2022届高考英语二轮复习：完形填空解题指导课件（23张ppt）
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| 名称 | 2022届高考英语二轮复习：完形填空解题指导课件（23张ppt） |  | |
| 格式 | pptx | ||
| 文件大小 | 173.9KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-02-27 17:14:25 | ||
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(共23张PPT)
高考完形填空解题指导
完形填空被公认为是高考英语试卷中难度最大的题型之一，它是从语篇的角度综合测试考生的英语知识应用能力，考查学生在阅读理解的基础上对词汇和语法知识的综合运用能力，包括阅读理解能力、连贯思维能力、词语辨析能力、推理判断能力以及跨文化交际能力等。
完形填空的命题体现了“突出语篇、强调应用、注重交际”的原则，考点覆盖面广，注重考查常用词汇在语篇层面的准确应用。
体裁方面，记叙文是出现概率最高的一类文体，也有以叙述为主、夹叙夹议的文章或说明文。文章通常线索清晰、结构完整、趣味性较强，且有一定现实教育意义。在题材方面，完形填空的选材依据《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》对主题语境的要求，对于三大主题语境——人与自我、人与社会、人与自然均有涉及。
一、关注首句
完形填空的首句通常引出一篇文章的话题。记叙文通常提供故事发生的时间、地点、人物等，议论文通常提供论点或引论，说明文则给出要说明的事物等。首句通常不设空，可以通过首句了解到比较完整的信息，从而对接下来整篇文章的发展有一个比较准确的理解和判断，进而可以跟着作者的思路，合理、准确地推测并选出后面的选项。
解题技巧
因此，理解并把握好文章首句所表达的意思，对做好完形填空题起着举足轻重的作用。如：
Since our twins began learning to walk, my wife and I have kept telling them that our sliding glass door is just a window. (2020全国I)
首句交待故事的人物关系：父母与子女our twins，my wife and I，以及故事主要围绕的内容：事实与谎言our sliding glass door is just a window。
偶尔也会出现首句设空情况，但这种情况很少见，且该空不会影响对整个文章内容的判断。如：
The small town of Rjukan in Norway is situated between several mountains and does not get direct sunlight from late September to mid-March — 41 (nearly) six months out of the year.
(2019年全国III)
二、关注尾句、尾段
纵观近年来的完形填空，大部分的选材都是在结尾处进行总结：或表达作者的观点态度、或得出一个经验教训、或呼应首句提及的论点、或重申首句要说明的事物等。文章的尾句、尾段是文章的总结、结论或点睛之笔，某些文中不确定的细节，也可以借助尾句来确认。如：
But the 58 (bottom line) is that I shouldn’t lie to my kids. I should just 59 (accept) repeatedly having to say, “No. We can’t go outside now.” Then when they come to other doors in life, be they real or metaphorical, they won’t 60 (hesitate) to open them and walk through. (2020全国I)
作者在最后一段申明自己的观点：不能对孩子们撒谎，否则会影响他们之后的人生选择。
Chris and Tim offered us the 53 (answer): human beings took it for granted that their 54 (brains) held all the solutions, but maybe their hearts can be a better 55 (guide). (江苏 2019)
再如首尾呼应：
（首句）Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa.
（尾句）Does Kilimanjaro 60 (deserve) its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace I found the opposite to be true. (2019年全国I)
三、关注逻辑关系，合理推断
逻辑关系往往通过逻辑联系语来体现，常见的逻辑关系有转折、让步、递进、因果等。在解答完形填空题目时，需要利用这些逻辑联系语，快速理清文章的脉络，弄清上下文关系。
I do know how upset the shop staff can get, but I try to persuade them to keep 47. (2020全国III)
47. A. fighting B. smiling
C. waiting D. changing
逻辑联系语but在此处起转折作用，but前面的分句的中心词是upset，由此可知，设空处所填词应是与upset在语义上形成反义关系的词，四个选项中只有smiling符合。
四、关注词汇衔接
词汇衔接指通过词的重复、同义、反义、上下义、互补、整体与部分等关系，来使语篇语义连贯。英语词汇衔接关系分为两大类：复现关系和同现关系。
复现关系指的是某一词以原词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概括词或其它形式重复出现在语篇中，语篇中的句子通过这种复现关系达到了相互衔接。词汇的复现关系可分为四种：原词复现；同义词、近义词复现；上下义词复现；概括词复现。
同现关系指的是词汇共同出现的倾向性。在语篇中，围绕一定的话题，一定的词会同时出现，而其他一些词则不大可能会出现。如，在一篇探讨汉语词的分类的文章中，可以预料会出现名词、动词、形容词、副词等词语，但不大可能会出现“叫号电话、叫人电话、传呼电话”这些词语。这种词的同现关系与语篇范围关系密切。词汇的同现关系包括反义关系、互补关系等。
完形填空一般会在词汇衔接层面设置多个题目，值得关注。
例1：2020新高考全国I
The village lay near some wetlands which became his second 21 (home). He learned the value and beauty of 22 there from a very young age.
