2022年广东省广州中考英语一轮复习七年级到九年级单元语法及课文语言点复习

① be from ...
I’m from Germany. 我来自德国。
★ be from ... 意为“来自……”，通常情况下可以与come from ... 替换。如：
The cowboy is from Texas. = The cowboy comes from Texas. 这个牛仔来自得克萨斯州。
【随身练】
亚历山大来自希腊。
Alexander __________ __________ Greece.
② close to
I live with my family in a house close to some mountains. 我和我的家人住在一座离一些山峰很近的房子里。
★ close to意为“（在空间、时间上）接近”，与near意思相近。如：
The village is close to the sea. 这座村庄邻近大海。
Tom and Jerry are close to each other in age. 汤姆和杰里彼此的年龄很接近。
【随身练】
Their flat is _ the Hudson River.
A. in front B. far C. inside D. close to
③ elder
I have an elder sister and an elder brother. 我有一个姐姐和一个哥哥。
★ elder是形容词old的比较级，意为“年长的”，其反义词是younger，意为“年幼的”。如：elder daughter较年长的女儿；younger sister妹妹。与older比较，elder只做定语，而older可做定语或表语。如：
Her elder sister is almost ten years older than her. 她姐姐比她年长近十岁。
【随身练】
文森特有两个哥哥、两个妹妹。
Vincent has two __________ __________ and two __________ __________.
Dave is five years _ than his _ brother.
elder, older B. older, younger C. elder, younger D. older, elder
④ favourite
My favourite subjects are Maths, Art and Science. 我最喜欢的科目是数学、美术和科学。
★ favourite意为“最喜欢的（人或事物）”，既可以做定语也可以做表语。如：
His favourite hobby is reading Wonder Woman comics. 他最大的爱好就是看神奇女侠漫画。
This film is my favourite. 这是我最爱看的电影。
句型one’s favourite ... is ... 意为“某人最喜欢的……是……”，可以与sb like(s) ... best互换使用。如：
Her favourite book is The Grapes of Wrath. = She likes The Grapes of Wrath best. 她最喜爱的书是《愤怒的葡萄》。
【随身练】
布鲁斯最喜爱的食物是牛排。
Bruce’s __________ food __________ steak.
同义句转换
Winter is Jeffery’s favourite season. = Jeffery __________ winter __________.
⑤ because
I like my school because the teachers are all very friendly. 因为我的老师都很友好，所以我喜欢我的学校。
★ because是连词，意为“因为”，表示某事发生的原因，语气比较强烈。在一个句子中，because不能和表示结果的连词so连用。如：
Stark walks slowly because his bag is too heavy. = Stark’s bag is too heavy, so he walks slowly.
史塔克走得很慢，因为他的背包太沉了。
【随身练】
He can’t answer the teacher’s questions _ he didn’t do his homework last night.
or B. when C. because D. but
⑥ one’s dream is to do sth
My dream is to be an engineer. 我的梦想是当一名工程师。
★ one’s dream is to do sth意为“某人的梦想是做某事”，to do sth是is的表语。如：
Roger’s dream is to be a great writer like Hemingway. 罗杰梦想成为一名像海明威那样的伟大作家。
【随身练】
格蕾丝的梦想是环球旅行。
Grace’s dream __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________.
⑦ be good at
I am good at swimming and playing basketball. 我擅长游泳和打篮球。
★ be good at意为“擅长”，后面可以接动名词或者名词。如：
Bob Dylan is good at writing songs. 鲍勃·迪伦擅长创作歌曲。
Alfred is good at Latin. 阿尔弗雷德擅长拉丁语。
【随身练】
大卫擅长计算机科学，而麦克斯和丹则擅长绘画。
David __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ while Max and Dan __________ __________ __________ __________ __________.
⑧ make friends with ... & all over
I want to make friends with young people from all over the world! 我想和全世界的年轻人交朋友！
★ make friends with ... 意为“和……交朋友”。如：
He wants to make friends with other children. 他想与其他孩子交朋友。
★ all over意为“遍及”，后面常跟地点名词。如：
The box fell from her hand and the coins inside ran all over the carpet.
那个盒子从她手中坠落，里面的硬币到处散落在地毯上。
【随身练】
“这些人很有趣，我们跟他们交朋友吧。”酋长说。
“These people are interesting. Let’s __________ __________ __________ them,” said the chief.
他满镇找他的宠物狗。
He looked for his pet dog __________ __________ the town.
① 名词 + called ...
I got an email from a boy called Bruce. 我收到了一个名叫布鲁斯的男孩发来的一封电子邮件。
★ called ... 在本句中意为“名叫……的”，放在名词后面作后置定语，修饰该名词。如：
a film called Nomadland 一部名为《无依之地》的电影
【随身练】
Tintin has a pet dog _ Snowy.
calling B. to call C. called D. call
约翰想买一本名为《达洛维夫人》的书。
John wants to buy __________ __________ __________ Mrs Dalloway.
② other
My other hobbies are watching ... and reading books. 我其他的爱好是看……和看书。
★ other意为“其他的；另外的；别的”，后面可接可数名词复数形式。如：
lan is busy now. Maybe other people can help you. 伊恩现在很忙，或许其他人能帮你。
【随身练】
别担心，依然还有很多其他的电脑可以挑选。
Don’t worry. There are still many __________ __________ to choose from.
哈里斯先生和其他三位老师在那儿。
Mr Harris and three __________ __________ were there.
③ like doing sth
I like flying kites in my free time. 我喜欢在闲暇时间放风筝。
★ 动词like在本句中意为“喜欢”，后面可接动词的-ing形式，构成句型like doing sth，意为“喜欢/爱好做某事（强调经常性和习惯性）”。如：
He likes having a walk around the lake. 他喜欢绕着湖散步。
【拓展】like后面也可接动词不定式，构成句型like to do sth，意为“喜欢做某事；想/愿意做某事（强调具体某次或偶尔）”。如：
Henry likes to go shopping this afternoon. 亨利今天下午想去购物。
【随身练】
伊芙喜欢乘火车旅行。
Eve __________ __________ by train.
萨拉明晚想看这部电影。
Sara __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ tomorrow evening.
特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句是指以what, who, when, where, why, which, whose, how等特殊疑问词开头，对句中的某一部分进行提问的句子。对句子不同的部分进行提问要用不同的特殊疑问词。
特殊疑问词 提问对象 意义
what 事物或职业 “什么；什么职业”
who 人 “谁”
when 时间 “什么时候”
where 地点 “哪里”
why 原因 “为什么”
which 特定范围内的人或物 “哪一个；哪一些”
whose 所属关系 “谁的”
how 方式 “如何”
how old 年龄 “多少岁”
how many （可数名词的）数量 “多少”
how much 价格；（不可数名词的）数量 “多少钱；多少”
如：
What is this tree
What is her uncle
Who is that old man
When can you come again
Where did they meet yesterday
Why do you act like that
Which game does he like best
Which stories would you like to hear
Whose bag is this
How does she start her day
How old is that boy
How many bottles of water do you drink every day
How much are these oranges
How much time do we get
须注意：特殊疑问句一般都要读降调。
【特殊疑问句的语序】
当特殊疑问词指代的内容是句子的主语时，用陈述语序，即：
特殊疑问词 + 谓语动词（+ 其他成分）？
如：Who is over there
当特殊疑问词指代的内容不是句子的主语时，特殊疑问词后用一般疑问句语序，即：
特殊疑问词 + be动词/助动词/情态动词 + 主语 + 实义动词（+ 其他成分）？
如：When is he coming back
How does Mary go to school
What can we learn from the story
【巩固练习】
就划线部分提问
There are three apples in the bag.
__________ __________ apples are there in the bag
His sister is a doctor.
__________ does his sister do
Bob is Julie’s cousin.
__________ is Julie’s cousin
Her grandfather is 80 years old.
__________ __________ is her grandfather
James comes home by taxi.
__________ does James come home
Abraham wants to go to the library.
__________ does Abraham want to go
This is Chang’s key.
__________ key is this
不定冠词a和an
不定冠词a和an用于可数名词单数前，意为“一个（支、把、只、名……）”。a用于以辅音音素（注意：不是辅音字母）开头的单词前，an用于以元音音素（注意：不是元音字母）开头的单词前。如：a map一张地图；an umbrella一把伞。
【辨析】
区分用a还是an，不是看首字母，而是看单词的音标的第一个音素是辅音音素还是元音音素。如：uniform / ju n f m/的首字母是元音字母u，但其音标是以辅音音素/j/开头，所以要用a uniform；又如：s /es/ 是辅音字母，但其音标是以元音音素/e/开头，所以要用an “s”。
【巩固练习】
填a或an
She has __________ one-year-old son and she takes him out for __________ hour every day.
The boy usually wears __________ uniform to go to school.
