2022年中考英语复习讲义 定语从句 状语从句（知识点讲解＋即讲即练）

单元一 定语从句和状语从句 【精华讲解】 定语从句 (一) 定义及相关术语
1. 定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。
2. 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等； 关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. (该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。) (二) 关系代词引导的定语从句
1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语
The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。
Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。
That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。
2. whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略
Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。
Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。
The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。
The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长
【注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。】 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend. 3. Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略
Football is a game which is liked by most boys. The factory which makes computers is far away from here. He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. The house which is by the lake looks nice. This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 4. That 指人时，相当于who /whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略 The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. The season that / which comes after spring is summer. Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 5. Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 I visited a scientist whose name is known all over thec ountry. He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 【注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替】
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow
Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow (三) “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。
(1) The school which he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。
(2) Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine which you asked for.
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked. 明天我将把你要的杂志带来。
(3) This is the boy whom I played tennis with yesterday.
This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。
(4) We’ll go to hear the famous singer whom we have often talked about.
We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。
(5) The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。
【注意】1. 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。look for, look after, take care of 等 (1) This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) This is the watch for which I am looking . (误) 这是我正在找的手表。
(2) The babies whom the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. (误) 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbor. (误) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。 (2) The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正) The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误) 我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。
3. “介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. (四) 关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school. The time when we got together finally arrived.
October 1, 1949 was the date when the People’s Republic of China was founded. Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his parents. 2. where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。 Shanghai is the city where I was born.
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . Is this the place where they fought the enemy 3. why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 【注意】关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。 Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. From the years when (in which) he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. (五) 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 (1) 格式上 限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。
非限制性定语从句用逗号“，”与主句隔开。 (2) 意义上
限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。
非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。 (3) 译法上
限制性定语从句译成先行词的定语：“....的”
非限制性定语从句通常译成主句的并列句。 (4) 关系词的使用上
A. 限制性定语从句作宾语时可省略
A. 非限制性定语从句不可省略
B. 限制性定语从句可用that
B. 非限制性定语从句不用that
C. 限制性定语从句可用who 代替whom
C. 非限制性定语从句不可用who 代替whom 限制性定语从句举例： The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. China is a country which has a long history.
In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 非限制性定语从句举例 ：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, which many important meetings are held in every year. 注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义： 1. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.
她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。(意含： 她还有其他哥哥。)
Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.
她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。(意含： 她只有一个哥哥。) 2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written.
所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。(意含： 不带插图的书则不一定写得好。)
All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written.
所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。(意含： 没有不带插图的书。) (1) 限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况
1. 当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. All that can be done has been done.
There is little that I can do for you.
He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 【注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who】 Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 2. 当先行词被序数词修饰时。
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 4. 当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 【注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who】 Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。
Who is the man that is standing by the gate
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most 6. 当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school. Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.　 (2) 关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句
as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：
1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。
He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。
He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实， 这一点我们看得出来。
2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。
As is known to all, China is a developing country. = China is a developing country, as is known to all. = China, as is known to all, is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是发展中国家。
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。
John, as you know, is a famous writer. = As you know, John is a famous writer. = John is a famous writer, as you know. 正如你所知， 约翰是个著名作家。 Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe. 张华已去过巴黎十多次了，我不相信。
注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。
Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。
These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。
1. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。
注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。
(3) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。
The way (that / in which/不填 ) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。
I don’t like the way (that / in which/不填 )you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。 (4) 关系代词与关系副词的选择
用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用(即所担当的成分) 。试比较：
A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。
I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。
B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。
I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。
C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。
This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。
(5) but 有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。
There are very few but admire his talents.　很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。(but = who don’t)
(6) 定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1. 定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。
The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. (定语从句) 刚刚起飞的那架飞机是开往巴黎的。
The fact that he has already died is quite clear. (同位语从句) 他已经去世了，这个事实很明了。
2. 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。 同位语从句主要由连词that 引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。
The news that he told me is true. (定语从句) 他告诉我的消息是真的。
The news that he has just died is true. (同位语从句) 他刚刚去世了，这个消息是真的。
The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定语从句) 我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。
The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. (同位语从句) 我们如何筹集这么多资金，这个问题很难解决。
The question that he raised puzzled all of us. (定语从句) 他提出的问题让我们很为难。
The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. (同位语从句) 他是否一定会赢得那场比赛，这个问题很难回答。 3. 同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句则不能。
A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. (同位语从句) 我们可以向老师请教，这主意不错
The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. (同位语从句) 地球围绕太阳转，这事实人人皆知。
The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.
C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. (同位语从句) 请注意如何保护野生动物这问题
The problem is how we can protect the wild animals. 【练习】 1.There are three bedrooms in the house,_____ is Mary's.
A the smallest of which B the smaller of which C the smallest of them D the smallest one 2.The Greens will move into the new house next Monday,_____ it will be completely finished.
A by the time B by which time C by that time D by this time 3.Alice has a large collection of phone,_____ was taken in london.
A none of them B no one of which C all of which D none of which 4.With the fast development of agriculture, the people ____ village I taught before lived a happy life.
A who B whose C in whose D in which 5.There is a moutain ____ the top is always covered with snow.
A whose B of which C it's D that 6.She may have missed her train, in ____ case she won't arrive for another hour.
A what B that C which D this 7.There two thousand students in our school,____ are girls.
A two-thirds in which B two-thirds in them C two-thirds of them D of whom two thirds 8.I have bought two ballpens,_____ writes well.
A neither of them B none of them C neither of which D none of which 特殊结构定语从句点击 1. These houses are sold at such a low price ________ people expected.
