2022年中考英语辨析系列---（13）句型与疑难结构易错点精析（52页）

句型与疑难结构易错点精析
516after you leave还是afteryou will leave -
一 ·需要用一般现在时代替一般将来时的从句
1 如果主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，由after,before,when,until,if,as soon as等连词引导的从句中的谓语动词，要用一般现在时表示将来，而不可直接用一般将来时。你走后，我将经常给你写信。
After you leave, I shall often write to you.(正)
After you will leave, I shall often write to you.(误)
We won't leave before she comes back.(正)
在她回来前，我们不会离开。
We won't leave before she will come back.(误)
I shall call on you if it's fine tomorrow. (正)如果明天天气好，我就去看你。
I shall call on you if it will be fine tomorrow.(误)
2 如果主句是祈使句，这类从句也要用一般现在时。
Please wait here until he returns.(正)请在这里等，直到他回来。
Please wait here until he will return.(误)
As soon as she arrives, let me know.(正)她一到就马上告诉我。
As soon as she will arrive, let me know.(误)
517 already和ever——现在完成时有哪些标志词
现在完成时有一些较为典型的标志词，掌握这些标志词，对正确选用时态很有帮助。1already 和 yet表示“已经”。already用于陈述句或疑问句，在陈述句中，already要放在have或has之后，过去分词之前，在疑问句中，already也可以放在句尾，表示惊讶。yet只用于疑问句和否定句，一般放在句尾。They have already left.他们已经离开了。
Has the teacher arrived already 老师竟然已经到了？(真没想到)
I haven't read the book yet.我还没有读过这本书。
Have you finished your homework yet 你已经做完家庭作业了吗？
2ever表示“曾经”，常用于疑问句和否定句，放在have或has之后，过去分词之前。Have you ever seen such a tall tree 你见过这么高的树吗？
Nobody has ever been there.没有人曾到过那里。
3 never表示“从来没有”，用于陈述句中，放在have或has之后，过去分词之前。I have never heard of such a name.我从未听说过这样一个名字。
He has never been to London.他从未到过伦敦。
4 just表示“刚刚”，用于陈述句中，放在have或has之后，过去分词之前。
He has just arrived.他刚刚到达。
She has just left for home.她刚刚回家去了。
5 before表示“以前”，可用于陈述句、疑问句或否定句中，放在句尾。
I have seen him before.我以前见过他。I haven't read the book before.我以前没读过这本书。
Have you ever been there before 你以前到
过那里吗？
6since表示“自……以来”，后可跟短语或句子，指自某一个时间点以来，不能表示一段明：sinae引导从句时，从句通常用一假过He has been here since eight o'clock.他自8点钟就在这里了。(跟短语)
He has worked in the factory since he came toNanjing.他自从到南京以来就在这家工厂工作了。(跟句子)
提示
since two weeks ago (自2周前以来),since three years ago （自3年前以来）等类似结构是正确用法，这里的“2周前”(two weeks ago)和“3年前”(three years ago)指的是一个时间点。
She has been ill since two weeks ago.她自2周前就病了。
They have lived in the house since three years ago.他们自3年前就住在这所房子里了。
7 for表示时间时，是介词，后只能跟短语，不能跟句子，后跟的短语表示一段时间，不能表示一点时间。
I have lived here for ten years.我在这里已经住10年了。
她在那里工作已经很长时间了。
She has worked there for a long time. (正)
She has worked there since a long time.(误)(since不可同一段时间状语连用)
She has worked there since 2001.(正)她自2001年就在那里工作了。
518 （名词主语)+be hard/ difficult/easy/cheap/impossible to do
“名词+be+形容词+to do”是一种常用结构，本结构中的名词主语与不定式通常有动宾关系。
The tool is easy to use.这件工具很好用。A good job is so difficult to get.找到一个好工作真的很难。
Those table lamps are cheap to buy.那些台灯很便宜就能买到。
The woman is hard to please.那女人很难被取悦。
The naughty boy is impossible to teach.那个顽皮的孩子不太可能被教会。
Some books are hard to read.有些书难读。This stone is easy to lift.这块石头容易搬起来。
519 Can you see it 和Can'tyou see it
1 Can you see it 是一般疑问句，意为“你能
看见它吗？”，问对方是否能看见，是因为有疑问而问。肯定回答是“Yes,I can.”，否定回答是“No,I can't.”。
2 Can't you see it 是反问句，意为“难道你
不能看见它吗 ”。这种否定形式的疑问句通常不是因为有疑问而问，而是表示某种语气或态度，如不耐烦、不满等，常译为“难道不··…吗？你应该······”，形式是否定的，但含义是肯定的。注意，这种反问句的回答同汉语中的回答有所不同。
A: Can't you do it again 难道你不能再做一次吗？
B:Yes,I can.不，我能做。(表示肯定就用yes)
B: No,I can't.是的，我不能做。(表示否定就用no)
Can't it be repaired 它难道不能修吗？(它应该能修)
Don't you see he is here 你难道看不见他在这里吗？
Haven't I warned you before 我以前难道没有提醒过你吗？(我以前提醒过你)
提示
这种否定形式的疑问句有时并不表示反问，而只是否定疑问句，有时还表示强调或感叹，具有肯定含义。
Didn't you go to see the film last night 你昨晚没去看电影吗？(否定疑问句)
Don't you like the book 你不喜欢这本书吗？(否定疑问句)
Isn't it a fine day!多好的天气啊！(感叹)
Isn't it wonderful!真是太好了！(强调)
520 Do come here是什么结构
do可以用来表示强调，放在动词前，意为“一定，务必”。
Do come here tomorrow.明天一定要来。Do be careful.务必小心。
Do finish the work on time.务必按时完成工作。
She does like the book.她确实喜欢这本书。(不可说She does likes the book.)
I did see her walk into the room.我确实看见她走进了那个房间。(不可说I did saw her walk into the room.)