When he was 16, Molai began to notice something 23 happening around his home.
第21空填入的home与下文中的home形成原词复现。
例2：2020全国II
... the one with a young girl sitting on a garden chair. ...
... sitting on the same chair in the same 54 (garden) as his father's painting.
第54空填入的garden与上文中的garden形成原词复现。
例3：2020全国I
What if later in 54 (life) they come to a metaphorical door, like an opportunity (机会) of some sort ...
... Then when they come to other doors in life, be they real or metaphorical, they won’t 60 to open them and walk through.
54空填入的life与下文中的life形成原词复现。
例4：2020全国I
If we 42 it is a door, they’ll want to go outside 43 (constantly). It will drive us crazy. The kids apparently know the 44. But our insisting it’s 45 a window has kept them from 46 millions of requests to open the door.
第43空填入的constantly与下文中的millions of形成近义词复现。
例5：2020新高考全国I
He learned the value and beauty of 22 (nature)
there from a very young age.
When he was 16, Molai began to notice something 23 happening around his home. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the 24 it caused had driven away a number of birds. 25, the number of snakes had declined as well. He 26 that it was because there weren't enough trees to protect them from the 27. The solution, of course, was to plant trees so the animals could seek 28 during the daytime.
He turned to the 29 (forest) department for help but was told that nothing would grow there.
22空填入的nature与下文中的birds, snakes, trees, animals以及29空填入的forest形成词汇同现。这些词都与文章讨论的主题“人与自然——环境保护”相关。
五、关注上下文线索
大部分设空需要通过上下文线索解题。有时解题的线索就在设空的附近。
如：2020新高考全国I
When he was 16, Molai began to notice something 23 (disturbing) happening around his home. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the 24 it caused had driven away a number of birds. 25, the number of snakes had declined as well.
第23空的解题线索是下文的A flood，driven away a number of birds 和the number of snakes had declined。洪水、鸟儿被驱散、蛇的数量下降等信息均是令人不安的disturbing的现象。
除了以上五个关注外，做题时，还应关注与语篇相关的文化背景、常识以及语篇标识词等。
六、审核答案
当把完形填空的题目全部做完后，要重新从头到尾细读一遍文章，看全文是否连贯畅通，主旨大意是否准确无误，并确保每一个答案都有理可寻、有据可依。实在拿不准的选项，可以采用排除法确定最终答案。
高考完形填空解题指导
完形填空被公认为是高考英语试卷中难度最大的题型之一，它是从语篇的角度综合测试考生的英语知识应用能力，考查学生在阅读理解的基础上对词汇和语法知识的综合运用能力，包括阅读理解能力、连贯思维能力、词语辨析能力、推理判断能力以及跨文化交际能力等。
完形填空的命题体现了“突出语篇、强调应用、注重交际”的原则，考点覆盖面广，注重考查常用词汇在语篇层面的准确应用。
体裁方面，记叙文是出现概率最高的一类文体，也有以叙述为主、夹叙夹议的文章或说明文。文章通常线索清晰、结构完整、趣味性较强，且有一定现实教育意义。在题材方面，完形填空的选材依据《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》对主题语境的要求，对于三大主题语境——人与自我、人与社会、人与自然均有涉及。
一、关注首句
完形填空的首句通常引出一篇文章的话题。记叙文通常提供故事发生的时间、地点、人物等，议论文通常提供论点或引论，说明文则给出要说明的事物等。首句通常不设空，可以通过首句了解到比较完整的信息，从而对接下来整篇文章的发展有一个比较准确的理解和判断，进而可以跟着作者的思路，合理、准确地推测并选出后面的选项。
解题技巧
因此，理解并把握好文章首句所表达的意思，对做好完形填空题起着举足轻重的作用。如：
Since our twins began learning to walk, my wife and I have kept telling them that our sliding glass door is just a window. (2020全国I)
首句交待故事的人物关系：父母与子女our twins，my wife and I，以及故事主要围绕的内容：事实与谎言our sliding glass door is just a window。
偶尔也会出现首句设空情况，但这种情况很少见，且该空不会影响对整个文章内容的判断。如：
The small town of Rjukan in Norway is situated between several mountains and does not get direct sunlight from late September to mid-March — 41 (nearly) six months out of the year.
