2022年中考英语二轮专题辨析系列---（11）动词与时态易错点精析

动词与时态易错点精析
332 accept和receive
1 accept意为“接受，承认”。
I can't accept your suggestion.我不能接受你的建议。
We accept her as the best student in the class.我们承认她是班里最好的学生。
This theory is widely accepted.这个理论被广泛接受了。
She accepted that she was wrong.她承认她错了。
Please accept my apologies.请接受我的歉意。2receive意为“收到，接到”。
I've just received her letter.我刚刚收到她的信。
Children 　inourcountryreceivegoodeducation.我国的儿童受到良好的教育。He received a warm welcome from theworkers.他受到工人们的热烈欢迎。
3accept的含义与receive不同。accept表示“接受”，指经过考虑，主观上愿意接受或不愿意接受某物。receive表示“接到”，指客观地收到某物这一事实，并不表示是否愿意接受，即：receive (收到的东西)并不一定accept (接受)。
提示
accept与receive均为非延续性动词，不能同表示一段时间的状语连用。
I have received her letter for a week.(误)I received her letter a week ago. (正)我收到她的信已有一周了。
It's a week since I received her letter.(正)
333 ache和pain
1 ache指人身体局部或全身的持续性的疼痛，隐痛。
His head ached all night.他整夜头疼。
The old lady has an ache in her heart.这位老太太心口痛。
2pain指由于疾病或伤害而产生的疼痛，也
指极度的痛苦。
He couldn't bear the pain any more.她疼得受不了。
cdid vas cring wih poln.这女孩容得直She complained of severe pain in her chest.她自诉胸部剧痛。
提示
headache头痛，stomachache胃痛，toothache牙
334 achieve,gain和get
1 achieve指经过努力获得成功，实现目标、目的。
They have achieved great victory.他们取得了伟大胜利。
He has achieved his aim.他达到了目的。2gain通常指得到某种利益、收益、好处。His honesty gained our respect.他的诚实赢得了我们的尊敬。
She gained the first prize in the game.她在比赛中获得了一等奖。
Sam has gained much experience in the work.山姆在工作中获得了许多经验。
3get为常用词，指以某种方式、方法、手段得到。
He got a good score in the test.他在考试中得了高分。
I got little for a hard day's work.我辛辛苦苦干一天挣不了几个钱。
The peasants have got a good crop.农民们获得了丰收。
335 address和speak to
1 address可指直接对人或听众“讲话”，也可指用书信形式对人“讲话，演讲”。
The headmaster addressed the whole school.校长向全校讲话。
He addressed himself to the crowd.他向听众讲话。
2speak to指口头上“向……讲话”。
Can I speak to the director 我可以同主任讲话吗？
The manager won't even speak to us.经理甚至不和我们讲话。
336agree to,agree with和agree on/upon
1agree to sth.表示“同意，赞成”对方提出的建议、计划、要求等。
He agreed to the plan.他同意这项计划。
She doesn't agree to this arrangement.她不同意这项安排。
Jack agreed to lend me some money.杰克同意借一些钱给我。
2agree with表示“同意，赞成”某人，或同意某个看法、意见、问题。
All of us agree with her opinions.我们大家都同意她的意见。
The two brothers don't quite agree with oneanother.这兄弟俩意见不太一致。
He doesn't agree with her on the matter.关于那件事他不同意她的观点。
3 agree with还可表示“与······一致，与·……相符”。
Your story doesn't agree with what the police have told us.你的叙述和警察告诉我们的不一致。
4agree on/upon sth.表示“对……取得一致意见”，指参加协商的人或单位经过商定后，对某个问题达成一致意见或具有相同看法。They have agreed on the date for the nextmeeting.他们已就下次会议达成了协议。
They couldn't agree upon the price.他们对于价格不能取得一致意见。
337 agriculture和farming
1agriculture意为“农业”、也可表示农艺、农学，一般用语。
Agriculture plays an important role in our national economy. 农业在我们的国民经济中发挥着重要作用。
She studies agriculture.她研究农业。
2 farming指从事农业生产劳动或耕作。The ground is not very good for farming.这土地不太适合耕种。
Farming has changed the life of our humans.农业生产改变了我们人类的生活。
338 arrive, get to和reach
1 arrive是不及物动词，意为“到达”，“到达某地”要说“arrive at+小地点”，如邮局、学校、车站；“arrive in+大地点”，如地区、城市、国家。arrive后不可直接跟名词，但可直接跟副词，如：arrive home (到家)，arrive here(到达这里)，arrive there (到达那里)。
They arrived at the village last night.他们昨天夜里到达了那个村庄。
They arrived in Nanjing yesterday.他们昨天到达南京。(不可说arrive Nanjing)
Has he arrived home yet 他到家了吗？(不可说arrive at home)
2 get作“到达”解时，为不及物动词，同to连用，较口语化，“get to+地点名词”为正确结构，但同副词连用时，不可用to，如：get home (到家)，get here(到这里)。They will get to Shanghai next week.他们将在下周到达上海。
We shall go to see her as soon as she getshome.她一到家我们就去看她。
3reach意为“到达”，是及物动词，其后直接跟宾语。
They reached the top of the mountain at last.(正)他们最终到达了山顶。
They reached at the top of the mountain at last. (误)
提示
①arrive at/in,get to和reach常可换用，但要注意搭配不同。
2arrive,get to和reach均为非延续性动词，不可同表示一段时间的状语连用。
339 ask和please
1ask用作及物动词，表示“要求，请求”时，常用于ask sb.to do sth.结构，也可接名词；ask表示“问”时，可接双宾语或简单宾语。
She asked me to send Jim an email.她要我为吉姆发一个电子邮件。
Sam asked me afavour.山姆请我帮个忙。Jerry was too scared to ask her out.杰里没有勇气邀请她出去。
If you need anything, you only have to ask.你
需要什么，只需提出来就行。
2please表示“请，好，行，好吗”等时是语气词，用于语气委婉的祈使句中，常置于句首或句尾，也可置于句中；please位于句尾时，常用逗号隔开。
Please close the window.请把窗户关上。Hand me the book,please.请把那本书递给我。
Would I have your name,please 请问尊姓大名？
“Wouldyoulike some more ” “Yes,please.”“你要再来一些吗？”“好的，谢谢。”
340 ask和question
1ask表示询问，为一般常用语。
She asked me the time.她向我询问时间。“Which is better ” he asked. “哪个更好？”他问道。
I asked him whether he liked the film or not.我问他是否喜欢那部电影。
2 question表示问一连串的问题，或询问、讯问，还表示“对……提出疑问”，为较正式用词。
The teacher questioned Jack until he told all he knew.老师问杰克直到他把所知道的一切都讲出来为止。
I would never guestion her honesty.我决不会
怀疑她的诚实。
341 ask, ask for和ask sb.for
1 表示“询问”时，只能用ask，不可用askfor。
比较
She asked for the price of the eggs.(误)
She asked the price of the eggs.(正)她询问鸡蛋的价格。
2ask可以跟双宾语，结构为：
ask sb. +sth.
ask sth. of sb.
I asked some questions to her.(误)(不可说ask sth.to sb.)
I asked her some questions.(正)
I asked some questions of her.(正)我向她提了几个问题。
3ask for sb.意为“要见某人”。
Someone at the door is asking for you.门口有人要见你。
Did anyone ask for me 有人来找过我吗？
4 ask for sth.意为“要”，其宾语可以是具体事物或抽象事物。而ask的宾语多为抽象事物，如advice,favour，help等。
She asked me for my telephone number.她要我的电话号码。
He asked for some water.他要些水。(不可用ask)
He asked for your address.他要你的地址。(不可用ask)
He asked for some money.他要些钱。(不可用ask)
She asked his advice.她征求他的意见。(可用ask for)
He asked a favour of me.他请求我帮忙。(可用ask for)
She asked help.她请求帮助。(可用ask for)
提示
ask后可接从句，从句的谓语动词要用shall，should或用动词原形。
I ask that she should come.我要她来。
342 be动词——初中学生说话造句容易丢失的一种动词
英语句子的语法结构较为严谨，除非是省略句，否则句子中必须有主要成分，即主语和谓语动词，然后才是其他成分。而在汉语中，有些句子只有主语，却没有谓语动词，然后就跟着形容词、名词、介词短语等。比如：“这本书很好。”“他忙。”“谁在房间里 ”“她幸福。”等。这类句子都找不出明显的谓语动词，这在汉语中是正确句式，但如果照葫芦画瓢地译成英语，一定是病句。上面的句子如果译成“The book very good.”“He busy.” “Who in the room ” “Shehappy.”就全错了。在英语中，形容词、名词、介词短语等不能单独用作谓语，前面要加be动词(当然也可能是其他动词)，才是正确的句子。
上面的句子应译为：
The book is very good.
He is busy.
Who is in the room
She is happy.