That is exactly what he does always say.那正是他常说的话。
I do believe you.我真的是相信你的。
Do be patient!千万要耐心啊！
521 do you think可以用作插入
在特殊疑问句中，常用do you think作插入语，结构为：疑问词(+被修饰成分)+doyou think+其他成分，表示询问对方的看法或意见。因为do you think已经表示疑问，所以特殊疑问句只能用陈述语序。
Which of these books do you think is the best 这些书你认为哪一本最好？
How much money do you think I can lend tohim 你认为我能借给他多少钱？
How many people do you think I shouldinvite 你认为我应该邀请多少人？
Who do you think can answer this question 你认为谁能回答这个问题？
Whom/Who do you think we should invite to our party tonight 你认为我们该邀请谁来参加我们今晚的聚会？
What do you think has happened to her 你认为她发生了什么事？
A:Why do you think he didn't attend themeeting 你认为他为什么没有参加会议？B: He fell ill.他病了。
提示
上面第一句的which和第四句的who均作主语，即使去掉插入语do you think，词序仍不变。
522 Excuse me,(I'm) sorry和(I beg your) pardon均可表示“对不起”，但有区别
1Excuse me常用于要插话，要走开，表示异议、询问等场合，意为“对不起，请原谅，打扰一下”。
Excuse me,but I must be going now.对不起，我该告辞了。
Excuse me,where is the post office,please 对不起，请问邮局在哪里？
Excuse me, may I ask a question 对不起，我可以问一个问题吗？
Excuse me for my coming late.请原谅，我来晚了。
2 I'm sorry或Sorry常用于口语中与非正式场合，表示因过失、遗憾、打扰而向对方表示道歉。
I'm sorry for giving you so much trouble.对不起，给你添了很多麻烦。
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting so long.对不起，让你久等了。
Sorry I'm late.对不起，我来迟了。
3 I beg your pardon或pardon常用于正式场
合。做了错事向别人道歉时，或谈话中提出异议前，意为“请你原谅”；还可在没听清对方的话，请求对方重复时用，意为“请再说一遍”。
I beg your pardon.What did you say I wasn'tlistening.对不起，你说什么？我刚才没听到。
Pardon, could you say it again 对不起，你能不能再说一遍？
523 Good evening不同于Good night
1上午见面时打招呼用Good morning!意为“早上好！”，对方也用Good morning！回答。下午见面时打招呼用Good afternoon！意为“下午好！”，对方用Good afternoon！回答。
2晚上见面时打招呼用Good evening!意为
“晚上好！”，对方用Good evening！回答。但在晚上相互告别时，要说Good night！意为“晚安！”，对方用Good night！回答。注意不要把Good evening！和Good night！的使用场合混淆。
524Here comes the bus与Here he comes的结构为什么不
在here开头的表示“……来了，……到了”等结构中，如果主语是名词或不定代词，该主语要放在谓语动词后面，结构为：Here+动词(come，go，be)+主语。如果主语是人称代词，该主语要放在谓语的前面。
结构为：Here+人称代词主语+动词(come，go,be)。
瞧，车来了。
Here comes the bus.(正)
Here the bus comes. (误)
这里有些新东西。
Here is something new.(正)
Here something new is.(误)
Here they are.(正)他们到了。
Here are they.(误)
别的人到了。
Here are the others.(正)
Here the others are. (误)
瞧，它来了。
Here it comes.(正)
Here comes it.(误)
提示
There comes the train. (火车开过来了。)Theregoes the bell.(铃响了。)这2个句子也都是名词
作主语，因此也要放在动词后面。
525 Here you are和Here it is
1 Here you are可以表示2种含义：1你/你们的东西在这里，你/你们所要的东西在这里，译为“给你吧”；2 (目的地)到了，这就是目的地。
“Where is my pen ” “Here you are.” “我
的钢笔在哪里？” “这不就是。”
“May I use your ruler " “Here you are.”“我用一下你的尺子好吗？”“给你吧。”
Here's your ticket. Show it to the man at thedoor.这是你的票，给门口那个人看一下。When the bus got there, she said:“Here youare.”公共汽车到达那里时，她说：“你/你们到站了。”
Here we are at last!我们终于到了！(到达目的地时)
A:Come in,please.请进。
B:Oh,here we are.噢，我们到了。
提示
Here you are.在口语中也表示“你已经在这里了。”
Oh, here you are.You come so early.噢，你已经在这里了。你来得这么早。
2Here it is表示“(你要的东西)在这里，这
是给你的”，复数要用Here they are。
You want the dictionary Here it is.你要词典？在这里。
526 how构成的感叹句有几种结构
how是副词，用于修饰形容词、副词或动词，意为“多么，何等”，构成感叹句有下面几种结构。
1how+形容词+主语+谓语。
How bright the moon is!月亮是多么明亮啊！
How happy she looks!她看上去多么幸福啊！
2 how+副词+主语+谓语。
How well she plays!她演奏得多好啊！How fast he is driving now!他现在车开得多快啊！
3 how+主语+谓语。
How the time flies!时间过得好快啊！
How she cries!她哭得多么伤心啊！
How she wanted to see you!她多么想见你呀！How she dislikes him!她多么恨他呀！
4 how+形容词+a/an+单数名词+主语+动词。
How tall a building it is！这是一幢多么高的楼啊！
How nice a person he is!他是个多好的人啊！
How big an egg it is!这是多么大的一只鸡蛋啊！
How clever a girl she is! (正)她是个多么聪明的女孩啊！
How clever the girl she is!(误)(这种结构中的名词前不可用the)
提示
how既可用于感叹句，也可用于疑问句，但结构不同。
How fast he runs!他跑得多么快呀！(感叹句)How fast does he run 他跑得有多快？(疑问句)
How old he is!他多么苍老啊！
How old is he 他多大年龄了？
5以what开头的感叹句，结构为：What +名词短语+主语+谓语。
What a fine day we are having!天气多好啊！What wonderful weather we have these days!这些日子天气多好啊！
What beautiful pictures they are!多么美的
画呀！
比较
What a clever boy he is!他是个多么聪明的孩子啊！
How clever the boy is!
How clever a boy he is!
527 how about和what about是否可以换用
how about 和what about通常是可以换用的，后面可跟名词或动名词，但不可跟动词，用于以下3种场合。
1 用于征求别人的意见，意为“怎么样？你看……怎么样？”。
How about this pair of shoes 这双鞋怎么样？
What about going out for a walk 出去散散步怎么样？
2 用于提建议，意为“好不好？……好吗？”。How about going for a swim 去游泳好吗？What about another song, children 孩子们，再唱一支歌好不好？
3 用于打听消息，询问情况，意为“……怎
么样了？”。
How about your exam last week, Jim 吉姆，你上周考得怎么样？
What about the car Is it broken 那车呢？它坏了吗？
提示
how about和what about后跟名词时，可以是单数，也可以是复数。
What about these shirts 这些衬衫怎么样？How about those glasses 那些杯子怎么样？
528 How do you like... ,
What do you think of... 和Howdo you find....
1 How do you like.. 用来询问别人的看法、想法，后跟名词或动名词，意为“你觉得……怎样？你认为……如何 ”，这里的like不是表示“喜欢”。
How do you like this 你觉得这个怎样？
How do you like Hangzhou 你认为杭州如何？
How do you like living here 你觉得住在这里怎样？
提示
How do you like... 后还可以跟茶、咖啡等词，意为“……要泡成/沏成什么样的？”。
A:How do you like your coffee 你要什么样的咖啡？
B: With milk and sugar,please.加奶，放糖。
2 What do you think of/about.. 意为“你对……认为怎样？……好不好 ”，后跟名词或动名词，用来征求别人的想法或意见，常同How do you like... 换用，但结构不同。
What do you think of the plan (正) 你认为这个计划怎样？
How do you like the plan (正)
How do you think of the plan (误)
What do you think of taking a walk (正)散散步好不好？
How do you like taking a wallk (正)
What do you like taking a wallk (误)
提示
What do you like about... 意为“关于·····你喜欢什么？”，与What do you think of/about 含义
不同。
比较
What do you like about this film 关于这部电影你喜欢什么？ (喜欢哪一点)
What do you think about the film 你觉得这部电影怎样？
3 How do you find... 意为“你觉得…··怎么样 ” find这里表示“觉得，感觉”，与Howdo you feel about... 和What do you thinkof.. 相近。
How do you find the book 你觉得这本书怎么样？
A:How do you find the lecture 你觉得这个讲座怎么样？
B:Wonderful,indeed.好极了。
A:How do you find their proposals 你觉得他们的建议怎么样？
B:I know very little about them.我所知甚少。B:I haven't heard of them yet.我还没听说过。
529 how long, how far, howoften和how soon
1 how long是对具体的时间长度和物体长度提问，意为“多长”。
How long will you stay in the south 你要在南方待多长时间？
I really don't know how long I can own theshop.我真说不清我能拥有这个店多久。He will stay here for two weeks.他要在这里待两周。
How long will he stay here 他要在这里待多久？
The path is 500 meters long.这条小路500米长。
How long is the path 这条小路有多长？
2how far是对距离提问，意为“多远”。The school is two miles from here 那所学校离这里2英里。
How far is the school from here 那所学校离这里多远？
How far can you swim 你能游多远？
3how often是对在某一特定时间进行某个动作的次数或频繁的程度提问，意为“多长时间一次，多久一次”，答语通常是表示频度的词lenigctines onee a vwee.
