牛津译林版（2019）必修第三册：Unit 2 Natural Disasters 单元复习卷（含答案）

必修三U2 复习卷
Part 1 词汇基础
一、根据汉语意思填写单词
1．John is such a ______（好奇的）boy, always asking questions. （根据汉语提示单词拼写）
2．Making a complaint is quite a simple_________（程序）. （根据汉语提示单词拼写）
3．Since the Reading Festival is around the corner, I'm writing to _________（推荐）a picture which can be used in the brochure to remind the students of the pleasure of reading. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)
4．When wishing to go on holiday, you can make all your travel ________ (安排) just in front of the computer. （根据汉语提示单词拼写）
5．She also writes a regular ________ (专栏) for the New York Times （根据汉语提示单词拼写）
6．A truck went out of control and _______(碰撞) into the back of a bus.
7．No one was hurt, and we all breathed a sigh of __________ (宽慰).
8．He helped me with my English, ________(否则) I wouldn’t have passed the exam. （根据汉语提示单词拼写）
二、根据首字母填写单词
9．We are requested to get actively involved in the group discussion to s________ (exchange) ideas and information we have collected. （根据首字母单词拼写）
10．Without enough s________ of food and water, the villagers live a miserable life, hungry and thirsty. (根据首字母单词拼写)
11．Tired and hungry, the climbers finally arrived at their d________. （根据首字母单词拼写）
12．However, technology is also the a________ of scientific knowledge to solve a problem. (根据首字母单词拼写)
13．I was a________ astonished by the reaction to appearance. （根据首字母单词拼写）
14．The d________ of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents. （根据首字母单词拼写）
15．Join us to taste a v________ of fresh local food and drinks. （根据首字母单词拼写）
16．They have given up hope of finding any more s________. (根据首字母单词拼写)
17．The new drug has great s________ for the treatment of the disease. （根据首字母单词拼写）
18．It’s necessary to pay attention to the h________ caused by mobile phones. (根据首字母单词拼写)
19．As is known to all, there are seven c________ and four oceans in the world. (根据首字母单词拼写)
三、根据中英文提示填写单词
20．When you rise to the challenges, you will have the opportunity to a________ (获得) great knowledge and enjoy personal growth. (根据中英文提示填空试卷第1页，共3页
Part 2 实践演练
第I卷（选择题）
一、阅读理解
A
The Best History Books of the Month
The Churchill Sisters $23.99
By Dr. Rachel Trethewey
New Release in 20th Century History of the UK
What’s it like to grow up as the daughter of Winston Churchill, the man who led the country to victory against Nazi Germany in WWII The book brings the close relationship between Diana, Sarah, and Mary to vivid life, showing how they were, in a way, mirrors of their family and also mirrors of their time.
The Bright Ages $23.22
By David Perry
For many of us, the Middle Ages is a time of darkness. But it was actually a thousand-year-long period of art and literature, religion and cathedrals, and great rulers. This popular history will clarify a fact—that period wasn’t just the Dark Ages but the Bright Ages. Audio edition available.
A Killer by Design $25.99
By Ann Burgess
New Release in 20th Century History of the U.S.
Imagine reading the experiences, thoughts, and breakthroughs of a woman not only working on the most disturbing serial crimes of the past century, but also involved in the creation of the FBI’s Behavioral Analysis Unit. This book will put you on these cases, and into the minds of some of the worst criminals.
Sapiens $35.99
By Yuval Harari
Book 2 of 2: A Picture History
In this second book in the best-selling graphic novel series, we start off 12, 000 years ago and move forward from there. For those who haven’t read the first book, read it first, but know that there’s an equally colorful and entertaining picture book waiting on the shelf.
1．Which book should one read to know more about America
A．The Churchill Sisters. B．The Bright Ages.
C．A Killer by Design. D．Sapiens.
2．Whose book may serve as a good present for someone blind
A．Rachel Trethewey. B．David Perry.
C．Ann Burgess. D．Yuval Harari.
3．Which book concerns the longest human history
A．The Churchill Sisters. B．The Bright Ages.
C．A Killer by Design. D．Sapiens.