343 be等连系动词的使用要点
连系动词是英语动词中的一种，指那些能跟形容词作表语的动词，有些连系动词也可跟名词作表语，结构为：连系动词+形容词／名词，一起构成谓语。初中英语中应掌握的连系动词有：be，fall (变得)，feel(感觉)，look (看上去)，become(成为，
变得)，go (变得)，get (变得)， grow(变得)，keep(保 持)，turn (变得)，seem(似乎，好像)等。
He is honest.他诚实。
She has fallen asleep.她睡着了。
He feels better.他感觉好些了。
Jack looks much older than Jim.杰克看上去比吉姆年龄大得多。
It becomes colder and colder.天气变得越来越冷了。
The fish went bad.鱼变味了。
He has gone blind.他失明了。
She got tired after a whole day's work.工作一天后她累了。
He got rich.他富了。
She grew old.她老了。
Leaves turn yellow in autumn.秋天树叶变黄。
Her hair has turned grey.她的头发已灰白了。It seems cold today.今天好像很冷。
He seems interested in the book.他好像对这本书很感兴趣。
She seems a very clever girl.她似乎是一个非常聪明的姑娘。
The children kept quiet. (正)孩子们很安静。
The children kept quietly. (误)(连系动词后不可用副词)
She seems angry. (正)她似乎生气了。
She seems angrily. (误)(连系动词后不可用副词)
比较
go强调人或事物的情况变坏；grow表示逐渐变成新的状态，turn强调成为与原来完全不同的状态；become表示变化过程的完成，get只表示变化，较口语化，可替代其他几个词。
344 bear, stand和put up with
1 bear意为“忍受”，为常用词，宾语通常是苦难、饥饿、寒冷、疼痛、不幸等。
She bore the pain bravely.她勇敢地忍着疼痛。
We were shott of coal and had to beat the severe cold.我们缺煤，只得忍受极度的寒冷。
That is more than he can bear.那是他不能忍受的。
2 stand表示“忍受，忍耐”时，含有被动和不随意性。stand不是出于自己的意志，而bear则是出于自己的意志。
I can't stand being kept waiting.让我等着，
我可不干。
My father couldn't stand this hot weather.我父亲受不了这么热的天气。
3put up with多用于口语和较小的事情，表示“忍受，容忍”，有“不计较，宽恕”的含义，常同can't或couldn't连用。
I can't put up with this noise.我受不了这喧闹声。
We don't know how she put up with him.我们不知道她怎么能受得了他。
345 beat和win
1beat表示“击败”，宾语必须是表示人、集体或游戏的名词，意为“击败，打败，打破”。
They beat him at last.他们最后打败了他。Our team beat them by the score 2 to 1.我们队以二比一击败了他们。
We beat Class Two.我们打败了二班。
She beat the world record in the high jump.她打破了跳高的世界纪录。
2 win表示“赢得，获胜”，宾语为比赛、竞赛、奖品、战争等。
They have won the match/game.他们赢了这场比赛。
Who won the war 谁赢了那场战争？
Slow and steady wins the race.欲速则不达。
346 beat, hit, knock, pat, tap和strike
1 beat意为“打，敲打”，表示连续击打，是一种有意的动作；beat还表示“(脉搏、心脏)跳动”。
The man beat the boy with a stick.那男人用棍子打男孩。
The waves beat against the rocks.海浪击打着岩石。
She heard someone beating a drum.她听见有人在击鼓。
His heart is beating very fast.他的心跳得很快。
The rain beat in our faces.雨打在我们脸上。
2 hit意为“撞，碰撞，击中”，强调一次性有目标地打击、打中某一点；hit还表示“说中，猜对”。
The car hit the tree.汽车撞到了树上。
The stone hit her on the head.石头打中了她的头。
You have hit it.你猜对了！(说中了)
3knock指用手、拳或其他硬的东西“敲，击，打”。
Someone is knocking at the window.有人在敲窗户。
He kept knocking on the table.他不停地敲着
桌子。
I heard a knock at the door.我听到了敲门声。
4 pat意为“轻拍，轻叩”，多表示爱抚。The teacher patted him on the shoulder.老师轻轻拍了拍他的肩膀。
The manager patted Jim on the back and said a few encouraging words.经理轻拍着吉姆的背，说了几句鼓励的话。
5tap意为“轻叩，轻拍”，指用手指尖等轻拍。
The teachet tapped the desk with his ruler.老师用尺子轻敲桌子。
6 strike指突然或急促地用力打击或敲击，有意或无意。
She struck him in the face.她打了他一记耳光。
The man was struck down.那男的被击倒了。
347 become, get, grow和turn1 become意为“变得，成为”，后接名词或形容词。
He has become rich by working hard.他勤劳致富。
She will become a scientist.她将成为一名科学家。
2get意为“变得，成为”，强调逐渐变得，后跟形容词。
The days are getting longer.白天变得越来越长了。
You'll get fat if you eat too much.吃得太多你就会发胖。
3grow意为“变得，生长，发育”，表示渐渐成为新的状态，即“渐渐变得”，与get相近，后接形容词或不定式。
He is growing old.他渐渐老了。
It's growing warm.天渐渐暖和起来了。I have grown to like English.我渐渐喜欢上英语了。
4turn意为“转变”，指变成和从前完全不同的东西，后接名词或形容词。
The weather turned hot.天气热起来了。The trees turn red in autumn.秋天，树叶变红了。
She has turned singer.她成了一名歌手。
348 begin, start和begin with1 表示“开始”时，begin和start常可换用，结构为：
begin/ start sth.
begin/ start to do sth./ doing sth.
begin/start at/on+时间名词
begin with sth./ sb.
They begin/start work at 8 every morning.他
们每天早晨8点钟开始工作。
She began/started to learn English at the age of five.她5岁开始学习英语。
He began/started making preparations for the trip.他开始为旅行做准备。
The play begins with the sisters in the kitchentogether.这部戏以姐妹们在厨房相聚开始。The meeting will begin/start on Monday and end on Friday.会议将在星期一开始，星期五结束。
提示
①begin to do和begin doing均表示“开始做……”，意思上几乎没有什么差别。主语是人时，多用begin to do。
The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了。The water is beginning to boil.水逐渐沸腾起来。
2若begin为进行时，要用begin to do。另外，begin to understand,begin to feel为习惯用法。She's beginning to feel better.她渐渐觉得好些了。
John began to understand the situation.约翰开始了解情况。
③表示某种习惯性、长期性的行为，常用begindoing。
I left teaching in 2007 and began working in my
present job.我2007年离开教学岗位，开始我现在的工作。
2表示“出发，旅行，开动（机器），（机器）运转，创办，开设”等时，只能用start，不可用begin。
At daybreak they started on their journey.天亮时他们出发了。(不用begin)
At last the train started.火车终于开动了。(不用begin)
We couldn't start the car.我们无法开动这部车。(不用begin)
He started a new company last month.他上个月新开了一家公司。
提示
start作“动身”解时，往往要用一般现在时或现在进行时代替一般将来时。
She statts for America next month.她下个月动身去美国。
She is starting for America next month.
3begin with表示“以······开始，以··……开端”，后跟名词。
They will begin with Lesson One.他们将从第一课开始。
The book begins with a tale of country life.这
本书以一则农村生活故事开始。
提示
to beain with和to start with都是习惯用语，意为“首先，第一”，用作状语，常用于句首，常用逗号同句中的其他成分隔开。
To begin with,we ought to know what we studyfor.首先，我们应该明确学习目的。
I can't go there with you; to start with , no one can take over my job; econdly, I have not enoughmoney.我不能同你去那里；首先，没有人能接替我的工作，其次，我没有足够的钱。
349 borrow, lend和keep
1 borrow sth.from表示“从……借来某物”，指的是主语把某物从某人或某地借来。
He borrowed some money from Jim yesterday.他昨天向吉姆借了一些钱。
We can borrow books from the library.我们可以从图书馆借书。
2 lend sth.to表示“把某物借给·····”，指的是主语把某物借出去，借给别人。
I have lent the book to Tom.我已经把那本书借给汤姆了。
Can you lend the dictionary to me 你能把那本词典借给我吗？
=Can you lend me the dictionary
3 keep意为“保持，保留”，为延续性动词。表示把某物“借”或“保留”多久时，要用keep，而不可用borrow或lend，因为这两个词都是非延续性动词。
You may keep the book for two weeks.这本书你可以借看两个星期。
How long can I borrow the book (误)How long can I keep the book (正)这本书我能借多长时间？
这部自行车只能借给你一天。
You can borrow the bike for one day only.(误)
I can lend you the bike for one day only.(误)You can keep the bike for one day only.(正)
350 bring, take, get, carry和fetch
1 bring 和take可以看作反义词。brina表示“带来，拿来”，指把某物从到他处拿来、带来，或把某人从他处带到、领到说话人的所在地。take表示“带去，拿走”，指把人或物带到、领到、拿到别处，“把某物带去给某人”是take sth.to sb.。
Shall I bring food for the picnic 我带野餐的食品好吗？
Please bring your brother here tomorrow.明天请把你弟弟带来。
Please take your brother there tomorrow.明天请把你弟弟带到那里去。
Bring the children back from the kindergarten at half past four.4点半把孩子们从幼儿园接回来。
She took the dictionary to Tom.她把那本词典带给了汤姆。
Would you please take the message to her 你把这口信带给她好吗？
2 get本身表示“得到，拿到”，常用于go andget结构中，意为“去拿，去找，去请，取来”等意。get sth.back表示“取回”。
Go and get a doctor quickly.快去请医生。Would you please get the money back for me 你能为我把那笔钱取回吗？
3 carry表示“搬运，携带，提，抬”等，不表示方向。
The workers are carrying a big stone.工人们在搬运一块大石头。
He is carrying a bag on his shoulder.他肩上扛着一个包。
不南a this box for you.让我给你拿这
比较
“身上带着钱”常用take，也可用carry。
She took a lot of money with her. (正)她身上带
着许多钱。
She carried a lot of money with her.(正)
4 fetch表示“取来，去拿”，表示从说话处出发，到其他地方把人或物带到或拿到说话处来，相当于go...and bring back。
Please fetch us some water.请给我们弄点水来。
Quick! Go and fetch a doctor.快！快去请医生来。
351 buy sth.for sb.和mendsth.for sb.结构是否相同
buy sth.for sb.意为“为某人买某物”，mend sth.for sb.意为“为某人修补某物”，for sb.都是表示“对象”的，结构相同。make sth.for sb.(为·······制造某物)和drawsth.for sb. (为··……画某物)也是同类结构。He bought a pair of shoes for her.他为她买了一双鞋。
He mended the shoes for her.他为她修了鞋。hortce pair of shoes r hin.她为他做了He will draw a picture for us.他将为我们画一幅画。
提示
但是，buy/make/draw/sth.for sb.可以转换为buy/make/draw/sb.+sth.这种跟双宾语的结构，而mend sth.for sb.则不可。
He bought her a pair of shoes. (正)
He mended her the shoes. (误)
352 call的3种用法
1 be+called+名词是被动语态结构，意为“被称作，被叫做”。
He is called Tom.他叫汤姆。
The animal is called an elephant.这种动物叫大象。
2成果能一名词(补足语)表示“把某人People call him Jack.人们叫他杰克。
We call him Jim for short.我们简称他吉姆。
3名词+called+名字/名称表示“(名)叫……的人或物”。这里的called是过去分词，作后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。
I know a man called James.我认识一个名叫詹姆士的人。
=I know a man who is called James.
