。例如：
Remember to turn off the light when you leave. 离开时记得关灯。
（2）remember doing sth.表示“记得曾经做过某事”，事情已经做过了。例如：
He remembered going to Shanghai with his parents when he was five years old.
他记得五岁时曾经和父母去过上海。
【典例分析】
1.Tina is busy ____ at school, but she never forgets _____ her mother every day.
A. work; to call B. working; to call C. working; calling
【答案】此题用固定搭配法。be busy doing sth. 意为“忙于做某事”，forget to do sth. 意为“忘记去做某事”。
2.I forgot _________(borrow) some money from you last week, I’m so sorry.
【答案】borrowing forget doing sth.忘了做过某事。
3.—Do you still remember ________ Yao Ming in Beijing
—Yes, of course, three years ago.
A. to meet B. meeting
C. meet D. met
【答案】B句意：-你还记得在北京见过姚明吗？-是的，当然记得，是在三年前。to meet动词不定式，遇见；meeting动名词形式；meet遇见，动词原形；met遇见，是meet的过去式。句中谓语动词是remember意思是“记得”，常用于句型remember to do sth.记得去做某事（还没做）；或者remember doing sth.记得做过某事（已经做过了）。根据对话的意思可知，这里说的是三年前的事情，是做过的事情，故应选B。
4 —Will she forget ______ dinner for us
—No, she won’t.
A.cooks B.to cook C.cooking D.cooked
【答案】B 她会忘记给我们做饭吗？forget to do sth 忘了要做某事。
5 —Why do you mention this again
—Oh, dear, I forgot ______ you about that before.
A.telling B.told C.to tell D.to telling
【答案】A 你为什么再说一遍？哦，天哪，我忘了以前跟你说过那件事了。forget doing sth. 忘记做了某事。
要点20
lead的用法
（1）作为及物动词，意为“领导；率领；（过）某种生活”。
常用于以下表达中：
①lead sb.to do sth.，意为“带领某人去做某事”。
Our coach led us to beat Class 1 in the basketball match.
我们教练带领我们在篮球赛中击败了一班。
②lead sb. against ...，意为“带领某人对抗……”。
He led a group of people against the enemy.
他率领一群人和敌人对抗。
③lead a happy life,意为“过上幸福的生活”。
The young couple led a happy life from then on.
从那时起，这对年轻的夫妇过上了幸福的生活。
（2）作为不及物动词，意为“通向”，常用于lead to sp.,意为“通往某地”。
All roads lead to Rome.条条大道通罗马。
（3）lead into意为“引入；导入”，其中into是介词，其后跟宾语。如：
We often use “excuse me” to lead into a request. 们经常用“excuse me”来引入一个请求。
【典例分析】
1.我的父亲引导我帮助处在困境中的人。
My father_________ me __________ people in trouble.
【答案】leads to help. lead sb.to do sth.，意为“带领某人去做某事”
2.这条路通向旅馆。
This road _____________ the hotel.
【答案】leads to lead to 意为“通向”
3. 他的勤奋导致他的成功。
His hard work _________his success.
【答案】lead s to lead to 意为“导致”
4.在下一届选举中谁将领导这个政党？
Who will _________the party in the next election？
【答案】lead
5.王先生领着我们走出了森林。
Mr. Wang _______ us _____out of the forest.
【答案】led to
要点21
make difference意为“起作用；有影响”，其后可接介词to，构成短语make difference to， 表示对某人或某事物有影响。
例：A kind smile can make a big difference. 一个善意的微笑会产生很大的影响。
知识拓展
有关make的常用短语：
make the bed铺床 make tea沏茶
make a mistake犯错误 make a living谋生
make noise制造噪音 make sure务必
make trouble惹麻烦 make money赚钱
make a visit拜访 make a telephone call打电话
make a decision做决定
要点22
cut v. 砍
辨析：cut off / cut down / cut in / cut out
词汇 例句
cut off 切断，剪断 They have cut off the water/electricity/gas supply.
cut down 砍倒，减少 If you cut down all the trees, you will ruin the land.
cut in 插嘴 She always cut in when other people are talking.
cut out 切去，切除 The cancerous cells had to be cut out.
