备战2022高考英语阅读理解热点话题 专题30 新冠疫苗（2）（含答案）
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备战2022高考英语阅读理解热点话题+体裁分类训练
(高考模拟+名校真题)
专题31 新冠疫苗（2）
Passage 1
（2022·江苏无锡·高二期末）A new term has started in not only China, but also in Japan, the UK and Mexico. But as COVID-19 continues, how are these countries controlling the pandemic (大流行病)
Since Aug 24, school has restarted in Japan. To help control the pandemic, some schools delayed opening school by one week, some schools divided their students into two groups for half a day twice a week and some schools tried hard to avoid the 3Cs (closed spaces, crowded places and close-contact settings). One solution was to open all the areas between classrooms and hallways to increase the spacing of desks.
Pupils are returning to school across the UK, even though new daily cases peaked at 54,674 on July 19 according to Reuters.
All young people aged 16-17 in England were offered a first dose (剂量) of a COVID-19 vaccine (疫苗) by Aug 23 to give them protection before returning to school.
The Department for Education said schools and colleges would be maintaining appropriate protective measures. Pupils will be encouraged to carry on the twice-weekly testing regime (管理制度). Schools will also take measures, such as opening windows to help keep children and staff safe.
“The huge expansion of rapid testing for those working in education is a milestone moment in our work to keep schools and colleges open for all,” said Education Secretary Gavin Williamson.
In Mexico, with temperature checks and open windows, millions of Mexican school children began returning to classrooms on Aug 30 after more than a year of distance learning. The government said the return would be “voluntary and safe”, saying it would adopt a mixed model with both face-to-face and distance learning. Mexican classrooms have a maximum of six students at a time, and desks are covered with plastic and spaced farther apart. Mexican President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador said that more and more families will choose a “new normal” life,
according to AP News.
1．What similar measures do Japanese and Mexican schools take to control the pandemic
A．Putting off opening school. B．Applying distance learning.
C．Increasing the spacing of desks. D．Checking students’ temperature.
2．Which of the following helps schools in the UK restart according to the passage
A．The weekly tests for pupils.
B．Rapid testing for all concerned.
C．A COVID-19 vaccine for all students.
D．Distance learning for more than one year.
3．Why does the author mention a “new normal” life in the last paragraph
A．To explain a rule. B．To introduce a topic.
C．To make a prediction. D．To make a comparison.
4．What does the article mainly talk about
A．Students have distance learning.
B．Students are encouraged to return to school.
C．Schools are seriously affected by the pandemic.
D．Different countries have taken measures to control the pandemic.
Passage 2
（2022·湖南浏阳·高二期末）Hundreds of millions have rolled up their sleeves for the COVID-19 vaccine, but why haven’t they rolled up their pants instead What’s he science behind why we get most vaccines in our arm
Most vaccines are given in the muscle—this is known as an intramuscular injection (肌肉注射). Some vaccines, are given orally. Others are given just beneath the skin.
But why is he muscle so important, and docs location matter
Muscles make an excellent vaccine administration (药物的施用) site because muscle tissue contains important immune cells Thee immune cells recognize the antigen, a tiny piece of a virus or bacteria introduced by the vaccine that stimulates an immune response. In the case of the COVID-19 vaccine the immune cells in the muscle tissue pick up these antigens(抗原) and present therm to the lymph nodes(淋巴结). Injecting the vaccine into muscle tissue keeps the vaccine localized, allowing immune cells to sound the alarm to other immune cells and get to
work. Once a vaccine is recognized by the immune cells in the muscle, these cells carry the antigen to lymph vessels, which transport the antigen-carrying immune cells into the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes, important parts of our immune system, contain more immune cells that recognize the antigens in vaccines and start the immune process of creating antibodies.
Muscle tissue also tends to keep vaccine reactions localized. Injecting a vaccine into the deltoid (三角肌) muscle may result in local inflammation(红肿) or soreness at the injection site. If certain vaccines are injected into fat issue, the chance of irritation (刺激) and inflammation reaction increases because fat tissue has poor blood supply, leading to poor absorption of some vaccine components.
Yet another deciding factor in vaccine administration location is the size of the muscle. Adults and children aged three and older tend to receive vaccines in their upper arm in the deltoid. Younger children receive their vaccines mid-thigh(大腿) because their arm muscles are smaller and less developed.
Another consideration during vaccine administration is convenience and patient acceptability. Can you imagine taking down your pants at a clinic with strangers around Rolling up your sleeve is much easier and more preferred.
5．How many reasons are mentioned for the vaccines given in the muscle
A．2 B．3 C．4 D．5
6．According to the passage, for most people, ______is the preferred vaccination site.
A．the lymph nodes B．the mouth
C．the arm D．the thigh
7．What does the underlined expression “pick up” in the fourth paragraph probably ______ mean
A．recognize B．gather
C．clean up D．come down with
8．What may be the best title for the passage
A．Don’t be afraid of injection
B．why we get shots in the arm
C．An interesting secret to injection
D．How vaccines are given into the muscle
Passage 3
（2021·内蒙古·海拉尔第二中学高三阶段练习）After all the waiting, I finally received my first vaccine against COVID-19 in mid-April. So what did I do I turned up the music and danced - with abandon, with joy and with relief. What is a 66-year-old woman doing dancing by herself This is what I have been doing my entire life.
There was no real structure to my dancing: no lessons, competitions or prizes. As an only child, I spent hours dancing alone, when not reading on my bed. I would turn up the Telefunken console that my dad had brought back from Germany and played and replayed my favorite songs .
At Chatelard School, my strict British all-girls boarding school in the Swiss mountains, we teenagers threw off our uniforms and danced our little hearts out, barefoot in our nighties. Being against every rule, I was then sent to stare at a spot in the dark hallway, shivering in the same white nightie.
I have danced in moments of joy, but also of stress and anxiety. For me, it is a ritual. For me, dance is a release, a liberation, a joy, self-medication, and self-expression. For me, dance is always about losing myself in a feeling of liberation.
I look back on the role that Zumba played in helping me through sad times. It gave me the strength and courage to leave a marriage. When my father was dying of cancer, I cried through the classes, barely able to follow the instructor. During those last few years in my job, I turned up my Zumba activity that prepared me for those final days before early retirement.
But there was also joy: My Jimmy Choos danced with me at my daughter’s wedding. I danced to live music with my partner Ted at his birthday party, and there was that New Year’s Eve in Paris, where we danced on the tables.
9．What do we know about the author
A．She developed a love for dancing in childhood.
B．She won first place in dancing in high school.
C．She started to take dance lessons at Chatelard School.
D．She decided to quit dancing after the vaccination.
10．What does the underlined word “ritual” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Boredom B．Ceremony C．Escape D．Burden
11．Why is Zumba mentioned in paragraph 5
A．It was the author’s favorite type of dance. B．It gave the author comfort after retirement.
C．It remined the author of her late father. D．It encouraged the author to face difficulties.
12．What is the author’s purpose in writing the article
A．To recall her golden teenage years in school. B．To describe the benefits of dancing.
C．To express her passion for dancing. D．To introduce the joy and tears dance brought her.
Passage 4
（2021·江苏·泰州中学高一阶段练习）A number of people have asked me whether happiness measures are really accurate and reliable--and it’s a reasonable question. So let’s take a look behind the curtain(帷幕). But not just for intellectual curiosity; as we will see, understanding and measurement of happiness can itself make you better at improving your own well-being--and avoid some critical errors.
Think of the tests to find a vaccine(疫苗)for COVID-19. They take a long time because the drug companies with trial vaccines are conducting experiments that send people to a treatment group(they get the vaccine) and a control group (they get a placebo（无效对照剂), and then waiting to see if the drug is effective and safe by comparing the two groups after enough time has passed. In the research on happiness, this usually isn’t possible. Happiness researchers instead rely on self-reported happiness surveys, where large groups of people report their levels of life satisfaction.
All of the surveys are self-assessments(自我评估), which might cause your doubt. Perhaps people assess their happiness based on their present mood--or maybe they lie when asked about their happiness. To test this, scholars have compared survey data with other sorts of tests--and they’ve found them consistent. For example, self-assessments correlate highly with happiness is usually very close to how others understand your happiness. Further, well-constructed surveys tend to be unchangeable over time and might correlate strongly with other measures of well-being. And in a rare instance of honesty on the Internet, scholars have even proved the accuracy of certain virtual happiness surveys.
Thus, while single-number surveys are great for researchers like me, in order to understand and manage your own happiness you need more different self-tests, of which there are many. Professor Martin Seligman, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, has created a number of reliable self-tests on emotions,gratitude, optimism, relationships. These self-tests can be extremely
useful at a personal level--but they can also be harmful when relied on too much. I have used them to have a huge impact on my life, but I have also seen the worsen problems with unhappiness in others. The key is to remember that happiness self-tests are a source of information to understand ourselves better, work on positive changes (personally, I have made many, and my well-being is much higher as a result), and manage our unique personalities.
The most dangerous use of happiness self-tests is social comparison. Researchers have long found that social comparison is a killer of joy, but you hardly need a study to tell that-just spend a few hours browsing Instagram and see how bad you feel about yourself.
13．How does the author explain the uniqueness of happiness surveys
A．By introducing a concept.
B．By making a comparison.
C．By using an expert’s words.
D．By referring to previous studies.
14．What do self-reported happiness surveys show according to the author
A．People tend to tell lies on the Internet.
B．People know clearly about themselves.