=I know a man whose name is James.
Have you read the novel called Gone With The Wind 你读过名叫《飘》的这部小说
吗？(=which is called)
That is a place called Liverpool.那是一个叫做利物浦的地方。(=which is called)
353 call at, call on和visit
1 call at 表示去某人家拜访、造访、去某处，也表示(车)短暂停留。
I called at Mary's house yesterday afternoon.我昨天下午去玛丽家拜访。
He calls at the bookstore once every week.他每周去书店一次。
2 call on指短暂性访问，非正式拜访，后接人，日常用词。
We called on James on the way home.我们在回家的路上看望了詹姆士。
Please call on me next time you are inLondon.下次你到伦敦请来我家。
3visit访问，拜访，探望，时间较长，正式用语。
I visited my friends in the country.我看望了乡下的朋友。
The president visited most countries in Asia.总统访问了亚洲的大部分国家。
354 can和be able to
can和be able to都表示“能，会”。can表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”，也表示根据客观条件能做某事的能力。be able to指“能
够，有能力”，含有“经过努力而能够”的意思。can只有现在时和过去时(could)两种形式，而be able to则可用于各种时态。beable to后的动词一般不用被动语态。
She can speak three foreign languages.她会说3门外语。
I can finish the work today.我今天能完成这项工作。
I won't be able to see her tomorrow.我明天见不到她。
He has not been able to come.他没有能来。
355 can和may都可以表示请求或许可
1 can表示客观条件的“允许”，指“能够，能”做某事。
2may表示询问对方许可与否，或表示说话者的许可。
Can I borrow three books at a time 我一次能借3本书吗？
“May I sit here ” “Of course you can.”“我可以坐在这里吗？”“当然可以。”
Class is over. You can go home now.下课了，你们可以回家了。(客观情况)
Woy may take it avey你可以把它拿走。(许You may stay here.你可以留在这里。(允许)You can stay here.你能留在这里。(根据客
观情况)
3can和may均可表示“可能”。can表示一般的可能性，指事实上存在的情况；may表示根据推测的可能性。
It's simple. Anyone can do it.这很简单，任何人都能做。
Please ask Jack. He may know something about it.请问一下杰克，他可能知道一些情况。
提示
may表示许可时，没有相应的过去式might。
356 “can't+动词”和
“mustn't+动词”
1 can't是can的否定式，表示能力上的不够或不足，指没有能力做某事，或者不可能做某事。
He can't move the stone.他搬不动这块石头。She can't come today.她今天不能来。
2 mustn't表示“千万不要，绝对不可，不许可”，指的是不允许做某事，或坚决不让做某事。
You mustn't swim in that river.你绝对不可去那条河里游泳。
你不能离开，外面在下大雨。
You can't leave. It's raining hard outside.(误)
You mustn't leave. It's raining hard outside.(正)(这里的“不能”不是表示能力或可能，而是表示“绝不可”)
你们不能吵吵嚷嚷，孩子们在做作业。
You can't make a noise. The children are doing their homework. (误)
You mustn't make a noise. The children are doing their homework. (正)
(这里的“不能”意为“不许可”)
提示
must never意为“千万不可”，比mustn't语气更重。
You must never lend money to him.He won't pay you back.你千万不要把钱借给他，他不会还你的。
357 can't help doing sth.和can't help but do sth.
can't help doing sth.是正确说法，意为“不禁……，不由得……”，在这层意思上不能说can't help to do sth.。这种结构中的help不
表示“帮助”。can't help but do sth.表示“只能做……”。
He couldn't help laughing when he heard herwords.听到她的话，他不由得大笑起来。Whenever I see the photo, I can't help thinking of my childhood.每当我看到照片，我都不禁想起童年。
They couldn't help but respect him.他们不由得对他充满敬佩之情。
It is raining hard outside, and if you go out, you can't help but get your shoes wet.外面正下着大雨，你如果出去，鞋子一定会弄湿的。
She can't help crying. (正)她不禁哭了起来。
She can't help to cry. (误)
358 carry和hold
1carry意为“搬运，携带”，指车船运载，肩背扛，双手抱。
Let me carry the baggage for you.我来帮你搬行李。
The box is too heavy to carry.这箱子太重，搬不动。
The man carried a big bag on his shoulder.那男的肩上扛着一个大袋子。
2 hold意为“握，抓，拿”，指一种持续的状态，所握的物体一般保持不动。
He held a book in his hand.他手里拿着一本书。
Hold the candle steady.把蜡烛拿稳了。The nurse held a baby in her arms.那护士怀里抱着一个婴儿。
359 catch和catch up with
1catch表示“赶上(火车、飞机、公共汽车等)”，指及时赶到，不受方向限制。
I have to hurry—I have a bus to catch.我得赶紧，我要搭公共汽车。
He drove quickly in order to catch the train.他把车开得很快，以便赶上那趟火车。She caught the front runner in the last minute.她在最后一分钟赶上了前面的赛跑者。2 catch up with指赶上同一方向行进的人或物，常表示抽象意义。
He studied hard to catch up with the others.他努力学习，想赶上其他同学。
China will catch up with the advancedcountries.中国将会赶上发达国家。
360 clean, sweep和wipe
1 clean指用各种方式“把······打扫干净，弄干净”，用得较广。
We clean the blackboard before class.我们在上课前擦黑板。
We'll clean the house for the Spring Festival.我们将打扫房子过春节。
2 sweep指用扫帚清扫地面、垃圾等。
The students on duty are sweeping the floor.值班的学生在打扫地板。
They were asked to sweep the road after thesnowfall.他们被要求雪后扫路。
3 wipe通常指用抹布、纸等擦东西。
Mother is wiping the table.母亲在擦桌子。She wiped the sweat from her face.她擦掉了脸上的汗水。
361 closed是过去分词还是形容词
1 closed是close的过去式或过去分词，作为过去分词，closed用于现在完成时、过去完成时或被动语态中。
She had closed the window before it began torain.开始下雨时，她已经关上了窗户。The door was closed by Tom.门是汤姆关上的。
2 closed也可以用作形容词，意为“关着的，关闭着的”，表示状态，可作定语或表语。These shops are closed on Sunday.这些商店星期天不营业。
She looked out through a closed window.她透过一个关着的窗户朝外看。
提示
closed作“关着的”解时，反义词是open，意为“开着的”，不是opened。
A: Is the door closed 门是关着的吗？
B: No it's open.(正)不，是开着的。
B: No, it's opened.(误)
362 collect和gather
1collect 指有选择、有计划地精心收集，并加以整理。
Her hobby is collecting stamps.她的嗜好是集邮。
He collected all kinds of old radios.他收集各种各样的旧收音机。
2 gather 指“收集，采集”，指一点一滴地收集，为一般用语。
He has gathered a lot of materials for a book.他为写一本书收集了大量的材料。
Bees gather honey from flowers.蜜蜂从花朵中采集花蜜。
It's time to gather crops.收庄稼的时间到了。
363 come in, come into和
enter
1come in意为“进来”，单独使用，in是副词，后面不接名词。
He was reading when I came in.我进来时他在读书。
She didn't allow the stranger to come in.她不允许那个陌生人进来。
2come into意为“进来，进入”，into是介词，后面必须接名词。
Please ring the bell before you come into theroom.进入房间前请先按门铃。
We came into the hall one by one.我们一个接一个进入大厅。
3enter也表示“进入”，正式用词，为及物动词，后面直接跟宾语。
The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his arm.老师腋下挟着一本书走进教室。
She entered the university at the age ofeighteen.她18岁上了大学。
364 come over和go over
1come over意为“过来”，可用于祈使句和陈述句中。
Please come over. Here is a letter for you.请
过来，这里有你一封信。
You must come over to my house.你务必到我家来。
2 go over意为“复习，检查”。
I have gone over the new words.我已经把生词复习过了。
You have to go over your homework first.你得先把作业检查一下。
365 cost, spend, take和payfor “花费”的4种表示法
1 cost作及物动词用时，表示某物“值(多少钱)，花费(多少钱)”，主语必须是物，通常是所买的东西或代词it，不能是人。cost后可跟钱数，也可跟双宾语，意为“某物花某人多少钱”。cost的过去式和过去分词都是cost。
The house costs a lot of money.这所房子值许多钱。
The dictionary cost her 100 yuan.这本词典花了她100元。(跟双宾语)
How much does it cost (正)它值多少钱？How much money does it cost (正)
How many does it cost (误)
2spend指人“花费”，表示某人花费钱在某物上，或者某人花费多少时间做某事，spend的主语必须是人，不能是物。spend后不可跟不定式，正确结构是：
(人) spend+钱或时间+on sth.→在某物上花钱或时间
(人) spend+钱或时间+(in) doing sth.→花钱或时间做某事
She spent a lot of money on books.(正)她花了大量的钱买书。
Cln spent e lot of mones in bovina boods She spent a lot of money to buy books.(误)
他昨晚花了2个小时做作业。
He spent two hours on his homework last night. (正)
He spent two hours in doing his homework last night.(正)
He spent two hours to do his homework last night. (误)
I spent two weeks in reading the book.我花了2个星期读这本书。
3take指某物花费或需要多少时间，也指做某事花费或需要多少时间，主语不能是人，一般用it作形式主语，代替后面的真正主语不定式，结构为：
it+take+sb.+一段时间+to do sth.→做某事花某人多少时间(it作形式主语)
to do sth.+take+sb.+一段时间(不定式直接作主语)
doing sth.+take+sb.+一段时间(动名词作主
语)
写这封信花了我半个小时。
It took me half an hour to write the letter.(正)
To write the letter took me half an hour.(正)
Writing the letter took me half an hour. (正)
她步行到学校要花20分钟。
It takes her twenty minutes to go to school on foot. (正)
To go to school on foot takes her twenty minutes. (正)
Going to school on foot takes her twenty minutes. (正)
She takes twenty minutes to go to school on foot. (误)
4 pay意为“付款”，用作及物动词时，它的宾语必须是人或钱，而不能是购买的物品。如果要跟购买的物品，须用pay for。结构为：
pay+sb.一付某人钱
pay+钱数→付多少钱
pay+sb.+钱数→付某人多少钱
pay for+买的物品→为购买的物品付款pay+钱数+for+买的物品→为某物品付多少钱
I haven't paid the doctor yet.我还没有付款给大夫。(pay+sb.)
