人教版新高考英语二轮复习课件　阅读理解（383张ppt）

(共383张PPT)
第一部分
专题一　阅读理解
英 语
2022
高中总复习优化设计
GAO ZHONG ZONG FU XI YOU HUA SHE JI
内容索引
No . 1　考情透析 明晰阅读理解考什么　
No.2　读文总策略 破解阅读理解必备3大策略
No.3　题型微技法 提升阅读理解解题13大技法
No.4　真题实战 经典对练拿高分
No . 1　考情透析 明晰阅读
理解考什么　
命题透析 知考情
卷名 体裁 题目类型 细节理解 推理判断 主旨大意 词句猜测
2021 新高考 Ⅰ卷 应用文1 记叙文1 说明文1 议论文1 8 4 2 1
浙江卷 记叙文2 说明文1 5 2 2 1
全国乙卷 应用文1 说明文2 议论文1 6 6 2 1
全国甲卷 应用文1 说明文1 记叙文1 议论文1 5 8 1 1
卷名 体裁 题目类型 细节理解 推理判断 主旨大意 词句猜测
2020 新高考 Ⅰ卷 应用文1 记叙文1 说明文2 8 5 0 2
全国Ⅰ卷 应用文1 记叙文1 说明文1 夹叙夹议文1 8 4 2 1
全国Ⅱ卷 应用文1 说明文2 夹叙夹议文1 7 4 2 2
全国Ⅲ卷 应用文1 说明文3 7 4 3 1
命题专家谈高考
1.题材丰富
所有语篇都围绕人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三大主题, 题材涉及社会文化、学校生活、个人经历、人物介绍、艺术文化、科技发明等, 这些题材与当代社会生活紧密相关, 既借鉴了英语国家文化、科技中积极励志的元素, 也兼顾了中国的优秀传统文化元素。
2.体裁广泛
包括记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等。
3.题型分布不均
主要包括细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题、词句猜测题四大类别, 其中细节理解题和推理判断题占较大比重, 突出考查考生理解和运用语言解决问题的基本能力。
命题专家谈高考
4.语篇特点鲜明
(1)原汁原味: 高考语篇一般选自各大主流英文报刊或媒体网站, 材料新颖, 尽可能提供语意相对完整的语境。
(2)词汇量大: 高考语篇词汇量丰富,含有大量的派生词、词性转换词、熟词生义词以及英语短语和习语等。
(3)体现核心素养: 全面考查英语学科核心素养, 特别是 “思维品质”, 落实“立德树人” 的根本任务, 着力实现英语的育人功能。
策略指导 觅捷径
No.2　读文总策略 破解阅读
理解必备3大策略
策略一　运用4大记忆方法,学会扩充词汇
技法1　利用词缀记单词　
英语词缀分为前缀和后缀两种。加于词根前的叫前缀; 加于词根后的叫后缀。一般说来, 前缀只是改变词义, 并不改变词性; 后缀不仅可以改变词义, 还可以改变词性。
1.前缀
(1)mis-坏的; 错的
behave→misbehave 行为不端
calculate→miscalculate 误算
lead→mislead 误导; 引入歧途; 使误信
(2)over-太; 过于
sleep→oversleep 睡得太久
anxious→overanxious 过于焦虑的
load→overload 使超载
weight→overweight 过重的; 超重的
(3)dis-; in-; il-; im-; ir-; un- 不; 非; 相反
please→displease 使不悦
ability→inability 无能
legal→illegal 不合法的
patient→impatient 不耐烦的
regular→irregular 不规则的
natural→unnatural 不自然的
(4)micro-百万分之一; 微小的
computer→microcomputer 微型计算机
wave→microwave 微波炉
phone→microphone 麦克风
2.后缀
(1)动词转化为名词的后缀
①-al 表示过程或状态
approve→approval 赞成
survive→survival 幸存
②-ance/-ence 表示行动或状况
appear→appearance 出现; 外貌
exist→existence 存在
③-ion/-tion/-ation 表示状态或行为
direct→direction 方向; 指导
expect→expectation 期待; 期望
explain→explanation 解释
④-ment 表示行为或结果
achieve→achievement 成就
develop→development 发展
argue→argument 争论; 论据
⑤-ure 表示行动或过程、结果等
fail→failure 失败
press→pressure压力
expose→exposure 面临; 暴露
⑥-y 表示……的动作(或过程)
recover→recovery 恢复; 痊愈
discover→discovery 发现
(2)形容词转化为名词的后缀
①-age表示状态或状况、数量或费用
short→shortage不足; 短缺
②-cy 表示具有……的状态(或性质)
fluent→fluency 流利; 流畅
accurate→accuracy 准确(性)
private→privacy 隐私
efficient→efficiency 效率
③-dom 表示状况或状态等
free→freedom 自由
wise→wisdom 智慧
④-ness 表示……的性质(或状态、特点)
dark→darkness 黑暗
weak→weakness 虚弱
kind→kindness 善良
cold→coldness 冷淡; 冷漠
aware→awareness 知道; 意识
⑤-th 表示动作或过程
warm→warmth 温暖
true→truth 真相
deep→depth 深(度)
⑥-y/-ity 表示性质或状态
difficult→difficulty困难
safe→safety 安全
responsible→responsibility 责任
⑦-ent变为-ence, -ant变为-ance
different→difference 不同(之处)
important→importance 重要(性)
(3)名词或动词转化为形容词的后缀
类别 例词
词尾加-y cloud→cloudy, luck→lucky, health→healthy, sleep→sleepy
词尾 加-(e)d gift→gifted, talent→talented, advance→advanced
词尾加 -ful/-less meaning→meaningful/meaningless, care→careful/careless, help→helpful/helpless, harm→harmful/harmless, home→homeless, colour→colourful, use→useful/useless, thank→thankful, peace→peaceful
词尾加 -able comfort→comfortable, knowledge→knowledgeable, accept→acceptable, respect→respectable
类别 例词
词尾加 -ous danger→dangerous, courage→courageous, humour→humorous
词尾 -ce变为-t confidence→confident, difference→different
词尾加 -al music→musical, person→personal, nation→national, education→educational, tradition→traditional
词尾加 -ly friend→friendly, week→weekly, love→lovely
词尾加 -en wood→wooden, gold→golden
技法2　利用易错比较记单词　
有些单词的相似度很高, 给考生的记忆带来了很大的困难。通过比较这些易错词汇, 对单词的记忆会起到事半功倍的效果。
1.词义易错位, 如: imaginative(富于想象力的); imaginary (虚构的)。
2.加前缀、后缀之后, 意义不同, 如: like(喜欢; 像);dislike(不喜欢); unlike(不像); likely(可能的)。
3.貌似前后缀, 但并无 “血缘关系”, 如: whether(是否)与weather(天气); aboard(上船、飞机等)与abroad(在国外)。
技法3　利用熟词生义记单词　
有些单词的某些词义比较常用, 而其他词义则比较生僻, 虽然这些词在教材中出现过, 但没有给出全部的汉语意思。在高考试卷中, 考生往往会遇到有些单词貌似熟悉, 但在阅读文章时却搞不清它们的意思的情况, 这就是熟词生义现象。
单词及常见义 生僻义 例句
shot n.射击; 射门 n.少量烈酒 (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷, A) Staff members hold plenty of bar events for guests like free shots...
工作人员为客人们举办大量的酒吧活动, 如免费烈酒……
pour v.倾倒; (雨)倾盆而下 v.不断涌向(或涌现) (2021·全国乙卷, A)People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece.