【典例分析】
1、完成句子
1）我已经决定减少吸烟。
I have decided to _____ my smoking.
2）他们由于欠话费被停机。
They were ______ for not paying their phone bill.
3）我们谈话时她老是插嘴
She kept _______ on our conversation.
4）人们正在砍倒太多的树木。
People are__________ too many trees.
【答案】cut down; cut off; cutting in，cutting down ，
【重点词组】
1. at the bottom of the river 在河床底部
2. be full of rubbish 充满了垃圾
3. throw litter into the river 把垃圾扔入河中
4. play a part in cleaning it up 尽一份力把它清理干净
5. cut down air pollution 减少空气污染
6. make a difference 产生影响
7 shark fin soup 鱼翅汤
8. at the top of the food chain 处于食物链的顶端
9. in the last 20 to 30 years 在最近的20到30年间
10. develop laws 建全法律
11. take part in 参加
12. can't afford to do sth. 负担不起做某事
13. take action 采取行动
14. add up 累加
15. ride in cars 开车出行
16. throw away 扔掉
17. put sth. to good use 好好利用
18. pull...down 拆下
19. be an inspiration to sb. 对某人来说是一种鼓舞
20. set up a website 建立一个网站
21. be known for 因……而闻名
22. not only...but also... 不仅……而且…
【重点句式】
1.Even the bottom of the river was full of rubbish.
即使河底都充满垃圾。
2.Everyone in town should play a part in cleaning it up.
城里的每个人都应当尽一份力把它清理干净。
3.The air is badly polluted because there are too many cars on the road these days.
空气被严重污染因为如今路上的汽车太多了。
4. I used to be able to see stars in the sky.
我过去能在天空中看到星星。
5. The air has become really polluted around here. I’m getting very worried.
这儿的空气真的已经被污染了，我非常担心。
6. No scientific studies have shown that shark fins are good for health.
没有科学研究说明鱼鳍对人们的健康有好处。
7. To cut down air pollution， we should take the bus or subway instead of driving.
为了减少空气污染，我们应当乘坐公汽或地铁而不是开车。
8. Sharks may disappear one day if we do not do something to stop the sale of shark fins.
如果我们不采取措施来阻止这种鱼鳍买卖，鲨鱼可能有一天会灭绝。
9. This method is not only cruel， but also harmful to the environment.
这种方法不仅残酷，而且对环境有害。
10. The numbers of some kinds of sharks have fallen by over 90 percent in the last 20 to 30 years.
在最近的20年到30年的时间里，某些种类的鲨鱼的数量已经下降了90%。
11. We can't afford to wait any longer to take action！
我们不能再等待更长的时间再来采取行动！
12 Have you ever thought about how these things can actually be put to good use？
你曾经考虑过怎样把这些东西充分利用起来吗？
13. Not only can art bring happiness to others， but it also shows that even cold， hard iron can be brought back to life with a little creativity.
不仅艺术能给其他人带来快乐，这也显示了只需一点点创意，冰冷、坚硬的铁也能重获生机。
知识要点二 语法
现在进行时
现在进行时表示现在正在发生或进行的动作。常见的标志词有now、at the moment、look、listen等。其构成为“am/is/are+动词－ing形式”。
1.现在进行时用来表示现在正在进行的动作
What is the boy doing on the playground 这个男孩儿正在操场上做什么？
—He is playing basketball.他正在打篮球。
2.表示现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态，这一动作不一定在说话人说话时发生
These days he is writing a book.这些天他正在写一本书。
3.go、come、start、leave、move、arrive等动词用现在进行时表示即将发生的动作
She is leaving for Qingdao tomorrow. 明天她要前往青岛。
4.get、become、turn、run、go、begin、forget、die、finish等动词，它们的现在进行时表示将来，有逐渐、越来越快的意味
Their house is becoming old. 他们的屋子变旧了。
I'm afraid the cat is dying. 恐怕这只猫要死了。
现在完成时
现在完成时：have/has+及物动词的过去分词
过去分词的构成分规则变化和不规则变化两种。规则变化的动词的过去分词和过去式的构成一样；不规则变化的动词的过去分词需特别记忆。
表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常用非延续性动词，如begin、give、go、
meet、see等，但不能与for、since引导的延续性的时间状语连用（在否定句中不受限制）
-Have you had your breakfast 你吃过早饭了吗
-Yes, I have. I've just had it.是的，我刚刚吃过。
I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成我的作业了。
2.表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。通常使用延续性动词，如be、work、study、live等，常与表示时间长度的状语连用，如for two days、since 1998、all day等。