Did you pay the bill 你付账了吗？(pay+钱)I have paid her 500 yuan.我付了她500元。(pay+sb.+钱)
I have paid for the coat.这件上衣我已付了款。(pay for+购买物)
He paid 50 yuan for the ticket.他买那张票付了50元。(pay+钱+for sth.)
She paid him 10 dollars for the shirt.她付给他10美元买了一件衬衫。(pay+sb.+钱+forsth.)
Did you pay for the pen (正)这支钢笔你付钱了吗？
Did you pay the pen (误)
提示
pay还可以用作名词，意为“工资”。
We get our pay at the end of each month.我们每月底领工资。
366 cost, price, expense和charge
1cost通常指物品的成本或生活费用，有时也指价格；可用于比喻，指“代价”。
The production cost has kept rising.生产成本一直在上涨。
The cost of living is much higher now than it was two years ago.生活费用比两年前高多了。
2 price指商品的售价。
Eggs are sold at a high price now.现在鸡蛋售价很高。
House prices have been falling.房价在下跌。What price are apples this week 本周苹果价格如何？
3expense作“花费”解时，为抽象名词，其复数形式expenses，意为“费用，支出”。I bought a new computer at my own expense.我自己花钱买了一台新电脑。
I shall pay your traveling expenses.你的旅行费用由我付。
4 charge指索取的费用，尤其对提供的服务索取的费用。
There is no charge for delivery.运送是免费的。
我用ae adional chores.这些是额外的
提示
提问价格时，可用what或how much与cost连用。
What does the new bike cost 那辆新自行车多少钱？
How much will the journey cost 这次旅行要花多少钱？
367 could表示“客气，礼貌”和would表示“请求”
1could可以用来表示委婉的语气，是一种客气和礼貌的说法，比can更为委婉，常用于第一人称或第二人称。could比can更迟疑不决，在没有把握得到允许时用could。
Could I have a try,please 我试一下好吗？(相当于May I have a try, please )
Could I have some tea 我喝点茶好吗？(相当于Bring me some tea, please.)
Could you come earlier 你早点来好吗？
Could you say it again 你再说一遍好吗？Could you come and see me tomorrow 您明天能来看我吗？
A: Could I use your bike 我能用一下你的自行车吗？
B: Yes,surely you can.好的，当然可以。2would常用于第二人称，表示请求，是一种客气的说法。
Would you lend me some money 你借点钱给我好吗？(更客气)
Will you lend me some money
Would you help me with my English 你帮我学习英语好吗？(更客气)
Will you help me with my English
368 cover的用法
1 cover用作名词时，表示“盖子，封面”，为可数名词。
The cover of the book is very good.这本书的封面非常好。
Please take the cover from the pan.请把锅盖揭开。
2 cover用作动词时，表示“盖住，覆盖”，是及物动词，常用结构为：
cover sb./sth.with→用······把某人/某物盖
be covered with/ by→被······盖着(表示状态)
She covered the table with a piece of paper.她用一张纸把桌子盖住了。
He covered his eyes with his hands.他用手遮住了双眼。
The fields are covered with/by snow.田野被雪覆盖着。
The tree is covered with fruit.树上果实累累。
369 die和dead
1 die意为“死亡，去世”，指因病、老、饥饿、事故等而导致的死亡。die是非延续性动词，可以单独使用，或同表示某个时间点的状语连用。die不能同表示一段时间的状语连用。
The old fisherman has died.那位老渔夫已经去世了。
He died two years ago.他2年前去世的。(同时间点连用)
She would rather die than yield。她宁死不屈。
2 dead是形容词，意为“死亡的”，表示状态，常用作表语，同表示一段时间的状语连用，不可同表示某个时间点的状语连用。She has been dead for about eight years.(正)她死亡大约8年了。
She has died for about eight years.(误)
How long has he been dead (正)他去世多久了？
How long has he died (误)
He died last May. (正)他去年5月去世的。He was dead last May.(误)(dead表示死的状态，不能表示动作)
370 do和make
1 do表示“做”，指做某事、做工作等，常指某种不具体的活动。
You've done a good job.你工作干得很好。Have you done your homework yet 你做完家庭作业了吗？
2 make表示“制造”，指做出某种具体的东西。
He made a toy train for his son.他为儿子做了一个玩具火车。
She made a cake for Sam's birthday.她为山姆的生日做了一个蛋糕。
提示
注意do和make的不同搭配：
do the dishes洗碗碟
do the washing洗衣服
do one's hair做头发
do exercises做练习
do a test参加测验
do some research做一些研究
make lunch做午饭
make a plan制订计划
make coffee煮咖啡
make friends交朋友
make a decision做决定
make a mistake出错
371 do some washing
do some+动名词是一种习惯表达法，也可说do the+动名词、do一般不译出来，要根据动名词的词义进行翻译。常用的这类结构有：
do some washing洗些衣服
do some shopping上街购物
do some listening听录音/广播
do some cleaning打扫卫生
do some reading读些东西
do some cooking做饭
She did some washing last night.她昨晚洗了些衣服。
I always do some reading in the evening.我总是在晚间读些东西。
Who will do the cooking 谁来做饭？
We'll do the cleaning-up this afternoon.我们今天下午将进行大扫除。
She did the window-shopping yesterdaymorning.她昨天上午去逛街了。
Mary will help you do the translating.玛丽将帮助你做翻译。
提示
不可说do washing或do any washing。
372 do well in和do badly in
“在···…方面干得差，在····方面做得不
好”，是do well in的反义词。
Jim does well in English but Tom does badly in it.吉姆英语学得好，但是汤姆英语学得差。
She does well in her work.她工作干得好。He did badly in the maths exam.他数学考试考得差。
373 do with怎样使用
do with意为“处置，派……用场，安排”，常同what连用。
What can I do with the money 这笔钱我能派什么用场呢？
What will you do with those old books 你怎样处理那些旧书呢？
What have you done with the cat 你把那只猫怎么了？
He doesn't know what he can do with thehouse.他不知道该如何处理那所房子。
374 drag,draw和pull
1 drag指慢慢地、费力地拖着笨重的东西，含所拖的东西阻力很大之意。
She dragged a heavy box out of the room.她把一只很重的箱子拖出屋外。
They dragged the stones up the hill.他们把石头拖上山去。
2 draw指较从容地把物体向目的地的方向“拉，拖”，不管用力的强弱如何。draw常用作比喻，意为“吸引(人注意等)”。
Please draw the chair near the window.请把椅子拖近窗边。
The singer drew many people to her.这位歌手吸引了许多人。
3 pull表示：①把某物朝某个方向拉而物体不移动位置，这时不可用draw；②拉着某物使其移动位置，这时常可同draw换用。
She pulled the door open and went out.她拉开门，出去了。(不用draw)
The strong wind pulled the tree by root.大风把树连根拔了出来。(不用draw)
They are pulling/drawing a damaged truck to the roadside. 他们在把一辆损坏的卡车拖到路边。(可用draw)
He pulled me by the sleeve.他拉我的衣袖。
提示
pull的反义词是push，意为“推”。
She pushed the window open.她推开了窗。
375 draw和paint
1 draw指用铅笔或钢笔等作素描画。
She likes drawing birds.她喜欢画鸟。
The teacher drew a horse on the paper.老师在纸上画了一匹马。
2 paint指用颜料作画、绘，还表示“油漆”。He's painted a lot of pictures.他画了许多画。She enjoys painting her children.她喜欢画她的孩子们。
I'd like to paint the windows brown.我想把窗漆成棕色的。
376 dress, dress up, put on,wear和be in
1dress作动词用时，可以作及物动词或不及物动词。作为及物动词，dress只能以“人”作宾语，不能以衣服作宾语。dress sb.意为“给某人穿衣服”，dress oneself意为“给自己穿衣服”，表示的是动作。