I go there once a month.我一个月去那里一次。
How often do you go there 你多长时间去那里一次？
She takes the medicine three times a day.她一天吃三次药。
How often does she take the medicine 她一天吃多少次药？
How often do you watch TV 你多久看一次电视？/你常看电视吗？
How often do you go downtown 你多久进趟城啊？
How often is she ill 她多长时间生一次病？4 how soon中的soon意为“早，快”(early,quickly)，how soon意为“多早，多快”，指多早或多快能做完一件事情或结束一件事，一般译为“什么时候，多久”。
How soon will he return 他多久才能回来？(不可用howlong)
How soon can you be ready 你什么时候才能准备好？
How soon can he finish the work 他多久才能完成这项工作？
How soon will you inform us of your decision 你要多长时间才会告诉我们你的决定？
5 how单独使用时可以提问：1身体状况，2方式方法，3程度。
He is ill.他病了。
How is he 他身体怎样？
She came by ship.她乘船来的。
How did she come 她怎样来的？
He studies very hard.他学习非常努力。
How does he study 他学习怎么样？
530 I think so, I don't think so, I hope not和I'm afraid not
1 Ithink so意为“我认为是这样”。I don't think so意为“我认为不是这样”。这2个句子是对别人问话作出的肯定和否定回答，比用Yes和No回答更为强调，也更委婉。
A: Is he the best student in the class 他是班上最好的学生吗？
B:Yes,I think so.是的，我想是这样。(=我想他是。)
B:No,I don't think so.不，我认为不是这样。
(=我认为他不是。)
A: Don't you think it is a good film 你不认为这是一部好电影吗？
B: Yes, I think so.不，我认为它是一部好电影。
B: No,I don't think so.是的，我认为它不是一部好电影。
提示
对上面这个句子的回答，英语和汉语用词不同，记住：如果答句本身是肯定性质的，就用Yes,Ithink so.如果答句本身是否定性质的，就用No,Idon't think so.
2 Ihope not意为“我希望不这样”，与I hopeso(我希望这样)相对。
A: Could I speak to Mr.Wang, please 我能同王先生说话吗？
B: I hope not. He's busy right now.我希望不要，他正忙着呢。
3 I'm afraid not意为“恐怕不行，恐怕不是这样”，与I'm afraid so (恐怕是这样)相对。
A:He will win the match.这场比赛他会赢的。
B: I'm afraid not. He runs not fast enough.恐怕不行，他跑得不够快。
531 if possible的用法
if possible是if it is possible的省略形式，意为“如果可能的话”，这种省略主语和be动词的用法在英语中很常见，是一种简洁的表达法。
Come early if possible.如果可能的话，早些来。
“When will you be back ” “Before 10 ifpossible.” “你什么时候回来？”“10点钟前，如果可能的话。”
“What else do you want ” “A dictionary ifpossible.” “你别的还要什么？”“一本词典，如果可能的话。”
I can stay here if necessary.如果需要的话，我可以待在这里。(=if it is necessary)
532 It's best to do sth., It's better to do sth.than和the best time to do sth.
1It's best to do sth.意为“最好做某事”，这个句型中的it是形式主语，不定式to do sth.是真正主语，可以转换为to do sth.is best结构。
It's best to leave tomorrow.最好明天就动身。To leave tomorrow is best.
It's best to read the book again.最好把这本书再读一遍。
To read the book again is best.
2 It's better to do sth.than to do sth.意为“做什么比做什么好”。这种句型中的it也是形式主语，代替真正主语to do sth.，可以转换为to do sth. is better than to do sth.。
It's better to borrow than to buy.借比买好。To borrow is better than to buy.
It's better to stay here than to go there.待在
这里比去那里好。
To stay here is better than to go there.
It's better to stay here than go there. (误)(两个不定式相比较，都应该加to)
3the best time to do sth.意为“做某事的最佳时候”，这种结构中的不定式作定语，修饰the best time。不定式常用作后置定语。
The best time to come to Nanjing is inautumn.来南京的最佳时间是秋天。
The best time to read English is in themorning.读英语的最佳时间是早晨。
He is the first man to climb up the mountain.他是第一个爬上那座山的人。
She is the last to leave.她是最后一个离开的人。
533 It's good/bad for...和What's the English for...中的for表示什么含义
这种用法的for表示对象或用途，意为“对于，适合于”。
It's good for your health.这对你的身体好。It's bad for your eyes.这对你的眼睛不好。What's the English for “雪”？“雪”用英语怎么说？
=How do you say “雪” in English =What do you call “雪”in English
534 It's nice doing sth.
It's nice doing sth.中的doing为动名词，在这种结构中，it 是形式主语，动名词才是真正主语，意为“……是令人高兴的，……是令人愉快的”。
It's nice taking a walk in the evening.晚间散散步是令人愉快的。
It's nice talking with her.同她谈话真令人高兴。
It's so nice sitting near a fire in winter.冬天坐在火炉旁边真令人愉快。
提示
也可以说It's nice to do sth.，常可同It's nice doing sth.换用。
It's nice to have a talk with her.同她谈话真令人高兴。
It's nice of you to lend me the book.你把那本书借给我，真是太好了。
535 It's one's turn和It's one's turn to do sth.
1It's one's turn意为“轮到……了，该轮到……了”，one's可以是's所有格，也可以是形容词性物主代词。
It's your turn.轮到你了。
It's our turn now.该轮到我们了。
It's Tom's turn.轮到汤姆了。
It's Team 1's turn.轮到第1组了。
2 It's one's turn to do sth.意为“轮到……做某事了”。
It's her turn to sing a song.轮到她唱一首歌了。
It's Jim's turn to clean the blackboard.该轮到吉姆擦黑板了。
536 It is said/reported/well known that...
这种句型意为“据说，据报道，众所周知”。本句型中的从句也可用不定式替代：Itis said/reported/well known to be....