A. like B. as C. that D. which 2. I've never heard so interesting a story ________ you told me.
A. as B. that C. of which D. about which 3. I've seen the same film ________ you saw yesterday.
A. that B. which C. as D. like 4. I'll buy the same coat ________ you wear.
A. that B. which C. as D. like 5. He made another wonderful discovery, ________ of great importance to science.
A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think is 6. ________ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth o nce every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What 7. This is the first time ________ he has been here.
A. that B. when C. at which D. which 8. I don't like ________ you speak to her.
A. the way B. they way in that C. the way which D. the way of which
英语语法状语从句的归纳总结 在复合句中修饰主句或主句中的某一成分的从句叫状语从句。状语从句通常由从属连词或起连词作用的词组引导，有时甚至不需要连词直接和主句连接起来。状语从句根据它表达的意思不同，可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等九类。 一、 时间状语从句: 时间状语从句是表示时间关系的从句。可以引导时间状语从句的连词很多，根据意义和主从句之间的时间关系，通常可分为以下几种情况： A. when, while, as, whenever (when, while, as表示主句谓语作和从句的谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。) 1. when ①when表示点时间时，从句中用短暂性动词；表示段时间时，用持续性动词。 When I got home, my family were already having dinner. 我到家的时候，全家已在吃晚饭。(when表示点时间) When they were still talking and laughing, the teacher came in. 当他们还在说笑的时候，老师进来了。(when表示段时间) He waved ahello when he saw her. 当他看见她的时候，就挥手打了个招呼。(when表示点时间) When you think you know nothing, you begin to know something. 当你认为自己一无所知的时候，就开始知道一些事情了。(when表示段时间) 【注意】 当when意思是正当...时候(and at that moment) 时，when只能跟在前一分句之后。 He was about to go to bed when the doorbell rang. 他正要上床，忽然门铃响了。 They were watching the World Cup when suddenly the lights went out. 他们正看着世界杯比赛，突然灯灭了。 They had just arrived home when it began to rain. 他们刚到家，天就开始下雨了。 ②有时when表示虽然，尽管的含义，相当于although或since。 He walks when he might take a taxi. 尽管可以打的，但他还是步行。 How can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none. 既然你不宽恕别人，你自己又怎能希望得到别人的宽恕呢？ 2. while ①while通常表示一段时间，从句中宜用持续性动词作谓语。 Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。 She fell asleep while she was reading the newspaper. 她在看报的时候睡着了。 ②while有时可以作并列连词，表示对比，可译成...而...。 I am fond of English while he likes maths. 我喜欢英语而他却喜欢数学。 We slept while the captain kept watch. 我们睡觉而上尉担任警戒。 ③while有时可引导让步状语从句，意思是虽然。 While they love te children, they are strict with them. 虽然他们都爱他们的孩子，但却对他们要求严格。 【注意】虽然during 与 while 意思很相近，但是during是介词，不能引导从句。 3. as ①as表示点时间时，从句中用短暂性动词；表示段时间时，用持续性动词。as和when两者经常可以通用。 The thief was caught as when he was stealing in the supermarket. 小偷在超市行窃时被逮住了。 I saw Jim as when he left the meeting room. 吉姆离开会议室时候我看到了他。 ②as表示 一边…一边…，强调从句和主句中两个动作交替进行或同步进行。 They talked as they walked. 他们边走边聊。 He looked behind from time to time as he went. 他一边走，一边不时往后看。 ③as表示随着 As time goes on, it's getting warmer and warmer. 随着时间的推移，天气变得越来越暖了。 As spring warms the earth, al flowers begin to bloom. 随着春回大地，百花开始绽放。 4. when, while, as的用法区别 ①只有当从句表示的是段时间，即其谓语动词有持续性特征时，这三者可以通用互换。 I got the news on the radio when while as I was having breakfast.我在吃早饭的时候从收音机里获悉这一消息。 ②在下列情况下，三者彼此之间不能替换使用： a. as更强调同一时间或紧接的一前一后或伴随着的变化。 We listened to the singer sing as he played the guitar. 我们听着歌星边弹吉它边演唱。 I thought of it just as you opened your mouth. 你一张嘴我就知道你要说什幺 As he grew older, he became less and less active. 随着他年龄的增长，他变得越来越不活泼了。 【注意】 状语从句可放在主句之前或之后，放在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句分开。有时可置于主句中间，前后用逗号。 b. when更强调特定时间，还可表示从句中的动作先于或后于主句的动作。 When I had given Mary the spare ticket, I found my own already gone. 当我把多余的票给了玛丽时，我才发现我自己的票已不知去向。(从句动作发生在主句之前，注意主从句的时态) When I finally got there, he meeting had been on for ten minutes. 当我最终赶到那里时，会议已开始十分钟了。(从句动作发生在主句之后，注意时态) c. while从句只能表示延续的动作或状态或主从句中动作的对比。 She thought I was talking about her daughter, while in fact, I was talking about my daughter. 她以为我在谈论她女儿，而事实上，我在谈论我的女儿。 d. 若表示两个短促动作几乎同时发生时，用as场合多于when。 As he finished his speech, the audience burst into applause. 他结束讲话时，观众爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。 5. whenever whenever是when的强势语，它描述的不是一次性动作，而是经常发生的习惯性动作。 You are always welcome whenever you come. 无论你何时来都欢迎。 Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us. 每当我们遇上困难的时候，他们就来帮我们。 B. before, after 1. before：before表示在一段时间之前。 I must finish all the work before going home. 回家之前我必须干完所有的活。 You must first learn to walk before you try to run. 在想要跑以前，你得先学会走。 He had learned English for three years before he went to London. 他去伦敦之前已学了三年英语。 【注意】 before 从句往往带有否定的含义。 He ran off before I could stop him. 