She dressed the child.她给那个孩子穿衣服。He can dress himself now.(正)他能给自己穿衣服了。
He can dress clothes now.(误)
2 be/get dressed意为“穿衣服”，表示的是状态。get dressed也可表示动作。
Mary is well dressed /is dressed very well.玛丽衣着漂亮。
The girl is too young to wash herself or getdressed.那小女孩年龄太小，不能自己洗脸或穿衣服。
She was dressed in white.(正)她穿着白衣服。
She dressed in white. (误)
She was dressed in red at the party.(正)她在晚会上穿着红衣服。
She dressed herself in red at the party.(误)
3dress作为不及物动词，表示动作。
He can dress in three minutes.他3分钟就能穿好衣服。
Please tell him to dress. (正)请告诉他穿衣服。
Please tell him to dress clothes.(误)
4 dressup主要指穿上盛装，精心打扮。She dressed up for the wedding.她为参加婚礼而盛装打扮。
It is a small party—you don't have to dress up.这是个小型聚会——你不用穿得那么正式。
He put on his coat and went out.他穿上外衣出去了。
You'd better put on your cap.你最好戴上帽子。
6wear意为“穿着，戴着”，表示的是状态。be wearing也是表示“穿”的状态，并不是进行时。
She is wearing a white dress today.她今天穿着白色的服装。
He wears thick glasses.他戴着深度眼镜。I wear number 10 shoes.我穿10号鞋子。What size do you wear 你穿什么尺码？
比较
He is wearing a new shirt.他穿着一件新衬衫。(状态)
He is putting on a new shirt.他正在穿一件新衬衫。(动作)
Wear your clothes at once!(误)
Dress at once! (正)立即穿上衣服！
7 bein意为“穿，戴”，后接衣服或颜色。He is in plain clothes.他穿着便服。
The girl who is in a beautiful hat is herdaughter.戴着一顶漂亮帽子的女孩是她的女儿。
377 drop和fall
1表示温度、价格、物体等“下降，下落，落下”时，可用drop和fall，为不及物动词。The temperature has dropped.气温下降了。The temperature has fallen.
The price of meat has dropped by 10 cents.肉的价格下降了1角钱。
The price of meat has fallen by 10 cents. The cup dropped out of his hand. 杯子从他手中掉了下来。
The cup fell out of his hand.
She dropped to the ground.她摔倒在地上。She fell to the ground.
2 drop可以作及物动词用，表示故意或无意“掉下”，fall则不可。
He dropped the pen on the ground.(正)他的钢笔掉在了地上。
He fell the pen on the ground. (误)
3drop可以表示因疲劳而倒下；fall可以表示在战斗中受伤或牺牲，drop则不可以。He was tired and dropped into a chair.他很累，倒在了一把椅子里。
Five soldiers fell in the battle.有5个士兵在战斗中死亡。
378 end和finish
1 end作及物动词用时，表示“结束某物或某事”(end sth.)。
He ended the talk with her.他结束了同她的谈话。
We must end such a thing.我们必须结束这样的事情。
2end作不及物动词时，表示“某物某事结束(主语+end)”。
Everything ended happily.一切都愉快地结束了。
It ended with success.它以成功而告结束。
3 end指自然的结束或突然的停止；finish指完成了应做的事，完成了某项任务。
Our summer vacation ended when schoolstarted.学校开学了，我们的暑假也就结束了。
After finishing my homework,I went out to play in the garden.做完家庭作业后，我就去外面的园子里玩。
Have you finished reading the novel 那部小说你读完了吗？
4 finish后可用动名词，而end则不可。
I finished writing the report last night.我昨天夜里写完那份报告的。
5finish up表示“最后到达，最后处于，吃光，喝完”；end up意为“结果为，以……结束”。
We finished up in Paris after a three-weektour.我们最后抵达巴黎，结束了3个星期的旅程。
The evil man ended up in prison.那个恶人最终进了监狱。
379 enjoy oneself和teach
oneself中的反身代词怎样使用
英语中有些及物动词后常跟反身代词作宾语，表示动作施于自己本身，如teachoneself(自学)，enjoy oneself(过得愉快)，hurt oneself(伤着自己)，wash oneself(为自己洗一洗)，dress oneself(给自己穿衣
服)，look after oneself (照料自己)，helponeselfto(随便取用)等。
He enjoyed himself a lot at the party. (正)他在晚会上过得很愉快。
He enjoyed him a lot at the party.(误)He enjoyed a lot at the party.(误)
提示
enjoy doing sth.为正确结构，意为“喜欢做某事”，不可说enjoy to do sth.；同样，finish doingsth.意为“干完某事”，不说finish to do sth.;be fond of后也只能接名词或动名词形式。
My father enjoys taking a walk after supper.我父亲喜欢晚饭后散步。
I have finished reading the book.我已读完了这本书。
He is very fond of playing cards.他很喜欢玩牌。
380 fail的3种用法
1 fail表示“失败”，是不及物动词，后面不可跟宾语。
His plan failed.他的计划失败了。
She did her best but she failed at last.她尽了最大努力，但是最后还是失败了。
2 fail表示“不及格，没通过(考试)”，常用
作及物动词，后面跟exam,maths或English等学科名词。
She failed the exam.那次考试她不及格。He failed the maths exam again.他数学考试又没有及格。
She failed Chinese.她语文考试不及格。3 fail to do sth.表示“没有做某事，没有能够做某事”。
He failed to swim across the river.他没能游过这条河。
She failed to arrive on time. (正)她没有准时到达。
She failed arriving on time. (误)
381 feel like (doing) sth.
feel like表示“想要”，后接名词或动名词，
不接不定式。
Do you feel like a swim 你想游泳吗？
Do you feel like walking to the sea with me 你想跟我散步到海边吗？
I feel like drinking a cup of milk.我想喝一杯牛奶。
Do you feel like going out for a walk 你想出去散散步吗？
382 feel/find/think it+形容词/名词+to do sth.
这种结构表示“感到/认为做某事……”，其中的it为形式宾语，代替后面的不定式。I feel it easy to finish the work in two hours.我觉得在两小时之内做完这项工作很容易。I find it very interesting to watch footballgames.我发现观看足球比赛很有趣。
He thinks it his duty to help them.他认为帮助他们是他的职责。
383 fill, fill in, fill...with和full
1 fill意为“装满，填满”，可作及物动词和不及物动词。fill作及物动词用时，结构为：fill sb./ sth. with sth.
be filled with sth./ sb.充满着，充满了
Laughter filled the hall.大厅里充满了笑声。The thought filled me with pleasure.这种想法使我心里充满喜悦。
Please fill me the cup with water.请给我把这个杯子装满水。
Her eyes were filled with tears.她泪水盈盈。She was filled with joy.她欣喜若狂。
2 fill in意为“填写表格(forms)，填空
(blanks)”。
Please fill in this form.请填写这张表格。Please fill in your name and address.请把你的名字和地址填上。
3fill..with意为“使······充满，把··…···填满”。
He filled his bag with food.他把袋子都装满了食物。
The news filled her heart with hope.这消息使她充满了希望。
4 full是形容词，意为“满的，饱的，全部的”，反义词是empty。
The cup is full.杯子满了。
I can't eat any more. I am full.我不能再吃了，我饱了。
We can see a full moon tonight.我们今晚能看到一轮满月。
5 be full of意为“装满，充满”，主语可以是人或物，与be filled with相同。
The bus is full of people.公共汽车上挤满了人。
This bottle is full of wine.这瓶子装满了酒。He is full of confidence.他满怀信心。
The glass is filled with milk.这杯子里盛满了牛奶。
=The glass is full of milk.