__________ tiger and __________ elephant came to the river.
① love doing sth
I love going to school. 我喜爱上学。
★ love在本句中作动词，意为“喜爱；热爱”，后面可接动词的-ing形式，构成用法love doing sth，意为“喜爱做某事（强调经常性、习惯性或爱好）”。在此用法中，love可与like互换使用。如：
Her elder sister loves/likes telling jokes. 她姐姐爱讲笑话。
【拓展】love后面也可接动词不定式to do，构成用法love to do sth，意为“喜欢做某事（强调具体某次的意愿）”。在此用法中，love也可与like互换使用。如：
She loved/liked to sing karaoke with her friends this evening. 她今晚喜欢同她的朋友们一起唱卡拉OK。
【随身练】
Robert likes _ expensive things while Alice loves _ a simple life.
buy, live B. buying, live C. buy, living D. buying, living
大家都知道他周末爱跳舞。
Everybody knows he __________ __________ at weekends.
维多利亚喜欢听那个故事吗？
__________ Victoria __________ __________ __________ __________ that story
② so & on foot
My school is close to my home, so I always go to school on foot. 因为我的学校离我家近，所以我总是步行去上学。
★ so在本句中作连词，意为“因此；所以”。在连接表示因果关系的两个句子时，so后面接句子表示结果，与前面表示原因的句子通常用逗号分开。如：
He wanted to go to the museum, so he finished his lunch very quickly. 他想去博物馆，所以很快就吃完了午饭。
【拓展】表示原因的句子可以用because来引导。须注意：在汉语中，我们常将“因为”和“所以”搭配使用；但在英语中，because和so不能同时出现在一个句子里。如：
Because Jake was very hungry, he ate two hamburgers. = Jake was very hungry, so he ate two hamburgers.
因为杰克很饿，所以他吃了两个汉堡。
★ on foot意为“步行”。go to ... on foot意为“步行去……”，可与walk to ... 互换使用。如：
They plan to go to the Mogao Caves on foot. = They plan to walk to the Mogao Caves. 他们计划步行去莫高窟。
【随身练】
It was a lovely day, _ the Smiths went out to the beach.
because B. or C. so D. but
_ a thief steals money from their shop every day, _ they are not happy.
So, because B. Because, so C. So, / D. Because, /
同义句转换
Did he and Aladdin walk to the market
Did he and Aladdin __________ __________ the market __________ __________
③ enjoy
I enjoy learning about different places in the world. 我喜欢了解世界上不同的地方。
★ 动词enjoy意为“从……获得乐趣；喜欢”。enjoy后面可接名词，构成用法enjoy sth，意为“喜欢某物”；enjoy后面也可接动词的ing形式，构成用法enjoy doing sth，意为“喜欢做某事”。在这两种用法中，enjoy可与like或love互换使用。如：
He enjoys/likes/loves his new job.
他喜欢自己的新工作。
She enjoys/likes/loves cooking so she often invites her friends over for dinner.
她喜欢下厨，所以常常邀请朋友们过来吃饭。
【随身练】
He enjoys _ here in the palace.
live B. living C. to live D. to living
他们喜欢这里的食物。
__________________________________________________
这个男孩喜欢玩电脑游戏。
__________________________________________________
① twice or once
I go to the English Club twice a week. 我一周去两次英语俱乐部。
Once a month, I go to the park. 我每个月去一次公园。
★ 在这两句中，副词twice意为“两次”，once意为“一次”。若表达三次或三次以上的次数，则用“基数词 + times”，此时time是可数名词，意为“次数”。如：five times五次。表示频率的短语有：once/twice/... times a day/week/month/year，意为“一天/周/月/年一/两/……次”。如：
He usually goes to the pub twice a week. 他通常一周去两次那家酒馆。
【随身练】
吉米一个月去一次健身房。
Jimmy goes to the gym __________ __________ __________.
② how often
How often do you watch television 你多久看一次电视？
★ how often意为“多久一次”，用于提问频率，回答时通常用usually, often, every day, every night, once a day/week/month等表示频率的副词或短语。如：
--- How often do you go climbing --- Three times a month. ——你多久爬一次山？——一个月三次。
【随身练】
就划线部分提问
He visits his aunt three times a week.
__________ __________ does he visit his aunt
③ arrive
She always arrives at school at 7:25 a.m. 她总是在早上7点25分到达学校。
★ 动词arrive意为“到达”。arrive后面接介词at或in，其中表示到达小地方时用介词at，表示到达大地方时用介词in。arrive at/in可与get to互换使用。如：
When you arrive in / get to Venice, we will meet again. 当你到达威尼斯时，我们会再见面的。
【拓展】如果后面跟地点副词（如：here, there, home等），arrive和get都不需要接介词。如：arrive/get here到达这里。
【随身练】
琼斯先生五点将抵达车站。
Mr Jones will __________ __________ the station at 5 o’clock.
你昨晚什么时候到家的？
When did you __________ __________ last night
④ help sb with sth
She sometimes helps me with my homework. 她有时候帮助我做功课。
★ help sb with sth意为“帮助某人（做）某事”。须注意：介词with后面要接名词。此句型可与help sb (to) do sth互换使用，转换句型时要加上相应的动词。如：
Let’s help the poor boy with his heavy bag. = Let’s help the poor boy (to) carry his heavy bag.
让我们帮那个可怜的孩子搬一下他那沉甸甸的包吧。
【随身练】
同义句转换
She can’t help him do the housework.
She can’t __________ him __________ the housework.
一般现在时
【一般现在时的用法】
表示现阶段经常性或习惯性的动作，与一般现在时连用的表示频率的时间状语有：always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, every day/week/month/year等。如：
She sometimes writes to me. 她有时写信给我。
表示目前的状态。如：
Linda is an exchange student. 琳达是一名交换生。
表示主语的特征或性质。如：
He has green eyes. 他有着绿色的眼睛。
表示客观事实或普遍真理。如：
The Sun rises in the east. 太阳从东边升起。
【一般现在时的句式】
be动词 实义动词（以make为例）
肯定句 主语 + am/are/is + 其他成分. 主语 + make/makes + 其他成分.
否定句 主语 + am/are/is + not + 其他成分. 主语 + don’t/doesn’t make + 其他成分.
一般疑问句 Am/Are/Is + 主语 + 其他成分 Do/Does + 主语 + make + 其他成分
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词 + am/are/is + 主语 + 其他成分 特殊疑问词 + do/does + 主语 + make + 其他成分
须注意：在一般现在时中，当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词要相应地用其第三人称单数形式。
【动词一般现在时第三人称单数形式的变化规律及读音规则】
动词 变化规律 读音规则 例子
大部分动词 在词尾加-s s在清辅音后读/s/；在浊辅音及元音后读/z/ look→looks /s/ dig→digs /z/ play→plays /z/
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的动词 在词尾加-es es读/ z/ miss→misses / z/ fix→fixes / z/ watch→watches / z/ wash→washes / z/
以o结尾的动词 在词尾加-es es读/z/ do→does /z/
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词 先将y变成i，再加-es es读/z/ study→studies /z/
【巩固练习】
一、写出第三人称单数形式
1. finish __________ 2. touch __________ 3. guess __________ 4. fly __________ 5. mix __________
6. go __________ 7. rain __________ 8. stay __________ 9. carry __________
二、1. Chloe and Mia both __________ (live) in Italy.
His baby daughter __________ (cry) loudly every night.
What __________ (do) Nora __________ (want) for dinner tonight
He __________ (love) eating and he always __________ (try) different foods.
That woman with blonde hair __________ (be) a Hollywood star.
Gina __________ (not like) watching horror films.
__________ (do) that girl __________ (come) to visit her every week
频度副词
频度副词用于表示动作的频率，在句中通常位于实义动词之前，be动词、助动词或情态动词等之后。常见的频度副词有：always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never。此外，还有一些表示频率的副词短语：once / twice / three times a week/month/year, every day/week/month/year等。如：
If you want to leave, never come back again. 如果你想要离开，那就永远不要再回来了。
I brush my teeth twice a day. 我一天刷两次牙。
【巩固练习】
Charlie and Polly don’t like hot weather, so they _ go on holiday in summer.
always B. seldom C. usually D. often
Rosie studies hard and she _ hands in her homework on time.
seldom B. never C. always D. sometimes
派生构词法（一）——后缀-ful, -y, -less, -ly和-en
【观察】
The garden is full of colourful flowers. 花园里满是五彩缤纷的花朵。
It is rainy today. 今天是雨天。
Don’t be so careless. 不要太粗心大意。
He is very friendly. 他很友好。
The chair is wooden. 这把椅子是木制的。
【梳理】
从上面的【观察】中，我们发现后缀-ful, -y, -less, -ly和-en分别与名词colour, rain, care, friend和wood组合构成形容词。
类型 例子
-ful（常加在名词后） powerful (强大的), hopeful (有希望的)
-y（常加在名词后） lucky (幸运的), dirty (脏的)
-less（常加在名词后） helpless (无助的), useless (无用的)
-ly（常加在名词后） yearly (每年的), motherly (母亲般的)
-en（常加在物质名词后） earthen (土制的), woolen (羊毛制的)
【练兵】
There is a __________ (wonder) museum near here, and there are __________ (count) famous paintings on display.