It is well known that practice makes perfect.众所周知，熟能生巧。
It is said he lived on the island alone for fiveyears.据说他独自一人在那个岛上生活了5年。
It is reported that a big fire broke out in the town last night.据报道昨天夜里那座小城里发生了一场大火。
Peter is said to have gone abroad.据说彼得出国去了。
537 It takes(sb.)+时间名词+to do sth.
这种结构意为“做某事要花(某人)多少时间”，take意为“占用(时间)，花费(时间)”；这种结构中的it为形式主语，代替后面的真正主语to do sth.。注意，take 表示“占用(时间)，花费(时间)”时，不可用指人的名词或代词作主语。
It takes (me) ten minutes to get to school fromhere.从这里到学校要花(我)10分钟。
It will take (us) five days to finish the work.完成这项工作要用(我们)5天。
It didn't take Linda very long to work out theproblem.琳达没费多长时间就解决了那个问题。
步行到那座小城只花了学生们一个半小时。It only took the students an hour and a half to walk to the town. (正)
The students only took an hour and a half to walk to the town. (误)
提示
1这个句型可同“人+spend+时间名词+onsth./doing sth.”相互转换。
It took him an hour to do his homework.做家庭作业花了他一个小时。(it作主语)
He spent an hour on his homework/doing hishomework.(人作主语)
2这种结构中也可用其他名词。
It takes a noble man to do that.只有高尚的人才会那样做。
It takes great determination and perseverance to do so much in such a short life.在这样短暂的一生中取得这么多成就需要巨大的决心和毅力。
538 It's time to do sth., It's time for sth.,There is no time to do sth.和It is time +句子1It's time to do sth.和 It's time for sth.都表示“该到·…···的时候了”，for后要接名词。It's time to get down to business.该是我们谈正事的时候了。
It's time to have supper.该是吃晚饭的时候了。
It's time for supper.
It's time to take a walk.该是散步时候了。It's time for a walk.
2如果要表示“该到某人做某事的时候了”，在不定式前面加上逻辑主语forsb.就可以。It's time for him to go to bed.他该上床睡觉
了。
It's time for us to have a rest.我们该休息一下了。
提示
这种结构中的It is在口语中常常省略。
Time for class!上课时间到了！
Time for dinner！吃饭时间到了！
3There is no time to do sth.意为“没有时间做某事”。
There is no time to wash the clothes.没有时间洗衣服。
There is no time to read the book.没有时间读那本书。
4 It is time后如果跟句子，要用虚拟语气。It is (high/about) time we started out.该是我们动身的时候了。
It is time we were going.我们该走了。
539 It is +形容词/名词+forsb.+to do sth.
动词不定式用作主语时，常用it作形式主语，放在句首，而把真正主语不定式移到句尾，这就是Itis+形容词/名词+(for sb.) +to
do sth.结构的来源。如果点明不定式动作的执行者，即不定式的逻辑主语，就在不定式前加上for sb.，表示“对·……来说”。参见本书有关部分。
It is easy for me to read the book.对我来说，读这本书很容易。
It is important for us to learn English well.对我们来说，学好英语是重要的。
Is it necessary for us to leave so early 我们这么早动身有必要吗？
It is really hard for Jim to pass the entranceexamination.对吉姆来说通过入学考试真的很难。
It is possible for Tom to finish the work beforeFriday.汤姆有可能在星期五前完成这项工作。
It is a good idea for us to travel to the north.去北方旅行对我们来说是个好主意。
It is easy to climb up the ladder.爬上那个梯子很容易。
=It is not hard to climb up the ladder.
=To climb up the ladder is easy.
It is hard to do the job.这项工作很难做。
=It is not easy to do the job.
=To do the job is hard.
540 It is +形容词+of sb.+to do sth.
用it作形式主语的句型结构中，如果作表语的形容词是clever,good，nice，kind (善良的)，foolish(愚蠢的)，wrong等，不定式前要用ofsb.引出不定式动作的执行者，不用forsb.。
It is clever of her to say so. (正)她这样说话是很聪明的。
It is clever for her to say so.(误)
It is very kind of you to help me.你帮助我真是太好了。
It is foolish of Jim to do like that.吉姆那样做是愚蠢的。
It is very nice of you to lend me the book.你把那本书借给我真是太好了。
It is good of her not to tell him the news.她没把消息告诉他真是太好了。(不定式否定式)
541 lt is+数词+metres/miles/kilometres long/wide
这种句型表示“……是多少米/英里/公里长/宽”。
It is three miles long from the east to the west.从东到西有3英里长。
It is 100 meters wide from this side to thatside.从这边到那边有100米宽。
542 It's+时间名词+since从句
这个句型表示“自……以来多长时间了”。主句通常用一般现在时，少用完成时，since引导的从句用一般过去式，表示过去的一个时间点。
It is five years since he came to the city.他来这座城市已经5年了。
It is three hours since the meeting began.会议开始已有3个小时了。
It is a long time since I saw her last.自我上次见到她已有很长时间了。
提示
上面句中的five years和three hours是作为一个整体看待的，所以用It is。
543 It's/has been+一段时间+since从句
这种句型意为“自从……起做某事已经一段时间了”。该句型中的since从句通常用一般过去时。要注意的是，如果since从句中的谓语动词是come，stop，leave,arrive等非延续性动词，句意为肯定，顺着翻译即可；如果是be，stay,meet,smoke,live等延续性动词，则要翻译成否定意思。
It is just a week since I arrived here.我到这里才一个星期。
It is nearly twenty years since I lived inYangzhou.我离开扬州已经近20年了。(不在扬州)
It's been years since I enjoyed myself so much.我已经有很多年没有那样痛快过了。
It is five months since I didn't smoke.我戒烟已经5个月了。(不吸烟)
It is six years since he joined the army.他参军已经6年了。
It has been ten months since she left home.她离开家已经10个月了。
544 It feels+形容词+to do sth.
这种结构中的it是形式主语，代替真正主语不定式，意为“……感觉怎样”。
It feels pleasant to talk with her.同她谈话使人感到愉快。
It must feel strange to have a twin brother.有一个孪生弟弟，这感觉一定是很奇怪的。It feels unhappy to be with him.同他在一起让人感到不愉快。
It feels nice to take a walk in the evening.晚间散散步感觉很好。
545 Nice to meet you!和
Nice to see you！等
1 两个陌生人初次见面被介绍后，通常互说Nice to meet you!意为“见到您很高兴！”相当于It's nice to meet you.或How nice to meet you！或Pleased to meet you.注意同类的其他说法：Nice to meet you again!(再次见到你很高兴!) Nice to see you here! (在这里见到你很高兴！)Nice to be with you!(同你在一起很高兴！)
2 Nice to see you！和Glad to see you！通常是朋友、熟人之间见面时招呼用语，意为“见到你很高兴”。
A: Hi,Mike!How are you 喂，迈克，你好！B:Oh, hello,Jack,Glad to see you again.噢，你好，杰克，很高兴又见到你。
3Nice meeting you.通常用于分别时。
546 not...until/till和not...