我还没来得及阻止他，他就跑掉了。 Take it down before you forget it. 趁着还没忘记的时候就记录下来。 【必背】 before 常用句型 It is was will be before It wil be five years before we meet again. 五年以后我们才能再见。 It will be not long before you regret what you have done. 不用过多久你就会对你所作所为感到后悔的。 It was not long before I realized I was wrong. 不久我就意识到我错了。 It was minutes before the police arrived. 过了几分钟警察才到。 2. after：after表在一段时间之后。 Let's play football after school is over. 放学后我们踢足球吧。 The sun came out soon after the storm stopped. 暴风雨过后不久太阳出来了。 C. till, until 1. until/till用于肯定句时，表示直到…为止，主句必须为持续性动词。 We shall wait until/till he comes back. 我们将一直等到他回来。 (注意它们的拼写) Everything went well until/till that accident happened. 直到发生那意外之前，一切都正常。 2. not until/till表示直到…才…，主句通常要用短暂动词，这时until和till可用before代替。 I didn't leave until/till/before she came back. 直到她回来，我才离开的。 Bells don't ring till until you strike them. 铃不打不响。 People do not know the value of their health till until before they lose it. 人们直至失去了健康才知其可贵。 3. 当not until位于句首时，主句中的主语、谓语要使用倒装语序。 Not until she stopped crying did I leave. 直到她不哭了，我才离开的。 【注意】 until引导的从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，但till从句一般不放在句首。 4. 在强调句型中一般只能用until，不用till。 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognized her. 直到她摘下墨镜，我才认出她。 D. since, ever since 1. since自...以来。表示动作从过去某一点时间一直延续到说话时间为止。主句中常为延续性动词的现在完成时，since从句中一般用短暂性动词的一般过去时。 It has been just a week since we arrived here. 我们到这儿刚刚一星期。 Where haveyou been since I last saw you. 自上次我见过你之后，你去了哪里？ Since she was young, she has been collecting stamps. 她自年轻时起就一直集邮至今。 【注意】有时since 从句中也可以用延续性动词，注意它的译法。 Tom is now working on the farm. It's two years since he was a college student. 汤姆现在农场上班，他大学毕业已有两年了。 2. ever since 从那时起直至现在，此后一直。表示说话者强调主句动作或状态持续时间长，语气比since强。 Ever since they got married in 1950, they have lived happily. 自一九五零年结婚以来，他们一直生得很幸福。 3. since还可以用作副词或介词。 The big clock was damaged during the war and has been sient(ever) since. 这只大钟在战争中损坏了，从此就一直不响了。 My uncle went to Tibet in the 1950s. He has been living there(ever) since. 我叔叔五十年代就去了西藏，从那以后他一直生活在那里。 You have made great achievements in your work since graduation. 你们自毕业以来已在工作中取得了巨大成就。 E. as soon as as soon as...可译为一...就...，用来表示主从句的动作是紧接着发生的。 He will come and see you as soon as he can. 他一有空就来看你。 He rushed home as soon as he got the good news. 他一得到这个好消息就奔回家。 【必备】一...就...还可以用on/upon doing 结构来表示。 On arriving home he called up Lester. 他一到家就给莱斯特打电话。 = As soon as he arrived home, he called up Lester. F. immediately/instantly/directly 相当于as soon as，从句中用一般过去时态。 They phoned her immediately they reached home. 他一到家马上就给她打了电话。 I recognized her instantly I caught a glimpse of her. 我一看见她就把她认出来了。 We came directly we got your telephone. 我们一接到你的电话就赶来了。 G. the moment, the minute, the instant, the second 这几个名词短语也可用作连词，直接引导时间状语从句，表示一…就…。 He said he'd turn on TV th moment he got home. 他说他一到家就打开电视机。 Tell him I need to see him the minute he arrives. 告诉他，他一到我就要见他。 The second the bell rang, the students rushed out of the classroom. 铃一响，学生就冲出了教室。 H. hardly/scarcely…when…, no sooner…than… 这两个短语都表示刚...就...，可以互换，主句通常用去完成时。 He had no sooner started out than he felt homesick. 他刚出发就想起家来。 He had hardly started his speech when someone rose to refute his points. 他刚开始发言，就有人站起来反驳他的论点。 【注意】当hardly, scarcely, no sooner位于句子的开头时，主句须用倒装语序。 Hardly had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door woke her up. 她刚要睡着，忽然敲门声把她吵醒。 No sooner was the frost off the ground than the work began. 地上的霜一消散，人们就开始工作了。 I. once once作连词时，也相当于as soon as，但它含有的条件意味更浓，它引导的从句较短。 Once you begin, you must continue. 一旦开了头，你就应当继续下去。 Once you see him, you will neer forget him. 你一旦见过他，就不会忘了他。 J. next time, the first time, the last time, every time 等 Be sure to call on us next time you come to town. 下次你进城一定来看我们。 He left me a good impression the first time I met him. 我第一次见他时，他给我留下了好印象。 Every time I see him he looks miserable. 我每次见到他，他都是一付痛苦的表情。 The last time I spoke to Bob, he seemed happy enough. 上一次我见到他时，他看上去很开心。 K. by the time by the tine 也可以引导时间状语从句，意为到 时为止，主句一般要用完成时态。 By the time he was fourteen, Einstein had learned advanced mathematics all by himself. 爱因斯坦到十四岁时就自学完了高等数学。 (从句为一般过去时，主句要用过去完成时) I shall have finished my work by the time you return. 在你回来之前我将会做完我的活儿。(从句为一般现在时，主句要用将来完成时) 二、地点状语从句：地点状语从句通常由where, wherever(where的强势语) 和everywhere引导，是表示空间关系的状语从句。 A. where where 在...地方，去...地方 Wuhan lies here the Yangtze and the Han River meet. 武汉位于长江和汉水汇合处。 Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。 I found my books where I had left them. 