从古希腊时代起, 人们就开始涌入体育场。
技法4　通过阅读记忆词汇　
新课程标准的要求很明确, 大量阅读、深度阅读、反复阅读是提高词汇量的重要手段。通过大量阅读, 我们能够在实际的语境中不断学习新词汇; 通过深度阅读, 我们能够掌握新词汇的正确表达方式; 通过反复阅读, 我们能够巩固学习过的词汇与其表达方式, 达到 “温故知新” 的目的。
在阅读时, 对于生词一般有如下两种处理方式:
1.不影响阅读的词汇——跳过去
在阅读中遇到生词时, 不妨先问自己一个问题——这些生词有没有进行精确猜测的必要。高考试题中经常会出现一些生词, 即使不知道它们的精确含义也不会影响对基本句意的理解。对于这类词, 不要耗费过多精力, 尽管放心大胆地 “跳过去”。
2.影响阅读的词汇——猜出来
有时候, 一些生词(包括已经暂时遗忘的已经学过的单词)对阅读来说存在很大的障碍, 会影响我们对上下文的理解, 这时我们就必须弄清楚这些词的精确含义。对于这类词, 需要运用阅读技巧尽力 “猜出来”。
策略二　运用4招技法, 破解长难句
技法1　据谓语, 找主干　
一般情况下, 一个谓语形式的动词会有对应其动作的发出者(主语), 我们可以根据谓语动词来确定主语。而且, 如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语动词, 则该句可能是并列句或复合句(并列谓语动词的情况除外)。例如:
【典例印证1】(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷, D) The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being.
技法剖析
找谓语: 分析句子成分可知, 本句的主干句为 The most positive aspect is a new and much needed emphasis on emotion; 谓语为 is。
找主语: 由谓语is可知, 主语为The most positive aspect。
析成分: 此句为主系表结构。主语的中心词为 aspect; 谓语为is; 表语为a new and much needed emphasis on emotion; by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being是介词短语做状语。
句意: 这种普及的最积极的方面是雇主、教育工作者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人在情感方面有一个全新的和迫切需要的重视。
【典例印证2】(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷, B) After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition(学费), because there was no extra money set aside for a college education.
技法剖析
找谓语: 分析句子成分可知, 本句为一个主从复合句。主句为Jennifer attended a local technical college; 从句为because there was ...education, because引导的是原因状语从句。主句谓语为attended; because引导的从句的谓语为was。
找主语: 由主句谓语attended可知, 主句主语为Jennifer; 从句为一个there be句式, 是一个完全倒装句, 因此主语在后面。
析成分: After high school为时间状语; working to pay...为非谓语动词短语做状语修饰主句; because引导的从句中, set aside for a college education是动词-ed形式短语做定语修饰money。
句意: 高中毕业后, Jennifer去了当地的一家技术学院上学, (同时)打工挣钱交学费, 因为没有多余的钱用于大学教育。
技法2　提主干, 去枝叶　
一般情况下, 一个结构复杂的句子中主句所表达的信息为主要信息, 从句、状语和定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来, 就不能完全把握句子的核心意思, 从而导致思维混乱、主次不分。因此, 提炼句子主干是把握句子核心意思的关键。例如:
【典例印证1】(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷, C) About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come.
技法剖析
提主干: 句子主干为 About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund。
去枝叶: 句中的不定式to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System做目的状语。that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come为同位语从句。
句意: 每枚鸭票中约98分直接进入候鸟保护基金, 用于购买湿地和野生动物栖息地, 纳入国家野生动物保护区系统——这确保了这片土地将得到保护,造福给子孙后代。
【典例印证2】(2021·全国乙卷, B) That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone (using Caller ID would take the fun out of it).
技法剖析
提主干: 句子主干为 the only people are our Baby Boomers parents。
去枝叶: 第一个who 引导定语从句修饰主语 the only people; where... the phone 是由 where 引导的定语从句, 修饰point, 此定语从句中又包含由who 引导的宾语从句(who is calling), 做guess 的宾语。
句意: 话虽如此, 老实说, 唯一给我们家里座机打电话的人是生育高峰期出生的父母们, 以至于我们把接电话前猜是谁打来的当成了一种游戏(使用来电显示会失去这种乐趣)。
技法3　寻关联, 辨逻辑　
一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句, 而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词, 就能够弄清楚句与句之间的逻辑关系, 弄清楚主句的意义和各从句的意义, 这样长句就容易理解了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中常见的关联词熟记于心。例如:
【典例印证1】(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷, D) Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.
技法剖析
提主干: 句子主干为 we hope that...。
寻关联, 辨逻辑: 此句为复合句, Although引导的是让步状语从句。主句we hope that...中的that引导的是宾语从句。
句意: 尽管情商持续受到大众的青睐是可取的, 但我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感的科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。
【典例印证2】(2021·全国乙卷, B) Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket —19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies.
技法剖析
提主干: 句子主干为a third concede...。
寻关联, 辨逻辑: Of those Australians who still have a landline 为表示范围的状语, 其中包含一个 who 引导的定语从句, 修饰先行词 Australians; that 引导宾语从句; 破折号后的内容 19 percent say they never use it... emergencies 是对前面内容的进一步解释说明, 里面的while 是转折连词, 意为 “而”, 用于对比其前后两句的内容。
句意: 在那些仍然拥有座机的澳大利亚人中, 有三分之一承认这其实不是必需的, 他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人说他们从不使用座机, 另有13%的人保留座机以防有紧急情况。
技法4　看搭配, 防分隔　
有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个结构搭配构成的, 并且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。考生若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的“本来面目”, 那么对句意的理解就会发生偏差, 因此要明辨句中的搭配。例如:
【典例印证1】(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷, C) The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, Iowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey.
技法剖析
提主干: 本句主干为 The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling。
寻关联, 辨逻辑: who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey为定语从句。
看搭配, 防分隔: a political cartoonist from Des Moines , Iowa是J.N. “Ding” Darling的同位语。
句意: 第一枚联邦鸭票是由J.N.“Ding” Darling设计的, 他是一位来自艾奥瓦州得梅因的政治漫画家, 他当时被富兰克林·罗斯福总统任命为生物调查局局长。
【典例印证2】(2020·全国Ⅰ卷, 完形填空) Then when they come to other doors in life, be they real or metaphorical, they won’t hesitate to open them and walk through.
技法剖析
提主干: 本句主干为 they won’t hesitate to open them and walk through。
寻关联, 辨逻辑: when they come to other doors in life为时间状语从句。
看搭配, 防分隔: be they real or metaphorical为插入语, 对other doors进行补充说明; be they real or metaphorical 是一个倒装句, 结构为“be+主语+A or B”, 意为 “无论主语是A还是B”。
句意: 然后, 当他们在人生中遇到其他门时, 无论是真实的还是隐喻性的, 他们都会毫不犹豫地打开它们并且走进去。
策略三　掌握4步解题流程,提升读文速度
【典例印证】
(2020·全国Ⅲ卷, C)
With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together.
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law: she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol—one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house,”says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in:“We spoke more with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.”
And what does Nick think “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it Yes, I think I would.”
It’s hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991. The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband’s family when they get married.