before
not...until是一种常用句型，意为“不到一不品翻的句子用否定亮前如后奇跟从句，用肯定式，也可跟短语，作时间状语。not..until中的until表示“直到”，not...before中的before表示“在·……之前”，这两个句型常可换用。
He won't leave until/before 10 o'clock.他要到10点钟才会离开。/他10点钟之前不会离
开。
I can not qive the box to you until/before I seeMary.见到玛丽我才能把那只箱子给你。/见到玛丽前我不能把那只箱子给你。
They didn't stop talking until the clock strucktwelve.直到钟敲响12点他们才停止谈话。I didn't know the truth until then.我直到那时才了解事实真相。
It is not until the bell rang that I realized that it was past midnight.直到铃响了我才意识到午夜已过。
Until you told me about it the day before yesterday, I had no idea of it.直到你前天告诉我，我才知道。
提示
如果主句谓语动词是延续性的，表示“直到……才”时，该动词可用肯定式或否定式；如果主句谓语动词是非延续性的(go,start,leave等)，表示“直到……才”时，该动词只能用否定式。
He won't stay here until she comes.他在这里将不待到她来。
She won't live here until next month.她在这里将不住到下个月。
I didn't wait until he returned.我没有等到他回来。
He won't go until six o'clock. (正)要到6点钟他才去。
He will go until six o'clock. (误)
547 Oh dear!和Thankgoodness！表示的感叹语气不
1Oh dear! 也可以说成Dear me!用于表示惊讶、烦恼、厌恶等场合，意为“天啊！我的天啊！哎呀！”。
Oh dear!What are you doing here 哦，你在这里干什么来着？
Oh dear!I forgot all about it.天啊！我把它全忘了。
Oh dear! I've lost my watch.哎呀！我把表弄丢了。
2Thank goodness!也可以说成Thank God!是人们在遭遇困难、不快的事或不幸的事后说的宽慰的话，意为“谢天谢地！感谢上帝！”。
Thank goodness!We are back home safely!谢天谢地！我们总算平安到家了！
She's all right now. Thank goodness!她现在一切安好。感谢上帝！
548 Shall I... 或Shall we... 并不一定表示将来
Shall I... 或Shall we.. 是一般将来时的疑问句形式，但也经常用来表示客气地向对
方征求意见或表示询问，意为“要我·……？……怎么样？”。
Shall we go now 我们现在走怎么样？Shall I close the door 要我关上门吗？Shall we be back on time 我们要准时赶回来吗？
Shall I tell her the news 要我把这个消息告诉她吗？
=Do you want me to tell her the news
549 so is he和neither is he
so + be动词/情态动词／助动词+主语是一种常用的倒装结构，表示前面肯定句中所说的情况也适应于其他某人或某物，表示肯定意义。注意，这种结构中的be动词、情态动词或助动词，必须同前面句中的谓语动词一致。
He is a worker.So is she.他是一位工人。她也是。
Tom gets up early. So does Jim.汤姆起床早，吉姆起床也早。
We had our lessons yesterday. So did they.我们昨天上课了。他们也上课了。(不可说Sohad they,因为前面句子中的had是行为动词)
They will travel to England. So will we.他们将去英国旅行。我们也将去。
He can jump 2 meters high. So can I.他能跳2米高。我也能。
This knife is very sharp. So is that one.这把小刀很锋利。那把小刀也很锋利。
He felt tired.So did I.他感到累了，我也累了。
提示
如果是对前面句中所说的情况表示赞同、肯定或认可，则不可用倒装结构，而要用陈述语序，即：so+主语+be动词、情态动词或助动词。He is a good student. So he is.他是一个好学生。他确实是。(指同一人)
She studies very hard. So she does.她学习很努力。她确实努力。(指同一人)
比较
He likes watching TV,and so I do.(误)
He likes watching TV, and so do I.(正)他喜欢看电视，我也一样。
2 neither + be动词/情态动词/助动词+主语表示前面否定句中所说的情况，也适应于其他某人或某物，表示否定意义。
He is not a teacher. Neither is she.他不是教师。她也不是。
She does not enjoy eating fish. Neither does
he.她不喜欢吃鱼。他也不喜欢。
Mary did not come to class. Neither did Jane.玛丽没来上课。珍妮也没来。
We haven't done homework yet. Neither havethey.我们还没有做完作业。他们也没有。(不可说Neither haven't they,因为neither本身表示否定意义)
550 that's all right, all right和that's right
1that's all right通常有2种含义：①客套用语，当对方对你所做的事表示感谢，你所作的回答，意为“不要客气”；②意为“行，好的，没问题了”，表示同意，许可，或对别人的道歉的礼貌回答，相当于That'sOK./It doesn't matter.
“Thanks very much.” “That's all right.”“非常感谢。”“不用客气。”
After she checked up the ticket, she said tohim:“That's all right. You may leave now.”她检过票后，对他说：“没问题了，你可以离开了。”
“Is that all right ” “That's all right.” “你看行吗？”“行。”
A:I'm sotry I'm late.对不起，我来迟了。B:That's all right.没关系。
2 all right表示“好吧，行”，相当于OK，通常用于表示“赞同”某个意见。all right还可以表示“(身体)好的，好了”。
A:Shall we meet at eight 我们8点钟碰头好
吗？
B: All right.行。
A: Let's have a rest,shall we 我们休息一下好吗？
B: All right.好吧。
You'll be all right soon.你不久就会好了。3 that's right和right意为“对的”，是对对方所说的道理或理由表示赞同，认为正确。A: You are from Australia, aren't you 你来自澳大利亚，是吗？
B:Yes. That's right.是的，对。
A:Shall I do it like this 我这样做行吗？
B:Yes. That's right.是的，对。
A:Are you a teacher 你是教师吗？
B: Yes, that's right/right.是的，我是。
551 That's it.和Is this it
1 That's it.通常表示说到了问题的关键处，说到了点子上，或表示赞同或肯定对方的话，意为“对了，就是这样，问题就在这里”。That's it. He doesn't study as hard as others.问题就在这里，他学习不如别人努力。“Is this the best way to do it ” “That's it.”“这是做那件事的最好方法吗？”“正是。”
2 Is this it 中的it是特指某个物件，意为
“这是它吗？”
“Where is my ruler ” “It this it ” “我的尺子在哪里？”“是这个吗？”(it等于yourruler)
“Where is the dictionary ” “Is this it ”“词典在哪里？”“是这本吗？”(it等于thedictionary)
552 there be句型的几个难点和have
1 there be句型中的be不可用实义动词have代替，但可用stand(耸立)，live(生活，生存)，lie (躺，位于)，exist (生存)，seem(似乎)，happen(碰巧)等。
There stands a tower at the top of the hill.山顶上耸立着一座塔。
Once there lived an old fisherman here.从前这里住着一个老渔夫。
There seems to be a lot of people in the hall.大厅里似乎有许多人。
There lies a lake in the distance.不远处有一个湖。
There happened to be a bridge there.那里碰巧有一座桥。
There used to be a pond here many years ago.许多年前这里曾有一个池塘。
There are a lot of cattle and sheep on thefarm.农场上有许多牛和羊。
=On the farm are a lot of cattle and sheep.