C．People’s moods matter to their happiness.
D．People vary greatly in views on happiness.
15．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about happiness self-tests
A．Their practical applications.
B．Their appeal to the public.
C．Their major disadvantages.
D．Their impacts on our daily life.
16．What does the text mainly talk about
A．How we can effectively measure happiness.
B．What we can get from measuring happiness.
C．How we can improve our well-being with self-tests.
D．Whether the measurement of happiness is really helpful.
Passage 5
（2021·河北·衡水市冀州区第一中学高一期末）COVID herd immunity (群体免疫) will not
happen in 2021
World Health Organization (WHO) chief scientist Soumya Swaminathan said Monday that herd immunity to coronavirus would not be achieved in 2021, despite the growing availability of vaccines (疫苗产量).
Factors that delay herd immunity include limited access to vaccines in developing countries, skepticism (怀疑) over vaccination, and the potential for virus mutations (变异), according to health experts.
A growing number of countries around the world, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Germany and other European Union countries, are in the first stages of mass-vaccination campaigns.
Herd immunity occurs when enough people in a population have immunity to an infection (感染) so that it prevents the disease from spreading.
“We are not going to achieve any levels of population immunity or herd immunity in 2021,” Swaminathan said, while emphasizing that measures like physical distancing, hand washing and mask wearing continue to be necessary in controlling COVID’s spread for the rest of the year.
However, Swaminathan praised the “incredible progress” made by vaccine researchers to develop several safe and effective vaccines at unprecedented (空前的) speed. Countries are currently administering vaccines developed by BioNTech-Pfizer, Oxford University AstraZeneca and Moderna.
“The vaccines are going to come,” she said. “They are going to go to all countries, but meanwhile we mustn’t forget that there are measures that work,” she added, referring to hygiene (卫生) and social distancing.
“We won’t get back to normal quickly,” Dale Fisher, chairman of the WHO’s Outbreak Alert and Response Network, told a conference hosted by Reuters news agency. “We know we need to get to herd immunity and we need that in a majority of countries, but we are not going to see that in 2021,” Fisher said. “There might be some countries that might achieve it but even then that will not create normal especially in terms of border controls,” he added.
17．Which of the following are not the factors that delay herd immunity
A．People are skeptical about vaccination.
B．Access to vaccines in developing countries is limited.
C．A growing number of countries begin mass-vaccination campaigns.
D．Virus mutations are likely to happen.
18．As for the first stages of mass-vaccination campaigns, which country is not mentioned in the passage
A．Vietnam. B．Germany. C．Singapore. D．the United Kingdom.
19．What can we learn from what Fisher said
A．In many countries in 2021, people will live a normal life in terms of border controls.
B．If some countries might achieve herd immunity, people will live a “normal” life.
C．In terms of good border controls, we can achieve herd immunity.
D．There maybe a long way to get to herd immunity all over the world.
20．What is the attitude of Swaminathan to the progress of vaccine development
A．Positive. B．Negative. C．Critical. D．neutral.
Passage 6
（2021·江苏·楚州中学高一期中）COVID herd immunity (群体免疫) will not happen in 2021
World Health Organization (WHO) chief scientist Soumya Swaminathan said Monday that herd immunity to coronavirus would not be achieved in 2021, despite the growing availability of vaccines (疫苗产量).
Factors that delay herd immunity include limited access to vaccines in developing countries, skepticism (怀疑) over vaccination, and the potential for virus mutations (变异), according to health experts.
A growing number of countries around the world, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Germany and other European Union countries, are in the first stages of mass-vaccination campaigns.
Herd immunity occurs when enough people in a population have immunity to an infection so that it prevents the disease from spreading.
“We are not going to achieve any levels of population immunity or herd immunity in 2021,”
Swaminathan told a briefing, while emphasizing that measures like physical distancing, hand washing and mask wearing continue to be necessary in containing COVID’s spread for the rest of the year.
However, Swaminathan praised the “incredible progress” made by vaccine researchers to
develop several safe and effective vaccines at unprecedented speed. Countries are currently administering vaccines developed by BioNTech-Pfizer, Oxford University/AstraZeneca and Moderna.
“The vaccines are going to come,” she said. “They are going to go to all countries ... but meanwhile we mustn’t forget that there are measures that work,” she added, referring to hygiene and social distancing.
“We won’t get back to normal quickly,” Dale Fisher, chairman of the WHO’s Outbreak Alert and Response Network, told a conference hosted by Reuters news agency. “We know we need to get to herd immunity and we need that in a majority of countries, but we are not going to see that in 2021,” Fisher said. “There might be some countries that might achieve it but even then that will not create ‘normal’ especially in terms of border controls,” he added.
21．As for the first stages of mass-vaccination campaigns, which country is NOT mentioned in the passage
A．Germany. B．Vietnam.
C．Singapore. D．the United Kingdom.
22．Which of the following are NOT the factors that delay herd immunity
A．People are skeptical about vaccination.
B．Access to vaccines in developing countries is limited.
C．Virus mutations are likely to happen.
D．A growing number of countries begin mass-vaccination campaigns.
23．What is the attitude of Swaminathan to the progress of vaccine development
A．Unclear. B．Negative.
C．Positive. D．Indifferent.
24．What can we learn from what Fisher said
A．There maybe a long way to get to herd immunity all over the world.
B．If some countries might achieve herd immunity, people will live a ‘normal’ life
C．In terms of good border controls, we can achieve herd immunity.
D．In many countries in 2021, people will live a ‘normal’ life in terms of border controls.
Passage 7
（2021·广东·深圳中学高二期中）As the extraordinarily infectious Delia variant of
SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread around the world, vaccines' powers are showing their limits. Although they are still extremely effective at preventing-severe COVID-19, the hope that the shots could block almost all infections has disappeared. Amid hints that vaccine-induced immunity is declining, the booster debate intensifies.
There is still no agreement on the need for booster shots (加强针), but as fears rise of more pandemic waves and costly lockdowns, a growing number of countries plan to offer an extra dose of COVID-19 vaccine, arousing equity and scientific questions. Israel, an early leader in vaccination, began to offer a third dose of vaccine to anyone 60 or older on 30 July. Starting in September, Germany, Europe's largest economy, started to provide an extra dose to the elderly and anyone who was already fully vaccinated with two shots.
WHO and other organizations have warned strongly against such broad vaccination, mainly because many high-risk people worldwide have not even received the first dose. Many vaccine experts argue that there isn't enough evidence that boosters are needed or will truly help control the pandemic. A large study of patient health records in New York state, published on 18 August in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, found that vaccine effectiveness against all SARS-CoV-2 infections dropped from 91.7% to 79.8% between May and July, as Delta took over in the region. On the other hand, protection against hospitalization for COVID-19 stayed close to 95%. Data from the Israeli Ministry of Health suggests that protection against disease is soon for people 50 and younger and 85% for those older than 50.
Boosters are the wrong way to use the world's still limited vaccine supply, says Bruce Aylward, who helps coordinate the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access Facility, which distributes doses to low and middle income countries. If everyone in high-income countries received boosters, that would use up 1 billion doses, Aylward estimates. "You are dealing with a zero-sum resource, "he says. "You are reducing supply for those who need it more."
Multiple trials are underway to more precisely measure the effect of the extra dose of vaccine, but they will likely take several more months. As with so much in the pandemic, policymakers should take a global perspective and make far-reaching decisions long before clear answers are in.
25．What do we know about booster shots
A．They cost more than lockdowns.
B．They include three shots in total.
C．They were offered to the elderly only.
D．They were used in developed countries.
26．What is the author's purpose of mentioning the research findings in paragraph 3
A．To emphasize the benefits of booster shots.
B．To indicate the need for further investigation.
C．To compare the protection rates in two countries.
D．To present the effectiveness of current vaccines.
27．Which of the following might Bruce Aylward agree with
A．Booster shots can't stop the virus from spreading globally.
B．Vaccine supply has little to do with economic power.
C．Developing countries are at a disadvantage in vaccine supply.
D．The more supply of vaccine, the fairer of its distribution.
28．What is the author's attitude towards booster shots
A．Negative. B．Critical. C．Indifferent. D．Favorable.
Passage 8
（2021·辽宁·高三阶段练习）Marty Verel, a 59-year-old kidney transplant patient in Ohio, should have been near the top of the list to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Yet like millions of others, he wasn't having any luck. Marty and his wife, Nancy Verel, would sit with computers on their laps trying for hours to book an appointment on different sites, all of which were complex. “I felt hopeless,” Nancy says.
Then Nancy heard about Marla Zwinggi, a 40-year-old mom of three who was spending up to ten hours a day online trying to secure appointments for vulnerable (易受攻击的) individuals. As a result, Nancy messaged Marla on Facebook: “Can you help ” Twenty-five minutes later, Marla responded by asking for Marty's legal name, date of birth, and other information. Nine minutes after that, Marla reported back—Marty had an appointment.
Marla's vaccine hunting started on February 1, when she learned that her parents—her father has leukemia (白血病) and her mother is a breast cancer survivor with a heart condition, were unable to get appointments themselves. She hated that they had to wait. Clicking around on vaccine registration sites, Marla discovered just how difficult it was to book an appointment. “It was like trying to get a World Series ticket,” she says.
She applied strategies that web insiders are familiar with (keeping multiple browsers open, refreshing sites every 20 seconds, erasing cookies) and added a few of her special skills. “I’m determined. I drink a lot of coffee, and I’m a fast typer,” she says. Soon enough, Marla had secured appointments for her parents. “I felt like a rock star,” she says.