B
In an apartment, people are having a party. They’re smiling and chatting with each other; they’re drinking cocktails and enjoying snacks. But the mood lighting is a bit strange. No candles or twinkling Christmas lights here. Instead, the light comes from enormous green-glowing plants in the center of the table.
This is a model inside a museum in New York. The “people” are small silver statues. But the plants are real. They’re watercress planted with nanoparticles (纳米粒) that turn their stored energy into light. It’s a technology developed several years ago by MIT chemical engineer Michael Strano. Now, Strano has partnered with an architect, Sheila Kennedy, to explore how these plants might be a central part of our homes and sustainable energy future.
The plants in the exhibit are newer versions. Their glow is based on an enzyme (酶) called luciferase, which is what gives fireflies their light. Strano and his colleagues first put luciferase and two molecules (分子) that allow it to work inside a nanoparticle carrier. They then immersed plants in a liquid containing the particles, and added high pressure. The pressure pushed the particles into the leaves through tiny pores (气孔).
“For the last two decades, plants have been a part of architecture, but they’ve always been used as green walls or roofs,” Kennedy says. However, the plants in Kennedy’s models fill entire rooms, their leaves and stems going wherever they choose. For her, this project was an interesting design challenge. She and her team had to figure out how to bring in sufficient water and where to contain enormous amounts of soil.
The team is currently working on making the plants brighter and fixing light particles in larger plants such as trees. They’re also eager to extend the duration of a plant’s light from hours to days or weeks.
4．What is special about the apartment according to the first two paragraphs
A．Plants provide mood lighting for it. B．It is powered by nanoparticles.
C．Real people are enjoying themselves in it. D．It is modeled after a real one.
5．What is the third paragraph mainly about
A．What the model is like. B．What gives fireflies light.
C．How the nanoparticles work. D．How to make the plants glow.
6．What actually makes the plants produce light
A．Luciferase. B．Fireflies. C．Molecules. D．Pressure.
7．What can we know about the plants in Kennedy’s models
A．The plants grow in restricted space.
B．The plants have grown as large as trees.
C．The plants still need water and soil.
D．The light of the plants can last weeks.
C
It is often said that a person’s high school years are some of the most important they will experience, and are often seen as a critical and life-shaping time. During this period in their life people often begin to discover what is meaningful to them and how they plan to continue living their life. My volunteer experience at St. Clare’s Hospital has helped me form this positive experience during my high school years; through valuable lessons I have learned life skills and have begun to shape my values and mind-set. In the course of my volunteering at the hospital I have discovered how to interact with others, learned to respect diversity, realized the importance of service, and gained perspective. When I first began volunteering, I was very nervous about meeting new people and being pushed outside of my comfort zone. I am learning to introduce myself to new volunteers, go out of my way to make patients feel welcome, and overall how to extend a hand of friendship to others. Not only does this skill apply to my personal life, but will also be extremely helpful in my academic life and the “real world.”
I think one of the most significant values I have gained through my experience at St. Clare’s Hospital is the importance of service. Service, involves making a difference in the lives of others and contributing to the community. Each time I end my volunteer shift, I feel better and as if I have done something worthwhile. This feeling has fueled me to continue volunteering, and has now become something I see as irreplaceable. In the past I have been frustrated by my situation, and was discouraged because I felt I might not make a significant difference due to my young age. However, I am relieved of this because I feel that through the hospital volunteer program I can try to do my part and help others.
I genuinely think that without my volunteer experience at St. Clare’s Hospital, I may have been a different person, lacking these skills and ideals. I have matured and gained valuable skills, as well as learned important lessons about life. Many people my age do not have an experience similar to this, where they are in an environment based only upon healing and helping others, and I think they have truly missed out. I will continue on this path of service throughout my life, and I know that because of my volunteer experience I have benefited, and that these benefits will carry on as I develop and become an adult.
8．According to the passage, why is a person’s high school years important
A．Because people do volunteer work during this time.
B．Because it is a time to interact with others.
C．Because during this period, people begin to shape their lives.
D．Because it is a time to discover the meaning of volunteering.
9．What is the second paragraph mainly about
A．I realized the importance of service.
B．Each time I end my volunteer job, I feel better.
C．Service is something irreplaceable.
D．I am relieved of frustration.