My brother has been away for a long time. 我哥哥离开好长时间了。
She has kept the book since last week. 自从上周她就借了这本书了。
一、用动词的正确时态填空
1. Her sister ________(not do) the housework yet.
2. ________ you ________(meet) him yet
3. So far they ________(not get) a letter from John.
4. My cousin ________(read) this book already.
5. The newspaper is here. It _______ (come) a moment ago. I __________ (not read) it yet.
6. _________ you ever___________ (be) to Korea
7. —Your new watch is so nice! When _________ you _________ (buy) it
—In April. I _________ (have) it for two months.
8. Mr. Smith _________ (go) to Beijing for a trip. He _________ (get) there this morning.
【答案】 1.hasn’t done 2.Have met 3.haven’t got 4.has read 5.came haven’t read 6.Have been 7.did buy 8.has gone got
情态动词
【典例分析】
1 .Mike, you play with fire. You burn yourself.
A. won't; can't B. have got to; shouldn't
C. don't have to; must D. mustn't; might
【答案】D
【解析】句意：迈克，你不能玩火。你可能会烧伤自己。
本题考查情态动词。A.不会不能；B.必须，不应该；C.不必，必须；D.禁止；可能。第一空，根据句意可知，此空是禁止的意思，此空故填 mustn't，第二空，是表示猜测，应填might，故选D。
2.— _______ we clean the classroom at once
— No, you _______. You _______ clean it after school.
A. Must; needn’t; may B. Must; mustn’t; can
C. Shall; can’t; must D. Need; mustn’t; may
【答案】A
【解析】情态动词的用法。根据前后句意可推断对方在询问“我必须马上打扫教室吗？”。而must引导的一般疑问句否定回答用needn’t。故选A。
3. — Good morning. I've got an appointment with Ms. King in her office.
— Morning. You _______be Mr. Jones. This way, please.
A. will B. must C. can D. might
【答案】B
【解析】情态动词的用法。will将要，表意愿；must 必须；应该，表猜测时，用于肯定句，意为“一定”，可能性较大；can能，会，表猜测时，常用于否定句和疑问句；might 可能，表猜测时，可能小。依据句意“你一定是琼斯先生吧。”，故选B。
4. — Whose backpack is this
— It _______ be Jim’s. Look, his student’s card is in it.
A. must B. can C. mustn’t D. can’t
【答案】A
【解析】情态动词表推测由“他的学生证在书包里面。” 可知“这个书包一定是吉姆的。”
5. —Can we run across the road now
—No, we ________. We have to wait until the light turns green.
A. needn't B. mustn't C. couldn't D. shouldn't
【答案】B
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：—我们现在可以跑着过马路吗？—不, 不可以, 我们必须等到绿灯亮。表示“禁止，不许可”时用can’t 或mustn’t ，其中后者语气更强烈一些。
二、用适当的情态动词填空
1. —What __________ I do for you
—I want some bananas.
2. Tom __________ ride a bike, but he can’t drive a car.
3. You are ill, Tom. You __________ see a doctor.
4. Children __________ play basketball in the street.
5. If you are not careful, a car __________ hit you.
6. —__________ I come in
—Yes, you may. Come in, please.
7. A blind man __________ see anything.
8.Nobody_________live without air and water.
9.The book__________ be returned before Saturday.