On Sunday, she made her __________ (week) trip to London. She thought it was a __________ (noise) but exciting city. And she had __________ (gold) memories of Sunday visits to Jane’s houses on Abby Road.
① too & also
There are different animals on Earth too. 地球上也有不同的动物。
There are also many people like you and me on Earth. 地球上也有很多像你和我一样的人。
★ 在这两句中，副词too和also均意为“也”。此外，either也可表示“也”，但三者在用法上有所区别。
too 用于肯定句 位于句末
also 用于肯定句 位于行为动词之前，be动词、助动词或情态动词之后
either 用于否定句 位于句末
如：
She read that novel too. 她也读了那本小说。
He also speaks a little Greek. 他也会讲一点希腊语。
If you don’t order a dessert, I won’t either. 如果你不点甜点的话，我也不点了。
【随身练】
她也不喜欢那首歌。 （either）
__________________________________________________
他也是一名工程师。 （too）
__________________________________________________
他们也喜欢烹饪。 （also）
__________________________________________________
② provide sb with sth
The Earth provides us with air, water and food. 地球为我们提供空气、水和食物。
★ provide sb with sth意为“为某人提供某物”，可与provide sth for sb互换使用。如：
This charity provides the homeless with food and clothes. = This charity provides food and clothes for the homeless.
这个慈善机构为无家可归的人提供食物和衣服。
【随身练】
同义句转换
Did the old man agree to provide water for them
Did the old man agree to __________ them __________ water
他们必须为这些孩子提供药品。 （provide ... with ...）
__________________________________________________
③ must & stop
We must stop doing these things. 我们必须停止做这些事情。
★ must在本句中作情态动词，意为“必须”，后面要接动词原形。mustn’t意为“不能；不准，禁止”。如：
Soldiers must obey orders. 士兵们必须服从命令。
You mustn’t go there alone. 你不准一个人去那儿。
★ stop在本句中作动词，意为“停止”，后面可接动词的-ing形式，构成用法stop doing sth，意为“停止做某事”。如：
“Please stop asking questions,” he said impatiently. “请停止提问。”他不耐烦地说。
【随身练】
在表演期间我们必须保持安静。
We __________ __________ __________ during the performance.
你不准很晚回家。
You __________ __________ home late.
你能别制造出那种噪音吗？
Could you __________ __________ that noise
④ quarter
one quarter四分之一
three quarters四分之三
★ quarter是可数名词，意为“四分之一；一刻钟”。如：
One quarter of the theatre was full. 剧院的座位坐满了四分之一。
They’ll meet at a quarter past ten. 他们会在十点十五分见面。
【随身练】
地球表面的四分之三都由水覆盖。
__________ __________ of the Earth’s surface is covered by water.
现在是差一刻两点，我会在两点半跟你见面。
It’s __________ __________ __________ __________ now. I will meet you at half past two.
① else
What else can we do 我们还能做别的什么吗？
★ 副词else意为“其他；另外”，可放在疑问词或不定代词的后面。疑问词有：who, what, which, when, where, how, why, whose等；不定代词有：somebody, anybody, nobody, someone, anyone, something, anything, nothing等。如：
What else do you want to say 你还有什么其他要说的？
She got help from someone else. 她从其他人那里得到了帮助。
【随身练】
如果连你我都信不过，我还能信任谁呢？
If I can’t trust you, __________ __________ can I trust
他们这周没有其他要做的事了。
They have __________ __________ to do this week.
② own
We can take our own shopping bags to the supermarket. 我们可以拿自己的购物袋去超市。
★ own意为“自己的；属于自己的”，常放在形容词性物主代词后面，用于加强语气。如：
It was his own idea. 这是他自己的想法。
【随身练】
她用自己的钱买下了所有这些礼物。
She bought all these gifts with her __________ __________.
③ fewer and fewer
fewer and fewer fish in the sea each year每年，海里的鱼越来越少
★ fewer and fewer意为“越来越少的”，用于修饰可数名词的复数形式。其反义词组是more and more，意为“越来越多的”。“比较级 + and + 比较级”常表示事物本身程度的逐渐变化，意为“越来越……”。如：
More and more tourists are coming to visit this place. 越来越多的游客前来参观此地。
He was becoming thinner and thinner. 他变得越来越瘦。
【随身练】
越来越少的人愿意买他的专辑。
__________ __________ __________ __________ are willing to buy his albums.
院子里的那棵树长得越来越高。
The tree in the yard is getting __________ __________ __________.
可数名词与不可数名词
名词分为可数名词与不可数名词。可数名词是指能以数目来计算，可分成个体的人或物；不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算，不可分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或物质材料等。可数名词有单、复数形式；不可数名词没有复数形式。
可数名词和不可数名词分别可与以下修饰词连用：
可数名词 单数 不定冠词a/an；定冠词the；基数词one
复数 定冠词the；基数词（大于“1”）；可修饰可数名词复数的限定词
不可数名词 定冠词the；可修饰不可数名词的限定词
须注意：不可数名词不与不定冠词a/an或基数词连用。
修饰数量的限定词的具体用法如下：
描述数量 提问数量
只可修饰可数名词 many how many
只可修饰不可数名词 much how much
既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词 a lot of, lots of, plenty of, some, any, no
在一般现在时的句子中，当名词作主语时，其谓语动词的单复数形式由该名词的数的形式决定。
主语 be动词 实义动词（以make为例）
可数名词单数或不可数名词 is 动词的第三人称单数形式（makes）
可数名词复数 are 动词原形（make）
不定冠词a/an或基数词常与量词（如piece, bottle, box, bowl, glass, bag, cup等）和of连用修饰名词，构成名词短语，即“不定冠词/基数词 + 量词 + of + 名词”。这类名词短语作主语时，句中谓语动词的单复数形式不受名词的数的形式影响，而是由其量词的单复数而定。不可数名词也多用这种方式来表示数量。如：
Two cups of coffee are his limit. 两杯咖啡是他的上限。
A bottle of water is 3 dollars at the airport. 这个机场一瓶水要三美元。
【巩固练习】
She doesn’t have __________ (many/much) friends.
Dave had plenty of __________ (money/monies) to buy that house.
The milk __________ (is/are) sour.
Does he have __________ (many/much) free time
Two __________ (bowl/bowls) of soup __________ (is/are) on the kitchen table.
Sam bought a lot of __________ (flower/flowers) for his new house.
there be句型
there be句型中的there是引导词，无实义；be是谓语，是实义动词，意为“存在；有”，其形式由句子的时态和主语的数而定；be之后的名词是主语；主语后面常接地点状语等其他成分。
【there be的句式】
肯定句 There + be + 主语 + 其他成分.
否定句 There + be + not + 主语 + 其他成分.
一般疑问句及其答语 --- Be + there + 主语 + 其他成分 --- Yes, there + be. / No, there + be + not.
【there be的用法】
在there be句型中，当be之后接的主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时，be动词用单数形式；当be之后接的主语是可数名词复数时，be动词用复数形式。如：
There is a bicycle near the window. 窗户附近有一辆自行车。
There is black smoke everywhere. 到处都有黑烟。
There are ten pictures on the wall. 墙上有十幅画。
在there be句型中，当be之后接的主语是两个或两个以上的名词（短语）时，be动词的形式通常与其最近的名词（短语）保持数的一致，即遵循“就近原则”。如：
There is an armchair and two shelves in the living room. 客厅里有一把扶手椅和两个架子。
There are two shelves and an armchair in the living room. 客厅里有两个架子和一把扶手椅。
【巩固练习】
填be动词的适当形式
There __________ seven days in a week.
There __________ a ball under the chair.
There __________ six cups of tea on the table.
--- __________ there any supermarkets nearby --- No, there __________.
There __________ some meat and two potatoes in the bowl.
There __________ four pictures and a map on the wall.
① start to do & start doing
In spring, the weather starts to get warm. 在春天，天气开始变暖。
Leaves turn brown, red or yellow and start falling from the trees. 树叶变成棕色、红色或黄色，并开始从树上落下。
★ start在这两句中作动词，意为“开始”，后面可接动词不定式或动词的-ing形式构成用法start to do sth或start doing sth，意为“开始做某事”，两者通常可互换使用。如：
The dog started to bark wildly. = The dog started barking wildly. 这条狗开始狂吠。
【随身练】
她通常早上九点开始工作。
She usually __________ __________ __________ at 9:00 a.m. = She usually __________ __________ at 9:00 a.m.