Marla decided that helping others would be her way of giving back. “I feel like I need to will us out of this pandemic (大流行病),” she says. On February 10, she logged on to Facebook to let people know that she was assisting with bookings. By March 2, she’d secured appointments for 400 seniors, a feat that made Nancy and Marty fail to make an appointment themselves
29．Why did Nancy and Marty fail to make an appointment themselves
A．They had no access to the websites.
B．Too many people applied at the same time.
C．They were not among the first seniors to be vaccinated.
D．The registration sites were too difficult for them.
30．Why Marla started her vaccine hunting in the first place
A．To help old people. B．To provide guidance to Nancy.
C．To assist her sick parents. D．To give back to society.
31．Which of the following words best describe Marla
A．Helpful and skillful. B．Reliable and humorous.
C．Confident and generous. D．Ambitious and cooperative.
32．What's the passage mainly about
A．An effective way to book a vaccination appointment online.
B．An old couple's trouble during the pandemic.
C．An angel helping others online.
D．A woman's special way of giving back during the pandemic.
参考答案：
1．C
2．B
3．C
4．D
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲的是随着新学期的开始，不同的国家是如何采取措施控制疫情的。
1．
细节理解题。根据第二段的“One solution was to open all the areas between classrooms and hallways to increase the spacing of desks.（一个解决方案是开放教室和走廊之间的所有区域，以增加桌子的间距。）”和最后一段的“Mexican classrooms have a maximum of six students at a time, and desks are covered with plastic and spaced farther apart.（墨西哥的教室一次最多只能容纳6名学生，课桌用塑料覆盖，间隔更大。）”可知，日本和墨西哥的学校采取的控制疫情的相似政策是增加桌子的间距。故选C。
2．
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“The huge expansion of rapid testing for those working in education is a milestone moment in our work to keep schools and colleges open for all（在我们保持中小学和大学面向所有人开放的工作中，快速测试的大规模扩大是一个里程碑）”可知，针对所有相关方面的快速测试有助于英国学校重新启动，故选B。
3．
推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Mexican President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador said that more and more families will choose a “new normal” life, according to AP News.（据美联社报道，墨西哥总统安德烈斯·曼努埃尔·洛佩斯·奥夫拉多尔表示，越来越多的家庭将选择“新常态”生活。）”可知，这是对将来的一种预测，作者在最后一段提到“新常态”的生活是为了做预测。故选C。
4．
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“A new term has started in not only China, but also in Japan, the UK and Mexico. But as COVID-19 continues, how are these countries controlling the
pandemic (大流行病) （新学期不仅在中国开始，在日本、英国和墨西哥也开始了。但随着COVID-19疫情的持续，这些国家如何控制大流行？）”可知，本文主要讲的是随着新学期的开始，不同的国家是如何采取措施控制疫情的，故选D。
5．C
6．C
7．A
8．B
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了打疫苗为什么选择在胳膊上。
5．
细节理解题。根据第四段“Muscles make an excellent vaccine administration (药物的施用) site because muscle tissue contains important immune cells Thee immune cells recognize the antigen(肌肉是完美的疫苗药物的施用地方，因为肌肉包含重要的免疫细胞。这些免疫细胞能够辨认抗原)”； 第五段“Muscle tissue also tends to keep vaccine reactions localized. (肌肉组织也趋向于保持疫苗反应局部化)；第六段“Yet another deciding factor in vaccine administration location is the size of the muscle. (另外一个决定疫苗施用的位置是肌肉的尺寸)”；第七段“Another consideration during vaccine administration is convenience and patient acceptability. (还有一个考虑的是便利和病人的接受性)”可知，疫苗注射在肌肉上有四个原因。故选C。
6．
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Adults and children aged three and older tend to receive vaccines in their upper arm in the deltoid. (成人和年龄在三岁以上的孩子趋向于注射疫苗在三角肌的胳膊上半部)”可知，对于大多数人来说，胳膊是注射疫苗的最佳位置。故选C。
7．
词句猜测题。根据第四段“In the case of the COVID-19 vaccine the immune cells in the muscle tissue pick up these antigens(抗原) and present them to the lymph nodes(淋巴结). (在新冠疫苗中，肌肉组织的免疫细胞辨认出这些抗原，然后将他们交给淋巴结)”可知，要将他们交给淋巴结，首先要辨认出这些抗原。因此pick up的意思是辨认出，故选A。
8．
主旨大意题。根据第一段“What’s the science behind why we get most vaccines in our arm
(我们在胳膊上注射疫苗的依据是什么)”可知，本文主要分析在胳膊上注射疫苗的原因。故文章的标题是why we get shots in the arm。故选B。
9．A
10．B
11．D
12．C
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者从小喜欢舞蹈，描述了舞蹈带给自己的感受，以及舞蹈如何帮助自己度过悲伤和快乐的时刻的。
9．
细节理解题。根据第二段中“As an only child, I spent hours dancing alone, when not reading on my bed.(作为独生子女，我不在床上看书的时候，会花上几个小时独自跳舞)”可知，作者她从小就爱上了跳舞。故选A。
10．
词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“I have danced in moments of joy, but also of stress and anxiety.”以及后文“For me, dance is a release, a liberation, a joy, self-medication, and self-expression. For me, dance is always about losing myself in a feeling of liberation.”可知，作者在喜悦的时刻跳舞，也在压力和焦虑的时刻跳舞，对作者来说，舞蹈是一种释放，一种解放，一种快乐，一种自我治疗，一种自我表达，舞蹈总是让作者在一种解放的感觉中迷失自我。可见对作者来说舞蹈是一种放松的仪式。故画线词意思是“仪式”。A. Boredom厌倦；B. Ceremony仪式；C. Escape逃跑；D. Burden负担。故选B。
11．
推理判断题。根据第五段“I look back on the role that Zumba played in helping me through sad times. It gave me the strength and courage to leave a marriage. When my father was dying of cancer, I cried through the classes, barely able to follow the instructor. During those last few years in my job, I turned up my Zumba activity that prepared me for those final days before early
retirement.(我回顾尊巴在帮助我度过悲伤时光中发挥的作用。它给了我离婚的力量和勇气。当我的父亲死于癌症时，我在课堂上哭个不停，几乎听不懂老师的话。在我工作的最后几年里，我参加了尊巴舞活动，为我提前退休前的最后几天做准备)”可推知，第5段提到尊巴是为了说明它鼓励作者面对困难。故选D。
12．
推理判断题。根据第四段“I have danced in moments of joy, but also of stress and anxiety. For me, it is a ritual. For me, dance is a release, a liberation, a joy, self-medication, and self-expression. For me, dance is always about losing myself in a feeling of liberation.(我在喜悦的时刻跳舞，也在压力和焦虑的时刻跳舞。对我来说，这是一种仪式。 对我来说，舞蹈是一种释放，一种解放，一种快乐，一种自我治疗，一种自我表达。对我来说，舞蹈总是让我在一种解放的感觉中迷失自我)”结合文章主要讲述了作者从小喜欢舞蹈，描述了舞蹈带给自己的感受，以及舞蹈如何帮助自己度过悲伤和快乐的时刻的。可推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是表达她对舞蹈的热情。故选C。
13．B
14．B
15．A
16．D
【解析】
【分析】
本文为一篇议论文，围绕“衡量幸福是否真的有帮助”这一论点展开。作者通过描述自我幸福满意度调查过程和结果，表示合理地使用幸福自测软件，能更好地了解自己并管理自我，提升幸福感。
【详解】
1.推理判断题。根据文章第二段关键句“They take a long time because the drug companies with trial vaccines are conducting experiments that send people to a treatment group(they get the vaccine) and a control group (they get a placebo,and then waiting to see if the drug is effective and safe by comparing the two groups after enough time has passed.In the research on happiness, this usually isn't possible. Happiness researchers instead rely on self-reported happiness surveys, where large groups of people report their levels of life satisfaction.”（他们需要很长时间,因为制药公司试用疫苗进行实验,将人们分为治疗组(接种疫苗)和对照组(无效对照剂),然后在足够的时间之后进行比较，看药物是否有效和安全。在对幸福的研究中，这通常是不可能的。相反，幸福研究人员依靠的是自我报告的幸福调查，即，大量的人报告他们的生活满意度水平）可知，作者通过幸福调查与新冠疫苗实验作对比，说明幸福调查的独特性。故选B项。
2.推理判断题。根据文章第三段关键句“Perhaps people assess their happiness based on their present mood--or maybe they lie when asked about their happiness. To test this, scholars have compared survey data with other sorts of tests--and they've found them consistent.”（也许人们根据他们当前的情绪来评估他们的幸福——或者他们在被问及他们的幸福时撒谎。为了验证这一点，学者们将调查数据与其他类型的测试进行了比较，他们发现这些数据是一致的）及“And in a rare instance of honesty on the Internet,scholars have even proved the accuracy of certain virtual happiness surveys.”（在互联网上罕见的诚实案例中，学者们甚至证明了某些虚拟幸福调查的准确性）可知，自我幸福满意度调查显示人们清楚地了解自己。故选B项。
3.主旨大意题。根据文章第四段关键句“I have used them to have a huge impact on my life, but I have also seen the worsen problems with unhappiness in others. The key is to remember that happiness self-tests are a source of information to understand ourselves better, work on positive changes (personally, I have made many, and my well-being is much higher as a result), and manage our unique personalities.”（我利用它们对我的生活产生了巨大的影响，但我也看到了其他人因不快乐而出现的更严重的问题。关键是要记住，幸福自我测试是更好地了解自己、努力做出积极改变(就我个人而言，我做了很多，结果我的幸福程度更高)和管理我们独特个性的信息来源）及本段内容可知，本段谈论了幸福自测的实际应用。故选A项。