我的书在我原来放的地方找到了。 You'd better make a mark where you have any questions. 哪儿有问题，你最好在哪儿做个记号。(这where引导的从句不是定语从句) Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. 一般来说，有工厂的地方空气污染就严重。 【注意】 在地点状语从句之前，不要使用介词。 【误】You should put the book at where it was. 【正】You should put the book where it was. 你应该把书放在原来的地方。 【误】We should go to where we are needed most. 【正】We should go where we are needed most. 我们应该到最需要我们的地方去。 B. wherever wherever在任何...地方，无论哪里 Wherever you go, you should do your work well. 不论到什么地方，都要把工作做好。 You may sit down wherever you like. 你爱坐哪儿就坐哪儿。 Wherever you go, you should work hard. 无论你去哪里，你都应该努力工作。 C. everywhere Everywhere they went, they were kindly received. 他们每到一处都受到了友好的接待。 三、原因状语从句: 原因状语从句是表示原因和理由的从句。引导原因状语从句的有as, because, since, now (that), considering that, seeing that等。 A. because Because I like it, I do it. 因为我喜欢，所以我才干。 He couldn't have seen me, because I was not there then. 他不可能见过我，因为当时我不在那儿。 My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful. 我的朋友都不喜欢我，因为我又英俊又成功。 【区别】 because 和for的区别。 1. for 是并列连词，只用于连接表示原因的分句，因此不能用于句首。because表示原因时，可位于句首。 【误】For he did not obey the rules, he was punished. 【正】Because he did not obey the rules, he was punished. 由于他不遵守规章制度，他受到了处罚。 2. for 表示的是推断解释，because强调动作发生的直接原因。 It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 昨晚肯定下雨了，因为地面是湿的。(不可用because，因为地面湿不是天下雨的原因) The day breaks, for the birds are singing. 天亮了，因为鸟在叫。(不可用because，因为鸟叫不是天亮的原因) He went to bed early, because he was tired. 由于他累了，所以他很早就上了床。(直接的理由) He must be tired, for he went to bed early. 他肯定累了，因为他很早就上了床。(间接的推断) 3. 在强调结构It is/was…that和关联词not…but…引导的原因状语从句中，宜用because。 It's because he helped you that I'm prepared to help him. 正是因为他帮助过你，所以我乐意去帮助他。 He decided to give up the chance of going abroad, not because he did not want to but because his wife was ill. 他决定放弃出国的机会，不是因为他不想去，而是因为他妻子病了。 B. since since 因为，既然。引导的从句大多置于句首，主从句的时态一般相同。 Since you have no licence, you are not allowed to drive. 因为你没有驾驶执照，所以不允许你开车。 Since you are al here, let's try and reach a decision. 既然大家都来了，咱们就设法做出一个决定吧。 C. as as 由于。一般多用于句首。 As she was ill, she didn't come to the party. 由于病了，她没来参加晚会。 As he was not well enough, I had to go without him. 由于他身体欠佳，我只好不带他去了。 As it rained, we all stayed at home. 由于下雨我们都呆在家里。 C. because, since, as 的区别 1. because语气最强，表达的是未知的新信息，一般置于主句之后，也可以放在主句之前，用逗号隔开。在回答why引导的特殊疑问句时，或在强调结构It is/was…that…和关联词not…but…引导的原因状语从句中，要用because。另外，because还常和副词just, merely等连用。 A: Why don’t you let me see your room (为什么不让我参观你的房间啊？) B: Just because! (不为什么！) A: Just because It’s extremely messy, huh (房间里肯定乱得一塌糊涂？) Just because he doesn't complain, you must not suppose that he is satisfied. 你不可只因他不抱怨就以为他满足了 You shouldn't get angry only because some people speak ill of you. 你不该仅仅因为有些人说了你的坏话就生气。 2. since 往往表示的是已知的客观事实，或分析后的推理，引导的从句大多置于句首，主从句的时态一般相同。 Since Mr Bennett was going to need some time off work, he asked for a sick note. 因为贝内特先生要请假一段时间，他请医生开了病假条。 Since she knows little Italian, she keeps to herself. 因为不怎么懂意大利语，她很少和人交往。 Since he was color blind, he favored large, showy flowers. 因为他是色盲，所以他喜爱大朵艳丽的花。 Since you're not interested, I won't tell you about it. 既然你不感兴趣，那我就不告诉你了。 3. as 表示的理由最弱，只是对主句的附带说明，重点在主句。as从句通常放在主句前。 As you are unable to answer perhaps we should ask someone else. 因为你不能回答，也许我们该问一问别的人。 As nobody liked to talk to her, she felt completely left out in cold. 由于没有人喜欢和她谈话，她觉得备受冷落。 As they must also sprint over short distances, speed is essential. 由于他们也必须进行短跑，因此速度至关重要。 As he has not been able to have his way, he has shown some restraint. 他由于没有得手，有些收敛。 【注意】 because等词不能与 so连用。 【误】Because he was careless, so he failed in the exam. 【正】Because he was careless, he failed in the exa. 【正】He was careless, so he failed in the exam. 由于他粗心，所以他不及格。 E. now that now that 既然，因为。that可以省略。 Now (that) dinner is ready, go and wash your hands. 既然饭已好了，洗手去吧。 Now you mention it again, I do remember. 既然你又提起此事，我倒回想起来了。 F. considering that, seeing that 这两个词和since, now that意思相近，都有鉴于...事实，考虑到...的意思。 Seeing that quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off. 由于好些人都没到会，我们决定延期开会。(seeing 后面的that可以省略) Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite good job. 考虑到他们才刚刚学做，他们干得算很不错的了。 G. not that... but that 这一结构相当于汉语的不是因为...而是因为...。 Not that I don't like the film, but that I have no time for it. 不是因我不喜欢看这部电影，而是因为我没有时间看 Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference. 既然每个人都到了，让我们开始我们的会议吧。 四、目的状语从句：目的状语从句是表示行为目的的从句。