② get & turn & become
In spring, the weather starts to get warm. 在春天，天气开始变暖。
Everything turns green. 一切都变成绿色。
I love snowy days because everything becomes white. 我喜爱下雪天，因为一切都变成白色。
★ get, turn和become在这三句中均作动词，意为“变；变成”，后面可接形容词。
【辨析】
get 表示“从一种状态变成另一种状态”，常用于口语。
become 也表示“从一种状态变成另一种状态”，但常用于书面语，后面可接形容词或名词。
turn 常用于指颜色或性质等方面的变化，后面常接表示颜色或天气的形容词。
如：
She soon got/became bored with the job. 她很快就厌倦了那份工作。
When did he become a US citizen 他是什么时候成为一名美国公民的？
The sky turned black. 天空变黑了。
It turned cold and then it started to snow. 天气变冷，随后开始下雪了。
【随身练】
填get, turn或become的适当形式
The maple leaves __________ red in the autumn.
She wants to __________ an artist.
Did he __________ hungry after a long day’s work
③ everything
Everything turns green. 一切都变成绿色。
★ everything是不定代词，意为“所有事情；一切”，在本句中作主语。须注意：不定代词在句中作主语时，句子的谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
【随身练】
“现在一切都不同了。”她说道。
“__________ __________ different now,” she said.
④ it is + 形容词 + to do sth
It is exciting to take a trip in spring. 在春天去旅行是让人兴奋的。
★ it is + 形容词 + to do sth，意为“做某事是……的”
【拓展】
◤it is + 形容词 + for sb + to do sth，意为“对某人来说，做某事是……的”。此句型中的形容词用于修饰to do sth，强调做某件事的影响。如：
It is good for him to take exercise. 进行体育锻炼对他有好处。
◤it is + 形容词 + of sb + to do sth，意为“做了某事，某人是……的”。此句型中的形容词用于修饰sb，强调某人的特点或品质。如：
It is persevering of him to take exercise every day. 他每天都进行体育锻炼，真有毅力。
【随身练】
_ is very nice _ with you.
It, talk B. It, to talk C. This, talk D. This, to talk
鲍勃聆听了我们的烦恼，他真好。
It’s very kind __________ Bob __________ __________ __________ our problems.
对贾森来说，在空闲的时候去钓鱼是有趣的。
It’s interesting __________ Jason __________ __________ fishing in his free time.
⑤ spend
People usually spend time with their relatives during the Spring Festival.
春节期间，人们通常都会花时间和亲戚们待在一起。
It is exciting to make snowmen and spend time playing in the snow with my friends.
堆雪人以及花时间和我的朋友们一起在雪地里玩是令人兴奋的。
★ 动词spend意为“花费（时间）；度过”，常用搭配有：
spend ... with sb意为“花费……（时间）和某人一起；和某人一起度过……”。如：
She wants to spend more time with the children. 她想多花点时间陪陪孩子们。
spend ... (in) doing sth意为“花费……（时间）做某事”。如：
The boy spends all his free time (in) painting. 那个孩子把所有的空闲时间都用来画画。
spend ... on sth意为“在某事（物）上花费……（时间）”。如：
He spends most of his time on philanthropy. 他大部分时间都花在慈善事业上。
【随身练】
填with, in或on
The young man spends hours __________ the phone every day.
He spent thirty minutes __________ cleaning his bedroom.
They spent the weekend __________ some of their friends.
① in + 月份
What’s the weather like in Beijing in July 北京七月份的天气怎么样？
★ 表示在某个月份时用介词in，而表示在具体的某月某日时要用介词on。如：in January在一月；on 1 September在九月一日
【随身练】
在八月 ________________________________________
在十二月十九日 ________________________________________
② south-west
The weather in the south-west of China is very special. 中国西南部的天气非常特别。
★ south-west意为“西南部”。须注意：在汉语与英语中，这类方位名词的表达习惯有所不同，汉语习惯先说“东（east）”和“西（west）”，而英语则习惯先说“南（south）”和“北（north）”。短语“in the + 方位名词 + of ...”意为“在……的……方向”。如：in the north-east of the mountain在这座山的东北部。
注意：介词in, to和on放在方位名词前的区别
B is in the south-east of A.
B在A的东南部。（小地方B处在大地方A的疆域范围之内。）
B is to the south-east of A.
B在A的东南面。（地方B在另一地方A的范围之外，互不接壤，尤指两个地方相隔较远，且有湖泊或大海等区域相隔。）
B is on the south-east of A.
B在A的东南边。（地方B在另一地方A的某一端或某一边，两个地方相邻或接壤。）
【随身练】
比尔住在冰岛西南部的一座城市里。
Bill lives in a city __________ __________ __________ __________ Iceland.
浙江省在福建省的北边。
Zhejiang Province is __________ __________ __________ __________ Fujian Province.
澳大利亚在中国的东南面。
Australia is __________ __________ __________ __________ China.
形容词
形容词是用来描写或修饰名词或代词，说明人或事物的归属性质、状态、大小或数量等的词。
【名词变形容词的规则】
名词后加-y。如：luck→lucky；cloud→cloudy。
以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的名词，双写该辅音字母，再加-y。如：fun→funny；fog→foggy。
以辅音字母加不发音的e结尾的名词，去e再加-y。如：noise→noisy；ice→icy。
个别名词后加-ly。如：mother→motherly；love→lovely。须注意：它们虽看似副词，但其实是形容词。
某些名词后加后缀。常见的后缀有：-ful, -ous, -ern, -en等。如：help→helpful；mountain→mountainous；north→northern；gold→golden。
【形容词的用法】
形容词作定语时，放在名词的前面，用来修饰该名词。如：
This is an important decision. 这是一个重要的决定。
形容词作表语时，放在系动词的后面，构成系表结构。有些形容词通常只能作表语，如：alive活着的；awake醒着的；afraid害怕的；asleep睡着的；alone孤独的；ill生病的；well身体好的。常见的系动词有：be, feel, look, taste, smell, sound, become, turn, get, grow等。如：
Be quiet! The baby is asleep. 安静点！婴儿睡着了。
句型“it is + 形容词 + to do sth”意为“做某事是……的”。在这个句型中，it是形式主语，而真正的主语是动词不定式短语to do sth。以it作形式主语是为了避免句子“头重脚轻”。常用于该句型的形容词有：important, interesting, good, kind, nice, easy等。如：
It is hard to describe the taste. 这味道难以形容。
【拓展】
形容词可用来修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词。须注意：形容词要放在不定代词的后面。如：
There is something strange about this island. 这座岛有些蹊跷。
enough修饰形容词时，形容词要放在enough的前面。如：
They are brothers, but they’re not close enough. 虽然他们是兄弟，但是他们不够亲密。
“the + 形容词”可用于表示“某一类人”。如：
Let the old go first. 让老人先走。
【巩固练习】
一、1. The local people are very __________ (friend) to visitors.
The playground is full of __________ (noise) children.
She went to visit Mrs Jenkins on a cold __________ (snow) night.
You can never be too __________ (care) about these things.
If it’s __________ (sun) later, we can take a walk.
二、1. The baby panda looks _.
happily B. heavily C. beautifully D. lovely
You did a fine job. We are _ with your work.
sad B. pleased C. angry D. strict
They waited and waited, but _ happened.
excited nothing B. nothing exciting C. nothing bored D. nothing boring
_ is nice _ with you.
This, talk B. This, to talk C. It, talk D. It, to talk
派生构词法（二）——后缀-ous, -al, -ed和-ing
【观察】
The traffic here is very dangerous for children. 这里的交通对孩子们来说是很危险的。
This is just my personal opinion. 这只是我的个人意见。
He is very interested in Hong Kong films. 他对香港电影很感兴趣。
It’s not surprising that they lost. 他们吃了败仗，不奇怪。
【梳理】
从上面的【观察】中，我们发现名词danger和person分别与后缀-ous和-al组合构成形容词；而动词interest和surprise分别与后缀-ed和-ing组合构成形容词。
类型 例子
-ous（常加在名词后） mountainous (多山的), humorous (幽默的)
-al（常加在名词后） natural (自然的), educational (有教育意义的)
-ed（常加在名词或动词后） gifted (有天赋的), moneyed (有钱的), pleased (高兴的), encouraged (受到鼓舞的)
-ing（常加在动词后） boring (无趣的), exciting (令人兴奋的)
【练兵】
They spent a __________ (magic) week in Paris.
Jane is very __________ (nerve) about the test.
Bob turned on the TV just in time to watch the __________ (close) minutes of the game.
She left the __________ (crowd) room and felt very __________ (tire).
① one of ...
Tomorrow I’ll be one of the first students to travel into space. 明天，我将会是到太空旅游的首批学生之一。
★ one of ... 意为“……之一”。one of ... 有几种用法：one of + 人称代词宾格（复数），如：one of you你们中的一个；one of + 可数名词复数，如：one of the men其中一个男人；one of + the + 形容词最高级 + 可数名词复数，如：one of the easiest questions最容易的问题之一。
须注意：one of ... 的结构在句子中作主语时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式，如：
One of the boys has blonde hair. 其中一个男孩的头发是金色的。
【随身练】
One of the players _ from Spain.
come B. comes C. to come D. coming
这是世界上最快的汽车之一。
It is __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ in the world.