4.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段关键句“A number of people have asked me whether happiness measures are really accurate and reliable--and it's a reasonable question. So let's take a look behind the curtain.”（许多人问过我，衡量幸福是否真的准确可靠——这是一个合理的问题。让我们来看看背后的情况）及 “as we will see, understanding and measurement of happiness can itself make you better at improving your own well-being--and avoid some critical errors.”（正如我们将看到的，理解和衡量幸福本身可以让你更好地改善自己的幸福——并避免一些关键的错误）并结合下文可知，本文围绕 “衡量幸福是否真的有帮助”这个话题展开。故选D项。
17．C
18．A
19．D
20．A
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在新型冠状病毒肆虐的现在，尽管全球多国已经开始大规模疫苗接种，2021年仍无法实现任何程度的群体免疫，并具体说明了其中的原因。
17．
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Factors that delay herd immunity include limited access to vaccines in developing countries, skepticism over vaccination, and the potential for virus mutations, according to health experts. (据卫生专家说，推迟群体免疫的因素包括发展中国家获得疫苗的机会有限、对疫苗接种的怀疑以及病毒突变的可能性)”结合选项可推知，越来越多的国家开始大规模接种疫苗不是推迟群体免疫的因素。故选C项。
18．
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“A growing number of countries around the world, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Germany and other European Union countries, are in the first stages of mass-vaccination campaigns. (世界上越来越多的国家，包括美国、英国、新加坡、德国和其他欧盟国家，正处于大规模疫苗接种运动的第一阶段)”可推知，处于大规模疫苗接种运动第一阶段的国家中，没有提及越南。故选A项。
19．
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“We know we need to get to herd immunity and we need that in a majority of countries, but we are not going to see that in 2021 (我们知道我们需要获得群体免疫力，我们需要在大多数国家获得这种免疫力，但我们不会在2021年看到这种情况)”以及“There might be some countries that might achieve it but even then that will not create normal especially in terms of border controls (可能有些国家可能实现这一目标，但即便如此，也不会创造正常的环境，特别是在边境管制方面)”可知，Fisher认为有些国家可能实现群体免疫这一目标，但全世界范围内获得群体免疫能力近期是看不到的，从而推知，要想在全世界范围内获得群体免疫也许还有很长的路要走。故选D项。
20．
推理判断题。由倒数第三段中的“However, Swaminathan praised the “incredible progress” made by vaccine researchers to develop several safe and effective vaccines at unprecedented speed. (然而，Swaminathan赞扬疫苗研究人员以前所未有的速度研制出几种安全有效的疫苗所取得的“令人难以置信的进展”)”可知，Swaminathan称赞疫苗研究人员所取得的进展是“令人难以置信的”，从而推知，Swaminathan对疫苗研发的进展持积极的的态度。故选A项。
21．B
22．D
23．C
24．A
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了新冠肺炎群体免疫将不会在2021年实现，并具体讲述了其中的原因。
21．
细节理解题。根据第三段中“A growing number of countries around the world, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Germany and other European Union countries, are in the first stages of mass-vaccination campaigns.(世界上越来越多的国家，包括美国、英国、新加坡、德国和其他欧盟国家，正处于大规模疫苗接种运动的第一阶段)”可知，至于大规模疫苗接种活动的第一阶段，文中并未提及越南。故选B项。
22．
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Factors that delay herd immunity include limited access to vaccines in developing countries, skepticism (怀疑) over vaccination, and the potential for virus mutations (变异), according to health experts.(推迟群体免疫的因素包括：发展中国家获得疫苗的机会有限、对疫苗接种的怀疑态度、以及可能出现的对疫苗的不信任)”可知，“越来越多的国家开始大规模的疫苗接种活动”表述的是当今群体疫苗接种的现状和趋势，不是推迟群体免疫的因素。故选D项。
23．
推理判断题。根据第七段中“However, Swaminathan praised the “incredible progress” made by vaccine researchers to develop several safe and effective vaccines at unprecedented speed.(然而，斯瓦米纳坦赞扬了疫苗研究人员以前所未有的速度开发出几种安全和有效的疫苗所取得的惊人进展)”可推知，斯瓦米纳对疫苗研发进度持有积极的态度。故选C项。
24．
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“We won’t get back to normal quickly(我们不会迅速恢复正常)”及“We know we need to get to herd immunity and we need that in a majority of countries, but we are not going to see that in 2021(我们知道我们需要达到群体免疫，我们在大多数国家都需要这样做，但我们不会在2021年实现这一点)”可推知，Fisher认为要在全世界范围内实现群体免疫，也许还有很长的路要走。故选A项。
25．B
26．D
27．C
28．B
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇议论文。随着对因新冠状病毒导致昂贵成本封锁的担忧加剧，越来越多的国家计划提供COVID-19疫苗的加强针，这引发了公平性和科学问题的讨论。
25．
细节理解题。根据第二段“Israel, an early leader in vaccination, began to offer a third dose of vaccine to anyone 60 or older on 30 July. Starting in September, Germany, Europe's largest economy, started to provide an extra dose to the elderly and anyone who was already fully vaccinated with two shots.”（在疫苗接种方面处于早期领先地位的以色列于7月30日开始向60岁或以上的人提供第三剂疫苗。从9月份开始，欧洲最大的经济体德国开始向老年人和已经完全接种了两针疫苗的人提供额外的剂量。）由此可知，加强针总共包括三针试剂。故选B项。
26．
推理判断题。根据第三段“A large study of patient health records in New York state, published on 18 August in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, found that vaccine effectiveness against all SARS-CoV-2 infections dropped from 91.7% to 79.8% between May and July ”（8月18日发表在《发病率和死亡率周报》上的一项针对纽约州患者健康记录的大型研究发现，5月至7月期间，针对所有SARS-CoV-2感染的疫苗有效性从91.7%降至79.8%）由此判断出，作者在第3段中提到研究结果的目的是介绍当前疫苗的有效性。故选D项。
27．
推理判断题。根据第四段“Boosters are the wrong way to use the world's still limited vaccine supply, says Bruce Aylward, who helps coordinate the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access Facility, which distributes doses to low and middle income countries. If everyone in high-income countries received boosters, that would use up 1 billion doses, Aylward estimates. "You are dealing with a zero-sum resource, "he says. "You are reducing supply for those who need it
more."”（布鲁斯 艾尔沃德表示，利用世界上仍然有限的疫苗供应是错误的方式。艾尔沃德帮助协调2019冠状病毒疾病疫苗全球获取设施(global access facility) ，该设施向中低收入国家提供疫苗剂量。艾尔沃德估计，如果高收入国家的每个人都得到加强针，那就会用掉10亿剂疫苗。”你在和一个零和资源打交道,”他说。”你在减少那些更需要它的人的供应”）由此判断出，发展中国家在疫苗供应方面处于不利地位。故选C项。
28．
推理判断题。根据最后一段“As with so much in the pandemic, policymakers should take a global perspective and make far-reaching decisions long before clear answers are in.”（正如在这场流行病中发生的许多事情一样，政策制定者应该从全球的角度出发，远在明确的答案出现之前就作出影响深远的决定。）由此判断出，作者对加强针持批评的态度。故选B项。
29．D
30．C
31．A
32．D
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇记叙文。讲述Marla疫情期间通过网络帮助别人进行疫苗预约，回报社会。
29．
细节理解题。根据第一段“Marty and his wife, Nancy Verel, would sit with computers on their laps trying for hours to book an appointment on different sites, all of which were complex. ‘I felt hopeless,’ Nancy says”可知，Marty 和他的妻子Nancy Verel预约失败的原因是需要在电脑前花几个小时在不同网站预约，而这些网络都很复杂。故选D项。
30．
细节理解题。根据第三段“Marla's vaccine hunting started on February 1, when she learned that her parents—her father has leukemia (白血病) and her mother is a breast cancer survivor with a heart condition, were unable to get appointments themselves. She hated that they had to wait”可知，Marla第一次开始进行网上预约开始于二月一日，那时，她的父亲得了白血病，母亲得了乳腺癌，他们不能自己预约，因此她是为了帮助生病的父母，不愿其等待。故选C项。
31．
推理判断题。根据原文最后两段，“She applied strategies that web insiders are familiar with (keeping multiple browsers open, refreshing sites every 20 seconds, erasing cookies) and added a
few of her special skills”可知，她采取网络知情人所熟悉的策略，例如保持多个浏览器和设备同步，每20秒更新网站，关闭cookies。因此Marla在网络技术方面较擅长（skillful）。根据最后一段“By March 2, she’d secured appointments for 400 seniors”可知，到3月二号为止，她已经帮助了很多人。因此她是乐于助人的（helpful）。故选A项。
32．
主旨大意题。本文讲述的是Marla在帮父母进行线上预约疫苗时，切身感受到预约的困难，从而意识到在疫情期间，她可以利用自身的电脑技能去帮助其他人进行线上预约，也是一种回报社会的方式。最后一段“Marla decided that helping others would be her way of giving back.（玛拉认为帮助别人是她回报他人的方式。）”是对全文的总结和升华。故选D项。
(高考模拟+名校真题)
专题31 新冠疫苗（2）
Passage 1
（2022·江苏无锡·高二期末）A new term has started in not only China, but also in Japan, the UK and Mexico. But as COVID-19 continues, how are these countries controlling the pandemic (大流行病)
Since Aug 24, school has restarted in Japan. To help control the pandemic, some schools delayed opening school by one week, some schools divided their students into two groups for half a day twice a week and some schools tried hard to avoid the 3Cs (closed spaces, crowded places and close-contact settings). One solution was to open all the areas between classrooms and hallways to increase the spacing of desks.
