人教版新高考英语二轮复习课件--冠词、代词和介词课件（47张ppt）

(共47张PPT)
核心语法
必备
专题四　冠词、代词和介词
英 语
2022
高中总复习优化设计
GAO ZHONG ZONG FU XI YOU HUA SHE JI
内容索引
要点精讲 破疑解难　
对点演练 精准提升
要点精讲 破疑解难　
重点一　冠词
考点1　不定冠词a/an的用法　
1.a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词前, an用在以元音音素开头的单词前, 如:an honest man, a university
2.泛指 “一个”, 如: an English lecture, a professor
3.表示类别, 指一类人或物
4.表示 “(每)一个”, 相当于per, each, every
5.表示 “某一个人或物”, 相当于some或a certain, 如: a Mr Green
6.用于固定短语中, 如: as a rule, in a way, in a hurry, in a moment
考点2　定冠词the的用法　
1.用于特指、双方都知道的或上文提到的人或物
2.用于单数可数名词前表示一类人或物
3.用于表示独一无二的事物的名词前
4.用于形容词或副词的最高级前
5.用于序数词前表示顺序
6.用于乐器名词前、姓氏的复数前(表示全家人或夫妇)、表示年代的名词前, 如: the Browns, in the 1970s
7.用于某些形容词或分词前表示一类人或物, 如: the rich, the unemployed
8.用于某些江、河、海、洋、海湾、山脉、群岛等专有名词前, 如: the Yangtze River
9.用于由普通名词构成的专有名词前, 如: the History Museum, the Middle East
10.用于固定短语中, 如: on the right, at the age of, on the whole, in the long run
考点3　不用冠词的情况　
1.不可数名词或复数名词表示泛指时不用冠词
2.物质名词或抽象名词前不用冠词, 如: water, luck
3.有些专有名词(人名、国家、城市、街道、山峰、湖泊等)前不用冠词, 如: China, Qingdao, Mount Tai
4.表示季节、月份、星期以及节日、假日的名词前不用冠词, 但特指季节、日期和传统中国节日时多使用定冠词, 如: the Spring Festival, the spring of Beijing
5.表示三餐、球类或棋类运动等的名词前不用冠词
6.表示学科、语言的名词前不用冠词
7.表示职位、头衔、称呼的名词做表语、宾语补足语或同位语时不用冠词
8.在表示使用某种交通工具的by词组中, 交通工具名称之前通常不用冠词, 如: by taxi, by ship, by bike
9.在 “名词+and+名词” 和 “名词+介词+名词” 形式的习语中, 名词前通常不用冠词, 如: face to face, hand in hand
10.在某些固定短语中不用冠词, 如: at home and abroad, in debt
重点二　代词
考点1　人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的功能和形式　
类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词
主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性 功能 主语 宾语、表语 定语 主语、表语、宾语 宾语、表语、同位语
第一 人称 单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二 人称 单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三 人称 单数 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
复数 they them their theirs themselves
考点2　反身代词的习惯用法
与介词搭配 by oneself 独自地
for oneself 替自己; 为自己
与动词搭配 apply oneself to 专心致志于
behave oneself 举止得体; 行为检点
dress oneself 打扮; 自己穿衣
devote oneself to 致力于; 献身于
help oneself to 随便吃/用
enjoy oneself 玩得开心
seat oneself 就座
teach oneself 自学
考点3　it的用法　
1.it的基本用法
用法 例句
指天气、季节、时间、距离、环境等 It is early spring, but it is already hot.
现在是初春, 但是天气已经很热了。
指代前面提到过的事物或代替指示代词 That vase is valuable. It is more than 200 years old.
那个花瓶很珍贵, 它有200多年的历史。
指不知性别的婴儿或身份不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁) The baby cried because it was hungry.
这个婴儿饿得啼哭。
用法 例句
it用来代替不定式、动词-ing形式短语或名词性从句做形式主语或形式宾语 I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here.