② be able to
There’s no gravity in space, so we’ll all be able to float around in the spaceship.
在太空中没有重力，所以我们将可以在飞船里四处漂浮。
★ be able to意为“能够；会”，表示能力。当情态动词can用于表示能力时，可与be able to互换使用，两者后面都接动词原形。
须注意：can只有一般过去时和一般现在时这两种时态的变化，并且没有人称和数的变化，其过去式是could；而be able to可用于各种时态，且有人称和数的变化，其变化均体现在be的形式变化上。如：
With the new laptop, she could work more productively. = With the new laptop, she was able to work more productively.
有了那台新笔记本电脑，她能更有效地工作了。
【随身练】
她能通过树叶形状来鉴别植物。
She __________ __________ __________ identify plants by the shape of their leaves.
同义句转换
Those kids can dance. = Those kids __________ __________ __________ dance.
③ have to
We’ll have to tie ourselves to our beds so that we won’t float away in our sleep!
我们将不得不把自己绑在床上，为的是不会在睡觉过程中飘走！
★ have to意为“不得不”，表示受客观影响不得不做某事。have to后面接动词原形，可用于各种时态，且有人称和数的变化，其变化均体现在have的形式变化上。其否定句式是“助动词 + not + have to”；疑问句式须把助动词放在句首。如：
Linda has to get up at 6:00 a.m. 琳达不得不在早上六点起床。
Linda doesn’t have to get up at 6:00 a.m. 琳达不必在早上六点起床。
Does Linda have to get up at 6:00 a.m. 琳达必须在早上六点起床吗？
【随身练】
填have to的适当形式
I am afraid I ____________________ go.
Now he ____________________ correct these problems.
They were sorry that they had to _ their old house.
leaving B. leave C. left D. leaves
④ without & get + 形容词
Without gravity, our bodies may get weak, so we’ll have to do exercises every day.
没有重力，我们的身体就会变得虚弱，所以我们将不得不每天锻炼。
★ without在本句中作介词，意为“没有”。without后面可接代词、名词或动词的-ing形式。如：
I won’t go without you. 没有你我是不会去的。
You look nice without make-up. 你不化妆看起来挺好的。
They debated for several hours without reaching a conclusion. 他们争论了几小时也没能得出结论。
★ get在本句中作系动词，意为“变得”，后接形容词作表语。如：
She ducked a twig I threw at her, and then got serious. 她躲开了我朝她扔去的树枝，然后变得严肃起来。
【随身练】
你不戴眼镜能看得清那些字吗？
Can you see those words clearly __________ __________ __________
她开始清理橱柜里的东西，很快就感到累了。
She began to tidy things in her cupboard and soon __________ __________.
① a large amount of
They will also need a large amount of air so that people there can breathe.
它们也将需要大量的空气，以便在那里的人们能够呼吸。
★ a large amount of意为“大量的”，只可修饰不可数名词，常用于肯定句中。如：
People spent a large amount of money on the bridge. 人们在这座桥上花了一大笔钱。
【随身练】
那家剧院收到了大量的资金。
The theatre received __________ __________ __________ __________ funding.
② with + 名词
The hotels on the Moon will have rooms with big windows so that you can see the Earth.
月球上的酒店将有带大窗户的房间，以便你能看见地球。
★ “with + 名词”的结构在句子中作后置定语，修饰前面的名词，意为“有……的；带有……的”。如：
He bought a book with a green cover. 他买了一本有绿色封面的书。
【随身练】
你喜欢那件带风帽的夹克吗？
Do you like that jacket __________ a hood
③ cost
A trip to the Moon will cost a lot of money! 去月球旅游将要花许多钱！
★ cost在本句中作动词，意为“花费（金钱）”。cost常以物作主语，其固定搭配有：
sth cost ... (money) 意为“某物价格为/价值……”。如：
The book costs 30 yuan. 这本书的价格为30元。
sth cost sb ... (money) 意为“某物花费某人……（金钱）”。如：
The book cost him 30 yuan. 这本书花了他30元。
【随身练】
填cost的正确形式
Sam bought a pair of shoes last week. It __________ him 50 dollars.
Here you are. Each ticket __________ 20 dollars.
一般将来时
一般将来时表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。与一般将来时连用的时间状语有：tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, soon, next week/month/year, this afternoon/evening, in an hour, in a few days, in the future等。
【一般将来时的句式】
will + 动词原形：
肯定句 主语 + will + 动词原形 + 其他成分.
否定句 主语 + will not / won’t + 动词原形 + 其他成分.
一般疑问句及其答语 --- Will + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他成分 --- Yes, 主语 + will. / No, 主语 + will not / won’t.
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词 + will + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他成分
如：They’ll go shopping this Saturday.
They will not / won’t go shopping this Saturday.
--- Will they go shopping this Saturday
--- Yes, they will. / No, they will not / won’t.
What will they do this Saturday
须注意：当主语是代词时，will常简略为’ll，即I’ll, We’ll, You’ll, He’ll, She’ll, It’ll, They’ll。
be going to + 动词原形：
肯定句 主语 + am/are/is going to + 动词原形 + 其他成分.
否定句 主语 + am/are/is + not + going to + 动词原形 + 其他成分.
一般疑问句及其答语 --- Am/Are/Is + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 其他成分 --- Yes, 主语 + am/are/is. / No, 主语 + am/are/is + not.
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词 + am/are/is + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 其他成分
如：She is going to travel to Egypt next month.
She is not / isn’t going to travel to Egypt next month.
--- Is she going to travel to Egypt next month
--- Yes, she is. / No, she is not / isn’t.
What is she going to do next month
【拓展】
“be going to + 动词原形”结构有时可表示：
打算、计划或事先考虑好要做某事。如：
He is going to visit his grandparents next weekend.
可根据某种迹象或客观情况，判断将要发生某事。如：
The rain is going to stop soon.
【巩固练习】
一、1. 他打算后天去罗马旅游。
He __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ Rome the day after tomorrow.
2. 我今天下午不打算踢足球。
I __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ this afternoon.
别担心，她在新学校将交到很多新朋友。
Don’t worry. She __________ __________ many new friends at her new school.
明年这个小镇中心将会有一个新的咖啡馆。
__________ __________ __________ a new cafe in the centre of the town next year.
二、1. Nick is going to buy a new mobile phone tomorrow. （就划线部分提问）
__________ __________ Nick __________ __________ __________ tomorrow
2. Tim will visit the art museum next Friday. （改为同义句）
Tim __________ __________ __________ __________ the art museum next Friday.
Bob is going to watch a tennis match in three days. （改为否定句）
Bob __________ __________ __________ __________ a tennis match in three days.
She will go to that restaurant this weekend. （改为一般疑问句）
__________ she __________ to that restaurant this weekend
① one of the + 形容词最高级 + 可数名词复数
Shanghai is one of the largest cities in the world. 上海是世界上最大的城市之一。
★ “one of the + 形容词最高级 + 可数名词复数”意为“最……的……之一”。此结构后常接表示范围的状语，如：in the county, in our school等。如：
He is one of the best lawyers in Denver. 他是丹佛最优秀的律师之一。
【随身练】
He is one of the _ in his class.
tall boy B. taller boy C. more tall boys D. tallest boys
他的父亲是纽约最富有的人之一。
His father is __________ __________ __________ __________ men in New York.
② with
It is a large public area with green grass, fountains and birds. 它是一个有绿草、喷泉和鸟儿的大型公共区域。
★ 介词with在本句中意为“具有；带有”，常与名词构成介词短语，用作后置定语，修饰其前面的名词。如：
a flat with a balcony 带有阳台的公寓
【随身练】
He is a tall man _ bright blue eyes.
with B. to C. from D. of
那个留着长发的男人是一个著名的吉他手。
The man __________ long hair __________ a famous guitarist.
③ ... be + where + 从句
The Bund is where old Shanghai meets new Shanghai. 外滩是老上海和新上海的融汇之地。
★ “... be + where + 从句”意为“……是……的地方”。如：
Guangzhou is where I was born. 广州是我出生的地方。
【随身练】
这就是他们住的地方。
This __________ __________ they live.
这个小木屋就是那个农夫睡觉的地方。
The wooden hut __________ __________ the farmer __________.
④ across
The Pudong New Area, just across the Huangpu River, has many modern buildings.
浦东新区就在黄浦江对岸，那里有很多现代建筑。
★ across在本句中作介词，意为“在……的对面”。如：
There is a store across the lake. 湖对面有一家商店。
【拓展】across还有“横过；穿过”之意，与through意思相近，但用法不同。
across表示在一个表面上穿过；through表示从一个空间中穿过。如：
They walked across the road. 他们走过了马路。
They walked through the forest. 他们穿过了森林。
【随身练】
那个图书馆就在马路对面。
The library is just __________ __________ __________.