解题流程
第一步　细读首句, 预测主题
根据 “With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation, more families are choosing to live together.” 可知, 文章将围绕
“多代人住在一起” 这一话题展开。
第二步　速览全文, 了解大意
本文主要介绍了越来越多的英国家庭选择合住。
第三步　细审题干, 定位原文 1.Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol A.Nick.　　　B.Rita. C.Kathryn.D.The daughters. 细节理解题 信息比对找关键。题干关键词: the ground floor 定位到文章第二、三段。关键信息: ①mother-in-law　②the ground floor 根据第二段的 “...his mother-in-law: she lives on the ground floor...” 以及第三段的最后一句 “...Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.” 可知, Rita Whitehead是Nick的岳母, 住在the ground floor。故选B项。
2.What is Nick’s attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in-law A.Positive.　 B.Carefree. C.Tolerant. D.Unwilling. 观点态度题 推理判断得结果。题干关键词: attitude; sharing the house with his mother-in-law 定位到文章第五段。关键信息: ①very well ②Yes, I think I would 根据第五段“And what does Nick think ‘From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it Yes, I think I would.’” 可知, Nick同意和岳母住在一起, 并且很愿意推荐这一做法, 所以他的态度是积极乐观的。故选A项。
3.What is the author’s statement about multigenerational family based on A.Family traditions. B.Financial reports. C.Published statistics. D.Public opinions. 推理判断题 推理判断得结果。题干关键词: multigenerational family; based on 定位到文章第六、七段。关键信息: ①had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013　②20%...16% in 1991 根据第六段内容可知, 报告显示三代人在一起生活的家庭数量已从2001年的325,000增加到2013年的419,000。根据第七段内容可知, 25至34岁的年轻人中约20%与父母同住, 而1991年时为16%。英国所有多代家庭共居的总数约为180万。由这两段的介绍可知, 作者一直都是在用调查数据讲述家庭居住问题。故选C项。
4.What is the text mainly about A.Lifestyles in different countries. B.Conflicts between generations. C.A housing problem in Britain. D.A rising trend of living in the UK. 主旨大意题 速读全文寻主题。选项关键词比对: ①Lifestyles ②Conflicts ③A housing problem ④A rising trend 定位到文章第一段。文章主旨句: ... more families are choosing to live together 纵观全文, 文章主要介绍了英国年轻人与父母居住在一起的情况越来越多, 多代共居的家庭数量也日益增多。故选D项。文中并不是倾向于介绍生活方式, 也没有用太多笔墨去介绍其他国家, 可排除A项; 文中介绍了多代家庭居住的情况, 并没有说他们之间有很多冲突, 可排除B项; 文中没有说英国的住房问题, 可排除C项。
第四步　有的放矢, 核实答案
通过题干或选项的关键词, 在文中找到题目的信息区间, 仔细比对, 再次检验答案。
No.3　题型微技法 提升阅读
理解解题13大技法
考点一 细节理解题
高考阅读理解中的细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实或细节进行理解。有些问题考生可以直接从文中找到明确的答案, 有些则需要考生在理解的基础上将有关信息进行处理, 如计算、判断、比较等。细节理解题在高考试卷中占很大的比例, 尤其是在应用文、说明文和记叙文中, 更加侧重对细节理解题的考查。
命题特点
细节理解题约占总题量的60%。细节理解题多数比较直接, 理解字面意思即可解答; 也有一些题目相对间接, 需要归纳总结才能解答。明确正确选项和干扰选项的特点, 是做好此类题目的关键。
设问方式 考查角度
1.特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词引出的问题。 2.以 “According to...” 开头的提问形式。 3.填空形式。如: The biggest challenge for most mothers is from 　　　　. 1.直接信息题
2.间接信息题
3.数字计算题
技巧点拨
技法1　直接信息题——题干关键词定位法　
直接信息题一般在文中能直接找到明确的信息, 往往只考查文章中的个别事实, 通常只涉及原文一两句话的信息。
【解题微技能】
【典例印证】
(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷, D)
思维流程
第一步: 定位区间
1.抓关键: 题干中的关键词是misunderstanding of emotional intelligence。
2.锁信息: 根据关键词确定关键信息句为本段的第二句 “Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and ‘people skills’.”。
第二步: 比对选项
选项 选项意思
A 它可以通过智商测试来衡量
B 它有助于锻炼一个人的头脑
C 它包括一系列的情感技巧
D 它指的是一个人的积极品质
第三步: 确定答案
根据以上分析可知答案为D项。
【对点微练习】
A
(2021·浙江温州3月适应性测试)
...
It was after a close family friend died of pancreatic cancer that Jack Andraka became interested in finding a better diagnostic test. Jack said the solution came to him during his high school biology class. He was secretly reading an article about nanotubes (纳米管) while the teacher was talking about antibodies. Jack said the two ideas came together in his head, and he thought he could combine what the teacher was saying with what he knew about nanotubes to create an early detection test for pancreatic cancer.
...
Why did Jack decide to work on the diagnostic test
A.The existing test was not widely used.
B.He wanted to win a prize in a science fair.
C.A family friend died of pancreatic cancer.
D.He got inspired in his high school biology class.
答案 C　
解析 根据题干关键词diagnostic test可确定关键句为此段的第一句 “It was after a close family friend died of pancreatic cancer that Jack Andraka became interested in finding a better diagnostic test.”。由此可知, 正是在一位亲朋好友死于胰腺癌后, 他才开始对寻找更好的诊断测试感兴趣。故选C项。
B
(2021·浙江金华十校4月模拟)
...It was a crazy idea to start with. For five years now, they have been saying that this lawn is the most walked lawn in the world. It’s a symbol of honour, particularly because the lawn on the top deck of the ship has special challenges at sea, including “burns” from the salt water, which must be washed off immediately and clearance checks before the ship can pull in to shore.
...
What is a special challenge that the lawn faces
A.Bad weather.　　　 B.Salt water.
C.Rare soil. D.Strict restrictions.
答案 B　
解析 根据题干中的关键词a special challenge可定位至此段的 “It’s a symbol of honour, particularly because the lawn on the top deck of the ship has special challenges at sea, including ‘burns’ from the salt water, which must be washed off immediately and clearance checks before the ship can pull in to shore.”。由此可知, 特殊的挑战包括来自海水的 “烧伤”, 必须立即冲洗干净。故选B项。
技法2　间接信息题——断章取义法　
间接信息题一般无法在文中直接找到明确的信息, 要求在理解的基础上, 将原文信息进行加工或整理后得出结论。
[正确选项特征]
(1)同义或近义词(组)复现。
(2)同根词或原词复现。
(3)语言简化(简化原文中的复杂语言现象, 并将其设置为答案)。
(4)反义词复现(将原文中的意思反过来表达)。
[干扰项特征]
(1)张冠李戴。
(2)无中生有。
(3)颠倒是非。
(4)正误参半。
【解题微技能】
【典例印证】
(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷, A)
思维流程
第一步: 定位区间
1.抓关键: 题干中的关键词是Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes。
2.锁信息: 根据关键词在文中找到信息源——However, you need to pay 2 euros a day for Wi-Fi.。由此可知, Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes的缺点是Wi-Fi收费。
第二步: 比对选项
选项 选项意思
A 晚上很吵
B 它的员工太健谈了
C Wi-Fi收费
D 地理位置不方便
第三步: 确定答案
根据以上分析可知答案为C项。
【对点微练习】
A
(2021·广东深圳二模)
...
The foundation is only part of a bigger plan for this economic and cultural centre in China. Along the Huangpu River, a massive waterfront art area is being built. Shanghai hopes to play a larger role in the global art industry in the coming years.
...
What is Shanghai’s bigger plan for the Bund area
A.To improve its influence in arts.