我已经讲得很清楚了, 任何人都不准在此吸烟。
2.it做形式主语或形式宾语的常用句型
it做形式主语 It is a pity/shame that...真可惜……
It is no wonder that...难怪……
It seems/appears that...似乎/看来……
It looks/seems as if/though... 看起来好像……
It happens that...碰巧……
It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb that... 某人突然想起……
It is said/reported that...据说/据报道……
It is certain that... ……是一定的。
It is no use/good doing...做……没有用/好处。
It takes sb some time to do... 做……花费某人若干时间。
it做形式宾语 ①主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel... +it+adj./n.+for/of sb to do/that从句
②主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel... +it+useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time/money/energy... +doing...
3.it的常用短语或句型
(1)When it comes to learning English, reading widely is of great importance.
当谈到学习英语, 广泛阅读很重要。
(2)You can count on/rely on/depend on it that he will help you out.
你可以相信他能帮助你摆脱困境。
(3)We finally made it to the airport though it was rainy.
尽管下雨, 但是我们最终及时赶到了机场。
(4)As someone puts it, practice makes perfect.
正如某人所说, 熟能生巧。
(5)Please see to it that you fasten the safety belt when driving.
开车时请确保系好安全带。
(6)I take it that you don’t agree with the manager.
我想你不同意经理的意见。
(7)It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
他参军三年了。
(8)It was three years before he returned home.
过了三年他才回家。
考点4　不定代词　
1.other, others, the other/others, another
other 常与复数名词连用, 如果前面有the, some, any, each, every, no以及形容词性物主代词时, 也可以与可数名词单数连用
others 表示泛指, 相当于 “other+复数名词”, 可构成some... others... 的搭配, 意为 “一些……另一些……”
the other/ others “the other+单数可数名词” 特指两者中的另一个, 常有one... the other... 的搭配, 意为 “一个……另一个……” ; the others或 “the other+复数名词”, 特指在某些人或物中, 除去一部分后, 其余的人或物
another 指三者或三者以上中的另一个, 表示泛指, 后接单数名词, 也可以用于 “another+数词+名词复数”, 表示 “另外几个……”
2.one(s), that, those
在文中为避免重复, one(s), that, those等都可以用来代替上文出现的名词。
one(s) one代替的是前面提到的同类事物中的任何一个, 相当于 “a/an+单数名词”; ones用来代替前面出现的复数名词, 也表泛指 one=a/an+可数名词单数;
ones=可数名词复数;
the one=the+可数名词单数;
that=the+可数名词单数/不可数名词;
those/the ones=the+可数名词复数
that 代替前面提到的事物, 所代替的名词可以是可数名词单数, 也可以是不可数名词, 其前面通常不能有修饰语 those 代替前面提到的事物, 只能指代可数名词复数, 相当于the ones 3.both, all, either, any, neither, none
范围 都 任一 都不
两者 both either neither
三者或三者以上 all any none
4.something, anything, nothing
单词 句式 含义
something 肯定句 某事; 某物
疑问句 请求; 征求意见
anything 条件句、否定句、疑问句 任何东西; 任何事物
肯定句 任何东西; 任何事物
nothing 陈述句 没有什么
提示
固定搭配: anything but(根本不), nothing but(只不过; 仅仅), all but(几乎; 差一点), none but(仅仅; 只有)。everything意为 “每件事物; 所有事物”, 强调整体, 与not连用时表示部分否定, 意为 “并不是所有事物都……”。
重点三　介词
考点1　常见介词的用法　
考点2　介词短语　
1.at+名词
at a loss 不知所措　　　　
at dinner 在吃晚餐
at peace 处于和平状态
at war 在战争中
at work 在工作
2.其他高频介词短语
against time 争分夺秒
at the sight of 一看到……
in the face of 面对; 面临
in addition(to) 除了……以外(还)
in case of 万一
in charge of 负责; 主管
in favour of 赞成; 支持
in need of 需要
in no time 立刻
in a hurry 匆忙
in preparation for 为……做准备
in return for 作为回报
of help/use 有帮助的/有用的
of importance 重要的
on behalf of 代表
3.by+名词
by accident 偶然; 意外地
by chance 偶然地
by hand 手工
by mistake 错误地
by month 按月
4.beyond+名词
beyond comparison 无与伦比
beyond control 失控
beyond description 难以描述
beyond doubt 毋庸置疑
beyond expression 难以表达
beyond (one’s) reach 够不到
5.in+名词
in bed 在床上; 卧床
in danger 处于危险中
in debt 负债
in difficulty 处于困难中
in high spirits 情绪高昂
in need 需要帮助的
in order 整齐; 井然有序
in surprise 吃惊地
in trouble 在困难中
in use 使用中
6.on+名词
on a trip 在旅行
on business 出差
on display/show 陈列; 展出
on duty 值班
on holiday/vacation 在度假
on sale 出售
on strike 罢工
on the way 在途中
7.out of+名词
out of balance 失去平衡
out of control 失去控制
out of danger 脱离危险
out of date 过期
out of order 出故障
out of work 失业
8.under+名词
under consideration 在考虑中
under construction 在建造中
under control 处于控制之下
under discussion 在讨论中
under pressure 在压力下
under repair 在修理中
under treatment 在治疗中
对点演练 精准提升
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.As countries around the world try to improve their recycling rates, some may look to Eskilstuna as 　　　　　　example to follow—as long as they think they can persuade their citizens to get busy sorting at home.