填across或through
Susan and Mary went __________ the street hand in hand (手拉手).
The policewoman got into the room __________ the window.
Be careful when you walk __________ the bridge.
Harry ran __________ the hall quickly.
① hate
I hate getting up. 我讨厌起床。
★ hate在本句中作动词，意为“讨厌”。其后面可接动词的-ing形式、名词或代词宾格，构成用法hate doing sth和hate sb/sth。如：
Jonathan hates doing the dishes. 乔纳森讨厌洗碗。
Why do you hate her so much 你为什么这么讨厌她？
He hates Monday mornings. 他讨厌星期一早晨。
【随身练】
玛莉亚并不讨厌她的工作。
Maria doesn’t __________ __________ __________.
鲍勃讨厌喝咖啡。
Bob __________ __________ __________.
② ones
There are some expensive shops and also some cheap ones. 有一些昂贵的商店，也有一些便宜的商店。
★ ones在本句中作代词，指代“shops”。ones是one的复数形式。为了避免重复，one和ones常用于指代前面提到过的某个（些）人或事物。one用于指代单数名词，ones用于指代复数名词。如：
I’d like a pumpkin pie. Are you having one too 我想买份南瓜馅饼，你也要一份吗？
They are closing that factory but building two new ones in Seattle. 他们正要关闭那家工厂，却又正在西雅图建两所新的。
【随身练】
如果你买两份冰激凌，第三份就免费。
If you buy two ice creams, you can get __________ __________ __________ free.
这些钱包太贵了，有便宜的吗？
These wallets are too expensive. Are there any __________ __________
③ by doing sth
You can visit the Lowland Gardens to see some animals, or get a bird’s-eye view of the whole park by riding in a cable car.
你可以去低地公园看动物，或者乘坐缆车鸟瞰整个公园。
★ by在本句中作介词，意为“通过……的方式”。其后面可接动词的-ing形式，构成用法by doing sth，意为“通过做某事的方式”。如：
Turn the light on by pressing the button. 按下这个按钮把灯打开。
【随身练】
He learns English _ listening to podcasts (播客).
with B. on C. of D. by
你可以通过使用互联网在家中购物。
You can do your shopping from home __________ __________ the Internet.
If引导的条件状语从句
条件状语从句在复合句中作条件状语，表示假如有从句的动作发生或从句的状态存在，就会导致主句的动作发生或状态存在。条件状语从句常由连词if引导。if引导的从句用于表示条件，主句用于表示结果。
当主句的动作或状态表示可能的结果时，主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，if引导的条件状语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时，即“主将从现”。如：
If it rains this afternoon, we’ll stay at home. 如果今天下午下雨，我们将待在家里。
if引导的条件状语从句可置于主句的前面或主句的后面。置于主句的前面时，须用逗号与主句隔开；置于主句的后面时，则不须用逗号。如：
If I am free this weekend, I will go to the bookstore. = I will go to the bookstore if I am free this weekend.
如果这周末有空，我会去那家书店。
主句的谓语部分可根据句子的实际情况用其他情态动词替换will。如：
She may feel sad if you don’t come. 如果你不来，她可能会伤心。
【拓展】
当主句的动作表示真理或必然的结果时，主句和if引导的条件状语从句的谓语动词都用一般现在时。如：
If we heat ice, it turns into water. 如果我们把冰加热，它就会化成水。
If you drop the glass on the floor, it breaks. 如果你把这玻璃杯摔落到地上，它会碎掉。
【巩固练习】
一、1. If he ____________________ (ride) his bike to the park, it will take him 30 minutes.
2. What __________ (happen) if the actors put on a real show
If you spend all your money, she ____________________ (is) angry with you.
She ____________________ (give) him twenty dollars if he fixes (修理) her computer for her.
The plastic will melt (融化) if it ____________________ (get) too hot.
If the boys ____________________ (not run) faster, they will miss the train.
二、1. 如果她迟到的话，我们会不等她就走。
If she __________ __________, we __________ __________ without her.
如果她赢得一等奖，她的母亲会非常开心。
Her mother __________ __________ very happy if she __________ first prize.
如果你是一个好的倾听者，你会有更多朋友吗？
__________ you __________ more friends if you __________ a good listener
如果她起得早，她会赶上那趟巴士的。
If she __________ __________ early, she __________ __________ the bus.
如果你把盐放进水里，水就会变咸。
If you __________ salt into the water, the water __________ salty.
如果你不把它借给其他人，你就可以借这本书。
You __________ __________ the book if you __________ __________ it to anyone else.
派生构词法（三）——后缀-ing, -tion, -ment, -ness和-th
【观察】
His office is on the top floor of the building. 他的办公室在那栋建筑的顶层。
Those helmets provide protection for the drivers’ heads. 那些头盔为驾驶员的头部提供了保护。
She nodded her head in agreement. 她点点头，以示同意。
He sees compromise as a sign of weakness. 他认为妥协是懦弱的表现。
The economy’s growth rate is likely to slow. 经济的增长率有可能要放缓。
【梳理】
从上面的【观察】中，我们发现后缀-ing, -tion, -ment, -ness和-th分别与单词build, protect, agree, weak和grow组合，构成了名词词性的单词，表示行为、性质或状态等。
类型 例子
-ing（常加在动词后） learning (学习), building (建筑), writing (书写)
-tion（常加在动词后） education (教育), invention (发明), action (行动)
-ment（常加在动词后） development (发展), management (管理), excitement (兴奋)
-ness（常加在形容词后） illness (疾病), kindness (仁慈), goodness (善良)
-th（常加在形容词或动词后） warmth (温暖), truth (真相), stealth (鬼祟)
【练兵】
猜词义
The plane made a smooth (顺利的) landing.
The building is nearing completion.
Loose (宽松的) clothing gives you greater freedom of movement.
I love the brightness of the colours in this room.
The depth of that children’s pool is 0.85 metres.
1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. __________
派生构词法（四）——后缀-er, -or和-ist
【观察】
He is learning to drive because he wants to be a skilled driver. 他正在学习驾驶，因为他想成为一名娴熟的驾驶员。
Jim is a vendor and he vends snacks and drinks in the market. 吉姆是一名小贩，他在集市上贩卖小吃和饮料。
John is good at playing the guitar and he is a great guitarist. 约翰擅长弹吉他，他是一位很棒的吉他手。
【梳理】
从上面的【观察】中，我们可知driver, vendor和guitarist是由drive, vend和guitar分别加后缀-er, -or和-ist所构成。在我们平常的学习中，我们亦可见到一些在动词、名词或形容词后加后缀-er, -or或-ist所构成的表示行为者的名词。
以下是我们在初中阶段常见的由动词、名词或形容词加后缀-er, -or或-ist所构成的表示行为者的名词：
【梳理】
类型 例子
-er 1）在一般情况下，直接加-er： farmer, leader, waiter, reporter, painter, player, builder, cleaner, footballer 2）以e结尾的，直接加-r： driver, manager, stranger, teenager, writer, maker 3）以重读闭音节及单个辅音字母结尾的，先双写单词末尾的辅音字母，再加-er： setter, winner, runner
-or collector, visitor, director
-ist artist, receptionist, dentist
【练兵】
从以上表格中选词，以正确形式填写
Polly is the best baseball __________ at her school.
There will be a prize for the __________.
The Canton Tower gets __________ from all around the world.
She is a famous __________ of horror stories.
His __________ told him that he shouldn’t eat so much chocolate.
① attend & join
Last month, they attended the Clubs Fair. 上个月，他们参加了社团展览会。
Come and join the Solar Power Club. 来参加太阳能社团吧。
★ attend和join在这两句中都作动词，均意为“参加”。其中，attend主要用于表示出席比较重要的场合或会议；join主要用于表示加入某党派、某组织或某社会团体。如：
She and her friend will both attend the banquet. 她和她的朋友都会参加那场宴会。
You have to pay a membership fee to join the Golf Club. 你得交会费才能加入这个高尔夫球俱乐部。
【拓展】take part in也意为“参加”，主要用于表示参加群众性或文体娱乐性等活动，往往指参加者持积极态度参与其中，并起一定作用。如：
Everyone can take part in the celebration. 每个人都能参加庆祝。
【随身练】
以正确形式填空：attend, join, take part in
He ____________________ the company three months ago.
All the kids will ____________________ the Thanksgiving play (戏剧).
James is very busy. He ____________________ nearly 40 meetings a month.