引导目的状语从句的主要连词有that, so，so that, so that, in order that等，从句中常常使用一些情态动词，如can, could, may, might, should等。 A. that, so that，in order that表示为了，以便，一般放在主句之后。that语气较弱，用的较少，多用so that。 Let's take the front seats that we may se more clearly. 我们坐前排吧，这样我们可以看得更清楚些。 Man does not live that he may eat, but eats that he may live. 人生存不是为了吃饭，而吃饭是为了生存。 They hurried so that they might not miss the train. 他们为了不误火车，才急急忙忙的。 In order that everyone present might hear her clearly, she raised her voice again.为了使在场的每个人都能听清楚，她再次提高了声音。 【注意】当主从句的主语一致时，so that和in order that引导的目的状语从句可以转换成相对应的动词不定式结构 We got up early so that we would arrive in time. →we git up early to arrive in time. 为了能及时赶到，我们起得很早。 They hurried so that they might not miss the train. → They hurried so as not to miss the train. 他们为了不误火车，才急急忙忙。 Betty saved money in order that she could uy a portable computer. → Betty saved money in order to buy a portable computer. 贝蒂存钱是为了买一台手提电脑。 B. in case, lest, for fear that 特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that，几个短语都表示万一，惟恐，含有否定的意义。 Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。 Take an umbrella in case it rains. 以防下雨，带把伞。 The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly. 为了让后面的学生听得更清楚，老师有意地提高了他的声音。 He took a dictionary to hold down the test papers for fear that they might be blown away by the wind. 他拿了本词典压住试卷，以防被风吹掉。 We will be analyzing all the things she has told us in the hope that we can locate the person responsible. 我们将分析她告诉我们的所有事，希望能找出罪魁祸首。 A sad thing in life is when you meet someone who means a lot to you, only to find out in the end that it was never meant to be and you just have to let go. 生命中令人悲伤的一件事是你遇到了一个对你来说很重要的人，但却最终发现你们有缘无份，因此你不得不放手。 【注意】由for引导的是一个并列句，不是原因状语从句，但有表原因的意思，是并列连词。 Your role as editor is important, for you can look at a piece of writing objectively .你的编辑角色很重要，因为你能够客观地审视作品。 We must be humble, for we are compassed by mysteries. 我们一定要谦虚，因为我们周围充满了我们还不理解的事物。 五、结果状语从句：结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句。引导结果状语从句的连词有：that, so (that), so that, such that等。结果状语从句通常置于主句之后。 A. so, that, so that 这三个词都可以引导结果状语从句。so that最为常用，so或that常用于口语或非正式文体中。 What has happened that you look so worried 发生了什幺事，使你显得如此担心？ I didn't plan the work well, so that/so I didn't finish it in time. 我没把工作计划好，结果没按时完成。(so that从句常用逗号与主句隔开) The room was packed with people, so that we couldn't get in. 房间里挤满了人，我们进不去。 B. so...that so...that 如此...以致...。其引导的果状语从句有如下四种结构： 1. so + 形容词/副词 + that-从句 The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map. 这村子太小，所以这地图上没有。 The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. 风刮得那么大，我们简直寸步难行。 2. so + 形容词 + a/an + 单数名词 + that-从句 It was so hot a day that tey all went swimming. 天是那么的热以致他们都去游泳了。 He made so inspiring a speech that everybody got excited. 他发表了如此鼓舞人的演讲以致大家都很激动。 3. so + many/few +复数名词+ that-从句 I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over. 我摔了许多跤，以至于浑身青一块，紫一块。 He has so few friend that he often feels lonely. 他朋友很少，所以经常感到孤独。 4. so + much/little +不可数名词 + that-从句 I had so little money then that I couldn't even afford a used car. 我当时囊中羞涩，甚至连一辆二手车都买不起。 He drank so much wine last night that he felt terrible. 昨晚他喝了那么多的酒，他觉得很不舒服。 5.在so + 形容词副词 + that-从句结构中，如将so + 形容词副词位于句首，主谓语要倒装。 So excited was he that she could not say a word. 他很激动，一句话都说不出来。 So loudly did he speak that even the people in the next room could hear him. 他说得很响，连隔壁的人都能听见。 C. such... that such...that 如此...以致...。其引导的结果语从句有如下四种结构： 1. such + a/an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + that-从句 Jenny is such a clever girl that all of us like her very much. 詹妮是如此聪明的女孩，以至我们都非常喜欢她。 We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door. 我们走得匆忙，把门都忘了锁了。 2. such + 形容词 +复数名词+ that-从句 He gave such important reasons that he was excused. 他说出了这么重要的理由，得到大家的谅解。 They are such interesting novels that all of us want to read them. 这些是十分有意思的小说，大家都想看。 3. such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that-从句 He made such rapid progress that the teacher praised him. 他的进步很快，老师表扬了他。 He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗子用了那么大的劲，玻璃都碎了。 【提示】such+a/an+形容词+单数名词结构可以和so +形容词+a/an+单数名词结构互换。 He told us such a funny story that we all laughed. → He told us so funny a story that we all laughed. 他给我们讲了一个如此有趣的故事，大家都笑。 →The story he told us was so funny that we all laughed. 他给我们讲的故事是如此有趣，大家都笑了。 D. such that such that可以连用，意思是(是) 这样...以致。 Mother's answer was such that she didn't say yes and she didn't say no. 妈妈的回答就是这样，既没有同意也没有不同意。 His anger was such that he lost control of himself. 