384 find, find out和look for
1 look for表示“寻找”，强调找的动作；find表示“找到，发现”，指找寻的结果；find是look for的结果。
They were looking for the missing car.他们在寻找丢失的汽车。
She looked for the book everywhere but did not find it.她到处找那本书，但是没有找到它。
2find指的是偶然的发现，指有形的东西；而find out则表示“查明，弄清楚”，指经过调查、探听或询问后查明，查出来，指无形或隐藏的东西。
He found a wallet on the way home.他在回家的路上发现一只钱包。
You must try to find out who has broken thewindow.你必须设法查清谁打碎了窗户。
提示
find和find out是非延续性动词，在完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
她的地址我已经发现5天了。
I have found out her address for five days. (误)I have found her address for five days. (误)It is five days since I found out her address.(正)
3 find的常用结构：find sb./ sth.doing(发现
某人/某物在做·······)，find sth.+形容词、
介词、副词(发现……), find sth. done
(发现······被做)。
I entered the room and found Frank playing computer games.我走进房间，发现弗兰克在打电脑游戏。
I found the lecture dull.我发现这个讲座很无聊。
We found nobody in.我们发现里面没有人。He found the door closed.他发现门关着。They found the city greatly changed.他们发现那座城市变化很大。
比较
She found a thief stealing a wallet.她发现小偷在偷钱包。
She found her wallet stolen.她发现钱包被偷了。
4find oneself doing常表示“发现自己竟不知不觉地或没有事先计划地在做……”。
Peter,who was usually shy, found himself talking to the girls. 彼得通常很害羞，却发现自己不知不觉中在跟女孩子们说话。
385 finish at和start at
1 finish at意为“在……点钟结束”；start at
意为“在……点钟开始”，这里的at表示时间，指一个时间点。
The party started at seven o'clock.聚会7点钟开始。
The meeting finished at eleven o'clock.会议11点结束。
2用at表示时间的短语还有：at noon(在中
午)，at the moment (此刻)，at about 8
o'clock(在大约8点钟)，at dawn (在黎
明)，at first (起初)，at last (最后)，athalf past six(6点半)等。
386 fly high还是fly highly
1 high可以作形容词或副词。high作形容词用时，意为“高的”，如：ahigh wall(一堵高墙)；high作副词用时，意为“高，高地”，表示距离的高，具体的高。highly也是副词，但不表示具体的高，只能表示抽象的高，意为“高度地”。
这只鸟能飞得很高。
The bird can fly high. (正)
The bird can fly highly.(误)
吉姆跳得高。
Jim jumps high. (正)
Jim jumps highly.(误)
太阳已升得很高了。
The sun has risen high.(正)
The sun has risen highly.(误)
你能爬多高？
How high can you climb (正)
How highly can you climb (误)
2 表示“高度评价某人”，要说think of sb.highly，“高度赞扬某人”要说speak highly of sb.，这里的highly都是表示“高度地”，表示程度，不表示距离。
387 forget to do sth.和forgetdoing sth.
1forget后跟不定式表示“忘记做某事”，不定式表示没有发生的事或表示将来发生的事。
She forgot to close the window.她忘记了关窗。(没有关窗)
I've forgotten to buy the book.我忘了买那本书。(没买那本书。)
Don't forget to do your homework.不要忘了做作业。(将来要做)
2forget后跟动名词表示“忘记曾做过某事”，动名词表示的动作在过去已发生过。
I forgot reading the book.我忘记了曾读过那本书。(曾读过)
I shall never forget visiting the school.我永远不会忘记参观过那所学校。(曾参观过)
提示
表示“我忘了……”常说“I forgot.. 或I'veforgotten...”。
I forgot/I've forgotten to tell her the news.我忘了把消息告诉她。
388 found和founded
1 found是find的过去式，意为“找到，发现”。
He found the cat asleep under the table.他发现猫在桌子底下睡觉。
2 founded是found的过去式，意为“创办，成立”。
The company was founded in 2008.这家公司创办于2008年。
When was your school founded 你们学校是什么时候创办的？
389 get的3种用法
1表示“到达”，与reach和arrive at/in是同义词。
They got to the park at nine in the morning.他们上午9点钟到达公园。
When he got to the village,it was light.他到达那个村庄时，天已经亮了。
2 表示“开始，逐渐地认识/理解”，强调一个逐渐发展的过程。
I got to know the meaning of his words.我逐渐知道了他话中的意思。
How did he get to love this job 他是怎样爱上这个工作的？
3用作连系动词，表示“变得”，后跟形容词作表语。
It gets warmer and warmer.天气越来越暖和了。
It is getting dark.天渐渐黑下来了。
He will get well soon.他不久就会好了。
390 get和have
1表示让某人做某事，get和have常可换用，但结构不同：
get sb. to do sth.
have sb.do sth.(不带to)
They got him to read the book again.
They had him read the book again.他们让他把那本书再读一遍。
You can get her to stay at home.你可以让她待在家里。
You can have him come in the evening.你可
以让他晚上来。
2 在Go and...和Go to..这类命令句中，常用get。
Go and get your lunch.去吃午饭吧。
Coe et your wanh mendel.去把你的表修Go to get your hair cut.去把头发理了。
391 get on with sth.和get on with sb.
1get on/along with sth.表示“在··…·（某方面)进展或进行”，有时也单独使用geton/along，表示“进展”。
How are you getting on with your work 你工作进展怎样？
They are getting on well there.他们在那里情况很好。
2 get on/along with sb.表示“与某人相处怎
样”。
I can get on well with her.我和她处得很好。They get on well with each other.他们相处融洽。
She gets on badly with others in the factory.她在工厂里与其他人处得不好。
392 get ready for sth.和getready to do sth.
We are getting ready for the party.我们正在为聚会做准备。
Please get ready to leave for England.请为去英国做好准备。
393 give back和have back1 give back意为“归还，还掉”。“归还给某人”要说give sth.back to sb.。
Would you give the money back,please 请你还那笔钱好吗？
He will give it back to her.他将把它归还给她。
2 have back意为“要回，要还”。
He has already had his knife back.他已经要回了他的小刀。
Can I have my dictionary back, please 我可以把我的字典要还吗？
提示
give back和have back中的back都是副词，如果
宾语是代词，只能放在give和back之间。
give it back (正)
give back it(误)
have them back (正)
have back them (误)
394 能否说give her it
英语中有些及物动词，可以跟双宾语、一个指人，叫间接宾语，放在前面，另一个指物，叫直接宾语，放在后面。这类动词有give,write,send等。
give her a ruler给她一把尺子
write him a letter 给他写一封信
send them ten books 给他们寄去10本书3这种跟双宾语的结构，可以转换为“动词+某物+to+某人”形式，这里的“某物”，也可以换成代词。
give a ruler to her
write a letter to him
send ten books to them
give it to her
write it to him
send them to them
395 “go and+动词原形”结构的含义
go and+动词原形表示“去做某事”，相当于go to do sth.，常用于祈使句。come and+动词原形也是同类用法，意为“来做某事”。
Let's go and have a cup of tea.我们去喝杯茶吧。
Please go and ask the teacher.请去问老师吧。Go and see who is reading there.去看看谁在那里读书。
Shall we go and eat 我们去吃点东西好吗？Come and have supper with us, please.请过来同我们一起吃晚饭。
Please come and meet me at the station.请来车站接我。
396 go fishing
go+动名词是一种习惯表达法，意为“去
………”
go fishing去钓鱼
go boating去划船
go hunting去打猎
go swimming去游泳
go shopping去买东西
go skating去滑冰
I shall go swimming this afternoon.今天下午我将去游泳。
Let's go boating.我们去划船吧。
397 go on doing sth., go on with sth.和go on to do sth.
1go on doing sth.和 go on with sth.都表示“继续做某事”，前后所做的是同一件事；goon后跟动名词，不可跟名词，go on with后跟名词。
She went on working after a short rest.她休息了一会儿又继续工作了。
=She went on with the work after a short rest.
Let's go on talking.我们继续谈话吧。
=Let's go on with the talk.
Please stop talking and go on with your work.别说话了，接着干活吧！
2 go on to do sth.表示“接着做，停止后再做”，指中止一件事而改做另一件事。
She went on to show us around the school.她接着又带我们参观了学校。(先同我们谈话，接着又……)
They went on to learn Lesson Seven.他们接着学习第7课。(学完第6课后，接着学习·…)
They went on learning Lesson Seven.他们继
续学习第7课。(为同一课)
比较
Go on to write,please.(误)
Go on writing, please. (正)请继续写下去。
398 go to bed, go to sleep和fall asleep
go to bed表示“去睡觉”，强调上床睡觉这个动作，不管是否睡着；go to sleep表示“睡着”，指已入眠的状态；fall asleep表示“睡着，睡熟”，强调由醒到睡的瞬间动作，asleep是形容词，作表语。
He went to bed at 11 last night, but went to sleep at 12.他昨晚11点钟上床睡觉，但直到12点才睡着。
He went to sleep in three minutes.他在3分钟内就睡着了。
The old man found it hard to fall asleep.那位老人发现很难入睡。
比较
I didn't go to bed until 11:30 last night.我昨晚直到11点半才睡。I didn't go to sleep until 11:30 last night.我昨晚直到11点半才睡着。
399 go to school和go to the school
go to school表示“去上学，上课”，指去学校读书学习；go to the school表示“去学校”，不一定上学，可能去开会或参观。
It's time for us to go to school.我们该去上学了。
A:Where's your mother 你妈妈在哪里？B: She's gone to the school.她到学校里去了。我弟弟7岁上学。
My brother went to the school at the age of seven. (误)
My brother went to school at the age of seven.(正)
父亲到学校同我的老师谈了话。
Father went to school to have a talk with myteacher.(误)
Father went to the school to have a talk with my teacher. (正)
提示
①leave school表示“毕业，退学”；leave theschool表示“离开学校”。
I left school two years ago.我两年前毕业了。
=I graduated two years ago.