B.To bring up more traditional buildings.
C.To strengthen its economic role.
D.To mix modern and historic elements.
答案 A　
解析 根据题干关键词bigger plan可定位至本段的 “Shanghai hopes to play a larger role in the global art industry in the coming years.”。由此可知, 上海希望未来几年在全球艺术产业中发挥更大的作用。play a larger role意为 “发挥更大作用”, 与A项的improve its influence 为同义表达。故选A项。
B
(2021·浙江杭州高三质检)
...
Meanwhile, the San Diego Safari Park has kept its webcams (网络摄像机) rolling, allowing fans to enjoy lovable animals without leaving home. Animals in the wild are also lively as humans stay indoors. The absence of cruise ships is bringing large numbers of dolphins to a port in Cagliari, while groups of wild turkeys are happily walking on the streets of Oakland.
...
Why has the San Diego Safari Park kept its webcams rolling
A.To enable people to admire animals at home.
B.To film the animals wandering about in the zoo.
C.To compete for more viewers online.
D.To record people’s life.
答案 A　
解析 根据题干关键词San Diego Safari Park可定位至本段的 “Meanwhile, the San Diego Safari Park has kept its webcams rolling, allowing fans to enjoy lovable animals without leaving home.”。由此可知, 这个动物园的摄像头一直在滚动, 让粉丝们足不出户就能欣赏到可爱的动物。 此句与A项中的enable people to admire animals at home为同义表达。故选A项。
技法3　数字计算题——查读分析法　
这类题可能会涉及时间、年龄、价钱、数量、距离等的简单计算, 计算量一般都比较小。但是英语阅读中的数字计算题必须要找出计算背后所隐含的信息。这些 “暗” 信息会涉及对某个难句的理解, 从这个角度上来讲, 理解文中对应的复杂句是解答这类题目的关键。
[命题方式]
以when, in which year, how many/much等疑问词(组)开头引出问题。
[注意事项]
1.特殊数词: decade十年; fortnight两周; double两倍; couple一对; score二十; dozen十二。
2.此类题目易出现的特殊词汇: off减价的; discount 折扣。
【解题微技能】
【典例印证】
(2021·全国乙卷, A)
思维流程
第一步: 定位区间
1.抓关键: 题干中的关键词是Circus Maximus。
2.锁信息: 用Circus Maximus寻读, 在文中找到信息源——However, that was small fry compared with the city’s Circus Maximus, which accommodated around 250,000 people.。
第二步: 比对选项
选项 选项意思
A 104,944
B 107,601
C 大约150,000
D 大约250,000
第三步: 确定答案
根据以上分析可知答案为D项。
【对点微练习】
A
(2021·北京西城统一测试)
...
TICKET PRICES
VIP TICKETS —$99.99 ●Priority access ●Van Gogh cushion (a gift for you) ●Limited edition poster PREMIUM TICKETS —$59.99
●Van Gogh cushion (rental)
●Limited edition poster
BASIC TICKETS — $54.99 ●Admission only CHILD TICKETS —$29.99
●Ages 6-16 (children 5 and under do not require a ticket)
●Admission only
How much should a couple with a 5-year-old child who would like to own a Van Gogh cushion at least pay for the visit
A.$109.98. B.$154.98.
C.$159.98. D.$199.98.
答案 B　
解析 根据题干的 a couple with a 5-year-old child who would like to own a Van Gogh cushion 可知, 一共有两个成人和一个五岁的小孩。结合表格中的 “Ages 6-16 (children 5 and under do not require a ticket)” 可知, 五岁以下的小孩不需要门票。题干中还提到own a Van Gogh cushion, 根据表格第一行可知, 想要得到一个Van Gogh cushion, 必须其中一人购买VIP TICKETS, 即需要$99.99。另一个人只需要购买BASIC TICKETS, 即需要$54.99, 因此, 至少需要$154.98。故选B项。
B
(2021·湖北武汉3月质检)
...
It’s time for our fall talent show to be held at the Middle School Little Theatre on Friday, Nov.13th. If there are too many acts for one show, an additional performance will be added two days before the show.
...
When will possible additional performances be added
A.October 9th. B.November 13th.
C.November 11th. D.October 7th.
答案 C　
解析 根据本段 “It’s time for our fall talent show to be held at the Middle School Little Theatre on Friday, Nov.13th. If there are too many acts for one show, an additional performance will be added two days before the show.” 可知, 秋季才艺表演将于11月13日星期五举行。如果一场演出的表演过多, 将在演出的前两天增加一场演出。才艺表演的演出时间为11月13日, 那么额外增加的表演时间应该在11月11日。故选C项。
命题特点
考点二 推理判断题
推理判断题主要考查考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上, 由里及外, 结合常识, 对语篇逻辑关系和细节暗示等进行分析、推理和判断的能力。考生需要从整体上把握语篇内容, 透过字里行间, 体会作者的 “言外之意” 和 “弦外之音”。推理判断题属于较高层次的阅读理解题。
设问方式 考查角度
1.What’s the purpose of the text 2.What can be inferred/concluded/learned from the passage 3.What does the author indicate/imply/suggest in... 4.Which word best describes one’s attitude to ... 5.Where does the text probably come from 1.写作意图题
2.观点态度题
3.隐含信息题
4.文章出处/类别题
5.读者身份题
技巧点拨
技法1　写作意图题——写作文体法　
写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章内容, 揣测作者的写作目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图, 而是通过文章所提供的事实, 客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。 高考中既可能考查文章的写作目的, 也可能考查某处细节的写作意图。
【解题微技能】
【典例印证】
(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷, C)
In the mid-1990s,Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
...
What is the purpose of this text
A.To introduce a book.
B.To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C.To remember a writer.
D.To recommend a travel destination.
思维流程
第一步: 通读全文, 确定文体
本文是一篇说明文。文章开头引出了Tom Bissell写书的背景, 从第二段到最后一段分别介绍了这本书的概要、主要内容以及对这本书的评价。
第二步: 根据写作手法, 寻找关键信息
第一段通过介绍Tom Bissell想写一篇有关咸海消失的文章引出第二段开头的主旨句, 即结果不只是写了一篇文章, 而是写了一本关于其陆路旅行见闻的书。
第三步: 比对选项
选项 选项意思
A 介绍一本书
B 解释一个文化现象
C 追忆一位作家
D 推荐一个旅游去处
第四步: 确定答案
根据以上分析可知答案为A项。
【对点微练习】
A
(2021·山东滨州一模)
A sheet of transparent new material at a lab looks like it might be plastic. But it’s actually wood—and it could eventually be used to make energy-efficient windows or even see-through buildings.
Compared to glass, wood has lower thermal conductivity...
Researchers have experimented with transparent wood in the past, but the new method is more sustainable....
...
The transparent wood is 50% stronger than previous transparent wood...
What’s the purpose of the text
A.To commercialise the transparent wood.
B.To promote a new building material product.
C.To raise the public awareness of environmental protection.
D.To introduce the transparent wood, a new construction material.
答案 D　
解析 本文是一篇说明文, 文章主要介绍了一种新型建筑材料——透明木头。文章开头提到, 一片看起来像是塑料的新材料实际上是木头。最终这种材料可能被用来制造节能窗户, 甚至是透明建筑。从第二段开始介绍了这种新型建筑材料的环保性、可持续性、坚固性等。故选D项。
B
(2021·全国百强 “领军考试”)
...
The Rise team believes teenagers can be very effective agents of change. Do you want to make a difference too If so, consider applying to Rise. But most importantly, remember that you can change the world from anywhere and at any age.