2 there be句型的否定式为：
There be not (any)+主语+其他成分
There be no+主语+其他成分
There is not any water in the bottle.瓶子里没有水。
There can be no fish in the pond.这个池塘里不可能有鱼。
3 there be句型的疑问式为：
Be there (any)+主语+其他成分
情态动词/助动词+there be+主语+其他成
Are there any stars in the sky 天空中有星星吗？
Can there be anything wrong with the car 这部车有毛病吗？
4 there be句型的反意疑问句为：
There be/行为动词+主语+其他，+be/助动词+not there
There is a cat under the table,isn't there 桌子底下有一只猫，是吗？
There will be a basketball match this evening, won't there 今晚将有一场足球赛，是吗？There stand some tall buildings on both sides of the street, don't there 街道两旁耸立着许多高楼，是吗？
5 there句型的特殊疑问句为：
What(主语)+bethere+其他成分
How many+主语+be there+其他成分What is there to do here 这儿有什么可做的？
What is there to see tonight 今晚有什么可看的？
How many chairs are there in the room 房间里有多少椅子？
6 there be与have的区别：there be和have均可表示“有”。通常情况下，主语拥有或具有用have，“某处有某人或某物”用therebe，表示客观存在。但如果表示“整体与局部的含有”，或难以判断是所属关系还是存在关系，用there be和have均可。
His stories have a unique style.他的小说有一种独特的风格。
A week has seven days.
There are seven days in aweek.一周有7天。
553 There is something
wrong with....
本句型意为“……出毛病了”，也可以说：
Something is wrong with...
Something goes wrong with...
There is something wrong with the watch.这块表出毛病了。
Something is wrong with my bike. Can you
mend it 我的自行车出毛病了，你能修吗？Something has gone wrong with the computer.这台计算机出毛病了。
Is there anything wrong with the car 这部车有什么毛病吗？
What's wrong with your job 你的工作出了什么岔子吗？
提示
上面第一句的疑问式和否定式应为：
Is there anything wrong with the watch
There is nothing wrong with the watch.
554 There is a pen and threebooks.还是There are a pen and three books.
there be结构中的名词主语通常有4种情况，be动词的单复数要根据名词主语而定。
1名词主语为单数，be动词用单数。
There is a table in the corner.角落上有一张桌子。
There is a pair of shoes on the floor.地板上有一双鞋。
2名词主语为复数，be动词用复数。
There were several fights in the streetyesterday.昨天街上发生了好几起打斗事件。There are many books on the desk.桌子上有许多书。
3名词主语为两个或两个以上并列的名词，而第一个名词为单数，这时，be动词一般用单数，但也可用复数。
There is/are a pen and three books on thedesk.桌子上有1支钢笔和3本书。
4 名词主语为两个或两个以上并列的名词，而第一个名词为复数，无论按照“接近原则”还是“语法一致原则”，be动词都要用复数。一般来讲，“接近原则”多用于口语体，而“语法一致原则”多用于书面语体。此外，here be结构也当同样处理。
Here are some pens and a dictionary for you.(这儿)给你几支钢笔和一本词典。
There are three books and a pen on the desk.桌子上有3本书和1支钢笔。
555 there is going to be还是there is going to have
there is going to be+名词意为“将要有……，将举行……”，为there be句型，表示按计划、安排“将有，将举行”，这里的be动词能换成have。
There is going to be a meeting this evening.今晚将有一个会议。
There is going to be a basketball match thisafternoon.今天下午将举行一场篮球赛。
提示
1不可说there will going to be或there will go tobe。
②have/has to表示“不得不，必须”，也可用于there be句型中，表示“必须有”，结构为：there have/has to be+名词+地点状语。
There has to be a door here.这里必须有一扇门。
There have to be some trees in the yard.院子里该有一些树。
556 there可否用作感叹词
there通常表示“那里”，或用于there be句型中，但there也可用作感叹词，表示安慰、满意、鼓励、引起注意等。
There, there,never mind.好啦，好啦，不要紧的。(安慰)
There, the work's done on time.喏，工作按时做完了。(满意)
There,have another try.喂，再试一次。(鼓励)
There now! What did I tell you 你看，我怎么对你说来着？(责备)
There,here comes the bus.瞧，汽车开过来了。(引起注意)
557 though和but不可连用
though意为“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句。在汉语中，有“虽然·····…但是”这种习惯搭配，但译为英语时，却不能用though...but，两者不能连用。
我虽然起床早，但是上学还是迟到了。Though I got up early,I was late for school.(正)
I got up early,but I was late for school.(正)Though I got up early, but I was late forschool.(误)
虽然这本书很贵，但却非常好。
Though the book is dear it is very good.(正)The book is dear,but it is very good.(正)Though the book is dear,but it is very good.(误)
558 too...to do sth., not too... to do sth.和not...enough to do sth.
1too+形容词或副词+to do sth.表示“太……不能”，表示否定含义。
He is too old to work.他年纪太大，不能工作了。
The book is too difficult to read.这本书太难，读不懂。
He got up too late to catch the train.他起得太晚了，没赶上火车。
The girl is too young to look after herself.这小女孩太小，不能照顾自己。
提示
“too...to”句型本身已具有否定含义，不定式前不可再加not。
The coffee is too hot to drink. (正)咖啡太烫了，不能喝。
The coffee is too hot not to drink. (误)
2not/never too...to do sth.为双重否定，表示肯定意义，意为“不太··……而能”。
She is not too tired to walk on.她不是很累，还能继续走。
He is not too old to work.他年纪不太大，还能工作。
One is never too old to learn.人们年纪再大也能学习。/活到老，学到老。
比较
The box is too heavy to carry.这箱子太重，搬不
动。
The box is not too heavy to carry.这箱子不太重，搬得动。
3not..enough to do sth.意为“还不够”。The child is not old enough to go to school.这孩子还没有到上学的年龄。
The book is not easy enough for her to read.这本书对她来说不容易读懂。
559 What class are you in 还是What class are you
What class are you in 为正确说法，意为“你在哪班 ”，这里的in不可省去。因为，如果要对“I am in class 3.”这个句子中的画线部分提问，正确说法只能是上面那个句子，in表示“在··……某班”。同类的句子还有：
What grade are you in 你在几年级？
What row are you in 你在几排？
What school are you in 你在哪个学校？
560 What day+be和What+be+the date——星期和日期的表示法
1 问“星期几？”通常要用What day+be it
What day is it today 今天星期几？(=What
day is today )
What day was it yesterday 昨天星期几？(=What day was yesterday )
What day is it tomorrow 明天星期几？(=What day is tomorrow )
提示
“今天星期几？”也可以说：
What day (of the week) is it
2问“几号？”要用What+be+the date 或What date+be it
What's the date today 今天几号？
What date (is it) today
What was the date yesterday 昨天几号？What will be the date tomorrow 明天几号？
提示
问“几号”也可以说：
What's today 今天几号？
What was yesterday 昨天几号？
What day of the month is this 今天几号？
561 What happy children theyare！怎样转换为how感叹句
这个句子意为“他们是多么幸福的孩子呀！”，为what感叹句的常用句式之一。what+形容词+复数名词，转换为how感叹句时，需改为：how+形容词+主语+谓语。注意，转换后的句子主语不能再是原句中的they，而应该是原句中的名词，并要加上定冠词，表示特指。如果还用they作主语，则指代不明，与原句句意不合。
比较
What happy children they are!(正)
How happy the children are!(正)
How happy children are! (误)(必须加the)How happy they are! (误)(与原句句意不合)How happy children they are!(误)(how是副词，不可用于“how+形容词+名词”结构)
What good books they are! (正)它们是多么好的书啊！
How good the books are!(正)
How good books are! (误)(必须加the)
How good they are! (误)(与原句句意不合)
What bright stars they are! (正)它们是多么明亮的星星啊！
How bright the stars are!(正)
How bright they are!(误)
提示
注意下面2种感叹结构的转化：
What a big apple it is!多大的一只苹果呀！How big an apple it is!(必须用an)
562 What is he 表示什么含义
What is he 不可照字面理解为“他是什么 ”，这种句型实际上是问某人的职业，意为“他是干什么工作的 他的职业是什么 ”。“What do/ does+主语+do”结构也是询问某人的职业，这2种句型可换用。杰克是干什么工作的？
What is Jack
What does Jack do
你母亲是做什么工作的？
What is your mother
What does your mother do
比较
What do you do 你是做什么工作的？(问职业)How do you do 你好！(初次见面时的客气话)iw are you 你好吗？(熟人、朋友间的问候
563 What is it 不同于What is this
What is it 意为“什么事？你问的是什么问题？你想要的是什么 ”；What is this？意为“这是什么？”，问的是什么物体。
A: May I have a talk with you 我同你谈谈好吗？
B: What is t 什么事？
A:What is this 这是什么？
B:This is/It's a cup.这是一只茶杯。
564 What's...like表示的2种含
1 表示“情况怎样”，多指天气气候。
What's the weather like today 今天天气怎
样？
What's the climate like there 那里的气候怎样？
2表示“像什么样，什么模样，怎样的”，指人或事物。
What's the man like 那人什么模样 /那人是怎样的人呢？
What's the camel like 骆驼是什么样子的？What's the picture like 那幅画是什么样子的？
A:What's the job like 工作怎么样？
B:It's easy/hard/well paid.工作很容易/辛
苦/报酬不错。
565 What's wrong 和What'sthe matter 能否换用
What's wrong 和What's the matter 常可换用，在觉察到有什么情况不对、不妥的时候说，有下面3种结构：
怎么啦？/出了什么事？
What's wrong
What's the matter
出了什么毛病？
What's wrong with sth.