10．According to the passage, which of the following statement is true
A．During the author’s high school years he formed the positive experience.
B．When the author first began volunteering, he was excited to meet new people.
C．The author became lacking skills and ideals after volunteering at St. Clare’s Hospital.
D．Many high school students are in an environment based only upon healing and helping others.
11．What sort of person was the author before he began volunteering
A．Hesitating.
B．Lonely.
C．Generous.
D．Unconfident.
12．What does the author mainly want to tell us in the passage
A．High school years are the most important period.
B．He missed the experience during his high school years.
C．He has benefited from his volunteer experience at St. Clare’s Hospital.
D．He was pushed outside of his comfort zone when working at St. Clare’s Hospital.
D
Carol Heffernan, a 43-year-old woman from Oshkosh, Wisconsin, regularly felt worn out from working, driving her two kids to school, and taking care of housework. But when COVID-19 hit in March, 2020 and the kids were suddenly home all day and learning remotely, her usual weariness quickly turned into full-on exhaustion. “All the extra responsibility and the mental load—it just added up,” she says. “I felt tired, and it wasn’t due to lack of sleep.”
If there’s one thing many of us have in common, it’s that we’re tired. Doctors even have a name for it: “tired all the time,” or TATT for short. The solution isn’t always as simple as getting more sleep; nearly a quarter of people who get seven or more hours of rest a night report that they still wake up feeling tired most days.
A few weeks after feeling tired, Heffernan decided to drop everything and go for a walk, which she hadn’t done since the pandemic(大流行病)began. “I just wanted to be by myself,” she says. “I needed a break.” When she returned, she felt recharged and decided to make a habit of it.
Doing something active when you’re feeling sluggish(懒洋洋的)will actually increase your energy, but it will not consume the little that you have. In fact, researchers at the University of Georgia found that just ten minutes of low or moderate intensity exercise gave study participants a noticeable energy boost.
In another recent study, people who committed to working out for 20 minutes three times a week increased their energy levels by 20 percent in six weeks. “When we don’t work out regularly, our muscles can become weakened, so when we do use them in everyday activities, we’re more tired,” explains Dr Yufang Lin, a physician at the Cleveland Clinic’s Center.
Now, Heffernan goes for a daily 45-minute stroll. “It feeds me spiritually, emotionally, and physically,” she says. “I have something to look forward to every afternoon. I’m in a better mood. And after putting the kids to bed, I have the energy to stay up and talk to my husband.”
13．What problem did Carol Heffernan have at the beginning of the pandemic
A．A lack of sleep.
B．Having trouble driving kids to school.
C．Feeling exhausted all the time.
D．Too much pressure from remote learning.
14．How did Carol solve her problem
A．By getting more sleep at night. B．By turning to doctors for help.
C．By strengthening the weak muscles. D．By taking exercise regularly.
15．What does Yufang Lin aim to stress in Paragraph 5
A．The necessity of working out regularly.
B．Ways to work out efficiently.
C．The frequency of regular workouts.
D．The duration of workouts.
16．What does the underlined word “stroll” in the last paragraph mean
A．Walk. B．Stretch. C．Race. D．Drive.
二、完形填空
After ten years in the same company, I found my job was no longer fun. However,I didn't have the confidence to apply for new jobs due to lack of experience. I felt ____17____.
A friend suggested another path-____18____.I had toyed with the idea of studying for a master’s degree but ____19____ stood in my way. Yet I found a course at London College of Communication, ____20____ my job and enrolled(入学).
During the 18 months that followed, I began to flourish(茁壮成长). Not only had I found the courage to take my ____21____ forward in a new, exciting direction, but the self-doubt that had followed me around like a ____22____ began to disappear gradually. My classmates and I treated each other as____23____ :younger students ____24____ my experience and knowledge when it came to group work. I made new friends and joined committees.
I also decided to move out of home. Living in student halls was a(n) ____25____.The halls life added to my sense of _____26_____ and,with it, confidence.I was _____27_____ new things every day. Even making myself a meal or _____28_____ my small living space felt rewarding.