他勃大怒，以致不能自制。 【比较】such ...that ... 引导的是结果状语从句；such ...as ...引导的是定语从句 She had such a fright that she fainted. 她吓得昏了过去。 Luckily such earthquakes as can cause a lot of damage do no happen very often. 很幸运，这种破坏性很大的地震并不经常发生。(关系代词as在定语从句中作主语) 六、条件状语从句：条件状语从句是表示主句动作发生的前提或条件的从句。条件状语从句分为真实条件状语从句和非真实条件状语从句。引导条件状语从句的有if, unless, so as long as, as so far as, on condition that, in case, suppose, supposing等。条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时。 A. if if表示正面条件，意为如果。 If you ask him, he will help you. 如果你向他请求，他会帮助你。 Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them. 如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么了。 If I do not understand what he says, I always ask him. 我不懂他的话时, 总是去问他。(if = when) 【比较】 if only和only if的对比。 if only 解释但愿，要是...就好了，表示一个不可能实现愿望，要用虚拟语气；only if 解释只有，等于only on condition that，从句用陈述语气。 Only if you heat ice, it turns to water. 只有当你给冰加热，它才会变成水。 I'll do that, but only if we set a few rules. 我可以干，但我们得定几条规矩。 The lawyer is paid only if he wins. 只有官司赢了才支付律师费。 You can make progress only if you are modest. 惟虚心乃能进步。 One can grasp a foreign language only if he studies hard. 唯有努力学习，才能掌握外语。 If only I knew! 要是我知道该多好。 If only it were that simple! 要是那么简单就好了！ If only I could get some sleep, I would be able to cope. 要是能睡上一会儿，我就能应付了。 If only you hadn't felt compelled to meddle. 要是你没有觉得非插手不可就好了。 If only you had told me that some time ago. 要是你早些时候告诉我该多好啊！ B. unless unless = if not, 表示反面条件，意思是如果不、除非。 They will go tomorrow unless it rains. 除非明天下雨，否则他们会去的。(They’ll go tomorrow if it doesn't rain.) I won't let you in unless you show me your pass.如果你不出示通行证，我就不让你进来。(= I won't let you in if you don't show me your pass. ) We cannot understand disease unless we understand the person who has the disease. 若不了解患者我们就不能了解疾病。 We’ll not attack unless we are attacked; if we are attacked, we’ll certainly counter attack. 人不犯我，我不犯人；人若犯我，我必犯人。 You're not going to get out of here unless we make a deal. 除非我们达成协议，否则你就别想从这儿出去。 We can't keep abreast of the developing situation unless we study harder. 我们如果不加强学习，就会跟不上形势 【注意】 if...not和unless通常可以换用。但在下列情况下，两者是有区别的： 1. unless多引导真实条件句，if...not可以引导真实条件句或非真实条件句。 He won't be able to pass the final exams unless he works hard. 除非他努力，否则就通过不了期末考试。 He won't be able to pass the final exams if he doesn't work hard. 如果他不努力，就通过不了期末考试。 He would pass the final exams if he worked hard. 要是他努力的话，他就会通过考试。(非真实条件句。含义是He doesn't work hard.) 2. 如果主句描述的是情感或情绪活动方面的内容，if...not结构不能换成unless。 I'll be quite glad if she doesn't come this evening. 她今晚如果不来我很高兴。 I will be very sad if he can’t understand me. 3. unless引导的状语从句可用否定结构，而if...not引导的从句不可用否定结构。 Don't ask me to explain again unless you really don't understand. 不要再叫我解释了，除非你真的不懂。 4. unless能作为介词使用，相当于except，而if...not不可以。 Nothing will come out of it unless disaster. 这种事除非引起灾祸之外不会有什么结果。 C. so long as, as long as, on condition that 这几个短语意思差不多，都表示只要，条件是...。 As/So long as we don't lose heart, we'll find a way to overcome the difficulty. 只要我们灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的方法。 You may use the room on condition that so long as you clean it afterwards. 只要你用完后打扫干净，你就可以使用这个房间。 As long as I deliver the goods, my boss is very happy. 只要我做好本职工作，我的老板就很高兴。 As long as my heart still beats, I will go on working for the people. 只要我的心脏还在跳动，我就要为人民工作。 D. in case in case 既引导目的状语从句，也可以引导条件状语从句，等于if it happens that。 In case I forget, please remind me of my promise. 如果我忘了，请提醒我所做的承诺。 Send s a message in case you have any difficulty. 万一你有什么困难，请给我们一个信儿。 Leave your key with a neighbour in case you lock yourself out one day. 给邻居留把钥匙，以防有朝一日把自己反锁在外面。 Emergency services were on hand in case there was any trouble. 假使有什么问题，随时提供紧急服务。 E. providing, provided that, supposing, suppose that, given that 这几个短语意思相近，有如果，只要，假如等意思。 Given that they are inexperienced, they've done a good job. 考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们的工作已做得很好了。(that可以省略) Provided/Providing(that) we invite him, he would surely come to dinner. 假如我们邀请他的话，他肯定会来吃饭的。 Suppose/Supposing we can't get enough food, what shall we do 假设我们弄不到足够的食物，那我们怎幺办？(仅用于疑问句) 七、方式状语从句：方式状语从句是描述动作方式的从句。方式状语从句常由as, as if as though等词引导，通常位于主句之。 A. as, just as 这两个连词的意思是如...，正如...一样。just as 比as 语气要强一些。 Do in Rome as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。 Leave things as they are. 让一切顺其自然。 Please do as (you are) told. 请按照人家告诉你做的去做。 Balloons float in the air just as boats do on the sea. 气球在空中就如同船浮在海面上一样。 【注意】 在口语中，还可用like来代替as，引导一个方式状语从句。 