Pupils are returning to school across the UK, even though new daily cases peaked at 54,674 on July 19 according to Reuters.
All young people aged 16-17 in England were offered a first dose (剂量) of a COVID-19 vaccine (疫苗) by Aug 23 to give them protection before returning to school.
The Department for Education said schools and colleges would be maintaining appropriate protective measures. Pupils will be encouraged to carry on the twice-weekly testing regime (管理制度). Schools will also take measures, such as opening windows to help keep children and staff safe.
“The huge expansion of rapid testing for those working in education is a milestone moment in our work to keep schools and colleges open for all,” said Education Secretary Gavin Williamson.
In Mexico, with temperature checks and open windows, millions of Mexican school children began returning to classrooms on Aug 30 after more than a year of distance learning. The government said the return would be “voluntary and safe”, saying it would adopt a mixed model with both face-to-face and distance learning. Mexican classrooms have a maximum of six students at a time, and desks are covered with plastic and spaced farther apart. Mexican President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador said that more and more families will choose a “new normal” life,
according to AP News.
1．What similar measures do Japanese and Mexican schools take to control the pandemic
A．Putting off opening school. B．Applying distance learning.
C．Increasing the spacing of desks. D．Checking students’ temperature.
2．Which of the following helps schools in the UK restart according to the passage
A．The weekly tests for pupils.
B．Rapid testing for all concerned.
C．A COVID-19 vaccine for all students.
D．Distance learning for more than one year.
3．Why does the author mention a “new normal” life in the last paragraph
A．To explain a rule. B．To introduce a topic.
C．To make a prediction. D．To make a comparison.
4．What does the article mainly talk about
A．Students have distance learning.
B．Students are encouraged to return to school.
C．Schools are seriously affected by the pandemic.
D．Different countries have taken measures to control the pandemic.
Passage 2
（2022·湖南浏阳·高二期末）Hundreds of millions have rolled up their sleeves for the COVID-19 vaccine, but why haven’t they rolled up their pants instead What’s he science behind why we get most vaccines in our arm
Most vaccines are given in the muscle—this is known as an intramuscular injection (肌肉注射). Some vaccines, are given orally. Others are given just beneath the skin.
But why is he muscle so important, and docs location matter
Muscles make an excellent vaccine administration (药物的施用) site because muscle tissue contains important immune cells Thee immune cells recognize the antigen, a tiny piece of a virus or bacteria introduced by the vaccine that stimulates an immune response. In the case of the COVID-19 vaccine the immune cells in the muscle tissue pick up these antigens(抗原) and present therm to the lymph nodes(淋巴结). Injecting the vaccine into muscle tissue keeps the vaccine localized, allowing immune cells to sound the alarm to other immune cells and get to
work. Once a vaccine is recognized by the immune cells in the muscle, these cells carry the antigen to lymph vessels, which transport the antigen-carrying immune cells into the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes, important parts of our immune system, contain more immune cells that recognize the antigens in vaccines and start the immune process of creating antibodies.
Muscle tissue also tends to keep vaccine reactions localized. Injecting a vaccine into the deltoid (三角肌) muscle may result in local inflammation(红肿) or soreness at the injection site. If certain vaccines are injected into fat issue, the chance of irritation (刺激) and inflammation reaction increases because fat tissue has poor blood supply, leading to poor absorption of some vaccine components.
Yet another deciding factor in vaccine administration location is the size of the muscle. Adults and children aged three and older tend to receive vaccines in their upper arm in the deltoid. Younger children receive their vaccines mid-thigh(大腿) because their arm muscles are smaller and less developed.
Another consideration during vaccine administration is convenience and patient acceptability. Can you imagine taking down your pants at a clinic with strangers around Rolling up your sleeve is much easier and more preferred.
5．How many reasons are mentioned for the vaccines given in the muscle
A．2 B．3 C．4 D．5
6．According to the passage, for most people, ______is the preferred vaccination site.
A．the lymph nodes B．the mouth
C．the arm D．the thigh
7．What does the underlined expression “pick up” in the fourth paragraph probably ______ mean
A．recognize B．gather
C．clean up D．come down with
8．What may be the best title for the passage
A．Don’t be afraid of injection
B．why we get shots in the arm
C．An interesting secret to injection
D．How vaccines are given into the muscle
Passage 3
（2021·内蒙古·海拉尔第二中学高三阶段练习）After all the waiting, I finally received my first vaccine against COVID-19 in mid-April. So what did I do I turned up the music and danced - with abandon, with joy and with relief. What is a 66-year-old woman doing dancing by herself This is what I have been doing my entire life.
There was no real structure to my dancing: no lessons, competitions or prizes. As an only child, I spent hours dancing alone, when not reading on my bed. I would turn up the Telefunken console that my dad had brought back from Germany and played and replayed my favorite songs .
At Chatelard School, my strict British all-girls boarding school in the Swiss mountains, we teenagers threw off our uniforms and danced our little hearts out, barefoot in our nighties. Being against every rule, I was then sent to stare at a spot in the dark hallway, shivering in the same white nightie.
I have danced in moments of joy, but also of stress and anxiety. For me, it is a ritual. For me, dance is a release, a liberation, a joy, self-medication, and self-expression. For me, dance is always about losing myself in a feeling of liberation.
I look back on the role that Zumba played in helping me through sad times. It gave me the strength and courage to leave a marriage. When my father was dying of cancer, I cried through the classes, barely able to follow the instructor. During those last few years in my job, I turned up my Zumba activity that prepared me for those final days before early retirement.
But there was also joy: My Jimmy Choos danced with me at my daughter’s wedding. I danced to live music with my partner Ted at his birthday party, and there was that New Year’s Eve in Paris, where we danced on the tables.
9．What do we know about the author
A．She developed a love for dancing in childhood.
B．She won first place in dancing in high school.
C．She started to take dance lessons at Chatelard School.
D．She decided to quit dancing after the vaccination.
10．What does the underlined word “ritual” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Boredom B．Ceremony C．Escape D．Burden
11．Why is Zumba mentioned in paragraph 5
A．It was the author’s favorite type of dance. B．It gave the author comfort after retirement.
C．It remined the author of her late father. D．It encouraged the author to face difficulties.
12．What is the author’s purpose in writing the article
A．To recall her golden teenage years in school. B．To describe the benefits of dancing.
C．To express her passion for dancing. D．To introduce the joy and tears dance brought her.
Passage 4
（2021·江苏·泰州中学高一阶段练习）A number of people have asked me whether happiness measures are really accurate and reliable--and it’s a reasonable question. So let’s take a look behind the curtain(帷幕). But not just for intellectual curiosity; as we will see, understanding and measurement of happiness can itself make you better at improving your own well-being--and avoid some critical errors.
Think of the tests to find a vaccine(疫苗)for COVID-19. They take a long time because the drug companies with trial vaccines are conducting experiments that send people to a treatment group(they get the vaccine) and a control group (they get a placebo（无效对照剂), and then waiting to see if the drug is effective and safe by comparing the two groups after enough time has passed. In the research on happiness, this usually isn’t possible. Happiness researchers instead rely on self-reported happiness surveys, where large groups of people report their levels of life satisfaction.
All of the surveys are self-assessments(自我评估), which might cause your doubt. Perhaps people assess their happiness based on their present mood--or maybe they lie when asked about their happiness. To test this, scholars have compared survey data with other sorts of tests--and they’ve found them consistent. For example, self-assessments correlate highly with happiness is usually very close to how others understand your happiness. Further, well-constructed surveys tend to be unchangeable over time and might correlate strongly with other measures of well-being. And in a rare instance of honesty on the Internet, scholars have even proved the accuracy of certain virtual happiness surveys.
Thus, while single-number surveys are great for researchers like me, in order to understand and manage your own happiness you need more different self-tests, of which there are many. Professor Martin Seligman, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, has created a number of reliable self-tests on emotions,gratitude, optimism, relationships. These self-tests can be extremely
useful at a personal level--but they can also be harmful when relied on too much. I have used them to have a huge impact on my life, but I have also seen the worsen problems with unhappiness in others. The key is to remember that happiness self-tests are a source of information to understand ourselves better, work on positive changes (personally, I have made many, and my well-being is much higher as a result), and manage our unique personalities.
The most dangerous use of happiness self-tests is social comparison. Researchers have long found that social comparison is a killer of joy, but you hardly need a study to tell that-just spend a few hours browsing Instagram and see how bad you feel about yourself.
13．How does the author explain the uniqueness of happiness surveys
A．By introducing a concept.
B．By making a comparison.
C．By using an expert’s words.
D．By referring to previous studies.
14．What do self-reported happiness surveys show according to the author
A．People tend to tell lies on the Internet.
B．People know clearly about themselves.
C．People’s moods matter to their happiness.
D．People vary greatly in views on happiness.