Soon after completing my master’s, I made my way back through the university gates-this time to _____29_____. I am now a lecturer on the same course that I took. I _____30_____ the person I was before and smile-she didn’t yet know her _____31_____
17．A．guilty B．stuck C．relieved D．shallow
18．A．communication B．management C．education D．employment
19．A．self-doubt B．poverty C．health D．marriage
20．A．lost B．did C．quit D．switched
21．A．wealth B．interest C．belief D．life
22．A．shadow B．fire C．dream D．rainbow
23．A．opponents B．equals C．strangers D．servants
24．A．valued B．questioned C．ignored D．polished
25．A．embarrassment B．experience C．mess D．failure
26．A．freedom B．safety C．justice D．independence
27．A．copying B．missing C．learning D．ordering
28．A．expanding B．occupying C．deserting D．managing
29．A．visit B．teach C．exercise D．interview
30．A．look back on B．keep away from C．catch up with D．hold on to
31．A．image B．worth C．duty D．career
第II卷（非选择题）
三、七选五
How to Meet New People
It is easy to find a place where people gather. But once you’re in a room full of people, then what The trick is finding a way to approach someone and get them talking to you.
Prepare to meet new people before you arrive. ___32___. Don’t think in terms of yes or no questions. You should consider questions that will allow the person to contribute more than a one-word answer to the conversation.
★ Arrive at your event or place. Don’t panic when you walk in the door. Take your time and look over the room. If this is a classroom, take a seat and look around the room. ___33___, take time to enjoy the art while looking at the people. Don’ t rush into talking to someone. You have time, so just get a feel for the group.
★ Approach someone. ___34___. But remember, if the person is at the event alone, they may also be shy and try to break out and meet people. You need to make them feel comfortable by chatting with them.
★ ___35___. Keep them talking and talk yourself—remember, conversation goes in two directions. You may have a couple of awkward moments, but if you have a few items planned to talk about, you’ll find that they’ll start adding their own questions and information to the conversation.
★ Don’t forget to ask them for a friendship follow-up. ___36___, try asking your new friend if they’d like to go to another event with you. If it is a repeat event, such as a class, try asking them if they’d like to meet for coffee before the next class to study the material. A．If it is a one-time event
B．If this is an art show
C．If you have picked out someone to approach
D．Mentally pull out your prepared questions
E．You may not meet your next best friend on your first try
F．You might find it easiest to approach someone who is also alone
G．Sit down and write out a list of potential questions you can ask someone
四、用单词的适当形式完成短文
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Why modern music should quieten down
Quietness may be underestimated values in pop music.____37____ (look) up “the loudest band in the world” and you will be confronted with a large number of rock giants from Manowar who proudly achieved a sound pressure level of 139 dB to Motor-head. The pickings are slim ____38____ we substitute “quiet” for “loud”.
In a way, increasing the volume of a song makes biological sense, something the music industry ____39____ (exploit) since the jukebox era. There is an organ in the inner ear called sacculus that is linked to a region of the brain____40____ (associate) with pleasure and react to low-frequency vibrations over 90 dB．
On the other hand, ____41____ (focus) sorely on loudness ignores the infinitely more subtle appeal of being quiet. A French band called “Air”,____42____ twenty-years collection was released on June 10, are masters of the art. As any teacher knows, quietness can be more effective than shouting to make people pay attention. Air employed this gentle persuasion on Moon Safari, an album that attracts the listener ____43____ the peaceful sound of rain and muted drums. Even when Air do increase the volume, the vocalist's voice remains one of ____44____ (gentle) noises in pop. Given its warmth and peacefulness, it is no coincidence ____45____ the album was a favourite among clubbers after a night out. It is a time when the desire for kindness, companionship and warmth prevails.
So forget the “loudness war”. Manowar _____46_____ be happy with their 139 dB, but they are comprehensively defeated by fireworks, which reach 145 to 150 dB when they explode, and the call of the blue whale, which goes all the way up to 188 dB．Now that' something to shout about.
五、其他应用文
假定你是李华，请给你的英国笔友William写一封信，分享北京冬奥会的精彩瞬间。内容包括：
1.询问近况；
2.你印象最深刻的片断；
3.你当时的感想。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear William,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
六、读后续写
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
One afternoon after school, Mary and her brother,Keith,were eating at a cafe near their home. That afternoon, they had to share their table with another person. That person was a young lady in her twenties. After eating, she went to the restroom. Without realizing, she had left her handphone on the table. Five minutes later, she came out and walked out of the cafe without looking back.