What’s the purpose of the author writing the passage
A.To introduce a non-profit programme.
B.To praise outstanding young people.
C.To explain why Rise prefers teenagers.
D.To appeal to teenagers to join Rise.
答案 D　
解析 根据本段的 “If so, consider applying to Rise. But most importantly, remember that you can change the world from anywhere and at any age.” 可知, 作者写此文的目的是呼吁年轻人加入Rise, 为改变世界做出贡献。故选 D项。
技法2　观点态度题——关键词句法　
观点态度推断题是常考的一种题型, 题干中常用到attitude, opinion等标志词, 主要考查以下两个方面: (1)作者对某件事的观点和态度; (2)文中人物对某件事的观点和态度。
【解题微技能】
1.掌握表达观点态度的关键词
文章作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的态度或者观点往往隐含在字里行间或者流露于修饰词之中, 这就要求考生注意文中作者或者文中人物的措辞。作者或者文中人物的态度和观点一般有以下几类:
支持、赞同、乐观、肯定 positive积极乐观的; optimistic 乐观的; supportive 支持的; hopeful有希望的; promising有前途的; enthusiastic 热情的
反对、否定、批评、悲观 negative消极的; disapproving不赞成的; critical批评的; disappointed失望的; unwilling 无奈的
客观、中立 objective客观的; neutral中立的; uninterested不感兴趣的; carefree 不负责的
怀疑 suspicious怀疑的; doubtful怀疑的
其他一些形容词、副词, 如possible, impossible, strange等, 也能表达作者或者人物的观点和态度 2.寻找表达观点态度的关键信息
(1)根据首段或者末段的首尾句, 往往能确定文章主题, 判断作者的观点态度。
(2)but后的语言往往是表达作者或者文中人物观点态度的关键信息。
(3)作者所举的例子或者所引用的话语, 也往往用来表达作者或文中人物的态度或倾向。
(4)文章语言中隐含的褒贬话语, 也是判断作者态度的关键信息。
【典例印证】
(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷, D)
...
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
...
What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence
A.Favorable.　　　　　B.Intolerant.
C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.
思维流程
第一步: 明确题干的关键词
题干中的关键词为the author’s attitude, 表明这里问的是作者的态度。
第二步: 寻找文中关键信息
根据此段的 “... the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.” 及 “The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers...” 可知, 作者认为情商普及对人们是有利的。句中的more beneficial, has helped都是表达 “赞成” 的关键词。
第三步: 比对选项
选项 选项意思
A 赞同的
B 不容忍的
C 怀疑的
D 不清楚的
第四步: 确定答案
根据以上分析可知答案为 A项。
【对点微练习】
A
(2021·山东潍坊一模)
...
Americans have a fondness for plus-size portions, plus-size clothing and media that have plus signs in their names. Mercifully, the plus thing hasn’t yet reached more important aspects of our lives.
What’s the author’s attitude towards the trend
A.Objective. B.Critical.
C.Tolerant. D.Skeptical.
答案 B　
解析 根据本段的 “Mercifully, the plus thing hasn’t yet reached more important aspects of our lives.” 可知, 幸运的是, 这件事还没有影响到我们生活中更重要的方面。由此可推断, 作者对这一趋势持批判态度。故选B项。
B
(2021·山东济南4月适应性考试)
...
There are no plans to eradicate the eels. Since they’re active at night and spend most of their time in the mud of lakes and rivers, spotting and removing them from the lake could be impossible. Officials say they will look for swamp eels during the agency’s next survey in the spring, but don’t expect them to make it through the winter. However, University of Toronto freshwater ecologist Nicholas Mandrak said, “Even if they don’t survive, they could have negative short-term effects.”
What is the officials’ opinion about dealing with the problem
A.It is risky.
B.It is tricky.
C.It takes patience.
D.It requires legal support.
答案 B　
解析 根据此段内容可知, 目前还没有根除鳗鱼的计划。因为一些原因彻底清除鳗鱼几乎是不可能的, 即使能清除, 也可能产生短期的负面影响。由此可以推知, 清除鳗鱼是很难办的。故选B项。
技法3　隐含信息题——3步推断法　
隐含信息推断题主要考查考生对全篇、全段、某些特定信息、上下文逻辑关系等进行准确理解的能力。考生要读懂这些 “言外之意”和 “弦外之音”。此类题目的题干中常出现infer, conclude, indicate, imply, suggest等词汇。
【解题微技能】
【典例印证】
(2021·全国乙卷, D)
During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction (干扰) in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street—so I can focus”. His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout (布局). But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
...
What can we infer about the author from the text
A.He’s a news reporter.
B.He’s an office manager.
C.He’s a professional designer.
D.He’s a published writer.
思维流程
第一步: 提炼题干中的关键词, 定位信息
题干的关键词是 infer和 the author, 进而得知此题要求我们推断作者的身份。
第二步: 寻找文中关键信息
根据此段第一句 “During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often.” 可知, 作者提到有人采访自己的书。由此可以推断, 作者是一位作家。
第三步: 比对选项
选项 选项意思
A 他是一名新闻记者
B 他是一名办公室经理
C 他是一名专业设计师
D 他是一位出版过作品的作家
第四步: 确定答案
根据以上分析可知答案为D项。
【对点微练习】
A
(2021·山东潍坊一模)
...
Now if you start focusing on what you’re working on, and then you look up at the timer and two minutes has passed, you may feel like you can’t hold on. And just let the thought go by, and return your focus to whatever you are working on. And when that 25 minutes is up you relax a little bit. You might wonder why that 25 minutes is the magic number, and the reality is we don’t really know. There’s not a lot of research on the Pomodoro technique, which is surprising because it’s so incredibly popular and people find it very useful.
...
What can be inferred about the Pomodoro technique from paragraph 2
A.The first two minutes is vital.
B.25 minutes is a magic number.
C.More research is around the corner.
D.You may get discouraged when using it.
答案 D　
解析 根据本段的 “Now if you start focusing on what you’re working on, and then you look up at the timer and two minutes has passed, you may feel like you can’t hold on.” 可知, 如果你现在开始专注于工作, 然后你抬头看计时器, 两分钟过去了,你可能会觉得自己撑不住了。由此可以推知, 使用这种技巧时你可能会感到沮丧。D项中的get discouraged与原文中的 can’t hold on 相吻合。故选D项。
B
(2021·全国百强 “领军考试”)
...
No one said parenting was easy, but it can be less unbearable if you let go of some control, teach your kids to do things independently, and trust them to self-regulate. Everyone comes out happier in the end.
What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A.Parenting has been the toughest job since ancient times.
B.Allowing parents to self-regulate may be of great benefit.
C.Less control may lead to a harmonious parent-child relationship.
D.Children should be taught to things all by themselves to grow up.
答案 C　
解析 根据本段 “No one said parenting was easy, but it can be less unbearable if you let go of some control, teach your kids to do things independently, and trust them to self-regulate. Everyone comes out happier in the end.” 可知, 如果你放弃一些控制权, 教你的孩子独立做事, 并相信他们能自我调节, 这就不会那么难以忍受了, 最后每个人都很开心。由此可以推知, 较少的控制可能会促成和谐的亲子关系。故选C项。
技法4　文章出处/类别题或者读者身份题——对号入座法　
推测文章的来源或者读者对象要求考生本身具备一定的常识。比如读者本身要对报纸、杂志、网络、科普、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解, 这样才能根据文章的特点对号入座。这类题目的题干中常出现的关键词有 be intended for, be taken from, come from, be found in等。
【解题微技能】
【典例印证】
(2021·全国甲卷, A)
Take a view, the Landscape (风景) Photographer of the Year Award, was the idea of Charlie Waite, one of today’s most respected landscape photographers. Each year, the high standard of entries has shown that the Awards are the perfect platform to showcase the very best photography of the British landscape. Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all corners of the UK and beyond.