What's the matter with sth.
怎么啦？/··……出了什么事？
What's wrong with sb.
What's the matter with sb.
What's wrong You look worried.出了什么事？你看上去很忧虑。
What's the matter with the car 汽车出了什么毛病？
What's wrong with her 她怎么了？
Tell us what's the matter.告诉我们出了什么事。(语序不变)
A:What's the matter 出了什么事？
B: Nothing./ I am all right./I feel sick./ I don't feel well.没事。/我没事。/我感到恶心。/我感觉不太好。
提示
What seems to be the trouble 也是询问有什么不适、不妥，也可以是医生询问病人病情的惯用语。
566 what money是什么含义
what有一种特殊用法，相当于how much，修饰不可数名词，既可作定语，也可单独使用。下面3种表示法含义相同。
What money did you pay for the dictionary
你买这本词典花了多少钱？
What did you pay for the dictionary
How much money did you pay for the dictionary
567 whatever的用法
whatever用作代词，意为“无论什么，不管什么”，可以引导主语从句、宾语从句和状语从句。这时whatever相当于anythingthat。
Whatever he does is right.他做的任何事情都是对的。(引导主语从句，相当于Anythingthat he does is right.)
Whatever you do, do it well.无论你做什么，都做好它。(引导状语从句)
Whatever you say,I won't go.不论你说什么，我都不会去。(引导状语从句)
I took whatever he gave me.他给我什么，我就拿什么。(引导宾语从句)
I'll do whatever you want me to do.你叫我做什么，我就做什么。(引导宾语从句)
提示
whatever也可以用作形容词，意为“不论什么样的”，只作定语，修饰名词。
Whatever weather it is, I will go.不论什么天气，我都要去。
568 when可以表示and then和at that time/moment
when有时可表示and then或at that time/moment，意为“在那时，就在那时”，引导的从句要放在主句后。
He was just going out when the telephonerang.他刚要出去，电话就响了。(=and just then)
She was walking down the road when she heard someone singing.她正在路上走着，突然听见有人在唱歌。(=and at that time) He was reading a book when he saw a bird flying past the window.他正在读书，突然看见一只鸟从窗前飞过。(=and at that moment)
569 when和what time对时间提问的区别
1“现在几点了？”有下面几种提问方式：What time is it
What's the time
What time is it by your watch
Do you have the time
Can you tell the time
What do you make the time
Have you got the time (熟人间问)
May I trouble you to tell me the time (客气地问)
2when和what time都可以引导特殊疑问句，对时间提问。when可以问钟点、日期、月份、年份等、但不能问某年、某月、某日、某上午、下午、晚上等某个具体时刻、钟点。what time用来问钟点或问某事在某个具体时间发生。回答when引导的问句，不需要说出具体时刻，而回答what time引导的问句，必须说出具体时刻。
What time is it now 现在几点了？(不用when)
What time are we going to leave tomorrow 我们明天什么时候动身？(不用when)
A:When were you born 你什么时候出生的？(问日期、月份、年份不用what time)
B: I was born on October 8th,1991.我出生在1991年10月8日。
比较
A: When did you have the meeting 你们什么时候开会的？
B: We had the meeting yesterday.我们昨天开会的。
A: What time did you have the meeting 你们什么时候开会的？
B:We had the meeting at 10 o'clock.我们是在10点钟开的会。
A:When did you see her 你什么时候见她的？B: I saw her this morning.我是在今天上午见她的。
A:What time did you see her 你什么时候见到她的？
B:I saw her at eight this morning.我今天上午8点钟见她的。
A: What time did you come 你何时来的？
B:I came last night. (误)
B:I came at 11 last night. (正)我昨晚11点来的。
提示
有时，问钟点、时间用when和what time均可。When/What time do you get up 你什么时候起床？
When/What time did you see him last 你上一次是什么时候看见他的？
When/What time do we have the test 我们什么时候进行测验？
570 Where is it from 和Whois it from
1Where is it from 中的from表示“出生，出处”。
I like this black cat.Where is it from 我喜欢这只黑猫。它是在哪儿出生的？
Where is he from 他是哪儿人？
2Who is it from 中的from表示“来自”。另外，在英语口语中常用who，用whom太正式。
“Here is a letter for you.” “Who is it from ”“这里有你一封信。”“谁写来的？”(意为“从谁那里来的？”)
These presents are from your uncle.这些礼物是你叔叔送的。(对画线部分提问)
Who are these presents from 这些礼物谁送的？(意为“这些礼物从谁那里来的？”)
比较
Where do you come from 你是什么地方人？(出生在哪里？)
Where did you come from 你从什么地方来的？(从哪里来？)
571 Why not和Why don't能否换用
Why not 和 Why don't都表示“为什么不，为何不”，表示建议或责备，但结构不同：Why not+动词原形
Why don't +主语+谓语动词(为特殊疑问句)
Why not take a good rest in the shade 是否应在树荫下好好休息一下呢？
Why not have a drink 为什么不喝一杯呢？Why don't you look it up in the dictionary 你为什么不查一下字典呢？
Why not try again 为什么不再试一下呢？Why don't you try again
Why not do like that 为什么不那样做呢？Why don't you do like that
Why not ask him 为什么不问他呢？
Why don't you ask him
提示
表示建议也可用what about+名词或动名词，
how about+名词或动名词，参见有关部分。
572 宾语从句可以用哪些词引
宾语从句是作及物动词或介词宾语的句子。宾语从句中谓语动词的时态，要根据主句的时态和句义作相应的变化。宾语从句一定要用陈述句语序。宾语从句要用引导词引导，引导词有下面几种。
1 用that引导的宾语从句。
原句如果是陈述句，变为宾语从句时，要用that引导。that引导宾语从句时，本身没有词义，只起引导作用，也常可省略。
Jack is from Nanjing. She says.