15．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about happiness self-tests
A．Their practical applications.
B．Their appeal to the public.
C．Their major disadvantages.
D．Their impacts on our daily life.
16．What does the text mainly talk about
A．How we can effectively measure happiness.
B．What we can get from measuring happiness.
C．How we can improve our well-being with self-tests.
D．Whether the measurement of happiness is really helpful.
Passage 5
（2021·河北·衡水市冀州区第一中学高一期末）COVID herd immunity (群体免疫) will not
happen in 2021
World Health Organization (WHO) chief scientist Soumya Swaminathan said Monday that herd immunity to coronavirus would not be achieved in 2021, despite the growing availability of vaccines (疫苗产量).
Factors that delay herd immunity include limited access to vaccines in developing countries, skepticism (怀疑) over vaccination, and the potential for virus mutations (变异), according to health experts.
A growing number of countries around the world, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Germany and other European Union countries, are in the first stages of mass-vaccination campaigns.
Herd immunity occurs when enough people in a population have immunity to an infection (感染) so that it prevents the disease from spreading.
“We are not going to achieve any levels of population immunity or herd immunity in 2021,” Swaminathan said, while emphasizing that measures like physical distancing, hand washing and mask wearing continue to be necessary in controlling COVID’s spread for the rest of the year.
However, Swaminathan praised the “incredible progress” made by vaccine researchers to develop several safe and effective vaccines at unprecedented (空前的) speed. Countries are currently administering vaccines developed by BioNTech-Pfizer, Oxford University AstraZeneca and Moderna.
“The vaccines are going to come,” she said. “They are going to go to all countries, but meanwhile we mustn’t forget that there are measures that work,” she added, referring to hygiene (卫生) and social distancing.
“We won’t get back to normal quickly,” Dale Fisher, chairman of the WHO’s Outbreak Alert and Response Network, told a conference hosted by Reuters news agency. “We know we need to get to herd immunity and we need that in a majority of countries, but we are not going to see that in 2021,” Fisher said. “There might be some countries that might achieve it but even then that will not create normal especially in terms of border controls,” he added.
17．Which of the following are not the factors that delay herd immunity
A．People are skeptical about vaccination.
B．Access to vaccines in developing countries is limited.
C．A growing number of countries begin mass-vaccination campaigns.
D．Virus mutations are likely to happen.
18．As for the first stages of mass-vaccination campaigns, which country is not mentioned in the passage
A．Vietnam. B．Germany. C．Singapore. D．the United Kingdom.
19．What can we learn from what Fisher said
A．In many countries in 2021, people will live a normal life in terms of border controls.
B．If some countries might achieve herd immunity, people will live a “normal” life.
C．In terms of good border controls, we can achieve herd immunity.
D．There maybe a long way to get to herd immunity all over the world.
20．What is the attitude of Swaminathan to the progress of vaccine development
A．Positive. B．Negative. C．Critical. D．neutral.
Passage 6
（2021·江苏·楚州中学高一期中）COVID herd immunity (群体免疫) will not happen in 2021
World Health Organization (WHO) chief scientist Soumya Swaminathan said Monday that herd immunity to coronavirus would not be achieved in 2021, despite the growing availability of vaccines (疫苗产量).
Factors that delay herd immunity include limited access to vaccines in developing countries, skepticism (怀疑) over vaccination, and the potential for virus mutations (变异), according to health experts.
A growing number of countries around the world, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Germany and other European Union countries, are in the first stages of mass-vaccination campaigns.
Herd immunity occurs when enough people in a population have immunity to an infection so that it prevents the disease from spreading.
“We are not going to achieve any levels of population immunity or herd immunity in 2021,”
Swaminathan told a briefing, while emphasizing that measures like physical distancing, hand washing and mask wearing continue to be necessary in containing COVID’s spread for the rest of the year.
However, Swaminathan praised the “incredible progress” made by vaccine researchers to
develop several safe and effective vaccines at unprecedented speed. Countries are currently administering vaccines developed by BioNTech-Pfizer, Oxford University/AstraZeneca and Moderna.
“The vaccines are going to come,” she said. “They are going to go to all countries ... but meanwhile we mustn’t forget that there are measures that work,” she added, referring to hygiene and social distancing.
“We won’t get back to normal quickly,” Dale Fisher, chairman of the WHO’s Outbreak Alert and Response Network, told a conference hosted by Reuters news agency. “We know we need to get to herd immunity and we need that in a majority of countries, but we are not going to see that in 2021,” Fisher said. “There might be some countries that might achieve it but even then that will not create ‘normal’ especially in terms of border controls,” he added.
21．As for the first stages of mass-vaccination campaigns, which country is NOT mentioned in the passage
A．Germany. B．Vietnam.
C．Singapore. D．the United Kingdom.
22．Which of the following are NOT the factors that delay herd immunity
A．People are skeptical about vaccination.
B．Access to vaccines in developing countries is limited.
C．Virus mutations are likely to happen.
D．A growing number of countries begin mass-vaccination campaigns.
23．What is the attitude of Swaminathan to the progress of vaccine development
A．Unclear. B．Negative.
C．Positive. D．Indifferent.
24．What can we learn from what Fisher said
A．There maybe a long way to get to herd immunity all over the world.
B．If some countries might achieve herd immunity, people will live a ‘normal’ life
C．In terms of good border controls, we can achieve herd immunity.
D．In many countries in 2021, people will live a ‘normal’ life in terms of border controls.
Passage 7
（2021·广东·深圳中学高二期中）As the extraordinarily infectious Delia variant of
SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread around the world, vaccines' powers are showing their limits. Although they are still extremely effective at preventing-severe COVID-19, the hope that the shots could block almost all infections has disappeared. Amid hints that vaccine-induced immunity is declining, the booster debate intensifies.
There is still no agreement on the need for booster shots (加强针), but as fears rise of more pandemic waves and costly lockdowns, a growing number of countries plan to offer an extra dose of COVID-19 vaccine, arousing equity and scientific questions. Israel, an early leader in vaccination, began to offer a third dose of vaccine to anyone 60 or older on 30 July. Starting in September, Germany, Europe's largest economy, started to provide an extra dose to the elderly and anyone who was already fully vaccinated with two shots.
WHO and other organizations have warned strongly against such broad vaccination, mainly because many high-risk people worldwide have not even received the first dose. Many vaccine experts argue that there isn't enough evidence that boosters are needed or will truly help control the pandemic. A large study of patient health records in New York state, published on 18 August in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, found that vaccine effectiveness against all SARS-CoV-2 infections dropped from 91.7% to 79.8% between May and July, as Delta took over in the region. On the other hand, protection against hospitalization for COVID-19 stayed close to 95%. Data from the Israeli Ministry of Health suggests that protection against disease is soon for people 50 and younger and 85% for those older than 50.
Boosters are the wrong way to use the world's still limited vaccine supply, says Bruce Aylward, who helps coordinate the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access Facility, which distributes doses to low and middle income countries. If everyone in high-income countries received boosters, that would use up 1 billion doses, Aylward estimates. "You are dealing with a zero-sum resource, "he says. "You are reducing supply for those who need it more."
Multiple trials are underway to more precisely measure the effect of the extra dose of vaccine, but they will likely take several more months. As with so much in the pandemic, policymakers should take a global perspective and make far-reaching decisions long before clear answers are in.
25．What do we know about booster shots
A．They cost more than lockdowns.
B．They include three shots in total.
C．They were offered to the elderly only.
D．They were used in developed countries.
26．What is the author's purpose of mentioning the research findings in paragraph 3
A．To emphasize the benefits of booster shots.
B．To indicate the need for further investigation.
C．To compare the protection rates in two countries.
D．To present the effectiveness of current vaccines.
27．Which of the following might Bruce Aylward agree with
A．Booster shots can't stop the virus from spreading globally.
B．Vaccine supply has little to do with economic power.
C．Developing countries are at a disadvantage in vaccine supply.
D．The more supply of vaccine, the fairer of its distribution.
28．What is the author's attitude towards booster shots
A．Negative. B．Critical. C．Indifferent. D．Favorable.
Passage 8
（2021·辽宁·高三阶段练习）Marty Verel, a 59-year-old kidney transplant patient in Ohio, should have been near the top of the list to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Yet like millions of others, he wasn't having any luck. Marty and his wife, Nancy Verel, would sit with computers on their laps trying for hours to book an appointment on different sites, all of which were complex. “I felt hopeless,” Nancy says.
Then Nancy heard about Marla Zwinggi, a 40-year-old mom of three who was spending up to ten hours a day online trying to secure appointments for vulnerable (易受攻击的) individuals. As a result, Nancy messaged Marla on Facebook: “Can you help ” Twenty-five minutes later, Marla responded by asking for Marty's legal name, date of birth, and other information. Nine minutes after that, Marla reported back—Marty had an appointment.
Marla's vaccine hunting started on February 1, when she learned that her parents—her father has leukemia (白血病) and her mother is a breast cancer survivor with a heart condition, were unable to get appointments themselves. She hated that they had to wait. Clicking around on vaccine registration sites, Marla discovered just how difficult it was to book an appointment. “It was like trying to get a World Series ticket,” she says.
She applied strategies that web insiders are familiar with (keeping multiple browsers open, refreshing sites every 20 seconds, erasing cookies) and added a few of her special skills. “I’m determined. I drink a lot of coffee, and I’m a fast typer,” she says. Soon enough, Marla had secured appointments for her parents. “I felt like a rock star,” she says.