Mike Shepherd (2011) Skiddaw in Winter Cumbria, England It was an extremely cold winter’s evening and freezing fog hung in the air ...
Timothy Smith (2014) Macclesfield Forest Cheshire, England I was back in my home town of Macclesfield to take some winter images...
...
Where can the text be found
A.In a history book.　　B.In a novel.
C.In an art magazine. D.In a biography.
思维流程
第一步: 确定文体
本文是应用文。
第二步: 综合分析
根据第一段可知, 每年参赛作品的高水准表明了该奖项是展示英国最佳风景摄影作品的完美平台。结合下文对两位获奖者及其作品的介绍可知, 这篇文章主要介绍了Take a view以及获奖的相关情况, 因此本文最可能出现在一本艺术杂志上。
第三步: 比对选项
选项 选项意思
A 在一本历史书上
B 在一本小说中
C 在一本艺术杂志上
D 在一本传记中
第四步: 确定答案
根据以上分析可知答案为C项。
【对点微练习】
A
(2021·山东烟台一模)
Despite the lack of new releases due to the outbreak of the epidemic, there was no shortage of good films in 2020.We’ve picked out the top 4 films. Check them out!
...
In which column of the website could we read this text
A.Science.　　　　　　　B.History.
C.Entertainment. D.Medicine.
答案 C　
解析 文章开头表示虽然有疫情, 但2020年的好电影并不短缺, 并且列出了四部排名靠前的电影。由此可以推知, 文章可能选自网站的 “娱乐” 一栏。故选C项。
B
(2021·山东滨州一模)
How to Become a London Blue Badge Tourist Guide
To become a registered Blue Badge Tourist Guide working in London, you will need to take a course and gain accreditation from the Institute of Tourist Guiding.
The Course
...
Applying for the Course
...
Programme Content
...
Exams
...
What kind of text is it
A.A report. B.A notice.
C.A travel brochure. D.An advertisement.
答案 D　
解析 根据文章第一段可知, 要成为一名在伦敦工作的注册Blue Badge Tourist Guide, 你需要参加一门课程并获得导游学院的认证。接下来, 利用四个有小标题的段落对这门课程进行了详细的介绍。由此可以推知, 这篇文章是一则广告。故选D项。
命题特点
考点三 主旨大意题
主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解, 要求考生对文章主旨或者段落大意有清晰的认识。此类题目常涉及主旨大意和标题归纳, 其中主旨大意题一般有概括文章大意和段落大意两种形式。
设问方式 考查角度
1.What is the text mainly about 2.What’s the main idea of the passage 3.What is the best title for the text 4.What can be a suitable title for the text 5.What’s the main idea discussed in the first/ second/third/...paragraph 6.What’s the main idea of the first/second/third/...paragraph 1.文章大意题
2.标题归纳题
3.段落大意题
技巧点拨
技法1　文章大意题——利用写作手法　
此类题目考查考生对全文的把握程度, 考生要在理解全文的基础上对文章内容进行高度概括或者总结归纳。正确选项的特点是涵盖性强, 可以覆盖全文内容; 而以偏概全、无中生有, 都不会是文章的主旨。
【解题微技能】
【典例印证】
(2020·全国Ⅱ卷, B)
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转) and translate shapes,”Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
What is the text mainly about
A.A mathematical method.
B.A scientific study.
C.A woman psychologist.
D.A teaching program.
思维流程
第一步: 锁定主题句
主题句在文末, 也就是最后一段——The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.。这个研究结果发表在了一本杂志上, 因此这篇文章主要讲述了一项科学研究。
第二步: 综合分析
第一段首先引出一个现象, 然后利用转折连词but引出研究结果, 即玩拼图游戏能帮助孩子提高与数学相关的技巧。 第二到五段是研究过程; 最后一段得出研究结论。
第三步: 比对选项
选项 选项意思
A 一个数学方法
B 一项科学研究
C 一位女心理学家
D 一个教学项目
第四步: 确定答案
根据以上分析可知答案为B项。
【对点微练习】
A
(2021·福建福州6月适应性练习)
What about your emotions How do they help you to understand what you are reading
In Jane Yolan’s Owl Moon, a girl explores with her father on a snowy night. She longs for this special night. And she’s amazed when she sees an owl. Have you felt longing before Amazement Well, if you have, it helps you have a sense of agreement. When we can put ourselves inside a story we can understand it better. Our brain tells us, “Oh, this girl’s experience is a bit like mine.” We can relate to her. But this skill is not natural. So young kids have to learn it.
Pictures and images help young readers to understand and recognise feelings. Readers feel joy when seeing the smiling faces of friends. They feel fear when turning the page to find a scary monster. They are just pictures, but the feelings are real. This skill, to understand the thinking and feeling of others, is what researchers call “theory of mind”.
...
But most young readers don’t go into deep, scary woods. And some may not go to the beach or play basketball. In the book Yo!Yes two kids meet and play ball ... Some young readers might not play basketball, but they can read the clues on the page to figure out how the kids are feeling. And some readers might not like the game, but they can feel excited for the characters.
What is the text mainly about
A.How thinking influences reading.
B.How readers improve reading skills.
C.How emotions help enhance reading.
D.How kids figure out the clues of stories.
答案 C　
解析 本文是一篇说明文。通读全文可以看出, 文章首段包含文章主旨。根据首段 “What about your emotions How do they help you to understand what you are reading ” 可知, 本文主要讲述了情绪如何帮助我们理解故事。故选C项。
B
(2021·湖南高三第三次模拟)
If you think of the jobs that robots could never do, you would probably put doctors and teachers at the top of the list. But are we underestimating(低估) what robots can do
In some cases, they already do better than doctors at diagnosing illness. Also, some patients might feel more comfortable sharing personal information with a machine than a person. Could there be a place for robots in education
British education expert Anthony Seldon thinks so. He even has a date for the robot takeover of the classroom: 2027.He forecasts that robots will do the main job of disseminating knowledge and teachers will be like helpers. Intelligent robots will read students’ faces, movements and even brain signals. Then they will pass the information on to each student in the way he or she can understand.
However, it’s not a popular opinion. Most people think it’s impossible that robots will have the ability to really connect with humans like another human can.
One thing is certain, though. A robot teacher is better than no teacher at all. In some parts of the world, there aren’t enough teachers and 9%-16% of children under the age of 14 don’t go to school. That problem could be partly solved by robots because they can teach anywhere.
Being a teacher is a difficult job and teachers often feel overworked. Perhaps the question is not “Will robots replace teachers ” but “How can robots help teachers ” Teachers spend a lot of time doing non-teaching work, including more than 11 hours a week marking homework. If robots could cut the time teachers spend marking homework and writing reports, teachers would have more time and energy for the parts of the job humans do best.
The article is mainly about 　　　.