2.The waiters and waitresses are also trained to supply a separate spoon or pair of chopsticks for the diners, and so far, 　　　　　　service has been well accepted by the majority of the public.
3.And he did it in six hours and 48 minutes, a personal record nearly double
　　　　　　of his previous finish time.
an　
the　
that　
4.However, he had no regrets or complaints about giving up romantic evenings with his wife or dinners with relatives and friends so that he could devote
　　　　　　(he) to community work.
5.We Chinese people believe that only with 　　　　　　(we) own hands can we create a happy and beautiful life.
6.They keep their babies at home until they are physically able to survive
　　　　　　their own.
himself　
our　
on　
7.Easy access 　　　　　　a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people, ending in the shopper giving up and walking away, or just buying an unsuitable item that is not really wanted.
8.Because she was lacking in training, she was afraid of making 　 exhibition of herself.
9.Scientists in China were already studying the bats carefully, well aware that an outbreak like the current 　　　　　　would most likely happen.
10.He was born 　　　　　　Hangzhou and brought up by his grandma in a seaside village.
to　
an
one　
in
Ⅱ.微语法填空
1.Forsythia(连翘) is one of the earliest flowers blooming in spring, ①　　　　　　　 March and May. It is ②　　　　　　　 popular plant known for its bare branches filled with brilliant yellow flowers. The plant has four petals and its branches stretch upward, which is native ③　　　　　　 China. It’s easy to grow because it can tolerate unfavorable conditions and partial shade, but ④　　　　　　 grows best in full sun. During July and August it produces fruit, often used in traditional Chinese medicine, proven by some of the earliest Chinese medical texts dating ⑤　　　　　　 some 4,000 years ago.
①答案 between　
解析 根据上文的the earliest flowers blooming in spring可知, 此处表示 “在三月和五月之间”, 应用between... and...。故填介词between。
②答案 a　
解析 此处泛指 “一种受欢迎的植物”, 故用不定冠词, popular是辅音音素开头的单词, 故其前应用不定冠词a。
③答案 to　
解析 此处是固定短语be native to, 意为 “产于……”, 故填介词to。
④答案 it　
解析 空格处在句中做主语, 指代连翘, 故应用代词it。
⑤答案 from　
解析 此处是动词短语date from, 意为 “追溯到”, 故填介词from。
2.Ma was born into a doctor’s family in 1933 and became ①　　　　　　military doctor in 1947.She applied to become a paratrooper in 1961, but she failed because there were no female paratroopers at that time. But she learnt to parachute by ②　　　　　　　(she) in secret. Finally, she became China’s first female paratrooper. She set a national record as the oldest enlisted woman to do a parachute jump ③　　　　　　　　 the age of 51.She completed over 140 parachuting jumps over a period of 20 years. In 2018, Ma donated ④　　　　　　(she) entire life savings to support local education and public welfare.
①答案 a　
解析 她在1947年成为一名军医, 此处表示泛指, 故用不定冠词a。
②答案 herself　
解析 此处为learn...by oneself, 意为 “自学”, 故填herself。
③答案 at　
解析 句意: 她在51岁时创下了年龄最大的现役女兵跳伞纪录。在具体多少岁的时候, 应用介词at。
④答案 her　
解析 空格处在句中做定语, 修饰名词短语entire life savings, 应用形容词性物主代词, 故填her。