The teacher left the school five minutes ago.老师5分钟前离开了学校。
2 in hospital表示“住院”，in the hospital表示“在医院(工作等)”
400 be going to和will
1be going to+动词原形表示“打算或计划要做什么”，用于口语，常同this evening, tomorrow,next week等表示将来的时间状语连用。
I am going to buy a new dictionary.我打算买一本新词典。
What are you going to do tomorrow 明天你打算干什么？
We are going to have a class meeting thisafternoon.今天下午我们打算开一个班会。
2will表示：①客观上将要发生什么事或必然会发生的事，未来的时间往往不明确，比begoing to表示的时间要远；②表示“愿意”干什么，有个人意愿的色彩；3表示客气的请求或询问，相当于would。
He will return soon.他不久就将返回了。(一般将来时，客观上发生什么)
I will be fifteen years old next year.明年我15岁。(一般将来时，必然要发生的事)
I will lend the money to you.我愿意把钱借给你。(意愿)
Will you come and have supper with us 你来同我们一起吃晚饭好吗？(请求)
比较
Do you think it will rain 你认为天会下雨吗？Look at the clouds.It's going to rain.看那云层，要下雨了。(有迹象表明)
401 be going to的3种含义
1 表示打算、计划做某事。参见上文。What are you going to do for the holiday 假期你打算做什么？
He is going to buy a new car.他打算买一部新车。
提示
表示“打算去，打算来”时，最好不要说成begoing to go,be going to come，而要说成：
He is going to Nanjing.他打算去南京。
She is coming back soon.她准备不久就回来了。
2 表示正在进行的动作，是进行时态。
He is going to the post office.他正在去邮局。They are going to the shop together.他们在一起去商店。
3 主语为物时，表示“即将，就要”，指有某种迹象表明即将发生或非常有可能发生。There is going to be a heavy rain.要下大雨了。
The bus is going to start.汽车就要开动了。
402 grow,keep和plant能否都表示“种植”
1 grow作不及物动词时，表示“生长”，作及物动词时，表示“种植”，宾语通常是蔬菜、水稻、果树、花等，强调栽培、管理的过程。
Plants can't grow without water.植物没有水不能生长。
Apple trees grow well here.苹果树在这里长得很好。
They grow vegetables and rice.他们种蔬菜和水稻。
She grows a lot of flowers in the garden.她在院子里种了许多花。
2keep表示“饲养，赡养”，为及物动词，后
跟hen, pig, cattle, children, an old man, afamily等表示人或物的名词。
They keep pigs and cattle on the farm.他们在农场上饲养猪和牛。
She keeps hens.她养鸡。
He has two children to keep.他要养活两个小孩。
He has a large family to keep.他要养活一个大家庭。
3plant意为“种植”，表示“种植”这一动作，不表示过程或结果，为非延续性动词，不能同表示一段时间的状语连用。
They plant trees in spring.他们在春天植树。It's time to plant cotton.是种棉花的时候了。He has planted wheat for ten years.(误)He has grown wheat for ten years. (正)他种小麦已经10年了。
403 guess, suppose和
imagine
1guess意为“猜，猜测”，指凭空进行猜测。You guessed right.你猜对了。
I should guess her to be about fifty.我猜她大约50岁。
2suppose意为“假定，猜想，料想”，很可能是正确的料想，接近于think，但根据较少。
I don't suppose he will come.我想他不会来。What do you suppose he meant 你认为他是什么意思？
I suppose she is not yet twenty.我想她还不到20岁。
3 imagine意为“想象”。
Can you imagine such fat men climbing themountain 你能想象这些胖子攀登这座高山的情景吗？
It is true; I haven't invented or imagined it.这是真的，并不是我捏造的或想象出来的。
404 had better,would like和should like
1 had better可缩写成'd better，意为“最好”，应看作情态动词，通用于所有人称，had不可改为have或has。had better后跟动词原形，不可跟不定式。had better的否定式为had better not，不是had not better。You have better start right now.(误)
You had better start right now.(正)你最好马上动身。
You had better don't go there.(误)
You hadn't better go there. (误)
You had better not go there. (正)你最好不要去那里。
2would like可缩写成'd like。 would like用于
礼貌地向对方提出请求或邀请，也表示说话者本人喜不喜欢做某事，后跟名词或不定式。
Would you like some coffee 喝点咖啡好吗？I'd like some tea.我想要茶。
Would you like to have another try 你想再试一下吗？
提示
would like用于疑问句表示请求或邀请时，肯定回答通常用“Yes，I'd love to.”，否定回答用“I'd love to, but...”。
3should like通常只用于陈述句，不用于疑问句，表示说话者本人愿意做什么或想做什么，后跟不定式，也可表示想要什么，后跟名词。
I'd like to buy a new pen.我想买一支新钢笔。I'd like a cup of tea.我想要杯茶。
405 happen的用法
happen是不及物动词，意为“发生”，指偶然发生的事件，也可表示“正好，恰巧”，结构为：
sth.happen(to sb.)某事发生(某人发生了某事)
happen to do sth.碰巧做某事
It happened + that 从句碰巧……
As it happens碰巧
A funny thing happened.发生了一件奇怪的事。
What has happened to her 她出了什么事？He happened to see her that day.那天他碰巧看见了她。
It happened that I had no money with me.碰巧我身上没有钱。
=I happened to have no money with me.
It so happened that he was passing by thewindow.碰巧他从窗前走过。
=He happened to be passing by the window. As it happens, I have the key in my pocket.碰巧我衣袋里有钥匙。
It happened that the bridge had been built.碰巧桥已经建成了。
=The bridge happened to have been built.
It happened that she was busy then.她碰巧当时正忙。
=She happened to be busy then.
提示
要说“Something happens to+人或物”，不可说“Somebody happens to something.”。注意“机器出毛病了。”和“他出事了。”两句的正确译法：The machine has happened to something.(误)Something has happened to the machine. (正)
He has happened to something. (误)
Something has happened to him. (正)
406 happen和take place
1happen是一般用语，词义较广，一般指事
情、事故的发生，强调事情发生的偶然性。When did the explosion happen 爆炸是什么时候发生的？
The accident happened outside the officebuilding.事故发生在办公大楼的外面。
A funny thing happened in the pub.小酒馆里发生了一件有趣的事。
2take place一般指有计划、事先安排的事
件、事情的发生，没有偶然性；也表示一般
的发生。
The concert takes place next Sunday.音乐会下周日举行。
Great changes have taken place in China.中国发生了巨大变化。
407 hate和dislike
1 hate意为“憎恨，反感，不喜欢”，感情强烈，hate doingsth.表示“不愿意做……，不喜欢做……”，指泛指的行为。
He hates taking buses.他不喜欢坐公共汽车。(相当于He doesn't like..)
She hates asking for money.她不愿向别人要钱。
2hate to do sth.表示某次具体行为。
I hate to trouble you now.我现在不愿麻烦你。(你正忙着)
I hate troubling others.我不愿麻烦别人。(本人的性格特点)
提示
同样，like to do sth.表示某次具体行为，而likedoingsth.则表示惯常做法或性格特点。
I like dancing,but today,I don't like to dance.我喜欢跳舞，但今天我不想跳。
3 dislike意为“不喜欢”，程度较轻，反义词
是like。
He dislikes rats.他讨厌老鼠。
It was evident that she dislikes him.很显然她不喜欢他。
408 have可以构成哪些习惯用
have是一个很活跃的动词，可以构成许多
有用的短语，常见的有：
have a good time玩得痛快
have a swim游泳
have a chat说说话
have a bath洗澡
have a dream做梦
have a good harvest有一个大丰收
have a little rest休息一会儿
have a walk散步
have a look看一看
have lessons上课
have a cup of tea喝杯茶
have the happiest time过得最愉快
have a bad time玩得不痛快
have a talk谈话
have a meeting开会
have a try试一试
have a match举行比赛
have sunshine天气晴朗
have a busy day忙了一天
have ashower冲个淋浴
have a test进行考试
have a cigarette抽支烟
have the Chinese New Year过春节
409 have, there be和own
1 have表示所有或所属关系。
I have two pens.我有两支钢笔。
She has a happy family.她有一个幸福的家庭。
Do you have an English dictionary 你有一本英语词典吗？
We have a fine day today.今天天气好。2there be表示某处有某人或某物，指客观存在。
There are lots of books on the bookshelves.书架上有许多书。
There is no life on the moon.月球上没有生命。
Is there a picture on the wall 墙上有一幅画吗？
提示
have表示所属关系意义较弱时，可同there be换用。
We'll have a class meeting this evening.今晚有班会。
=There's going to be a class meeting this evening.