Mary saw the handphone on the table. She quickly told Keith,“Keith, the girl left behind her handphone.”
Keith looked at the handphone. It took his breath away. It was one of the latest models on the market. Keith had always wanted a handphone. But his parents had told him, “You don’t need one. You can always use the house phone.”
He stared at it for some minutes. Then he said slowly,pausing on every word,“I want to take the handphone.”
Mary could not believe her ears. She merely stared at her brother. “You can’t! What if the owner comes to look for it ”
Having made the decision,Keith quickly grabbed the handphone and put it in his schoolbag. Then, he took Mary’s hand and led her out of the cafe quickly.
Once back home, Keith locked his house door with trembling hands. Inside his room, he took out the piece of beauty. Oh, he liked it so much. Now he had his own handphone. Soon, he was polishing it happily.
But Mary told him, “Keith, you cannot keep the handphone. What will you tell Father about this He will ask you how you got the handphone.”
Keith said quickly, “I will say a friend lent it to me.”
Mary said, “Now you are lying too.” Oh dear! When had Keith turned so dishonest
Then Mary saw a house phone number on the plastic cover of the handphone. “This is the girl’s phone number. Why don’t we just call this number We will talk to her and ask her to come and take back her handphone.” She was trying to talk some sense into him.
注意：1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
That night, Keith turned over in bed from time to time.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Mary was very happy to hear that.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
试卷第1页，共3页
试卷第12页，共10页
参考答案：
词汇基础
1．curious
考查形容词。句意：John是个好奇心很强的男孩，总是问问题。根据汉语提示及句子结构可知，此处应填形容词curious，表示“好奇的”，作定语。故填curious。
2．procedure
考查名词。句意：进行投诉是一个相当简单的程序。根据句意和前文“simple”可知，设空处需用名词形式被形容词修饰。再根据不定冠词a可知，需用可数名词单数形式。故填procedure。
3．recommend
考查动词。句意：由于阅读节马上就要到了，我写这篇文章是为了推荐一幅可以用在小册子里的图片，来提醒学生阅读的乐趣。推荐为“recommend”， 本句为动词不定式作目的状语，to后接动词原形。故填recommend。
4．arrangements
考查名词。句意：当你想去度假时，你可以在电脑前做所有的旅行安排。your后跟名词，“安排”的名词是arrangement，由all可知，空格处用复数arrangements。故填arrangements。
5．column
考查名词。句意：她还定期为《纽约时报》写专栏 形容词regular 后接名词形式作宾语，根据不定冠词a可知，用名词的单数形式。根据汉语提示及句意，故填column。
6．crashed
考查动词。句意：一辆卡车失控了，撞上了一辆公交车的尾部。结合句意和中文提示，可推出此处是动词crash“碰撞”，由went判断为一般过去时，故填crashed。
7．relief
考查名词。句意：没有人受伤，我们都松了一口气。根据句意和所给汉语可知，此处表示“宽慰”是名词relief，of后接名词作宾语，故填relief。
8．otherwise
考查副词。句意：他帮助我学习英语。否则我不可能通过考试。根据句意和汉语提示可知，此处使用副词otherwise，作状语。故填otherwise。
9．swap
考查动词。句意：我们需要积极参与小组讨论去交换我们收集的想法和信息。分析句子可知，空处为不定式用作目的状语，应填动词原形，根据括号内解释exchange可知为“交换”的意思，s开头的动词表示“交换”的为swap。故填：swap。
10．supply
考查名词的数。句意：没有提供足够的食物和水，这里的村民又饿又渴，过着悲惨的生活。根据enough s　　　　　　　　 of food and water名词所有格可知，此处应填名词。根据句意，表示“供给”应填不可数名词supply；表示“补给品”用可数名词复数supplies。故答案为supply/supplies。
11．destination
考查名词。句意：又累又饿的登山者终于到达了目的地。根据单词首字母以及句意“目的地”可知应填名词destination，作宾语。故填destination。
12．application
考查名词。句意：但是，技术也是应用科学知识来解决问题的。根据空格前定冠词“the”可知，空格处应用名词，根据单词首字母以及句意“应用”可知，空格处涉及单词“application”，意为“应用”。故填application。