She says (that)Jack is from Nanjing.她说杰克来自南京。
He studies very hard. She told me.
She told me (that) he studied very hard.她告诉我他学习非常努力。(主句是过去时，从句谓语动词要用过去有关时态)
Jim will go there soon. She said.
She said (that) Jim would go there soon.她说吉姆不久就将去那里。(从句改用过去将来时)
2 用if或whether引导的宾语从句。
原句如果是一般疑问句，变为宾语从句时，Whistle:
要用if或whether引导，并把疑问句语序改为陈述句语序。
注意：①if或whether不可省略，②用了if或whether，不可再用that。
Is he a worker She asks.
She asks if he is a worker.她问他是不是个工人。
Does he live in the room She wanted to know.
She wanted to know if he lived in the room. 她想知道他是否住在这间房里。(主句为过去时，从句要用过去有关时态)
Will Tom try again She asked me.
She asked me whether Tom would try again.(正)她问我汤姆是否将再试一次。
She asked me whether Tom will try again (误)
She asked me whether would Tom try again.(误)
She asked me that whether Tom would try again. (误)
3 用who, whom, whose, which, what, how many,how much等关系代词引导的宾语从句。
如果原句是由who等构成的特殊疑问句，变为宾语从句时，仍然用who等引导，并将疑问句语序改为陈述句语序，但如果关系代词本身作主语或修饰主语，则语序不变。
注意：①who等不可省略，②用了who等不可再用that。
Who is the man over there He asks.
He asks who the man is over there.他问那边那个人是谁。(who作表语)
Who is reading in the room She asks.
She asks who is reading in the room.她问谁在房间里读书。(who作主语)
What book is he reading She asked.
She asked what book he was reading.她问他在读什么书。(what作宾语的定语，时态也相应变化)
What has happened to him She asked. She asked what had happened to him.她问他发生了什么事。(what作主语，时态也应变化)
How much money does he have She asked me.
She asked me how much money he had.她问我他有多少钱。(how much作宾语的定语，时态也相应变化)
4 用where,when,why等疑问副词引导的宾语从句。
如果原句是由where等疑问副词引导的特殊疑问句，变为宾语从句时，仍然用where等引导，并把疑问句语序改为陈述句语序。注意：1where等不可省略，2用了where
等词，不可再用that。
Where does he work She asks.
She asks where he works.她问他在哪里工作。
When will Jim return She asked.
She asked when Jim would return.她问吉姆什么时候回来。(时态作相应变化)
How did Tom do it She asked.
She asked how Tom had done it.她问汤姆是怎样做那件事的。(时态作相应变化)
提示
如果原句是祈使句肯定式，改为宾语时，要转化为不定式肯定式，即to do sth.;如果原句是祈使句否定式，改为宾语时，要转化为不定式否定式，即not to do sth.。
注意：1不定式前不可加that等引导词，2原句中的please要去掉，③不定式不受句中谓语时态的影响，④如果原句中有称呼语，要把这个称呼语改为宾语，⑤原句中的said要改为asked,told等。
Please close the window.He asks Tom.
He asks Tom to close the window. (正)他要汤姆把窗户关上。
He asks Tom to please close the window. (误)
老师告诉她不要说那么快。
Don't speak so fast. The teacher told her. (正)The teacher told her not to speak so fast.(正)The teacher told her don't speak so fast.(误)
“lim,have a cup of tea”,he said.“吉姆，喝杯茶”，他说。
He asked Jim to have a cup of tea.他要吉姆喝杯茶。
573 祈使句的反意疑问句有几种类型
1肯定祈使句的反意疑问句，后面一般用willyou，但也可以用can you或could you，表示更委婉的语气，或者用won't you，表示邀请。
Go and get some water,will you 去弄点水来，好吗
Please wait for me here,can/could you 请在这里等我，好吗？
Have another cup of tea,won't you 再喝杯茶，好吗？
2否定祈使句的反意疑问句，后面只用willyou。
Don't close the window, will you 不要关上窗户，好吗？
Don't tell her the news,will you 不要把消息告诉她，好吗？
3以let's开头的祈使句，变为反意疑问句时，后面要用shall we，因为let's表示“提出建议”，包括对方在内，意为“让我们····”。
Let's go shopping,shall we 我们去买东西，好吗？
Let's go to school,shall we (正)咱们上学去，好吗？
Let's go to school,will you (误)
Let's go to school, don't we (误)
4 以let me和let us开首的祈使句，变为反意疑问句时，后面要用will you，因为let me相当于you let me,let us相当于you let us，省略的主语都应是you。
Let me do the work,will you 让我做这项工作，好吗？
Let us stay in the room,will you 让我们待在这个房间里，好吗？
比较
Let's/Let us have a rest,shall we 我们休息一下好吗？(提出建议，包括对方在内)
Let us have a rest,will you (你)让我们休息一下，好吗？(不包括对方在内，故本句的Letus不可改为Let's)
574 “祈使句+and+陈述句”和“祈使句+or+陈述句”的区
1 祈使句+and+陈述句是一种常用句型，这里的祈使句必须是肯定的，表示条件或假设，相当于if引导的肯定从句，and后的陈述句表示结果，常用一般将来时。
比较
祈使句+and+陈述句
=If从句(肯定)+陈述句
Come early, and you will see her.早些来，你就会见到她。
If you come early, you will see her.
Study hard, and you will pass the exam.努力学习，你就会通过这次考试。
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
Think carefully, and you will find the answer.好好想想，你就会找到答案。
If you think carefully, you will find the answer.
2祈使句+or+陈述句中的or表示“不然的话，要不然”，祈使句仍表示条件或假设，
相当于if引导的否定从句，or后面的陈述句表示反面的结果。这种结构的祈使句常用肯定式。
比较
祈使句+or+陈述句(用否定意义的动词)
=If从句(否定)+陈述句
=祈使句(肯定)+and+陈述句(用肯定意义的动词)
Work hard, or you'll fail the exam.努力学习，不然你就会考不及格。(fail有否定意义)
If you don't work hard, you'll fail the exam. Work hard, and you'll pass the exam.(pass有肯定意义)
Get up early, or you'll miss the train.早点起床，不然你会误车的。(miss有否定意义)
If you don't get up early,you'll miss the train. If you don't get up early, you won't catch the train. Get up early and you'll catch the train.(catch有肯定意义)
提示
祈使句+or+陈述句结构中的祈使句有时也可用否定式，这时，要转换为if从句的肯定式。不要吃得太多，不然你会生病的。
Don't eat too much,or you'll get ill.
If you eat too much, you'll get ill.
不要睡在户外，不然你会感冒的。
Don't sleep in the open, or you'll catch a cold. If you sleep in the open, you'll catch a cold. (
1
)