(2019年全国III)
二、关注尾句、尾段
纵观近年来的完形填空，大部分的选材都是在结尾处进行总结：或表达作者的观点态度、或得出一个经验教训、或呼应首句提及的论点、或重申首句要说明的事物等。文章的尾句、尾段是文章的总结、结论或点睛之笔，某些文中不确定的细节，也可以借助尾句来确认。如：
But the 58 (bottom line) is that I shouldn’t lie to my kids. I should just 59 (accept) repeatedly having to say, “No. We can’t go outside now.” Then when they come to other doors in life, be they real or metaphorical, they won’t 60 (hesitate) to open them and walk through. (2020全国I)
作者在最后一段申明自己的观点：不能对孩子们撒谎，否则会影响他们之后的人生选择。
Chris and Tim offered us the 53 (answer): human beings took it for granted that their 54 (brains) held all the solutions, but maybe their hearts can be a better 55 (guide). (江苏 2019)
再如首尾呼应：
（首句）Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa.
（尾句）Does Kilimanjaro 60 (deserve) its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace I found the opposite to be true. (2019年全国I)
三、关注逻辑关系，合理推断
逻辑关系往往通过逻辑联系语来体现，常见的逻辑关系有转折、让步、递进、因果等。在解答完形填空题目时，需要利用这些逻辑联系语，快速理清文章的脉络，弄清上下文关系。
I do know how upset the shop staff can get, but I try to persuade them to keep 47. (2020全国III)
47. A. fighting B. smiling
C. waiting D. changing
逻辑联系语but在此处起转折作用，but前面的分句的中心词是upset，由此可知，设空处所填词应是与upset在语义上形成反义关系的词，四个选项中只有smiling符合。
四、关注词汇衔接
词汇衔接指通过词的重复、同义、反义、上下义、互补、整体与部分等关系，来使语篇语义连贯。英语词汇衔接关系分为两大类：复现关系和同现关系。
复现关系指的是某一词以原词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概括词或其它形式重复出现在语篇中，语篇中的句子通过这种复现关系达到了相互衔接。词汇的复现关系可分为四种：原词复现；同义词、近义词复现；上下义词复现；概括词复现。
同现关系指的是词汇共同出现的倾向性。在语篇中，围绕一定的话题，一定的词会同时出现，而其他一些词则不大可能会出现。如，在一篇探讨汉语词的分类的文章中，可以预料会出现名词、动词、形容词、副词等词语，但不大可能会出现“叫号电话、叫人电话、传呼电话”这些词语。这种词的同现关系与语篇范围关系密切。词汇的同现关系包括反义关系、互补关系等。
完形填空一般会在词汇衔接层面设置多个题目，值得关注。
例1：2020新高考全国I
The village lay near some wetlands which became his second 21 (home). He learned the value and beauty of 22 there from a very young age.
When he was 16, Molai began to notice something 23 happening around his home.
第21空填入的home与下文中的home形成原词复现。
例2：2020全国II
... the one with a young girl sitting on a garden chair. ...
... sitting on the same chair in the same 54 (garden) as his father's painting.
第54空填入的garden与上文中的garden形成原词复现。
例3：2020全国I
What if later in 54 (life) they come to a metaphorical door, like an opportunity (机会) of some sort ...
... Then when they come to other doors in life, be they real or metaphorical, they won’t 60 to open them and walk through.
54空填入的life与下文中的life形成原词复现。
例4：2020全国I
If we 42 it is a door, they’ll want to go outside 43 (constantly). It will drive us crazy. The kids apparently know the 44. But our insisting it’s 45 a window has kept them from 46 millions of requests to open the door.
第43空填入的constantly与下文中的millions of形成近义词复现。
例5：2020新高考全国I
He learned the value and beauty of 22 (nature)
there from a very young age.
When he was 16, Molai began to notice something 23 happening around his home. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the 24 it caused had driven away a number of birds. 25, the number of snakes had declined as well. He 26 that it was because there weren't enough trees to protect them from the 27. The solution, of course, was to plant trees so the animals could seek 28 during the daytime.
He turned to the 29 (forest) department for help but was told that nothing would grow there.
22空填入的nature与下文中的birds, snakes, trees, animals以及29空填入的forest形成词汇同现。这些词都与文章讨论的主题“人与自然——环境保护”相关。
五、关注上下文线索
大部分设空需要通过上下文线索解题。有时解题的线索就在设空的附近。
如：2020新高考全国I
When he was 16, Molai began to notice something 23 (disturbing) happening around his home. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the 24 it caused had driven away a number of birds. 25, the number of snakes had declined as well.
第23空的解题线索是下文的A flood，driven away a number of birds 和the number of snakes had declined。洪水、鸟儿被驱散、蛇的数量下降等信息均是令人不安的disturbing的现象。
除了以上五个关注外，做题时，还应关注与语篇相关的文化背景、常识以及语篇标识词等。
六、审核答案
当把完形填空的题目全部做完后，要重新从头到尾细读一遍文章，看全文是否连贯畅通，主旨大意是否准确无误，并确保每一个答案都有理可寻、有据可依。实在拿不准的选项，可以采用排除法确定最终答案。