A.robot teachers
B.robot doctors
C.school activities
D.the weakness of robots
答案 A　
解析 本文是一篇说明文。根据第二段最后一句及下文描述可知, 文章主要说明了机器人在教育中发挥的作用。故选A项。
技法2　标题归纳题——3大特点4个技巧归纳法　
文章标题的特点是短小精悍、简洁醒目、概括性强。标题归纳题和主旨大意题一样, 都是考查考生对文章的整体把握和深层理解的能力。从选项上看, 文章主旨大意题往往是一句话, 而标题归纳题往往是一个短语。
【解题微技能】
【典例印证】
(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷, C)
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl(水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat(栖息地).
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act(Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory(迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, Iowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A.The Federal Duck Stamp Story
B.The National Wildlife Refuge System
C.The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl
D.The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
思维流程
第一步: 提炼题干中的关键词
题干中的关键词是a suitable title for the text, 由此得知, 本题考查对文章的整体把握和深层理解。
第二步: 串联细节
第一段讲述北美水禽骤减; 第二段讲述美国为此发行了鸭票, 狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎; 第三段讲述卖鸭票的部分收入用于购买水禽的栖息地, 从而保护了水禽。故可推知, A项最具有概括性。
第三步: 比对选项
选项 选项意思
A 联邦鸭票的故事
B 国家野生生物保护系统
C 拯救水禽的好处
D 候鸟狩猎的历史
第四步: 确定答案
根据以上分析可知答案为A项。
【对点微练习】
A
(2021·四川成都高三第三次诊断性检测)
A small bowl bought at a yard sale in Connecticut for just $35 has been identified as a rare 15th-century Chinese antique.
The blue-and-white bowl was made during the Ming Dynasty. It was expected to sell for up to $500,000, according to Sotheby’s auction(拍卖)house in New York.
The purchase was made near New Haven, Connecticut. “I was just hanging around there aimlessly. But when I saw this bowl, I didn’t even bargain over the $35 asking price,” the owner said. Shortly after the purchase, he sent photos of the bowl to auction specialists, who identified it as an item of historical significance.
...
“I was deeply attracted by the techniques. You can see why this bowl is so highly-valued from the very smooth porcelain body and special blue colouring, which were never reproduced in later dynasties,” McAteer, an auction specialist said.
...
What’s the best title of the text
A.An Amazing Bowl
B.A Special Yard Sale
C.Ming Dynasty
D.A Man Making Fortune
答案 A　
解析 本文的首段为导语, 也是本文的主旨。根据第一段 “A small bowl bought at a yard sale in Connecticut for just $35 has been identified as a rare 15th-century Chinese antique.” 可知, 一只以35美元购得的小碗被认定是一件罕见的15世纪的中国古董。由此可知, “一只令人震惊的碗” 最适合做本文标题。故选A项。
B
(2021·山东潍坊二模)
Why humans make and appreciate music is an evolutionary(进化的) mystery. Recently, David Schruth and his colleagues have a new explanation. They say the roots of human music can date back to the branches of trees more than 50 million years ago, when the first primates(灵长类) appeared. Early primates moved around forest by leaping(跳跃) from branch to branch.
Schruth argues that a primate that calls in a musical way is advertising that it has fine control over its vocal(发声的) muscles. This might have convinced other primates that the caller also had fine control over its body. His another research shows the species that leap the most tend to have more complicated calls, which the team jokingly named as “protomusic”.
Hagen, a worldwide famous scientist in this field, commented on the research: “I do see a continuity between human music and primate vocalisations.”
Hagen doesn’t think human music has a single, simple explanation. He argues that human ancestors originally used music-like vocalisations in two ways: groups vocalised together to send a signal of strength and unity to scare outsiders away, and mothers used vocalisations to communicate with babies. Also another idea: humans used music to strengthen social bonds.
All these ideas might be compatible, says Hagen. Protomusic could have evolved in primates both to attract companions and for territorial signalling. Later, as early humans began cooperating in large numbers, protomusic might have been repurposed so it could attract rather than frighten outsiders, while also strengthening social bonds within groups.
What’s the best title of the text
A.Repurposed functions of music
B.Arguments on primates’ evolution
C.Origins of music linked to leaping
D.Discoveries about the human origins
答案 C　
解析 本文是一篇说明文。文章第一段以David Schruth和他同事的新发现引出了全文的主题: 人类音乐的起源可以追溯到5,000多万年前的树枝上, 当时最早的灵长类出现。下文对他们的新发现进行了阐释。因此, 全文讲的是人类音乐的起源与灵长类的关系, C项最能涵盖主题。故选C项。
技法3　段落大意题——段落框架法　
段落大意题考查对段落的基本内容进行概括总结的能力。总结段落大意, 就是用明确、完整、简洁的语句将段落的意思表达出来。正确选项的特点是涵盖性强, 可覆盖整个段落的内容。
【解题微技能】
【典例印证】
(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷, D)
...
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable,we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence
A.Its appeal to the public.
B.Expectations for future studies.
C.Its practical application.
D.Scientists with new perspectives.
思维流程
第一步: 确定段落结构
通读本段可知, 此段为 “分—总—分” 结构。
第二步: 确定关键词
根据本段的 “...we hope that such attention will excite... how people manage their lives.” 可知, 我们希望在未来的几十年里, 科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角。根据其中的关键词we hope, will excite, It is our hope that及作者的语气可推知, 本段主要谈了对未来(情商)研究的期望。
第三步: 比对选项
选项 选项意思
A 它对公众的吸引力
B 对未来研究的期望
C 它的实际应用
D 有新观点的科学家
第四步: 确定答案
根据以上分析可知答案为B项。
【对点微练习】
A
(2021·山东济南4月适应性考试)
...
PETase breaks down PET back into its building blocks, creating an opportunity to recycle plastic and reduce plastic pollution. PET is the most common thermoplastic (热塑性塑料) used to make single-use drink bottles, which takes hundreds of years to break down in the environment, but PETase can shorten this time to days.
...
What is the second paragraph mainly about
A.A new study of PET.
B.The breakdown of PET.
C.The discovery of PETase.
D.The functions of PETase.
答案 D　
解析 通读文章第二段, 尤其是 “PET is the most common thermoplastic used to make single-use drink bottles, which takes hundreds of years to break down in the environment, but PETase can shorten this time to days.” 可知, PET是最常见的热塑性塑料, 用于制造一次性饮料瓶。一次性饮料瓶在环境中分解需要几百年的时间, 但PETase可以将这个时间缩短到几天。也就是说, 本段主要介绍了PETase的作用。故选D项。
B
(2021·山东潍坊一模)
...
Tears, which are released from tear tubes, form a film over the eye that’s composed of three ingredients: mucus, water, and oil. The mucus coats the eyes’ surface and helps to attach the film to the eye, the water is a natural salty solution containing crucial proteins and minerals, and the oil prevents the eye from drying out.
...
What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A.The source of tears.
B.The composition of tears.
C.The classification of tears.
D.The definition of tears.
答案 B　
解析 根据第三段第一句可知, 眼泪从泪管中释放出来, 在眼睛上形成一层膜, 这种膜由三种成分组成。后面介绍了这三种成分的作用。所以本段的主题句在句首, 主要讲述了眼泪的成分。故选B项。
命题特点
考点四 词句猜测题
词句猜测题考查考生根据上下文猜测单词、短语或者句子的能力, 是一个从 “已知” 信息猜测 “未知” 内容的过程。词义猜测题除了涉及实词外, 还会考查代词的指代对象。句意猜测题考查的通常是一个具有概括性的句子的意思, 要求考生通过阅读文章, 结合上下文, 用合适的语句对其进行直接或者解释性的描述。
设问方式 考查角度
1.What does the underlined word/phrase “...” in paragraph 1 refer to 2.What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to 3.What does the underlined “...” in paragraph 3 refer to 4.What does the underlined word/phrase/sentence “...” in paragraph 5 probably mean 1.单词猜测题
2.短语猜测题
3.代词指代题
4.句意理解题
技巧点拨
技法1　词语猜测题——利用逻辑关系　
词语猜测题在每套题中通常只有一个小题, 少有考查两个的情况。这类题的考查主要涉及超纲词汇或者短语、熟词生义、陌生的派生词或者合成词以及有特殊意义的词块。
【解题微技能】
【典例印证】
(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷, C)
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat(栖息地).