10.You_________give up smoking at once. It's bad for your health.
11.The train will leave at half past six, so I__________ get there fifteen minutes earlier.
12.You don't________ worry about her. She is much better now.
【答案】1.can 2.can 3.must 4.mustn’t 5.may 6.May/can 7.can’t 8.can’t 9.must 10.must 11.must 12.have to
被动语态小结
英语动词有主动语态和被动语态之分。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。
其用法：
（1）不知道或没有必要指出动用的执行者
（2）强调动作的承受者
（3）动作执行者有比较长的修饰语
（4）出于礼貌，不愿说出动作的执行者
主动语态变为被动语态的方法：
（1）主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构的主语
（2）主动结构的谓语动词由主动语态变为be +v过去分词
（3）主动语态变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语，放在被动结构中谓语动词之后
时态 构成
一般现在时 is/am/are +v-ed
一般过去时 was /were+v-ed
一般将来时 will be +v-ed
过去将来时 would be +v-ed
现在进行时 is/am/are being+v-ed
过去进行时 was /were being+v-ed
现在完成时 have/has been+v-ed
过去完成时 had been+v-ed
情态动词 can/may/must be+v-ed
【典例分析】
一、单项选择
1. — What should we do first if we want to develop our village
— First of all, a new road ______, I think.
A. must build B. has to build C. must be built D. has built
【答案】C
【解析】考查被动语态的用法。当主语是动作的承受着时要用被动形式。这里a new road是动词build的承受着。所以要用被动语态。含情态动词的被动语态构成；情态动词+be+PP.故答案选C
2. This English song _________ by the girls after class.
A. often sings B. often sang C. is often sang D. is often sung
【答案】D
【解析】考查一般现在时被动语态的结构为be动词+动词过去分词，歌是被唱的，故选D。
3.Many of the stars ______ because they are far away from us.
A. may not see B. needn’t see
C. can not be seen D. mustn’t be seen
【答案】C
【解析】这里考查含情态动词的被动语态形式。May 可能。needn’t不必。Can not 不能，mustn’t 禁止。这里表示“能，会”所以选C。
4.— Lily, will you go to Jenny’s birthday party this Saturday
— I’m not sure. Because I _______ so far.
have invited B. wasn’t invited
C. haven’t been invited D. will be invited
【答案】C
【解析】这里考查现在完成时的被动语态。So far 与现在完成时连用。现在完成时的被动语态构成：have （has）been+PP。故答案选C
5．—Oh, your room is too dirty, Mike!（湖北黄冈2019）
—Sorry, Mum. It ___ _yesterday. I forgot to do it.
A. didn’t clean B. isn’t cleaned C. was cleaned D. wasn’t cleaned
【答案】D
【解析】句意：— —哦，你的房间太脏了，迈克！ — —对不起，妈妈。昨天没有打扫。我忘了做。A为一般过去时，主动语态；B为一般现在时的被动句；C为一般过去时的被动句；D为一般过去时的被动句。根据yesterday.可知，本题的时态为一般过去时，因此排除B；再根据I forgot to do it. 我忘了做。说明没有打扫房间，因此排除C；句中的主语It是代指上文的your room，your room做主语，应该用被动语态，选项A为主动语态，排除，故选D。
6．﹣Excuse me，sir，smoking _____ in the gas station．
﹣Oh，I'm awfully sorry．
A．doesn't allow B．is allowed
C．aren't allowed D．isn't allowed
【答案】D
【解析】 根据前文是smoking抽烟，动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数，后文是in the gas station在加油站，结合选项，推测意思是加油站不允许抽烟，由于主语smoking是动作的承受者，故用被动语态，结合下文时态I'm awfully sorry，即一般现在时的表示否定的被动语态，结构是am/is/are+not+done，故选D．
7. Daming ______ if he doesn't finish his homework first． That's the rule．
A．is punished B．was punished C．will be punished D．punished
【答案】C
【解析】if引导的条件状语从句，根据句义可知主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时．主句的主语Daming与谓语动词punish之间是被动关系，用一般将来时的被动语态，由will be +过去分词构成.故选：C．