13．absolutely
考查副词。句意：我完全被人们对外表的反应惊呆了。根据单词首字母以及句意“完全”可知应填副词absolutely，作状语修饰形容词astonished 。故填absolutely。
14．disappearance##isappearance
考查名词。句意：恐龙的灭绝不是由天文事件引起的。根据句子结构The…of可知，此处应填名词disappearance，表示“灭绝”。故填disappearance。
15．variety
考查短语。句意：加入我们品尝各种新鲜的本地食物和饮料吧。结合句意及首字母提示，可知为 variety；短语a variety of表示“各种各样的”，为固定短语，故填variety。
16．survivors
考查名词。句意：他们已经放弃了寻找更多幸存者的希望。根据单词首字母以及句意“幸存者”可知，空格处涉及单词“survivor”，意为“幸存者”，为可数名词，根据句中“any more”可知，空格处应用“survivor”的复数形式“survivors”。故填survivors。
17．significance
考查名词。句意：这种新药对该病的治疗具有重要意义。由“for the treatment”可知，句子表示“这种新药对该病的治疗具有重要意义”，空格处是“意义”，由首字母提示s可知，是significance，是不可数名词，故填significance。
18．harm
考查名词。句意：有必要注意手机造成的危害。分析句子可知，空格处应用名词，在句中作宾语，根据单词首字母以及句意“危害”可知，空格处应用“harm”，意为“危害”，为不可数名词。故填harm。
19．continents
考查名词。句意：众所周知，世界上有七大洲和四大洋。根据单词首字母以及句意“七大洲”可知，空格处涉及单词“continent”，意为“大陆，洲”，为可数名词，根据空格前“seven”可知，空格处应用“continent”的复数形式“continents”，“seven c_____ and four oceans”在句中作主语。故填continents。
20．acquire
考查动词。句意：当你面对挑战时，你将有机会获得知识，享受个人成长。分析句子可知，opportunity后缺少动词不定式作后置定语，to后缺少动词原形，首字母为a，表示“获得”的动词为acquire。故填：acquire。
实践演练
阅读理解
1．C
2．B
3．D
4．A
5．D
6．A
7．C
8．C
9．A
10．A
11．D
12．C
13．C
14．D
15．A
16．A
完形填空
17．B
18．C
19．A
20．C
21．D
22．A
23．B
24．A
25．B
26．D
27．C
28．D
29．B
30．A
31．B
七选五
32．G
33．B
34．F
35．D
36．A
用单词的适当形式完成短文
37．Look
38．If / when
39．has exploited / has been exploiting
40．associated
41．focusing
42．whose
43．with
44．the gentlest
45．that
46．may
其他应用文
Dear William,
Have you watched the Beijing Winter Olympic Games recently I’m writing to share with you something exciting.
I was amazed at a lot of exciting moments, among which a freestyle skiing player’s perfect skills and quick mind left the deepest impression on me. She was weaving through the snow with ease when suddenly she almost lost control. But in the blink of an eye, she stopped her skid and rocketed through the rest of her run.
Seeing this, I couldn’t help wondering how she had been going to great lengths to give such a fantastic performance.
Yours,
Li Hua
读后续写
That night, Keith turned over in bed from time to time. He had difficulty sleeping, uncertain about what he should do. Of course, he liked the new handphone. However, he was feeling sorry for the owner. When he thought how sad the young lady would be at the loss of her handphone, he was full of guilt and shame. The next morning, after a long and restless night, he was determined to return the handphone to the owner. After school, he told Mary, “I am going to phone the owner.”
Mary was very happy to hear that. Back home, they phoned the owner’s house phone. A girl answered the phone. Kevin asked, “Are you the owner of the handphone I’m Keith. I have your handphone. Can you come and get it ” The girl replied ‘Yes’ excitedly, expressing her gratitude repeatedly. Ten minutes later, she was at the same cafe to meet Keith. Handing back the handphone to her and seeing her smile happily, Keith realized that honesty was indeed the best policy.
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