...
What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph
A.Acquire.　　　　　　　B.Export.
C.Destroy. D.Distribute.
思维流程
第一步: 定位到画线词所在的句子
Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources.
第二步: 结合语境
根据前一句 “Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.” 可知, 美洲土著居民将这些珍贵的自然资源保护得很好, 又根据画线词所在句中的Unfortunately可知, 本句与上一句形成了转折。由此推知, 本句是在阐述移民者做得不好的地方, 即移民者破坏了这些自然资源, 故画线词意思是 “破坏”。
第三步: 比对选项
选项 选项意思
A 获得
B 出口
C 破坏
D 分配
第四步: 确定答案
根据以上分析可知答案为C项。
【对点微练习】
A
(2021·山东潍坊一模)
...
Humans are the only known species to produce emotional tears; the expression “crocodile tears”, which refers to a person’s phony display of emotion, comes from the mysterious tendency of crocodiles to release tears as they eat.
...
What does the underlined word “phony” in paragraph 4 mean
A.Tricky.　　　　　　　B.Regretful. C.Cold. D.False.
答案 D　
解析 根据画线词后文 “...display of emotion, comes from the mysterious tendency of crocodiles to release tears as they eat.” 可知, 鳄鱼进食的时候会流泪, 所以 “鳄鱼的眼泪” 指的是一个人虚假的情感表达。tricky意为 “狡猾的”; regretful 意为 “后悔的”; cold意为 “寒冷的”; false意为 “假的, 不真诚的”。故选D项。
B
(2021·山东青岛高三调研)
...
Xie trained with his national teammates in the United States for four months during the winter. According to his original plan, he was due to take part in a series of outdoor races in Europe to tune up for the Games. That was until the pandemic changed everything.
...
Which of the following can best replace the underlined phrase “tune up” in paragraph 4
A.Make up. B.Long. C.Leave. D.Prepare.
答案 D　
解析 根据画线短语的上文 “According to his original plan, he was due to take part in a series of outdoor races in Europe to...” 以及后文 for the Games 可知, 谢最初的计划是他将在欧洲参加一系列的户外比赛, 为奥运会做准备。因此, 画线部分意为 “准备”。故选D项。
技法2　代词指代题——利用就近原则　
代词指代题是高考常见的考查类型, 主要考查文中的指示代词、人称代词、不定代词等所指代的内容。
【解题微技能】
【典例印证】
(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷, C)
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea...
What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A.Developing a serious mental disease.
B.Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C.Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D.Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
思维流程
第一步: 确定位置
分析句子可知, 第二段中的画线词that指代前文提到的内容。
第二步: 明确含义
第一段作者开门见山, 提到Tom Bissell回到乌兹别克斯坦来写一篇关于咸海消失的文章。第二段介绍他此行收获的远远超越了这个。这里就是that所指代的内容, 即上文中提到的Tom Bissell回到乌兹别克斯坦所写的一篇关于咸海消失的文章。
第三步: 代入替换
代入之后, 会发现此处呼应了上文, 并且与下文他出版了一本书的语境相吻合。
第四步: 确定答案
根据以上分析可知答案为D项。
【对点微练习】
A
(2021·山东淄博三模)
...
The researchers also accounted for the influence of one variable(变量) on another, such as wind speed on sea surface temperature. This influence is well understood and accounted for in climate predictions and in weather forecasts, but it has not been fully applied in understanding how long-term climate affects day-to-day weather, according to Li. “We aimed to provide insights on the time scale that can be used to forecast typhoons in advance.”
...
What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 4 refer to
A.The variable.　　　　B.The climate.
C.The temperature. D.The influence.
答案 D　
解析 根据本段的 “The researchers also accounted for the influence of... according to Li.” 可知, 研究人员还说明了一个变量对另一个变量的影响, 这一影响在气候预测和天气预报中得到了充分的理解和说明, 但在了解长期气候如何影响日常天气方面, 这一影响尚未得到充分应用。第二句的主语是This influence, 而画线词it在but引导的并列句中做主语, 和前面分句的主语相同。故选D项。
B
(2021·山东济南4月适应性考试)
...
The team was co-led by the scientists who engineered PETase, Professor John McGeehan and Dr Gregg Beckham. Professor McGeehan said, “Gregg and I were chatting about how PETase attacks the surface of the plastics and MHETase chops things up further, so it seemed natural to see if we could use them together. Our first experiments showed that they did work better together, so we decided to physically link them. It took a great deal of work, but it was worth the effort.”
...
What does the underlined word “It” in paragraph 4 refer to
A.Co-leading the transatlantic team.
B.Combining PETase and MHETase.
C.Attacking the surface of the plastics.
D.Talking about conducting experiments.
答案 B　
解析 根据第四段中的 “Our first experiments showed that they did work better together, so we decided to physically link them.” 可知, 科学家们想结合PETase和MHETase, 使其产生更好的效果。画线词It所在的句子表示这需要大量的工作, 但值得付出努力, 所以It指的是PETase和MHETase的结合工作。故选B项。
技法3　句意理解题——利用吻合原则　
句意理解题要求考生用合适的句子解释画线句子或者句子的一部分。 这类题往往具有以下特点: (1)画线的句子有特殊含义, 或者是一个高度概括的句子; (2)前后文往往对画线的句子有解释。因此, 锁定画线句的前后文, 意义吻合是解题的关键。
【解题微技能】
【典例印证】
(2019·浙江卷, B)
Money with no strings attached. It’s not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need.”
...
What does the expression “Money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean
A.Money spent without hesitation.
B.Money not legally made.
C.Money offered without conditions.
D.Money not tied together.
思维流程
第一步: 确定位置, 并找到相关信息
画线句在第一段的开头, 而本段最后的“Give What You Can, Take What You Need.” 是相关信息, 表示“给你所能给的, 取你所需要的”。
第二步: 分析画线句子的意思
no strings attached表示没有任何附带条件。进而推知, 这句话的意思是 “无条件提供的钱”。
第三步: 比对选项
选项 选项意思
A 毫不犹豫花的钱
B 非法所得的钱
C 无条件提供的钱
D 没有捆绑在一起的钱
第四步: 确定答案
根据以上分析可知答案为C项。
【对点微练习】
A
(2021·山东潍坊检测)
My parents owned a neighbourhood bar called the M Ninety-Seven, named after a nearby highway, on the corner of State Fair and Hoover Avenues in Detroit. Built in the 1930s, it had a long wooden bar that was on the right as you walked in. I grew up in the bar. When most kids of my age were at the park playing ball or riding bikes, I was watching old men shoot pool and play shuffleboard (推移板游戏).
...
What did the author want to tell us by the underlined sentence in paragraph 1
A.His family built a wooden bar.
B.He didn’t play with kids at the park.
C.He liked making friends with old men.
D.He was familiar with everything in the bar.
答案