She is doing the work exactly like I want her to. 她正在完全按照我要她的那样在做这项工作。 Do you make bread like you make cakes. 你做面包的方法是不是和做点心一样？ B. as if, as though 由as if 或as though引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况，也可以用虚拟语气的过去式表示现在不符的或与事实相反的情况 She looks as if she is ill. 看上去她好象是生病了。 The boy plays piano as though he has a natural ear for music. 这孩子弹起钢琴来家好象天生很懂音乐似的。 They talked loudly as if nobody were around. 他们大声说话仿佛周围没人似的。 He acted as if/though nothing had happened. 他装得似乎什么事也未发生过。 八、比较状语从句：比较状语从句由as, than引导。 A. as...as, the same as 用于同等程度级的比较。否定句用not so/as... as, not the same...as。 Our country is as big as the whole of Europe. 我们的国同整个欧洲一样大。 The result was not as/so good as I had expected. 结果不如我预料的那么好。 She works in the same building as my sister. 她和我的妹妹在同一大楼上班。 My stand on this is just the same as it was four years ago. 我对此事的立场与4年前的无异。 The cramming teaching method without considering students' acceptance, is the same as pulling up seedlings to help them grow. 那种不顾学生能否接受的填鸭式的教学方法，无异于拔苗助长。 B. than than表示不同程度级的比较 It rains more often in Shanghai than in Beijing. 上海下的雨比北京的多。 He is two inches taller than his father. = He is taller than his father by two inches. 他比他爸爸高两英寸。 【注意】 在比较从句中通常把和主句重复的部分省掉，如果把省略部分补上，而显得累赘或不合乎习惯。 The child sang as sweetly as a nightingale. 这孩子歌唱得同夜莺般婉转。 Lily isn't so clever a girl as Lucy is. 莉莉是一个不如露西那样聪明的女孩。(如说成：Lily isn't so clever a girl as Lucy is clever 显得累赘) C. the more..., the more... 这是表示比例的比较，意思是越...就越...。第一个the more 也可以看成是一个条件。 The more you read, the better you understand. (= If you read more, you will understand better.) 你看的书越多，你懂得就越多。 The busier he is, the happier he feels. 他越忙越开心。 The more difficult the questions are, the less likely I am to be able to answer them. 问题越困难，我就越能回答。 【必备】一些常见的倍数比较句型。 His father is double twice his age. 他爸爸的年龄是他的两倍。 His father is twice double as old as he (is). 他爸爸的年龄是他的两倍。 Our new school is three times bigger than the old one. 我们的新学校比老学校大三倍。 Our new school is four times as big as the old one. 我们的新学校是老学校的四倍大。 Our new school is four times the size of the old one. 我们的新学校是老学校的四倍。 九、让步状语从句：让步状语从句表示在某种相反的条件下，主句中的情况依然会出现。让步状语从句由although, though, however, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever, whenever, wherever, whether(是否) , no matter (who, wha, etc), even if, even though等词引导。 A. although, though 这两个词意思一样，都解释虽然，尽管。although比though正式。 1. although指事实，多用于句首。多数情况下可与though换用。 Although he is young, he is very clever. 他尽管年轻，但很聪明。 Although his illness had prevented him from studying, he managed to pas the exam. 尽管病情妨碍了他学习，但他还是通过了考试。 It was an exciting game, although no goals were scored. 那是一场精彩的球赛，尽管一个球都没进。(although也可放在主句之后) 2. though既指事实，又指设想。可用于句首、句中或句末。 Though he is poor, he is happy. 他虽然穷，但很快乐。 I haven't checked the information yet, though I think it is correct. 我还没有核实这份资料，但我认为它错不了。 My house, though it is large, is also made of stone and wood. 我的房子虽然大，但是也是用石头和木料搭成的。 【注意】 有时though= and yet但是，然而，放在句子末尾，前面用逗号。 It was hard work; I enjoyed it, though. 那工作很苦，但是我喜欢干。 (= It was hard work, but I enjoyed it.) 3. though从句有时可以倒装，将从句中的一部分提置句首。 Child though he is, he knows a lot. 尽管他是个孩子，他懂得的东西却很多(=Although he is a child, he knows a lot.) Strange though it may look, it is true. 尽管看起来奇怪，但是却是真的(= Though it looks strange, it is true.) 【注意】 although, though不能与but连用，但是可以与yet, still, nevertheless连用。 Although Though he blames me, yet I will trust him. 尽管他责怪我，但我还是愿意信任他。 Though he was hungry, still he would not eat. 尽管他饿了，但是他仍不想吃。 B. even if, even though 这两个词语气比though, although强，解释即使，两者可以通用。 We won't be discouraged even if though we fail ten times. 我们就是失败十次也不泄气。 Even if though you fail, you will have gained experience. 纵然你失败，你也会得到一些经验。 Even if we achieve great success in our work, we should not be conceited. 即使我们在工作中取得了很大的成绩，也不应该自满。 Even if it should rain tomorrow, we will continue our work. 即使明天下雨，我们也要继续工作。 Encourage your child in her interests and hobbies even if they're things that you know little about it. 要鼓励孩子的兴趣爱好，即使你对它们所知甚少。 C. while, whereas 这两个词也可引导让步状语从句，突出主句和从句的对比。 While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you. 虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。 Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it. 有些人喜欢肥肉，相反有些人讨厌肥肉。 While it has lost its tranquility, the area has gained in liveliness. 虽然该地区失去了往日的宁静，但是却有了生气 While I admit his good point, I can see his shortcomings. 虽然我承认他的优点，我还是能看到他的缺点。 Like many men, he is focused on what he can do, whereas she wants sympathy.