Marla decided that helping others would be her way of giving back. “I feel like I need to will us out of this pandemic (大流行病),” she says. On February 10, she logged on to Facebook to let people know that she was assisting with bookings. By March 2, she’d secured appointments for 400 seniors, a feat that made Nancy and Marty fail to make an appointment themselves
29．Why did Nancy and Marty fail to make an appointment themselves
A．They had no access to the websites.
B．Too many people applied at the same time.
C．They were not among the first seniors to be vaccinated.
D．The registration sites were too difficult for them.
30．Why Marla started her vaccine hunting in the first place
A．To help old people. B．To provide guidance to Nancy.
C．To assist her sick parents. D．To give back to society.
31．Which of the following words best describe Marla
A．Helpful and skillful. B．Reliable and humorous.
C．Confident and generous. D．Ambitious and cooperative.
32．What's the passage mainly about
A．An effective way to book a vaccination appointment online.
B．An old couple's trouble during the pandemic.
C．An angel helping others online.
D．A woman's special way of giving back during the pandemic.
参考答案：
1．C
2．B
3．C
4．D
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲的是随着新学期的开始，不同的国家是如何采取措施控制疫情的。
1．
细节理解题。根据第二段的“One solution was to open all the areas between classrooms and hallways to increase the spacing of desks.（一个解决方案是开放教室和走廊之间的所有区域，以增加桌子的间距。）”和最后一段的“Mexican classrooms have a maximum of six students at a time, and desks are covered with plastic and spaced farther apart.（墨西哥的教室一次最多只能容纳6名学生，课桌用塑料覆盖，间隔更大。）”可知，日本和墨西哥的学校采取的控制疫情的相似政策是增加桌子的间距。故选C。
2．
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“The huge expansion of rapid testing for those working in education is a milestone moment in our work to keep schools and colleges open for all（在我们保持中小学和大学面向所有人开放的工作中，快速测试的大规模扩大是一个里程碑）”可知，针对所有相关方面的快速测试有助于英国学校重新启动，故选B。
3．
推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Mexican President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador said that more and more families will choose a “new normal” life, according to AP News.（据美联社报道，墨西哥总统安德烈斯·曼努埃尔·洛佩斯·奥夫拉多尔表示，越来越多的家庭将选择“新常态”生活。）”可知，这是对将来的一种预测，作者在最后一段提到“新常态”的生活是为了做预测。故选C。
4．
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“A new term has started in not only China, but also in Japan, the UK and Mexico. But as COVID-19 continues, how are these countries controlling the
pandemic (大流行病) （新学期不仅在中国开始，在日本、英国和墨西哥也开始了。但随着COVID-19疫情的持续，这些国家如何控制大流行？）”可知，本文主要讲的是随着新学期的开始，不同的国家是如何采取措施控制疫情的，故选D。
5．C
6．C
7．A
8．B
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了打疫苗为什么选择在胳膊上。
5．
细节理解题。根据第四段“Muscles make an excellent vaccine administration (药物的施用) site because muscle tissue contains important immune cells Thee immune cells recognize the antigen(肌肉是完美的疫苗药物的施用地方，因为肌肉包含重要的免疫细胞。这些免疫细胞能够辨认抗原)”； 第五段“Muscle tissue also tends to keep vaccine reactions localized. (肌肉组织也趋向于保持疫苗反应局部化)；第六段“Yet another deciding factor in vaccine administration location is the size of the muscle. (另外一个决定疫苗施用的位置是肌肉的尺寸)”；第七段“Another consideration during vaccine administration is convenience and patient acceptability. (还有一个考虑的是便利和病人的接受性)”可知，疫苗注射在肌肉上有四个原因。故选C。
6．
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Adults and children aged three and older tend to receive vaccines in their upper arm in the deltoid. (成人和年龄在三岁以上的孩子趋向于注射疫苗在三角肌的胳膊上半部)”可知，对于大多数人来说，胳膊是注射疫苗的最佳位置。故选C。
7．
词句猜测题。根据第四段“In the case of the COVID-19 vaccine the immune cells in the muscle tissue pick up these antigens(抗原) and present them to the lymph nodes(淋巴结). (在新冠疫苗中，肌肉组织的免疫细胞辨认出这些抗原，然后将他们交给淋巴结)”可知，要将他们交给淋巴结，首先要辨认出这些抗原。因此pick up的意思是辨认出，故选A。
8．
主旨大意题。根据第一段“What’s the science behind why we get most vaccines in our arm
(我们在胳膊上注射疫苗的依据是什么)”可知，本文主要分析在胳膊上注射疫苗的原因。故文章的标题是why we get shots in the arm。故选B。
9．A
10．B
11．D
12．C
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者从小喜欢舞蹈，描述了舞蹈带给自己的感受，以及舞蹈如何帮助自己度过悲伤和快乐的时刻的。
9．
细节理解题。根据第二段中“As an only child, I spent hours dancing alone, when not reading on my bed.(作为独生子女，我不在床上看书的时候，会花上几个小时独自跳舞)”可知，作者她从小就爱上了跳舞。故选A。
10．
词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“I have danced in moments of joy, but also of stress and anxiety.”以及后文“For me, dance is a release, a liberation, a joy, self-medication, and self-expression. For me, dance is always about losing myself in a feeling of liberation.”可知，作者在喜悦的时刻跳舞，也在压力和焦虑的时刻跳舞，对作者来说，舞蹈是一种释放，一种解放，一种快乐，一种自我治疗，一种自我表达，舞蹈总是让作者在一种解放的感觉中迷失自我。可见对作者来说舞蹈是一种放松的仪式。故画线词意思是“仪式”。A. Boredom厌倦；B. Ceremony仪式；C. Escape逃跑；D. Burden负担。故选B。
11．
推理判断题。根据第五段“I look back on the role that Zumba played in helping me through sad times. It gave me the strength and courage to leave a marriage. When my father was dying of cancer, I cried through the classes, barely able to follow the instructor. During those last few years in my job, I turned up my Zumba activity that prepared me for those final days before early
retirement.(我回顾尊巴在帮助我度过悲伤时光中发挥的作用。它给了我离婚的力量和勇气。当我的父亲死于癌症时，我在课堂上哭个不停，几乎听不懂老师的话。在我工作的最后几年里，我参加了尊巴舞活动，为我提前退休前的最后几天做准备)”可推知，第5段提到尊巴是为了说明它鼓励作者面对困难。故选D。
12．
推理判断题。根据第四段“I have danced in moments of joy, but also of stress and anxiety. For me, it is a ritual. For me, dance is a release, a liberation, a joy, self-medication, and self-expression. For me, dance is always about losing myself in a feeling of liberation.(我在喜悦的时刻跳舞，也在压力和焦虑的时刻跳舞。对我来说，这是一种仪式。 对我来说，舞蹈是一种释放，一种解放，一种快乐，一种自我治疗，一种自我表达。对我来说，舞蹈总是让我在一种解放的感觉中迷失自我)”结合文章主要讲述了作者从小喜欢舞蹈，描述了舞蹈带给自己的感受，以及舞蹈如何帮助自己度过悲伤和快乐的时刻的。可推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是表达她对舞蹈的热情。故选C。
13．B
14．B
15．A
16．D
【解析】
【分析】
本文为一篇议论文，围绕“衡量幸福是否真的有帮助”这一论点展开。作者通过描述自我幸福满意度调查过程和结果，表示合理地使用幸福自测软件，能更好地了解自己并管理自我，提升幸福感。
【详解】
1.推理判断题。根据文章第二段关键句“They take a long time because the drug companies with trial vaccines are conducting experiments that send people to a treatment group(they get the vaccine) and a control group (they get a placebo,and then waiting to see if the drug is effective and safe by comparing the two groups after enough time has passed.In the research on happiness, this usually isn't possible. Happiness researchers instead rely on self-reported happiness surveys, where large groups of people report their levels of life satisfaction.”（他们需要很长时间,因为制药公司试用疫苗进行实验,将人们分为治疗组(接种疫苗)和对照组(无效对照剂),然后在足够的时间之后进行比较，看药物是否有效和安全。在对幸福的研究中，这通常是不可能的。相反，幸福研究人员依靠的是自我报告的幸福调查，即，大量的人报告他们的生活满意度水平）可知，作者通过幸福调查与新冠疫苗实验作对比，说明幸福调查的独特性。故选B项。
2.推理判断题。根据文章第三段关键句“Perhaps people assess their happiness based on their present mood--or maybe they lie when asked about their happiness. To test this, scholars have compared survey data with other sorts of tests--and they've found them consistent.”（也许人们根据他们当前的情绪来评估他们的幸福——或者他们在被问及他们的幸福时撒谎。为了验证这一点，学者们将调查数据与其他类型的测试进行了比较，他们发现这些数据是一致的）及“And in a rare instance of honesty on the Internet,scholars have even proved the accuracy of certain virtual happiness surveys.”（在互联网上罕见的诚实案例中，学者们甚至证明了某些虚拟幸福调查的准确性）可知，自我幸福满意度调查显示人们清楚地了解自己。故选B项。