② teach
Our club will teach you how to build rockets. 我们社团将教你们怎样制造火箭。
★ 动词teach意为“教；教导”，常用的句型有：teach sb sth，意为“教某人某事”，其中sb是间接宾语，sth是直接宾语；teach sb to do sth，意为“教某人做某事”；teach sb how to do sth，意为“教某人怎样做某事”。如：
He teaches his children Maths. 他教他的孩子们学数学。
Miss Julie teaches her to read. 朱莉小姐教她阅读。
His father teaches him how to ride a horse. 他的父亲教他怎样骑马。
【随身练】
汤姆上周日教他的表弟们怎样游泳。
Tom __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ last Sunday.
她正在教我学日语。
She is __________ __________ Japanese.
你可以教我弹钢琴吗？
Could you __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________
③ another & other
“Of course it won’t,” a girl from another club shouted. 一个来自另一社团的女孩喊道：“它当然不会。”
I played with some other children. 我和其他一些孩子玩耍。
★ another意为“（三者或三者以上之中的）另一个（人或事物）”。other意为“别的；其他的（事物或人）”。
【辨析】
意义 用法
another “另一个” 指三者或三者以上数目中的另一个人或事物。
other “别的；其他的” 指不确定的其他人或事物。该词不可单独使用，后面一般接复数名词。
the other “另一个” 指两者之中的另一个人或事物，常用搭配是“one ..., the other ...”，意为“一个……，另一个……”；或指在特定范围中的另外一部分，常用搭配是“the other + 复数名词”。
others “其他的；剩余的” 指在非特定范围中的其他人或事物，常用搭配是“some ..., others ...”，意为“一些……，其余的……”。
the others “其他的；剩余的” 指在特定范围中的其他人或事物。
如：
Please bring me another cup. This one is broken.
请再给我拿个杯子来，这个坏了。
Leaders from China, Russia and 12 other countries attended the meeting.
中国、俄罗斯及其他12国的领导人出席了此次会议。
I found one earring. Do you know where the other one is
我找到了一只耳环，你知道另一只在哪里吗？
Where are the other plates
其余的碟子在哪里？
Some people like walking; some like running; others like ball games.
有的人喜欢散步；有的人喜欢跑步；其他人喜欢球类运动。
In Jim’s class, one quarter of the students are boys, and the others are girls.
在吉姆班上，四分之一的学生是男生，剩余的都是女生。
【随身练】
填another, other, the other, others, the others
These coats don’t fit me. This one is too big and ____________________ are too small.
She has two bags. One is white, and ____________________ is brown.
Do you like travelling from one place to ____________________
There are some ____________________ ways to save money.
He would always like to help ____________________.
① so ... that ...
The night before, I was so excited that I could not sleep! 前一天晚上，我太兴奋了以致睡不着！
★ “so ... that ...”意为“如此……以致……”，so后面接形容词或副词，that后面接结果状语从句。如：
She was so angry that she couldn’t speak. 她太气愤了，以致说不出话来。
The man spoke so quietly that I could hardly hear him. 那个人说话太小声了，以致我几乎听不见他在说什么。
【随身练】
他太累了，以至于在这把椅子上都能睡着。
He was __________ tired __________ he could sleep in this chair.
② on + 某一天的上午/下午/晚上
I got up really early on Sunday morning. 我在星期天早上起得真的很早。
★ 在泛指上午、下午或晚上时，介词一般用in或at。如：in the morning在早上；at night在晚上。但特指某一天的上午、下午或晚上或者有修饰词说明什么样的上午、下午或晚上时，介词则要用on。如：on Sunday evening在星期天的晚上；on the noon of 7 October在十月七日的中午；on a cold morning在一个寒冷的早上。
【随身练】
在星期三的晚上 ______________________________
在下午 ______________________________
在一个下雨的早上 ______________________________
③ enjoy oneself
We really enjoyed ourselves. 我们真的玩得很高兴。
★ enjoy oneself意为“玩得愉快”，与have a good time同义。oneself是反身代词，意为“某人自己”。该短语用在句中时，oneself要根据主语人称来使用其正确的形式，其变化如下：
I → myself; you → yourself/yourselves; he → himself; she →herself; it → itself; we → ourselves; they → themselves
如：Did she enjoy herself at the party last night 她昨晚在聚会上玩得开心吗？
【随身练】
Time passes so quickly when you are enjoying _.
you B. your C. yours D. yourself
别让人扫兴，让孩子们玩得愉快点吧！
Don’t be such a spoilsport. Let the children __________ __________ a little!
一般过去时
一般过去时表示在过去某个时间或某个阶段发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示过去习惯性或经常性的动作。表示过去的动作用实义动词的过去式；表示过去的状态用be动词的过去式（was, were）。常与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：yesterday, last week/month/year, in 2020, last Sunday, three days ago, a minute ago等。
【一般过去时的句式】
be动词 实义动词
肯定句 主语 + was/were + 其他成分. 主语 + 动词过去式 + 其他成分.
否定句 主语 + was/were + not + 其他成分. 主语 + did not / didn’t + 动词原形 + 其他成分.
一般疑问句 Was/Were + 主语 + 其他成分 Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他成分
如：
I was in Shenzhen yesterday.
The girls were not very happy about it.
--- Were you on duty last Tuesday --- Yes, I was.
He visited West Lake in 2006.
She didn’t go to work yesterday.
--- Did you hear anything strange (奇怪的) last night --- No, I didn’t.
【动词过去式的变化规律】
动词原形变为动词过去式时，分为规则变化和不规则变化。
规则变化通常有以下五种情况：
规则动词 变化规律 例词
大部分动词 在词尾加-ed ask→asked want→wanted
以不发音字母e结尾的动词 在词尾加-d close→closed use→used
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词 先将y变成i，再加-ed cry→cried study→studied
以元音字母加y结尾的动词 在词尾加-ed enjoy→enjoyed play→played
以重读闭音节结尾且词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词（即以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾的动词） 先双写词尾的辅音字母，再加-ed stop→stopped fit→fitted
不规则变化通常有以下两种情况：
不规则动词 例词
动词原形与其过去式形式相同 cut→cut cost→cost let→let read→read
动词原形与其过去式形式不同 know→knew send→sent drink→drank wear→wore
【巩固练习】
一、写出过去式
1. stay __________ 2. swim __________ 3. light __________ 4. attend __________
5. ride __________ 6. breathe __________ 7. worry __________ 8. kill __________
9. bring __________ 10. put __________ 11. spend __________ 12. eat __________
二、1. There _ many flowers in the garden last spring.
is B. were C. will be D. are
Lily got up late and _ to catch the bus.
will hurry B. hurries C. hurried D. is hurrying
Mr and Mrs Jones _ South Africa last week.
visited B. will visit C. visit D. are visiting
--- What _ you _ on the way to school just now --- I _ a lot of broken trees.
are, see, saw B. were, saw, saw C. do, see, saw D. did, see, saw
① 名词所有格（’s）
Sam and Helen’s grandparents collect almost everything. 萨姆和海伦的祖父母收藏几乎所有东西。
★ Sam and Helen’s grandparents意为“萨姆和海伦的祖父母”。其中，“’s”是名词所有格，表示所属关系，一般加在表示人名的名词后面，意为“（某人）的”，如：Wendy’s bag温迪的包。须注意：如果是两个或两个以上的人共同拥有的人或物，只需在最后一个名词后面加“’s”；但如果是两个或两个以上的人分别拥有的人或物，则需在每个名词后面加“’s”。如：
Anna and Amy’s room 安娜和埃米的房间（共住一个房间）
Anna’s and Amy’s rooms 安娜和埃米的房间（各自的房间）
【随身练】
吉姆的汽车 ______________________________
吉姆和玛丽的汽车 ______________________________
吉姆的汽车和玛丽的汽车 ______________________________
② hardly & space
There was hardly any space for the children to sit down. 几乎没什么空位给孩子们坐下。
★ 副词hardly意为“几乎不；几乎没有”，一般放在行为动词的前面或be动词、助动词、情态动词的后面。须注意：hardly本身含有否定意义，同一句中不可再使用其他否定词。hardly常与any, anything, anyone, anybody等不定代词连用。如：
The mother hardly sleeps these days. 这位母亲这些天几乎没睡。
They can hardly see anything in the dark room. 他们在那个黑暗的房间里几乎看不见任何东西。
【拓展】hardly不是由hard加后缀-ly转换而来的单词，与hard在含义上并无联系。hard有形容词和副词这两种词性，作形容词时意为“坚硬的；难懂的；努力的；困难的”；作副词时意为“努力地；猛烈地”。如：
It was hard to solve these problems. 解决这些问题是困难的。
Did you try hard 你努力尝试过了吗？
★ space在本句中意为“空间；空位”，是不可数名词。如：
Is there any space for his suitcase 有空位放他的行李箱吗？
【随身练】
那个小女孩刚才几乎没吃什么东西。
The little girl __________ __________ anything just now.
这棵树上几乎没有叶子了。
There are __________ __________ leaves on the tree.
我不喜欢曼迪，但我必须得承认她工作很努力。
I don’t like Mandy, but I have to admit that she __________ __________ __________.