像很多男人一样，他关注于他能做什么，然而她需要的是同情。 People are ready to help and make friends with honest people whereas a liar is not believed, even when he speaks the truth. 人们准备帮助诚信的人并和诚信的人交朋友，然而，谎言家即使当他说真话的时候也不被人们相信。 D. no matter (who, what, where, when, etc) 这几个词引导的让步状语从句语气十分强烈。 This is not true, no matter who says so. 不管谁这么说，都不对。 Do it no matter what others say. 不管别人怎么说，尽管干。 No matter how bus he was, he studied English every day. 不管他多忙，他都每天坚持学习英语。 E. however, whatever, whenever, wherever 这些词在意思上和用法上都等于no matter how what Whatever happens may happen, we shall never lose hope. 无论发生什么，我们都不要失去信心。(有时从句中的动词与may连用) However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I'll take it. 无论它有多贵，我也要买下它。 Don't let them in, whoever (=no matter who) they are. 不管他们是谁，别让他们进来。 The centre is open to all, no matter what race or creed. 该中心向所有人开放，不论种族和宗教信仰如何。 【注意】no matter+what/when/how/who=what/when/how/who+ever F. whether...or (not) ... whether...or (not) ...意思是不管...还是...。 Whether you believe it or not, it's true. 不管你信不信，这是真的。 Whether the weather is good or bad, they will set off as planned. 不管天气是好还是坏，他们都要按计划启程。 【提示】 也可直接用or来连接两个相同结构来表示让步。 Walking or sleeping, she always has the question in her mind. 无论走路还是睡觉，她总是想着这个问题。 To be or not to be, this is a question. 生存还是毁灭，这是一个问题。 G. as 连词as，同though一样，也可以引导让步状语从句，但从句中要用特殊语序。 Young as he is, he knows a lot. 他虽然年轻，但懂得很多。(= Though he is young, he .) Cold as it is, the children play outdoors. 虽然天气冷，但孩子们仍在户外玩。 H. if if 有时也可用于让步状语从句，相当于even if。 If he is poor, he is at least honest. 尽管他穷，但至少他很诚实。 We'll go if it rains. 即使下雨我们也要去。 I'll do it if I die in the attempt. 即使会丧命我也要试一下。 【注意】有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步等状语从句中，如果谓语含有动词be，主语又和主句的主语一致，或者主语是it，常把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be) 省略掉。 Look out for cars when crossing the street. 过街时当心车辆。 (= when you are crossing the street) She hurriedly left the room as though angry. (= as though/if she was were angry)她急匆匆地走出屋去，很生气的样子。 If possible, I'd like to have two copies of it. 可能的话，我想要两本。(= if it is possible, ) She advised me not o say anything unless asked. (= unless I was asked ) 她劝我别说什么，除非有人要我说。 As a young man, he studied law and became a lawyer. (= As When he was a young man,)他年轻时就学了法律，并当了律师。 如何区别where引导的定语从句与状语从句 先请看下列几道高考试题: 1. The famous scientist grew up ____ he was born and in 1930 he came to Shanghai. A. when B. whenever C. where D. wherever 2. He's got him self into a dangerous situation ____ he is likely to lose control over the plane. A. where B. which C. while D. why 3.She found her calculator ____ she lost it. A. where B. when C. in which D. that 4. You should make it a rule to leave things ____ you can find them again. A. when B. where C. then D. there 5. After the war, a new school building was put up ____ there had once been a theatre.A. that B. where C. which D. when 6. After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when 7. When you read the book, you'd better make a mark ____ you have any questions. A. at which B. at where C. the place where D. where 8. I still remember the sitting-room ____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening. A. what B. which C. that D. where 不难看出,上述试题都考查where引导的定语从句与状语从句。在第2, 6, 8题中, where引导的是定语从句,答案分别是A, B和D。在第1, 3, 4, 5, 7题中, where引导的是地点状语从句,答案分别是C, A, B, B和D。那么,如何区别where引导的定语从句与状语从句呢 笔者认为,可从以下几个方面加以区别： 一、where引导定语从句时, where是关系副词,在从句中作地点状语,其前面有表示地点的先行词, where引导的从句修饰先行词。 The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here. 我买这本书的那个书店离这里不远。 This is the house where I lived two years ago. 这就是我两年前住的那个房子。 We will start at the point where we left off. 我们将从上次停下来的地方开始。 二、where引导状语从句时, where是从属连词, where引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词, where前面没有表示地点的先行词。 Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Hanjiang River meet. 武汉位于长江和汉江汇合处。 Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions. 在有疑问的地方做一个记号。 I found my books where I had left them. 我在我原来放书的地方找到了我的书。 有时, where引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义,可放在主句的前面,而where引导的定语从句则不能。 Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。 Where there is water, there is life. 有水的地方就有生命。 三、在有些情况下, where引导的定语从句可转换为where引导的地点状语从句。 A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert. (＝A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert.) 在以前曾是沙漠的地方盖起了一幢高楼。 Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often. (＝Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often.) 温暖而多雨的地方最适合于竹子生长。