3 own表示所有权，指“拥有，占有”。She owns a farm.她有一个农场。
410 have a go和have a try1 have a go意为“尝试一次”，是口语用语，go这里用作名词，可以有单复数变化。
have two goes 试2次
have several goes试几次
want to have another go想再试一次
Would you like to have a go 你想要试一下吗？
He has had six goes.他已经试了6次。
have five goes 试5次
wantago想试一次
at the first go 初试
提示
表示“试某物”要用have/want a go at/doingsth.。
He had a go at flying a kite.他试放了一次风筝。Will you want a go at it 你想试它一下吗？
2 have a try表示“试一试”，比have a go正式，也可以说have another try(再试一次)。Do you want to have another try 你想再试一试吗？
411 have done sth.和havesth.done均可表示“已做了某事”，但含义不同
1 have done sth.表示某事是由主语完成的，即“某人做了某事”。
I have cleaned my room.我已把房间打扫过了。(我打扫)
He has mended the broken bike.他已把那辆坏的自行车修好了。(他修)
2have sth.done表示主语把某事让别人完成，即：动作不是由主语完成的，而是由别人完成的。
I have my room cleaned.我让人把房间打扫了。(他人打扫)
He has the broken bike mended.他让人把坏的自行车修好了。(他人修)
I'll have my hair cut today.我今天要理发。I have some pictures taken there.我在那里照了一些照片。(他人照)
I have taken some pictures there.(自己照)
412have a good time和enjoyoneself very much是否同义
have a good time是口语用语，意为“玩得愉快，过得愉快”，相当于enjoy oneself verymuch。
He had a good time at the party.他在晚会上玩得很愉快。
=He enjoyed himself very much at the party.
I had a very good time during the holiday.我在假期里过得很愉快。
=I enjoyed myself very much during the holiday.
提示
enjoy为及物动词，后面必须有宾语，可以说enjoy it very much, enjoy the music very much,但不可说enjoyvery much。
413 have a look不同于have a look at
汉语中的“瞧一瞧，看一看”，在英语中常用look一词，常用结构为：
单独使用，后面不可跟宾语：
have a look
take a look
后面必须跟宾语：
have a look at
take a look at
He wanted to have a look.他想看一看。
He wanted to have a look at the picture.他想看看那幅画。
Please take a look.请瞧一瞧。
Please take a look at the pen.请瞧瞧这支钢笔。
“好好看一看，好好瞧一瞧”的表示法为：
后面不可跟宾语：
have a good look
take a good look
后面必须跟宾语：
have a good look at
take a good look at
Please have a good look.请好好看一看。He had a good look at the photo.他把那张照片好好看了看。
比较
注意“照镜子”的正确说法。
She looked at herself in the mirror.(正)她照了照镜子。
She looked at the mirror.(误)(但表示：她看了看镜子。)
414 have, have got和havegot to
1在口语中，have，has可同got连用，构成have got, has got,haven't got和hasn't got结构，在形式上是现在完成时，但在实际意义上相当于have和has，表示“有”，是一种更自然、更口语化的表示法。
你有小刀吗？
Have you a knife
Have you got a knife
我没有小刀。
I haven't a knife.
I have no knife.
I haven't got a knife.
2have got to相当于have to，意为“不得不”。但要注意，have got to中的have为助动词，而have to中的have为行为动词。We have got to do it again.我们必须把它重做一下。
Have we got to do it again (正)我们必须把它重做一下吗？
Do we have got to do it again (误)
Do we have to do it again (正)
Have we to do it again (误)
3 当have与助动词或情态动词连用时，不可用have got；当have用作使役动词，表示“让，令”时，不可用have got；当have用于进行时、过去时、完成时，不可用havegot；当to have位于另一动词后时，不可用to have got。
He doesn't have a car. (正)他没有小汽车。He doesn't have got a car.(误)
We are having a class meeting.(正)我们在开班会。
We are having got a class meeting. (误)She had me arrange for a car to meet her at the airport.她让我安排一辆车去机场接她。
(不可用had got)
He wanted to have another try.他想再试一次。(不可用have got)
415 have been to和have
been in
1 have been to+地点名词表示“去过或到过某地”，而现在已返回，不在那里了，只表示过去的经历，常同once,twice,ever, never, several times等表示次数或时间的副词连用。Have you ever been to Shanghai 你到过上海吗？
I have been to the post office.我到邮局去了。(回答Where have you been )
2 have been in/at意为“一直在····…，一直待在……”，表示已在某地待了多少时间，指包括现在在内的一段时间，常同for或since引导的短语连用。
I have been in Nanjing for over ten years.我在南京已经10多年了。
How long have you been in the town 你在这个小城已经多久了？
He has been in the factory since 2002.他自2002年以来就一直在这家工厂。
I have been at the village for a long time.我在这个村子里已经待很长时间了。
I have been to the school for eight years.(误)
I have been in the school for eight years.
(正)我到这所学校已经8年了。
How long have you been to Beijing (误)How long have you been in Beijing (正)你在北京多久了？
416 have gone和have been
1 have gone表示“去了”，指某人现在不在这里，已经到某地去了，可能正在途中或已在某地了，强调的是：某人不在此处，尚未归来。have gone to +地点名词表示“到某地去了”。
Where's Jack He's gone to Beijing.杰克在哪里？他去北京了。(不在这里，尚没回来)You can't find Mr.Lin.He's gone home.你找不到林先生。他回家去了。(你在这里找不到他)
2 have been表示“到过，去过”，指曾经到过某个地方，现在人已返回，不在那里了，是对过去经历的一种回忆。参见上文。
I have been to Paris.I went there last month.我去过巴黎，我上个月去的。(返回后说的话)
Where have you been (正)你到哪儿去了？(见面时问对方)
Where have you gone (误) (不合逻辑)
3 have/has been+形容词或名词表示“……多长时间了”，指包括现在在内的一段时间。
She has been ill for a whole month.她已病了
整整1个月了。
He has been a teacher for more than thirtyyears.他当教师已经30多年了。
417 hear of和hear from
1 hear of意为“听说，听到，得到消息”。I've never heard of anyone doing that.我从没听说有人做那种事。
I have heard of her arrival.我听说她已经到了。
I have never heard of him since then.自那以后，我没有听到关于他的音讯。
2 hear from意为“收到······的来信、电话等”，其宾语是表示人的名词或代词。
She seldom hears from him.她很少收到他的来信。
She hears from America every month.她每个月都会收到美国的来信。
提示
get/receive/have a letter from也表示“收到……的来信”，意同hearfrom。
I got a letter from her yesterday.我昨天收到了她的一封来信。
418 help表示“帮助某人做某事”有几种结构
表示“帮助某人做某事”，常用help一词，有以下几种结构：
help sb.(to) do sth.
help sb. in doing sth.
help sb.with sth.(后接名词)
“她帮助我做作业。”可有下面几种说法：She helped me (to) do my homework.
She helped me in doing my homework.
She helped me with my homework.
再如：
We should help her correct her bad habits.我们应该帮助她改正她的坏习惯。
Jim helped me with my English.吉姆帮助我学习英语。
She often helps her mother do the cooking.她经常帮助母亲做饭。
She often helps her mother with the cooking.
那位老太太帮助她照料孩子。
The old woman helped her look after the children.
The old woman helped her in looking after the
children.
419 hope和wish作动词的比较
1hope意为“希望”，指能够或有可能实现或达到的“希望”。hope作为动词，结构为：hope+to do sth.
hope+that从句
hope for sth.
We hope to see you again.我们希望再见到你。
I hope to hear from her.我希望能收到她的来信。
I hope (that) you will have a good time.我希望你玩得开心。
I hope (that) you can do better next time.我希望你下次做得更好。
He hopes for more books.他希望得到更多的书。
2wish表示“希望，愿望”，指个人的主观希望或愿望，既可以是可能实现的愿望，也可以是难以实现的愿望。wish作为动词，结构为：
wish+to do sth.
wish+sb.+to do sth.
wish+that从句(用虚拟语气)
wish+sb.+宾语补足语(名词或形容词)
I wish to visit the West Lake.我希望去游览西湖。
I wish you to come earlier tomorrow. 我希望你明天早点来。
I wish I could pass the exam.我希望我能通过考试。(不能用can为虚拟语气)
I wish I were a bird.我希望我是一只鸟。(不能用am，为虚拟语气)
I wish you would recover soon.我希望你不久就会痊愈。(不能用will，为虚拟语气)
I wish you happy.我希望你幸福。
I wish you good luck in the coming year.我祝你来年好运。
3hope和wish后不可接动名词。
He hoped/ wished to buy a new house. (正)他希望买一所新房子。
He hoped/ wished buying a new house.(误)
4 hope后不可直接跟名词作宾语，后有名词宾语时，要用hope for；而wish后可直接跟名词作宾语，也可用wish for。
I hope more pay.(误)
I hope for more pay.(正)
I wish for more pay. (正)我希望更多的报酬。
5wish可用于wish sb.to do sth.复合结构，而hope则不可。
I hope you to come again. (误)
I wish you to come again. (正)
I hope (that) you come again. (正)我希望你再来。
6wish可跟双宾语，表示“祝愿”，而hope则不可。
I hope you a good journey. (误)
I wish you a good journey.(正)祝你旅途愉快。
I hope you success.(误)
I wish you success. (正)祝你成功。
7作简略回答时，hope后可用替代词not或so，而wish则不可。
A: She may pass the exam.她考试可能会通过。
B:Ihope so.我希望如此。(不用wish)
A: Will it rain tomorrow 明天会下雨吗？
B: I hope not.我希望不下雨。(不用wish)
420 hurry up和hurry off
1hurry up常用于祈使句中，表示“快点”。Please hurry up!请快点！
Hurry up, or we'll be late.快点儿，否则我们要迟到了。
2 hurry off后跟不定式，hurry off to do sth.表
示“匆