二、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。
1. Many stories __________________ (write) by the writer last year.
【答案】were written
【解析】 主语是动作的承受者，故用用一般过去时的被动语态。
2. Yesterday we __________________ (play) football after school.
【答案】played
【解析】 主语是动作play的执行者。故用主动语态，一般过去时态。
3. A young man often _____________ (ask) me some difficult questions.
【答案】asks
【解析】 主语A young man是动作ask 的执行者。故用一般现在时的主动语态。
4. A wonderful party __________________ (give) to him next week.
【答案】will be given
【解析】 主语A wonderful party是动作give 的承受着。故用一般将来时的被动语态。
5. Mother ________________ (tell) me a story every night.
【答案】tells
【解析】 主语是动作tell 的执行者。用主动语态。
6. Rice _________________(plant) in China.
【答案】is planted
【解析】 主语rice 是动作plant的承受着。用一般现在时的被动语态。
7. Tom ________________(use) computer every Saturday.
【答案】uses
【解析】主语Tom是动作的执行者。用主动语态。
8. Maths _________________(teach) by Mr. Chen in our class.
【答案】is taught
【解析】 主语是动作的承受着故用被动语态。
话题分析
本单元的话题是“环境保护”，常见的命题方式有提示性作文和看图作文等形式，通常采用记叙文、议论文等作文形式。写作时要注意问题，有效地把提示性文字和图画内容的思想表达出来。
题目要求
当前我国政府正致力于建设“节约型”社会，倡导节约，抵制浪费。作为学生我们也能做些力所能及的事情，如步行或骑自行车上学；随手关水、断电；减少物品的使用和废旧物品的回收、再利用等。请根据要求和提示完成主题为“How to Save”的海报，号召更多的人，加入到“节约”的行动中来。开头、结尾已给出，不计人总词数。
要求：1.80词左右；
2.文中不要出现作者本人的真实信息。
提示：tap（水龙头）、uneaten food/leftovers（剩余饭菜）
Our government is aiming to build an “economized society”.
In a word, I think, one thing we should keep in mind no matter what a small effort we can make, it do make a difference.
思路点拨
1.本文是一篇议论文，人称以第一人称为主，时态主要用一般现在时。
2.话题词汇及句式：
1.air/water/noise pollution 空气污染/水污染/噪声污染
2.waste water废水
3.be seriously polluted被严重污染
4.cut down the trees砍伐树木
5.pour dirty water/air排放脏水/脏的空气
6.throw away rubbish everywhere到处乱扔垃圾
7.in order to为了……
8.protect our environment保护我们的环境
精彩句型
1.We have only one earth. 我们只有一个地球。
2.The earth is our common home. 地球是我们共同的家园。
3.Let's fight against the pollution! 让我们向污染宣战！
4.We have only one earth. So it is necessary to protect our natural environment. We must take steps immediately to protect our earth.
我们只有一个地球，所以保护我们的自然环境很有必要。我们必须立即行动起来，保护我们的地球。
写作模板
总述→开篇点题：创建节约型社会，学生也能做一些力所能及的事情
分述→从三个方面叙述学生可以做的事情
总述→简要总结，展望未来
优秀范文：
Our government is aiming to build an “economized society”. I think it is every citizen's duty to work hard to achieve the goal. As students, we still can do something to help.
First, don't waste things. We'd better go to school on foot or ride a bike instead of taking a car or a bus. Turn off the lights as soon as we leave the classroom. Remember to turn off the tap at once after washing our hands.
Next, use things as long as possible. When we buy things, make sure they last a long time. Don't use a paper cup or a paper bag .It's better to use a china cup or a lunch box. Because you can use them again.
Finally, collect what can be recycled in your classroom or in your neighborhood and sell them. You should also buy things from recycled material.
In a word, I think, one thing we should keep in mind no matter what a small effort we can make, it does make a difference.
思维导图
知识要点一、重点单词，短语及句式。
知识要点二：语法
知识要点三：书面表达
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