There is still some _ for a cupboard.
space B. spaces C. no space D. any space
③ both
We both like collecting toys. 我们俩都喜欢收集玩具。
★ both在本句中作代词，指代“We”，意为“二者”。如果要表示“三者或三者以上都”，则用all。both和all一般放在行为动词的前面或be动词、助动词、情态动词的后面。如：
They were both tired. 他们俩都累了。
His friends all knew about it. 他的朋友们都知道这件事了。
【随身练】
他们俩上个月都参加了那场会议。
They __________ __________ the meeting last month.
那边的那三个人都是普利策奖得主。
The three men over there __________ __________ Pulitzer Prize winners.
④ too much
You have your school work to do, so you shouldn’t spend too much time collecting things!
你们有学校作业要做，所以你们不应该在收藏东西上花太多时间！
★ too much意为“太多”，后面接不可数名词。too much也可以作副词短语，修饰动词；还可以作名词短语，用作宾语。如：
I have too much homework to do today. 我今天有太多的家庭作业要做。
It rains too much here. 这里下雨下很多。
You did too much for her. 你为她做了太多。
【拓展】too many也意为“太多”，但后面接可数名词。如：
You shouldn’t have too many red dates at a time. 你不应该一次吃太多红枣。
【随身练】
填too much, too many
They both talk ____________________.
There are ____________________ mistakes (错误) in the article.
Don’t drink ____________________ coffee before you go to bed.
We still have ____________________ to do.
We shouldn’t use ____________________ plastic bags (塑料袋).
① show
He showed his classmates an old stamp. 他向他的同学们展示了一张旧邮票。
★ show在本句中作动词，意为“展示”。常构成句型：show sb sth或show sth to sb，意为“给某人展示某物”，两者可以互换使用。有类似用法的动词还有：give, pass, send, bring, lend, leave等。如：
Tim lent Eve 10 dollars. = Tim lent 10 dollars to Eve. 蒂姆借给伊芙10美元。
【随身练】
同义句转换
Bring me that book.
Bring __________ __________ __________ __________.
Who gave the dirty shirt to him
Who gave __________ __________ __________ __________
② make
This made me more interested in Chinese culture. 这使我对中国文化更感兴趣了。
★ make在本句中作使役动词，意为“使；让”。常构成句型：make sb/sth + 形容词，意为“使某人/某物……（处于某种状态）”；make sb do sth，意为“使某人做某事”。如：
What he said at the meeting made them angry. 他在会上说的话让他们生气了。
What can make you feel cheerful when you are sad 你伤心时什么能让你高兴起来？
【随身练】
请不要站得太近，这让我紧张。
Please don’t stand too close. It __________ __________ __________.
劳拉抓住了她的胳膊，让她转过身来看着她。
Laura seized her arm and __________ __________ __________ to look at her.
③ over
“Now I have over 100 stamps,” said Daniel. 丹尼尔说：“现在我有一百多张邮票。”
★ over在本句中作介词，意为“以上；多于；超过”，表示数量，后面常接数词，可与more than互换使用。如：
He stayed there for over a year. = He stayed there for more than a year. 他在那里待了一年多。
【随身练】
同义句转换
Most of the books in the store cost more than 15 dollars.
Most of the books in the store cost __________ 15 dollars.
④ a lot
I learnt a lot about our country and its great culture from the stamps!
从这些邮票中，我对我们的国家以及其伟大的文化了解了很多！
★ a lot意为“非常；许多”，表示程度，常用作状语，放在动词后面修饰该动词。如：
We used to go there a lot. 我们过去常常去那儿。
【随身练】
悲伤的电影总是让苏哭个不停。
Sad movies always make Sue __________ __________ __________.
⑤ doing sth is ...
Collecting stamps is really educational. 集邮是很有教育意义的。
★ “doing sth is ...”意为“做某事是……的”。须注意：单个动名词（短语）作主语时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数。如：
Playing volleyball is Victoria’s favourite hobby. 打排球是维多利亚最大的爱好。
【随身练】
阅读小说有助于你学英语。
__________ novels __________ you learn English.
人称代词
人称代词是用来指代人或事物的代词。在英语中，第一次提到某人或某事物时常用名字或名词表示，而再次提到该人或该事物时则可用人称代词来指代。人称代词有单数和复数、主格和宾格之分。主格用作主语，放在动词前面；宾格用作宾语，放在介词或动词后面。
【人称代词的主格形式】
单数 复数
第一人称 I we
第二人称 you you
第三人称 he, she, it they
如：
My name is Ella. I love little animals.
Sam and John are my colleagues (同事). We often go fishing together.
Mr Smith, you can come in now.
Boys and girls, you have to arrive there before 8 a.m.
That young man is my cousin. He is a lawyer.
Lucy likes collecting toy cars. She has over 50 toy cars.
The black and white cat is Tom’s pet. It sleeps a lot.
Where are my glasses They were on the table a minute ago.
【人称代词的宾格形式】
单数 复数
第一人称 me us
第二人称 you you
第三人称 him, her, it them
如：
Do you want me to be there
Can you teach us how to catch fish
Liz, I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to hurt you.
Ladies, I will show you the way later.
Ted asked me if I could help him fix his car.
Kelly is friendly. We all like her.
Your room is dirty. Can you clean it
My parents are like my friends. And I will love them forever.
【巩固练习】
填人称代词
May asked her sister if she could lend her some money, but __________ said no.
The man over there is our English teacher, Mr Huang. __________ is kind and we all like __________.
I left the kitchen in a mess and my dad was angry with __________.
Ben is good at Maths. He often helps __________ with our homework.
If your sister is around, bring __________ too.
Jim has two elder brothers. __________ are both tall and friendly.
It’s 7 o’clock now, Jane! __________ have to get up now!
--- Where is my pencil --- __________ is on the table.
--- Eddie and Janet, would __________ like to have some tea --- Sure. __________ love drinking tea.
Babies are curious (好奇的) about everything around __________.
物主代词
物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，有人称和数的变化。形容词性物主代词指事物的拥有者，属于限定词，放在名词前面修饰名词；名词性物主代词指代提及过的人或事物，具有名词的性质，后面不接名词，在句中可作主语、宾语或表语。
形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词
单数 复数 单数 复数
第一人称 my our mine ours
第二人称 your your yours yours
第三人称 his, her, its their his, hers, (it无名代) theirs
如：
This isn’t my eraser. That blue one is mine.
Her mother is a writer and his is a nurse.
Our school is bigger than theirs, but their school is more beautiful than ours.
Your apple is as big as hers.
His daughter is an engineer.
Please wash your hands before dinner.
This cup is Jack’s. Yours is on the desk.
Their house has its own swimming pool.
【巩固练习】
This is __________ (my/mine) dictionary. Where is __________ (yours/your)
These are __________ (theirs/their) seats and __________ (our/ours) are in the back of the room.
__________ (Our/Ours) classroom is cleaner than __________ (their/theirs).
The film has __________ (its/it) flaws (瑕疵), but it is interesting.
If this isn’t Sandy’s coat, that one must be __________ (her/hers).
__________ (He/His) computer is so old that __________ (it/its) works very slowly.
__________ (You/Your) son is the same age as __________ (my/mine).
That girl is Grace. __________ (She/Her) father is a poet.
派生构词法（五）——后缀-ly, -ward, -en, -teen, -ty和-th
【观察】
The story is largely true.
Everyone looked skyward as the planes passed by.
Flowers can brighten any room.
She will be seventeen next year.
There are sixty seconds in a minute.
You are the fifth person to ask me that question.
【梳理】
从上面的【观察】中，我们发现后缀-ly和-ward分别与形容词large和名词sky组合，构成副词；后缀-en与形容词bright组合，构成动词；后缀-teen, -ty和-th用于数词后面，构成表示数量或顺序的新数词。
类型 例子
-ly（常加在形容词后） helpfully (有益地)
-ward（常加在介词、名词或形容词后） upward (向上), homeward (向家), backward (向后)
-en（常加在形容词后） deepen (加深)
-teen（加在数词后） fourteen (十四)
-ty（加在数词后） ninety (九十)
-th（加在数词后） hundredth (第一百)
【练兵】
一、1. It will take about 10 hours for the glue (胶水) to __________ (hard).
August is the __________ (eight) month of the year.
__________ (lucky), I had some money with me.
After finishing lunch, they planned to turn __________ (home).
__________ (hopeful) it won’t rain.
二、1. __________ minus (减去) eighteen is twenty-two.
Eleven and __________ is thirty.
① with
My grandma was a short woman with grey hair. 我奶奶是一位（个子）矮小、头发灰白的妇女。
★ 介词with在本句中意为“具有；带有”。with后常接名词构成介词短语，用作后置定语，修饰with前的名词。如：
a boy with brown hair 一个棕发男孩
【随身练】
Wilson was walking along the street when he saw a tall young wo