3.主旨大意题。根据文章第四段关键句“I have used them to have a huge impact on my life, but I have also seen the worsen problems with unhappiness in others. The key is to remember that happiness self-tests are a source of information to understand ourselves better, work on positive changes (personally, I have made many, and my well-being is much higher as a result), and manage our unique personalities.”（我利用它们对我的生活产生了巨大的影响，但我也看到了其他人因不快乐而出现的更严重的问题。关键是要记住，幸福自我测试是更好地了解自己、努力做出积极改变(就我个人而言，我做了很多，结果我的幸福程度更高)和管理我们独特个性的信息来源）及本段内容可知，本段谈论了幸福自测的实际应用。故选A项。
4.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段关键句“A number of people have asked me whether happiness measures are really accurate and reliable--and it's a reasonable question. So let's take a look behind the curtain.”（许多人问过我，衡量幸福是否真的准确可靠——这是一个合理的问题。让我们来看看背后的情况）及 “as we will see, understanding and measurement of happiness can itself make you better at improving your own well-being--and avoid some critical errors.”（正如我们将看到的，理解和衡量幸福本身可以让你更好地改善自己的幸福——并避免一些关键的错误）并结合下文可知，本文围绕 “衡量幸福是否真的有帮助”这个话题展开。故选D项。
17．C
18．A
19．D
20．A
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在新型冠状病毒肆虐的现在，尽管全球多国已经开始大规模疫苗接种，2021年仍无法实现任何程度的群体免疫，并具体说明了其中的原因。
17．
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Factors that delay herd immunity include limited access to vaccines in developing countries, skepticism over vaccination, and the potential for virus mutations, according to health experts. (据卫生专家说，推迟群体免疫的因素包括发展中国家获得疫苗的机会有限、对疫苗接种的怀疑以及病毒突变的可能性)”结合选项可推知，越来越多的国家开始大规模接种疫苗不是推迟群体免疫的因素。故选C项。
18．
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“A growing number of countries around the world, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Germany and other European Union countries, are in the first stages of mass-vaccination campaigns. (世界上越来越多的国家，包括美国、英国、新加坡、德国和其他欧盟国家，正处于大规模疫苗接种运动的第一阶段)”可推知，处于大规模疫苗接种运动第一阶段的国家中，没有提及越南。故选A项。
19．
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“We know we need to get to herd immunity and we need that in a majority of countries, but we are not going to see that in 2021 (我们知道我们需要获得群体免疫力，我们需要在大多数国家获得这种免疫力，但我们不会在2021年看到这种情况)”以及“There might be some countries that might achieve it but even then that will not create normal especially in terms of border controls (可能有些国家可能实现这一目标，但即便如此，也不会创造正常的环境，特别是在边境管制方面)”可知，Fisher认为有些国家可能实现群体免疫这一目标，但全世界范围内获得群体免疫能力近期是看不到的，从而推知，要想在全世界范围内获得群体免疫也许还有很长的路要走。故选D项。
20．
推理判断题。由倒数第三段中的“However, Swaminathan praised the “incredible progress” made by vaccine researchers to develop several safe and effective vaccines at unprecedented speed. (然而，Swaminathan赞扬疫苗研究人员以前所未有的速度研制出几种安全有效的疫苗所取得的“令人难以置信的进展”)”可知，Swaminathan称赞疫苗研究人员所取得的进展是“令人难以置信的”，从而推知，Swaminathan对疫苗研发的进展持积极的的态度。故选A项。
21．B
22．D
23．C
24．A
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了新冠肺炎群体免疫将不会在2021年实现，并具体讲述了其中的原因。
21．
细节理解题。根据第三段中“A growing number of countries around the world, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Germany and other European Union countries, are in the first stages of mass-vaccination campaigns.(世界上越来越多的国家，包括美国、英国、新加坡、德国和其他欧盟国家，正处于大规模疫苗接种运动的第一阶段)”可知，至于大规模疫苗接种活动的第一阶段，文中并未提及越南。故选B项。
22．
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Factors that delay herd immunity include limited access to vaccines in developing countries, skepticism (怀疑) over vaccination, and the potential for virus mutations (变异), according to health experts.(推迟群体免疫的因素包括：发展中国家获得疫苗的机会有限、对疫苗接种的怀疑态度、以及可能出现的对疫苗的不信任)”可知，“越来越多的国家开始大规模的疫苗接种活动”表述的是当今群体疫苗接种的现状和趋势，不是推迟群体免疫的因素。故选D项。
23．
推理判断题。根据第七段中“However, Swaminathan praised the “incredible progress” made by vaccine researchers to develop several safe and effective vaccines at unprecedented speed.(然而，斯瓦米纳坦赞扬了疫苗研究人员以前所未有的速度开发出几种安全和有效的疫苗所取得的惊人进展)”可推知，斯瓦米纳对疫苗研发进度持有积极的态度。故选C项。
24．
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“We won’t get back to normal quickly(我们不会迅速恢复正常)”及“We know we need to get to herd immunity and we need that in a majority of countries, but we are not going to see that in 2021(我们知道我们需要达到群体免疫，我们在大多数国家都需要这样做，但我们不会在2021年实现这一点)”可推知，Fisher认为要在全世界范围内实现群体免疫，也许还有很长的路要走。故选A项。
25．B
26．D
27．C
28．B
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇议论文。随着对因新冠状病毒导致昂贵成本封锁的担忧加剧，越来越多的国家计划提供COVID-19疫苗的加强针，这引发了公平性和科学问题的讨论。
25．
细节理解题。根据第二段“Israel, an early leader in vaccination, began to offer a third dose of vaccine to anyone 60 or older on 30 July. Starting in September, Germany, Europe's largest economy, started to provide an extra dose to the elderly and anyone who was already fully vaccinated with two shots.”（在疫苗接种方面处于早期领先地位的以色列于7月30日开始向60岁或以上的人提供第三剂疫苗。从9月份开始，欧洲最大的经济体德国开始向老年人和已经完全接种了两针疫苗的人提供额外的剂量。）由此可知，加强针总共包括三针试剂。故选B项。
26．
推理判断题。根据第三段“A large study of patient health records in New York state, published on 18 August in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, found that vaccine effectiveness against all SARS-CoV-2 infections dropped from 91.7% to 79.8% between May and July ”（8月18日发表在《发病率和死亡率周报》上的一项针对纽约州患者健康记录的大型研究发现，5月至7月期间，针对所有SARS-CoV-2感染的疫苗有效性从91.7%降至79.8%）由此判断出，作者在第3段中提到研究结果的目的是介绍当前疫苗的有效性。故选D项。
27．
推理判断题。根据第四段“Boosters are the wrong way to use the world's still limited vaccine supply, says Bruce Aylward, who helps coordinate the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access Facility, which distributes doses to low and middle income countries. If everyone in high-income countries received boosters, that would use up 1 billion doses, Aylward estimates. "You are dealing with a zero-sum resource, "he says. "You are reducing supply for those who need it
more."”（布鲁斯 艾尔沃德表示，利用世界上仍然有限的疫苗供应是错误的方式。艾尔沃德帮助协调2019冠状病毒疾病疫苗全球获取设施(global access facility) ，该设施向中低收入国家提供疫苗剂量。艾尔沃德估计，如果高收入国家的每个人都得到加强针，那就会用掉10亿剂疫苗。”你在和一个零和资源打交道,”他说。”你在减少那些更需要它的人的供应”）由此判断出，发展中国家在疫苗供应方面处于不利地位。故选C项。
28．
推理判断题。根据最后一段“As with so much in the pandemic, policymakers should take a global perspective and make far-reaching decisions long before clear answers are in.”（正如在这场流行病中发生的许多事情一样，政策制定者应该从全球的角度出发，远在明确的答案出现之前就作出影响深远的决定。）由此判断出，作者对加强针持批评的态度。故选B项。
29．D
30．C
31．A
32．D
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇记叙文。讲述Marla疫情期间通过网络帮助别人进行疫苗预约，回报社会。
29．
细节理解题。根据第一段“Marty and his wife, Nancy Verel, would sit with computers on their laps trying for hours to book an appointment on different sites, all of which were complex. ‘I felt hopeless,’ Nancy says”可知，Marty 和他的妻子Nancy Verel预约失败的原因是需要在电脑前花几个小时在不同网站预约，而这些网络都很复杂。故选D项。
30．
细节理解题。根据第三段“Marla's vaccine hunting started on February 1, when she learned that her parents—her father has leukemia (白血病) and her mother is a breast cancer survivor with a heart condition, were unable to get appointments themselves. She hated that they had to wait”可知，Marla第一次开始进行网上预约开始于二月一日，那时，她的父亲得了白血病，母亲得了乳腺癌，他们不能自己预约，因此她是为了帮助生病的父母，不愿其等待。故选C项。
31．
推理判断题。根据原文最后两段，“She applied strategies that web insiders are familiar with (keeping multiple browsers open, refreshing sites every 20 seconds, erasing cookies) and added a
few of her special skills”可知，她采取网络知情人所熟悉的策略，例如保持多个浏览器和设备同步，每20秒更新网站，关闭cookies。因此Marla在网络技术方面较擅长（skillful）。根据最后一段“By March 2, she’d secured appointments for 400 seniors”可知，到3月二号为止，她已经帮助了很多人。因此她是乐于助人的（helpful）。故选A项。
32．
主旨大意题。本文讲述的是Marla在帮父母进行线上预约疫苗时，切身感受到预约的困难，从而意识到在疫情期间，她可以利用自身的电脑技能去帮助其他人进行线上预约，也是一种回报社会的方式。最后一段“Marla decided that helping others would be her way of giving back.（玛拉认为帮助别人是她回报他人的方式。）”是对全文的总结和升华。故选D项。